142 COLons

0'-f. omphaloides (Btl.) (Plates XIX-XX, fig. 24). :Ftrucoills omp/wlvidcs Btl., 1876, l.c.: lSI (South Africa). This is a somewhat intermediate form of the male, possessing a forewing dark supra­ marginal stripe, but the postdiscal dark band of the hind wing is missing or vestigial. The form is very common in the late autumn, and flies together with the first batches of the f. Ilieogol1e Bsdv. The females taken with omphaloides males are of the typical dry­ :;ca~on form theogone Bsdv., and for this reason the name is applied only to the males.

f. mediata (Talbot) (pri, p. mediala Talbot, 1939, Trails. ell'. Soc. Lond. 88: 199. A regional summer form distributed in South-East Angola, South and South-East Congo, )Jyasaland, )Jorthern Rhodesia and the extreme northern portion of Southern H.hodesia. The males diJ'icr from the f. omphale Godt. in the slight reduction of the subapical orange area of forewing, besides in the fusion of the marginal spots of the hindwing. The female is very similar to that of f. omphale from which it differs in the reduction of the orange area of forewing. Recorded by Talbot from Mashonaland (Salisbury) .

Q-f. ochreata (Talbot). c. evippc omphale ~- f. ochrea'a Talbot, 1939, I.c.: 199 (Ta.nga.nyika). This is the yellow form of female which is common in parts of East Africa but has not been recorded from Southern Africa. However, as certain specimens from South Africa (~atal) have a distinct yellowish tinge, it is probable that the form will be found in the northern part of our eastern coastal area. )

1 9-f. ochroleucus (Talbot) 1

0 C. CiJippe media/a ,?-f. ochrolwws Talbot, H(~9. I.e.: 19~) (Congo). 2 d e Similar to f. ochreata Talbot, from which it differs in the narrower inner black edging t a of the orange area of forewing, and in the weak development or absence of the postdiscal d

( band of the hindwing. The form occurs with the f. mediata Talb., but the records given r e bv Talbot state" Rhodesia" withollt mention of " ?'>/orthern " or " Southern ". As h s i l t."mediata Talb. is recorded from Salisbury, the occurrence of f. ochroleuws Talb. within b u our faunistic limits may be presumed. P e h t f. theogone (Bsdv.) (Plates XIX-XX, fig. 25,0',26, (?). y

b '/II!hochuris theogone Bsd,·., 1836, SPec. Gill. L ep. I: 575 tCaifraria) .

d . ~lll""psyche prucHe WlIgr., IS57. /.cp. R!t op. en/fr.: 12 (Caffraria). e t n The usual win ter form of the species in the grea ter part of Sou thern Africa. The males a r g ba \'(~ no supramarginal stripe of forewing and no postdi:;cal band of hindwing on the e c uppcrsiclc; the females have a supramarginal stripe which is much narrower than in n e the f. olllphale and is rather similar to that of the 0'-form olllphaloides; the postdiscal c i l band of hindwing is abo much narrower than in f. omphale, and in extreme dry specimens r e

d is vestigial, only its outer end remaining distinct. n u

y ~ -f. arcuata, f. nov. (Plates XIX-XX, fig. 27, holotype). a

w Hu/"tyPt: .Kabulabula, Chobc l{iver, 11-24 Jill\", 1930 (Vcrnay-Lang Kalahari Expedition). Paralype: e

t Okahandja. South-West .\frica, S .\lIgu~t, 1927 (R D. Hradficlll). a G

Description of holotype: Upperside, ground-colour white; forewing flushed with t e light sulphur-yellow in the outer half below the orange apical area, the latter without n i b a S y b

d e c u d o r p e R COLons 143

any trace of inner black edging, its inner border deeply emarginate between veins Rs and CUI and its lower end diffusely merged into the light sulphur-yellow colour; outer-marginal dark border as in f. theogone Bsdv.; hindu'ing above with a faint trace of a rusty-yellow suffusion corresponding to the postdiscal band, and more distinct distally; a marginal series of diffuse but well-separated brownish spots int rsected by narrow stripes of the ground-colour on the veins; underside of both wings as in f. theogol1e Bsdv. The paratype is very similar to the holotype, but smaller, with less pronounced yellow suffusion of upperside, and with smaller, almost obsolete marginal spots of hind­ wing; the postdiscal band is absent altogether. Expanse: hololype : 42 mm; paratype: 37 mm. NOTE: A scale impression of a Victoria Falls male, made by Mr. G. C. Clark, repre­ sents an extreme dr.'>' form resembling C. an/e"'ippe f. harmonides, but lacking the disco­ cellular spot of forewing, and with the orange area not as reddish as in antco'ippe. Thi::: form, which cannot be properly described without the actual specimen, is the male equivalent of the -f. arClIata, and should be designated under the same name.

f. namaqua, f. nov. (Plates XIX-XX, fig . 28). lI% /ypc : 0, l{uboos, Richtcrsveld, 19 :\o\"ember, 1933 (G. van Son). Description: Forewing with outer margin less convex than in other Southern African forms. Upperside: as in f. theogone Bsdv., but there is no trace of marginal dots in the hindwing. Underside: forewing, ground-colour white, apical area pale

ochraceous yellow, with an orange band at its inner edge from costa to vein ;\J:1 ; a minute discocellular dot; hindwing : creamy, very slightly flushed with pinkish, costal area suffused with ochraceous-yellow; a small black discocellular dot, edged with orange on inner side; a faint brownish postdiscal band; some scattered brownish scales in the )

1 costal, basal and postdiscal area, but no distinct striolation as in f. theogone. Expanse: 1

0 36 mm. 2

d Remarks: The present form is of special interest, as it combines extreme dry-season e t characters of the upperside (reduction of black markings, which are even more reduced a d

than in extreme dry specimens of f. /heogone Bsdv.) with an underside approaching the (

r summer forms, particularly in the presence of a minute discocellular spot on the forewing, e h s a character only occasionally found in f. omphale Godt., but ne,'er in f. theogolle Bsdv. i l

b This fact is very significant, as it demonstrates the independence of the variation in the u

P development of black markings from that of the underside colouration, and militates e

h against the recognition of the subspecific ,'alue of differences in forms of different regions t

y in the same season. b Expanse: 28--48 mm. Antenna : 32-jointcd. Antenna-'wing ratio : 0 ·-13 (3), ()·4 (

n thirds the length of tegumen; vahle \"ery roundecl apically, costa concave in the basal e c

i third: 'i'nlt"lIla large, occupying almost the whole distal half, but ending at one-third of l

r the costa from base; sacculus short and broad, reaching almost to the valvula along e d ventral margin; aedoeaglls long, only a little curved near base, four times the length of n u

uncus; basal prong widened, upcurnd and rounded at tip; ,iI/x/a weakly sclerotized, y a V-shaped, with the sides acute at tip ; saccus long, more than twice the length of uncus, w e compressed laterally in the anterior half, tip rounded. Female (fig. 79 b) .-Anal lobes t a short, their supporting sclerites narrow, almost band-shaped, posterior apophyses longer G t than the width of the sclerites; 'i'estibulum broader than long, with the anterior pocket e n i b a S y b

d e c u d o r p e R 144 COLOTIS

large and deep; allyhulae rounded, with the an terior margin very slightly excavate; ostium unarmed, placed at the level of the anterior inner end of the auriculae; ductlls slightly sclerotized ncar ostium, membranous elsewhere, widened and forming a pouch just before the bursa; the latter small and nearly spherical; signllm transversely elongate, rather broad, very little constricted at middle, shortly spinosc except at the ends; the left end is rounded, the right one a little truncate and less sharply defined. LlFE-HlSTO]{Y (fig. 131).-Trimen gave a \"ague description of the pupa only, and the present account has been kindly supplied hy }Ir. G. C. Clark; the figures are drawn either from Mr. Clark's paintings, or from preserved specimens supplied by him. "Egg.-Elongate-conical, 1 mm. high by 0 ·5 mm. in diameter, pale yellow spotted with orange or red. Laid singly on young shoots of the food-plant. Egg-stage about six days. Lar'i'a.- There arc five lan'al instar::; lasting 17 days. The newly hatched larva is 1 ·5 111m. long, final instar larva 21 111m. The colour is generally pale green, in final instal" with yellow, white and black colouring rounc! the spiracles, and sometimes (as in Johan­ nesburg specimens) a faint diagonal stripe. Body ,;paringly covered with hairs on mole", some having a drop of liquid at tlw end. Pltpa.-17 mm. long, green or light brown, strongly compressed laterally (more so than in C. anfeV1'ppe) , with moderately convex thorax and rather broad head with an acute conical anterior projection. Pupal "tage lasts about 12 days." Food-plants: numerouS Capparidaceae: citrifolia, C . o/eoides, jl/llcea, Jlaema triphy lla (Wendl.) (= (afra D.C.). J)IS'f1UBL'T!O:\ 1:\ SOl"THEH:\ AFRICA: ,\ idel) distributed throughout the greater part of the lnion, with the exception of tbe extreme South-\\'t'stern districts and the Cape Penin:-;uia, and is generally di:-;tributed . in Southern Rhooe"ia, Bechuanaland Protectorate and Portu~ue:'ie East :\ frica. Hecords from South-\Vest 1\ frica are few alJd confined to the northern part. There are apparently no records from the Orange Free )

1 State, lut it is highly probable that the spec.ie" will be found there in the more wooded 1

0 districts. 2 HARITS: The species prefers moderately wooded country, and in heavily wooded d e t districts is chiefly encountered at the outskirh of forests. In more open country it prefer" a d

kloofs or river beds, where the vege tation i:-; more dense. Its flight is ,;Iower than that (

r of most other related species, and it keeps usually close to the ground. e h

s SPECBIE:\S EXAMI:\ED: Large series of over 100 specimens from the Cape Province, i l

b Natal, Transvaal, Bechuanaland, Sou til-West Africa, Southern Hhodesia and Portugu6e u

P East Africa, a~ well as very numerous scale impressions made by ~'ir. (~. C. Clark. e h t

y Colotis (Colotis) pallene (Hopffer). b Alliitoc/zaris pal/ell" Jlona/sila ..~kad. d Hopff .. 1855, IVi.,,,. Berlin: 640 (.\IozamhiCjlle) . e t n a An interesting small species which has caused a great deal of confusion becall:-;e of r g its close resemblance to other species, particularly in the female sex; it ranges frolll e c

n uganda in the north to the northern part of Southern Africa in the south. Talbot in hi:-; e c i .. I{evisional Notes" (Trans. R. ent. S. Lond., 88 : 202-2(4) splits it into three sub­ l

r species, one of which is tais Butl, in spite of an earlier publication by Le Doux, " Beitr,lge e d wr Kenntnis der Afrikanischen Teracoliden," (JIilt. Zoot. JIlls. Herlin 15, 1: 1-11, n u 1929), in which are pointed out the differences between these and other species. However. y a even so, Le DOliX himself does not materially add to our knowledge of the species with w e

t which he deals, and moreover states that he failed to find any stable differences in the a genitalia of both sexes of even such distinct species of the genus as achille (antejJippe ), G t

e aIlXO, regina and sllbfasciatus. A comparison of the text-figures of the genitalia of these n i b a S y b

d e c u d o r p e R COLons 145

"pecies in the present work will readily explode tbis conteutioll, and one mu~t conclude that Le Doux could not have made inicroscope preparations, but probably examined, or tried to examine, the genitalia without dissection. From an examination of nurnerou~ "pecimens of both sexes of pallene, lais and evagore anti~ol1(, (females of the latter are ~lIperficially very :;imilar to those of pal/elle), I have come to the conclusion that all three species art' distingui~hable not ollly by external character.·, hilt abo by the genitalia of ('ither sex, and by th(' antenna-wing ratio. The statem('nt by Talbot that the majority of females from areas where pallene and e.'agore occur sid(' by side, sllOuld belong to emgore, because the latter is a commoner specie:;, docs not always hold; in m:.1Dy localities, such as Eastern Bechuanalaml and the ~()rthern Tran:;\'aal, pallelle is as common ;t:; e'iHlgure. I am especially indebted to Mr. Gowan C. Clark for plltting at my disposal many hllndreds of ~calc impressions of pallene, e7'agure anti{!,om and lais, and for having pointed out to me a character by \vhich dry-season females of these species may be separated snperficially. Thus, while the wet-season forms of pallene always differ from the w<:'t­ ,;cason females of evagal'e antigone by the absence of a wid(' orange subapical area on the forcwing undersick, this character becomes useless in the dry-season females, because the orange area is w'ry much reduced or ahsent in dry-season females of evagore antigone. However, a careful examination of thl: hindwing underside discloses the fact that in pal/me the cell is cOl11pletdy sufiused with brownish scales, only the veins being lighter, whereas in tivagore antigone there is a distillct irroration-frcc area along the whole upper hali of the cell, which is continued beyond the cell as a wider light ray (occupying almost the who\(, width of arc'a :YI;l) usually right up to the outer margin. This character is pl:rfectly reliahle, and i:; fmther conilrmcd by the differencc in the antenna-wing ratio. _-\s specimens from the Transvaal \J uscurn collection, \vhicll belong undou btedl~; to plllIme, were ickntitiecl at the British \Iuseum as aJltJ;if,Onf, it is probable that a cl'rt:1in )

1 ~lmoullt of conflIsioll still exists in the British \luseum collection, as well as in other 1

0 collections, and yet allother re\'ision of the material of these species is desirable. 2

d The antellna-wing ratio measurements should be made \\'ith as much accuracy as e t

a Jlossible, and a hinocular magllifier gi\'ing 15 times magnification ha:; been u:;ed by me in d

( conjunction \\'ith a H"rnier-calipers gi\'illg accuracy up to ()·1 mm. The antenna-wing

r

e rat io of pal/file ill both sexes is \\'ell oycr () '-il, whereas in e'i'a!!,(Jre antigone it is only 0 '-l h

s 110 i amI in lais a small fraction above () <{9 . \\,hile there is dangc-r of confusillg fllis and l

b ,'<"(I!!,ore, it is obvious that lais cannot be regarded as a subspecies of pallene, which is further u P

confimed hy the differences of genitalia in both sexes. e

h The variation exhibited b.y sjle('in1f'n~ from \lozambique and Northern ~atal doe.; t

y not warrant the subspecific separation of r. pallenc Hopfr. and f. halyattes Btl., and I b

d regard all the forms as belonging to a single ~pecies not divisible into subspecies, but e t climatically variable, n a r g '-\Fl

n JIales, e

c ') i

l Fore\\'ing a hove, inner black stripe broaJ and distinct

r

e Forewing above, inner black stripe narro\\', vestigial or absent

d ')

n Hind\\"ing abo\'c, marginal band broad and continuous f. i 11/11111 a t 1/ S u

y Hind\\"ing abO\'c, marginal band narrow or macular f. semen a Hind\\"ing below \\'hite, without brown striolation, , f. pullene w e

t Hindwing bel 0\\' pinkish striolated with brown a

G Fore\\'ing abo\"(" apical orange-red arca internally edged with black

t

e f. ha/I'attes n i b a S

y b

d e c u d o r p e -R 146 COLons

Forewing above, apical orange-red area without inner black edging f. pallida Fernales.-These are more variable than males, and the keys must necessarily be approximate. 1 Forewing inner stripe prominent and broad 2 Forewing inner stripe narrow, reduced or absent 4 2 Orange subapical markings absent altogether; underside of hind wing pinkish- buff, striolated with dark brown f. absurda, nov. Orange subapical markings present .. 3 3 Hindwing above, marginal band continuous and broad f. illfumatus Hindwing above, marginal band macular f. seineri -! Cnderside of hindwing not striolated with brown .. f. pallene C nderside of hind\\'ing striolated with brown 5 5 Hindwing with postmedial markings usually well-developed f. halyattes Hindwing with postmedial markings obsolete f. pallida

f. infumatus (Btl.) (Plates XIX-XX, fig. 29,0),

Teracolus ill/lIl11a/lI.5 Btl., 1896. Proc. /too/. Soc.: 128, pI. VI, figs. 5, 6 (~~·asalallu). Ti';Y{/colus w issm{/Itlli Sul1ert, 19U4, Iris 17: 130, pI. III, fig. 9 (Tanganyika) (misspcitweisrlulIIni and U'"issrnalmi by Talbot). The extreme wet-form of the species, chiefly found in the wet, tropical parts of ~yasaland and Tanganyika, but also occurring in the low\'eld areas of the l\orthern Transvaal. Distinguished by its heavy black markings. In the male the forewing inner stripe is broad, the apical orange markings are small, and the hindwing marginal' band is \'Cry broad and continuous. In the female, besides the characters already mentioned for the male, the hindwing marginal band has a submarginal row of spots of the ground­ )

1 colour between the veins, except in area :\12 , Connected by transitions with f. seineri 1

0 Strand. 2

d In the Transvaal :\Iuseum from Griffin :\'Iine, Pietersburg district, Transvaal (Decem­ e t

a ber- January) and from the \\"aterberg district, Trans\'aal (january). 5 00, 15 2~ of d

( this form were examined among :\Ir. Clark':, scale-impressions, made in Palapye, r

e Bechuanalancl Protectorate. h s i l

b f. seineri (Strand) (Plate:; XIX-XX, fig. 30, 0, ~n, ~ ). u

P T""aco/lI;; illflllllllllt;; var. Seineri :->tranu .. Hl09, .. / rclt. f. X(l!l/r~ . 75, I: 378 ITra nsvaal).

e Tcracolus acltilloidcs Ie »oux, 1929, .1Iitl. Xuo' . .lIlIs. fieri. 15, I : 4. pI. I, Iig-. 7, il (I'alapye Road). h t

y A less extreme summer form, which only differs from f. -Illil/matus in the less heavy b

d black markings. The hindwing marginal band is narrow, either continuous at margin, e t or macular. The f. achino£des has the marginal spots of hindwing punctiform, but as all n a

r transitions occur betWeen this and typical seilleri, the retention of the name ac!tiuoides g

e is unnecessary. Talbot in his" Revisional ~ otes " places achilloides as a dry-form of c n C. lais. As mentioned previously, pal/me alld lais are not conspecific, and moreover, e c i apparently do not occur together; the type locality of ackinoides (Palapye I~oad) is l r

e within the area of distribution of C. pallene, but not of C. lais, the latter occurring further d

n south and \Vest. Besides, Colotis lais even in its extreme wet-form lacks the inner stripe u of forewing in the male, so that even if the two species were inhabiting the same area, the y a presence of the illner stripe in the male of achinoides should have been a sufficient warning w e t against confusing this form with lais. The female difiers from f. in/lima/its in the usually a

G more extensive development of the orange subapical area, and particularly in the less t e heavy black markings. n i b a S y b

d e c u d o r p e R COLons 147

The form is chiefly met with in the early and late summer. In the T.M. collection from Shilouvane (Pietersburg district), Koedoe:; Poort (Pretoria district), Lou\\'screek (Barberton district) and Moorddrift (Potgietersrust di:;trict), all in the Transvaal (Novem­ ber and March). 9 00, 3~~ from Palapye, Bechuanaland, among Mr. Clark's scaJe­ im pressions. NOTE: The name seineri Strand was thought by Ie Doux (l.c., p. 4) to be invalid on the grounds that Strand's" °type" of var. seineri was found by Ie Doux to be a female of achine Cr. (= antevippe Bsdv.), and the"

f. pallene HopH'.

The nominotypical form of the :;pecies, de:;cribed from Tete, lower Zam besi. It is a wet-season form in which the development of the black markings is le:;s pronounced than in the f. seineri. The inner :;tripe of the forewing ill the male is narrow and upcun'ed

) at the end, and the black marginal band of the hind wing is almost macular, the spots 1

1 being only connected at the margin. The female has not been described, but presumably 0 2 it agrees with the f. halyattes except for the wet-season colouration of the underside and d e t probably the reduction of the orange apical markings of the upperside. XO material of a d the wet :,eason from Mozambique is a\'ailable to mC', and the form i:; not represented in

(

r the T.~I. collection, although specimens of the f. halyattcs :;how a sufficient amount of e h variation in the colouration of the hind wing under:;ide to lead one to assume that the s i l forms pallene ancl halyatles are linked by complete tran:;ition:;. b u P

e f. halyattes (BtL) (Plates XIX-XX, fig. 32,0, 33, 5f). h t

Teraco/us halyalles Btl., 1876, Proc. Zoul. S oc.: 145, pI. \'1, fig. 7 (not H) (Xorth-Ea,;torn XntaJ). y b Tcra..'ol14S paltl'1ll! 1IItinickei le !JOIIX, 1929, liitt. zO/Jr. :HlIs. liu l. 15, I: 4, 8, pI. I, figs. 10. 1 I (Tanfanyika). d e t The normal dry-sea:;on form of C. pallene. In the male, the inner stripe of fore\ving i:; n a

r absent, and the marginal band of hindwing i:; reduced to small spots; :;ometimes there g

e is a very fine black marginal line connecting the marginal spots; thc orange subapical c n area is broad and is narrowly margined with black, the veins within that area being e c i also blackened; the inner black edging of the orange area is \'ariable in width, somc­ l r

e times being represented by a few black scales oni:y-, and is usually, but not always, a d CUI • n little excurved in areas to M2 The female differs from that of f. seineri in the much u larger orange (sometimes yellowish) subapical markings, which usually spread a little to y a the proximal side of the black inner edging; the black inner stripe is usually present in w e t forewing, as are als.o at least some postdiscal spots in the hindwing. The underside of a

G hindwing in both sexes is, as usual in dry-forms, fawn or pinkish, striolated with brown. t

e Ie Doux regarded f. halyattes as a transitional form and described f. meinickei as the dry- n i b a S y b

d e c u d o r p e R COLOTIS

~cason form. The differences, howe\'cr, arc so insignificant that I treat nu£n£cke£ as a sYllonym of halyattes. Both sexes much resemble small specimens of Colo#s antevippe f. zeru Lucas. Large series in the T.M. collection from the following localities: Tralls'iJaal: Saltpan, Pretoria district (September); Picnaars River (October- November); Moorddrift (October); Shilovallc (June); ~jelck River (September); north-eastern Zoutpansberg (July). Bechuanaland Protectorate: Tsotsoroga Pan (July). A series of 18 cO', 14 ~~ (some slightly transitional to f. seim}'i) from Palap~'e, Bechuanaland Protectorate, amongst }Ir. Clark's scale-imprc·ssions.

f. pallida (Ie Doux) (Plates XiX-XX, fig . :~4, S, 35, ~ ). Tcraco/lls pal/cl/e f. pal/ida Ie Doux, 1~2~', I.c.: 9, pI. I. jig'. 12 ~ (Tanganyika), T eracf!llts P

the upper half of cdl of hinctwing below, and most of the area M3 • devoid of brown irrora­ tion, which is not the ca~e in pallida ; he~idts, the two species are separable by the antenna-\\'ing ratio and genitalia ; the inner ~tripe of forewing is either narrow and difiuse, or ab~cllt altogether, amI the ground-colour is yellowish. As the type ofxallihoies is from" between j)elagoa I~ay and l'atal," it is possible that upon closer study it ma) prO\'c to belong to pal/cite and not to e,I{l~Ore tlllli{{one, in which case the palHda-like female of evagore antigolle would ha\'c ~ to be renamed. The name pallida was applied by Ie \)oux to females only, but a~ it represents the extreme dry forIll, and the same i::; true of the male-form simplieoides (misspelt simplicioiiles by Talbot in ., RC\'isional ~otes," )

1 p. 2(l3), I treat the latter form as a synonym of f. palhda Ie ]}oux. 1

0 In the T.?1. collection from the l'orth-East<-rn Tran:;\'aal: Sabie Bridge and north­ 2

d ('astern Zoutpansberg; also from Gazaland (.Jul~'), .\mong :\Ir. Clark's scale impressions e t fmlll Pabpye. Bechllanaland, a d

(

r ~~ -f. absurda, f. nu\'. (Plate" XIX-X,\:, tig. ~36, lwlotypc), e h s i HoZolypc and two pal'al)'pes from Sabic Bridge, ::\orth-Eastc rn Trans\'aal (July, l b 19IH. Dr. H. (~ . Breijer) in the T.:\1. collection. u P

This dry form differs from all other dr~' female forms of C. pallale in the completely e h darkened subapical area of forewing, with little or no trace of subapical light streaks. t

y Descriptiol/ I~l hol{)type : Cround-l'olollr above white; subapical area broadly b

d brownish-black, narrowed below vein CUI' aml helow CU 2 contiuued a ' a narrow line to e t <) n tornu:o;; supramarginal stripe vcry broad, and emitting at the outer upper corner narrow a r spur meeting the subapical area at \'ein :\1:;. Hilldwing with a complete postdiscal band g

e (ollly a little interrupted at vein :\1 1), widf'IlCd from vein :\12 to the anal tield; marginal c n band of hindwing continuous from apex to vein :\12' then diffusely macular. Costa of e c i l forewing above, apical area of forewing below, and hindwing below pinkish-buff, the r e latter striolated with brown. Viscocellular spot of forewing large amI rOU1Jd above, small d n below ; of hiud\\'ing, very small abm'e, larger below. Expanse: 36 mm. u

y Remarks: Thc specimen described \Va" suhmitted to }lr. Talbot for naming aJld was a identified as C. e1'll{{Vre f. phlegelollia. However, the antenna-wing ratio, and the complete w e t suffusion of the cell Oil the underside of hindwing, besides the fact that all three female~ a

G were taken in company with males of C. pallelle f. /wlyattes, lca\'c little doubt as to the t e real identity of the form . n i b a S y b

d e c u d o r p e R COLons 149

Four specimens among Mr. Clark's scale impressions, from l'alapye, Bechuanaland, were found to belong to this form (Nlay and July) . Expanse: 25-- 42 mm. Antenna : 28 '0 jointed. Antenna-wing ratio: over 0,41 (bu th sexes) . GeJl italia.- JV/ale (fig. 80 a).-Eighth tergite exca\'ated posteriorly to more than half its length, the sides of the excavation obliquely raised, slightly excavated at base on inner side, and ending in a small tooth; legu m-en dorsally about as long as broad, with short articulatory processes, uncus a little more than three-quarte r:o; the length of tegumen, slightly and evenly downcurved; valve shortly ear-shaped, costa two-thirds the length of base, arched in distal half, apex broadly rounded ; sacculu:o; broad near base, rather abruptly narrowed and continuous with the valvula, the latter gradually widened towards costa; aedoeagus long and straight, rather stout, almost four times the length of the uncus, basal prong small; juxta heart-shaped, weakly scJerotized ; sacC/ls one-and-a-ha\f times the length of uncus, with parallel sides. Female (fig. 80 c).- A nal lobes very delicate, longer than their supporting scJerites, posle1'ior apophyses a little longer than the sc\erites, pointed; t'estibll/1Im less than half the length of the seventh sternite, anterior pocket wider than long, auriClilae with the outer margin excavate at t\vo-thirds from base, thus forming a large posterior and a small anterior lobe, the latter a little longer than broad; ductl.IS sc\erotized for a short distance near base, then membranous, as long as the seventh :o;ternite, widened gradually in the anterior half; bursa rather small, round; signu1JI transversely elongate, constricted at middle and narrowed at both ends, spinose except in the middle quarter and at the end:o;. LIFE-HIsTORY: unknown. HABITs: The species frequents dry bush veld areas. Its flight is rapid, but low, and it often settles on the ground. )

1 DIsTRIBuno:-.: IN SOCTHER:-': AFRICA: The species appears to be widely distributed 1

0 in the drier bushveld areas of Natal, Transvaal and eastern and northern Bechuana­ 2

d land, as well as of Southern Rhodesia, SOltth-West A.frica and !'.Iozambique, but the e t number of specimens in collections is small, and recorcls are still lacking from mallY a d

areas where the species presumably exists. The deceptive rescm b1ance to other specie:o; (

r may have been largely responsible for the scanty information available in literature, e h s and itis hoped that collectors and students will endeavour to add to our presen t knowledge i l b of this interesting species by careful held obsen'ations and especially by breeding experi­ u

P ments. e

h The total of specimens and scale-impressions examineu by me is 133, comprising t

y 61 3d and 72 22. b d e t Colotis (Colotis) lais (BtL) (Plates XIX-XX, fig. :37,3,38, 9). n a

r T cra-fo[IIs lais Butler, 1876. 1'l'oc. Zool. Soc.: J~5 (Orangc l{iycr). g e c An interesting ,;pecie,.; of rather limitecl distribution, occurring in the north-western n e and r:orthern district:-; of the Cape Pro\'ince, South-Western Transvaal, the Beclmana­ c i l lanel Protectorate and South-West Africa. r e d n

u L lais (Btl). y a The male of the nominotypical \\'et-season form is characterized by the complete w e t absence of an inner dark stripe in forewing upperside, anel has an orange (not orange-red a

G as in pallene) apical area, rather narrowly edged with black; discocellular spot in forewing t

e small, but distinct, while in hindwing it is almost imperceptible; hindwing with a marginal n i b 11 a S y b

d e c u d o r p e R 150 COLOTIS

series of small spots. Underside white, forewing apical area yellowish because of the uprerside orange area showing through; hindwing with costa tinged with orange-yellow in the basal half. Discocellular spots present on both wings, that of hindwing edged with orange-yellow on inner side. The female has a subapical orange band, broadly and diffusedly bordered with

brownish-grey externally; this bordering is continued to vein Cu 2 , rarely below that vein; there is a broad but very light inner stripe, darkened distally, and a more or less developed, interrupted or diffuse postdiscal series of spots between the upper outer corner of the inner stripe and the lo\ver end of the proximal dark edging of the orange area at

vein M3 . Hindwing with a distinct discocellular dot, a postdiscal band, and a rather broad marginal band; basal, costal and lower part of the discal area irrorated with brownish-grey scales. Cnderside of forewing white, tinged with greenish in the cell ; an inner stripe like on upperside, and a series of diffuse dark postdiscal :->pob in areas CUI to MI ; discocellular dot prominent, apical area faintly tinged with yellow; hind­ wing light buff, irrorated with minute brown scales, discocellular dot minute, edged with orange on inner side; costa narrowly edged with orange in the basal half.

f. felthami, nov. (Plates XIX-XX, fig. 39, <3').

Te/'aco/lls lais Btl., "ariet)' A, Trimcn, IH89, S ..~f' ·. Hutt. lII: 156 (\' aa\ Ri"cr, Criqualand \\'c~t).

The dry-season form of the species, which differs from the nominotypicaL wet-season form lais in the smaller size, reduced black markings, and in the pinkish colour and brown irroration of the underside of hindwing and of apical area of forewing. In extreme dry specimens of males, the discocellular dots are very much reduced or absent, and such specimens are deceptively similar to dry specimens of Colo#s (C.) agoye bO'lf.'lleI·j Tr. which inhabits the same region. )

1 I propose the name in honour of the late Mr H. L. Feltham who collected the original 1

0 specimens of Trimen's " Variety A " which are presumably still preserved in the Trimen 2

d Collection, now in the British :\Iuseum (Natural History). e t

a Holotype and pal'atype males are in the T.'\f. ('ollection, both from farm Hartcbee:;t­ d ~Ir. ( poort, \'ryburg District, taken by H. E. Irving in September 1909. r

e Non:.-Talbot's remarks on the species in his" Eevisional ~otes," p. ~U4, need h s

i some correction; as already pointed out under C. pallene f. seineri, the form acht'noides l b Ie Doux (here treated as a synonym of seineri Strand) has no connection with C. lais ; u P

the confusion no doubt arose because of Ie Doux's statement that the type locality e h (Palapye I~oacl) was in " British Bechuanaland," whereas it is actually situated in the t

y most Eastern section of the Bechuanaland Protectorate, very close to the border of b

d Southern Rhodesia; the former" British Bechuanaland " is the country south of the e t Molopo River and is now incorporated in the Cape Province as the district of Gordonia ; n a r as the latter is inhabited by C. lats, but not by C. pallene, the confusion is explained. g

e However, C. lais also occurs in the Bechuanaland Protectorate, and it is possible that c n both species will be found together in certain localities. e c i l Expanse : 35-45 mm. Alltenna: 32-jointed, with rather short joints. Antem/a­ r e wing 1'atio a little over () ·39 (both sexes). d n Genitalia.-JIale (fig, 81 a).- Eighth tergite with a rounded excavation occupying u

y the posterior third of the tergite (more than half in C. pallem) ; sides of the excavation a broadly crescent-shaped and curved towards each other in dorsal view; tegumen longef w e t than broad, uncus with the free dorsal part a little less than two-thirds the length or a

G tegumen ; valve with the costa almost straight, apex broadly rounded, ventral margin t e twice the length of costa; sacculus short and broad, touching the base of the ,'alvula n i b a S y b

d e c u d o r p e R COLons 151

at the ventral margin, valL'ltla gradually \videned from basl" being widest at apex and thence narrowed to a point at the base of costa; aedoea{!./ts four times the length of the free part of uncus, very little arched a t a third from base, basal prong large; juxta V-shaped, with the arms a little expanded at tips; saccus rather long, a little more than twice the length of uncus. Female (fig. 81 b).- Anal lobes and their sclerites shorter and broader than in C. pallene, posterior apophyses longer than the sclerites; anterior apophyses almost obsolete ; .'estibullllll broader than long, auriculae almost semicircular, with the margins evenly rounded (emarginate beyond middle in C. pallene); anterior pocket of vestibulum short; dllctllS bursae shorter than in pallene, bursa much larger than in pallene, but signum smaller and shorter, and with smaller spines. LIFE-HISTORY: unknown. HABITS: Cololis lais flies rather close to the ground, and is easily captured when visiting flowers or settling on the ground. DISTRIBUTION: The species appears to be not uncommon in the North-\Vestern Cape Province, in West Griqualand and in South-vVest Africa, but the exact limits of its distributional area cannot be definitely stated owing to insufficient data. The following records are available: Transvaal : Vaal River. Cape Province: Vryburg district. Hrest Griqualand: Kimberley; Orange River. Bechuanaland Pro­ tectorate : Pilane; ::\'lahalapye; Metsimaklaba, Gaberones district; Kaotwe, Central Kalahari. SOlltlz-West AJrica: Rehoboth; Damaraland; Okahandja. SPEcnIE~s EXA~II:-:ED: Series of both sexes from Kimberley (:-\ovember, wet-form) ; two O'b, Hartebeestpoort, \'ryburg districts, c.P. September, f. Jelthami); b", Metsima­ klaba, Gaberones district, Bechuanaland Protectorate (March, wet-form) ; b"¥, Kaotwe ; Central Kalahari (April, wet-form) ; besides, scale-impressions of to O'b", 9 ~n from Gaberones, Pilane and Mabalapye. ) 1 1

0 Colotis (Colotis) agoye (Wllgr.). 2 d e A. peculiar species with a discontinuous area of distribution, and divisible into three t a subspecies, two of which occur in Southern Africa, while the third is found in Somali1and. d

(

Forewing with the apex rather acute, outer margin straight or sometimes slightly r e concave at vein M .

h 3 s i l b ~ ). u Colo tis (Co1otis) agoye agoye (Wllgr.) (Plates XIX-XX, flg. 40, b", 41, P AJllhops)'che agoye Wllgr.. 1857. Rh"p. Caffr.: 15 (Caffraria) . e

h • lnlhochal'·is eosphorus Trimen. 1863. Tr. el/I. Soc., Tbird scries. 1: 52:l (Damaraland). t y The nominotypical form of the subspecies is the wet-season form. Jfale: Upperside b

d white with the veins finely black except in the apical area of forewing, which is a dun e t n ochraceous-orange, slightly produced inwards in area M2 , and bordered internally with a. a r diffuse black band. In extreme wet-season specimens the forewings and the greater part g

e of the hind wings are finely sprinkled with black scales, and the inner black border of the c n

e apical area is prominent; underside of both wings pure white, without any apical mark­ c i l

ings in forewing, and the discocellular spots in both wings are absent. r e Female: Similar to male in size and shape, but upperside with the veins only slightly d n blackened in the terminal half of the wings in extreme wet specimens, and apical area u

y more or less strongly suffused with blackish-brown scales, the suffusion often continued a

w along outer border to very near tomus. Discocellular spots are absent or vestigial on e t upperside, but usually distinct, though small, on the underside, those of forewings smaller a G

than in the hindwings. Ground-colour of the underside white, hindwing and apical area t e of forewing usually tinged with yellowish. n i b a S y b

d e c u d o r p e R COLOTIS

The dry-season form difters in the reduction of the black markings and suftusion of the apical area in both sexes, and the underside of hindwing and of apical area of forew'ng i:; tawny or pinkish-brown. All transitions exist between the two forms, and no name has so far been given to the dry-season form . Among the numerous scale impressions made by Mr. G. C. Clark, one male from Palapye, Bechuanaland, is unusual in having the di,:cocellular dots well-developed on the underside, and several females show little or no brown suffusion in the apical area of forewing upperside. This extreme dry-season form is well worthy of a distinct name, but it:; dl'scription must be postponed until actual specimens of both sexes are available. Expanse : 38-48 mm. DISTHIBUTlO:\ IN SOPTHERN AFRICA : This subspecies is found in the bushveld districts of the Transvaal, Hechuanaland and Damaraland. In Damaraland the distri­ bution reaches southwards to the Grootfontein area, while on the higher plateau further south is found the subspecies bOl"i?eri, which ranges southwards to the Cape Province. The barrier separating the two subspecies runs approximately from the Western Trans­ vaal across the Southern and Central Kalahari (where it is widest) in a north-westerly direction towards the area just north of the Great Waterberg plateau in South-West Africa, where its width is approximately 100 miles, but may be proved by subsequent observations to be narrower.

Colotis (Colotis) a~oye bowkeri (Trimen) (Plates XIX-XX, fig. 42, d', 43,

1 on hindwing llpperside, in the ochraceous area of forewing being a little produced inwards 1 0

2 in area M3 (as in the male), and in the complete absence of discocellular spots on either d

e side of both wings. There is little difference between the males of the wet and dry seasons, t a except the smaller size and the pinkish underside of hindwing and of apical area of fore­ d

(

wing in the dry-season form, but the ",'et-season females have the apical area often r e wholly suffused with blackish-brown, without a trace of the ochraceous colour. h s i Trimen describes a smaller form from Namaqualand a~ .. Variety A ", but as there l b

u is a good deal of variation in size and in the extent of the darker markings throughout P the distribution area, it seems superfluous to give this form a name. The extreme wet­ e h t form of the female, without any trace of ochraceous in the apical area, may be con~idere<.l y

b \\'orthy of naming, but as this form has only been found among ~Ir. Clark's scale-impres­

d sions, and is not repre;;ented by actual specimen~ in the T.M. (ollection, it cannot be e t n properly described at present. a r Expanse: 35- 45 mm. g

e 1:\ c DISTRIBUTIO~ SOt.:THEH:\ AFRICA.- This subspecies is distributed from the n e Witwatersrand in the Transvaal southwards and westwards to the Cape Province and c i l

South-West Africa, and ~outh-east\\'ards to the Orange Free State and Basutoland, but r e considerably more data are required before its whole distribution area is properly known. d n Mr. Talbot's H Revisional Xotes " mention the 26th paraliel as the approximate ~orthern u

y boundary of a. bowken', but the Trans\'aal Museum possesses a series of both sexes from a

w Okahandja, South-West :\frica, which is situated near the 22nd paraliel. Along its e t

a western boundary it appears that the subspecies also penetrates much further southwards, G

as the writer captured a specimen on the top of Eland's Kloof, between Citrusdal and t e Clanwilliam, in the South-Western Cape Province, in October, 1940. n i b a S y b

d e c u d o r p e R COLons 153

Antenna: 32-jointed, with very short joints. Antenna-wing ratio: 0 ·36 (ej), 0 ·35 ( ~ ) (both su bspecies). Genitalia.-No differences have been found between the ,.;ubspecies agoye and bowkeri. Male (fig. 82 a).-Eighth tergite posteriorly rounded, without any emargination. Tegumen broad and rather short, IlnC'US stout and hardly downcurved, two-thirds the length of tegumen; valve with the costa as long as the base, strongly arched in the distal half, apex produced and acute at tip; sacC1IllIs rather narrow and continuous with the i}alvula, the latter gradually widened to opposite apex, then narrowed to a point well before the dorsal base ; aedoeagus three times the length of the free part of the uncus, rather stout, arched in the basal half; basal prong large and broad; jltxta broadly \'-shaped, weakly sclerotized; saccus broad, rounded at tip, very little longer than uncu:;. Female (fig. 82 b).-The whole genital armature comparatively small; anal lobes very delicate, short and rounded, sclerites of the ninth segment broad, posterior apophyses shorter than the :sclerites, broad and rounded at tips; "estibullt11! a little broader than long, with a very small anterior pocket; allJ'iCltlae divided into a large elongate outer lobe with an c\'enly rounded margin, and a small inner lobe folded longitudinally and arising at about the middle of the inner side of the auricub; ductus bursae narrow throughout, as long as thc scventh segment, b'lfJ'sa spherical, siplllm elongate, slightly bent at middle, but without any median constriction, :spinose except ncar middle and at the ends. LIFE-Hl~TORY : Cnknowll. H .-\ BITS: The flight of this species is moderately rapid. but rather regular, and ih capture presents no difficulty. The subspecie. bou:ller·i appears to be slower on the wing than agoye. SI'ECD1E::,\~ EX.-\Ml1'ED :

) subspecies (t!i0ye (WIlgr.) : 1 1

0 Transvaal: Sal tpan, Pretoria district (:\' o\'el11ber, in termedia te seasollJ.1 form); 2 \Yaterberg district (no date; dry and wet forms); north-eastern ZOlltpansberg district d e

t (Jun - August, dry-season form); Yloorddrift, ncar Potgietersrust (October, wet-form). a d

SOl/th-West Africa: Kansdei, Grootfontein (April, \\'et-sea~on form). Besides. large (

r serie,.; of scale-impressions of both ,.;exes (wet and dry forms) , from the Bechuanaland e h

s Protectorate (Palapye; Jlahalapyc, Pi lane, :\otwani and Francisto\\'n). i l

b Subspecies bou'keri (Trimen) : u

P Trans;.'aal: Johannesburg C'\O\'ember, wet-form). Orange Free State: Bloemfontein

e and Kaabpruit (December, wet-form). Cape Prm'l'nce: Kimberley (January, wet-form) ; h t

y Brakfontein, }{ichtersyeld (November, wet anel intermediary forms); Soebatsfontein, b Little ):amaqualand (~oyember, intermediate and dry-forms); top of Elandskloof, d e

t lletween Citrusdal and Clan william (October, wet-form); Bechllanaland Protectorate: n

a Junction of .\uob and :\Tossob Rivers, extreme south-western corner of Bechuanaland r g (April, intermediate to dry-form). South-Trest AJrica : Okahandja (i\llgust, dry-form). e c

n A series of scale-impressions of both seXb made by G. C. Clark, from i\Iafcking, e c

i Bechuanaland (wet and dry-forms) . l

r e

d Colotis (Colotis) evagore (Klug). n u

P O.lho , '''gore KIng, 1829, Symb. J'lIy"" Ins., pI. 8, rigs. 5, 6 (.\rabia). For fullsyn(JIl\' my, SeC Marshall. 1897, y J'roe . Zool. Suc. : 34-36. a w e

t A common African species of wide distribution, described from .\rabia and occurring a both north and south of the Sahara. G

t

e Talbot in Lepidopterom/n Catalo{{lIs, pars. nO: 367- 370 (l~:H) treated evagol'e n i b a S

y b

d e c u d o r p e -R 154 COLOTIS

as a dry-form of Colotis daira Klug., a species occurring in Arabia, Somaliland, Abyssinia, , and Western , which view, if correct, would have bridged over the distribution gaps existing between the forms evagore and antigone; however, in his " Revisional Notes on the Genus Colotis Hb. " (1939), he separates evagora and daira specifically, with the result that the species evagore Klug becomes broken up into at least four apparently disconnected subspecies : e. evagore Klug (Arabia), e. nouna (Lucas) (Morocco to Oran, with the doubtfully separable Algerian biskrensis) , e. antigone Bsdv. (whole of Ethiopian Africa) and e. niveus (Btl.) (Socotra). In the absence of adequate North African material, I am provisionally following Mr. Talbot's latest arrangement in treating antigone Bsdv. as a subspecies of evagore KIug, until evidence exists that the distribution of the species is continuous.

Colo tis (Colotis) evagore antigone (Boisduval). Anthocharis antigone Bsdv., 1836, SPec. Gi ll. Lip. 1: 572 (Coast of Guinea). A widely distributed and most variable subspecies found in the greater part of Africa south of the Sahara. Very numerous forms of this were formerly regarded as good species and given names, many of which are quite superfluous and should be treated as synonyms, because they represent slight deviations from a few fundamental varietal forms; as many as six such names were proposed by Butler for forms collected in Swaziland alone, whereas the number of existing names applied to forms of e. antigone from all parts of Ethiopian Africa is nearly twenty. Within the limits of Southern Africa we find forms representing both extremes of the range of variation, but whereas the males in any given season and locality are reasonably constant, the females are more variable, and at least two main forms appear to fly together with a single male form. The females often closely resemble forms of Colol£s pallene and, as already mentioned under that species, it is probable that confusion in this respect prevails in many collections. )

1 The nominotypical form antigone Bsdv. (described from a single male) is, as pointed 1

0 out by Talbot, a very unusual form in which the black markings of the upperside are 2

d reduced, the inner stripe of forewing only reaching to half the wing's length along the e t lo\ver margin, although the marginal band of hindwing and the underside colouration a d suggest a wet-season form. As no other specimens are known to conform with the charac­ (

r ters of the type, Talbot suggests placing under that name other " intermediate" wet­ e h s season forms in which the inner stripe is fully developed, but I disagree with this, as it i l b would only increase the existing confusion. The following key applies to forms found in u

P Southern Africa. e h t KEY TO SOUTH AFRICAN FORMS OF COLOTIS (COLOTIS) EVAGORE y b ANl1GOj\iE BSD\'. d e

t Males. n

a 1 Underside of hindwing, ground-colour white, without pinkish or brownish r g

irroration, usually with yellow or orange-yellow postdiscal markings 2 e c Vnderside of hind wing irrorated with browni~h or pink " 5 n e c 2 Upperside with an inner stripe in forewing and a broad marginal band in hind- i l

r wing 3 e d Upperside, forewing inner stripe reduce::! or ab~ent 4 n

u 3 Forewing above, black marginal border uninterrupted and reaching tornus ; y

a hindwing above, marginal band without light ~ubmarginal spots, at most w

e with some light nin-streaks f. emini t a Forewing, black marginal border interrupted towards tornus; hindwing, G

t marginal band with some light submarginal spots .. f. phlegetonia e n i b a S y b

d e c u d o r p e R COLOTlS ISS

4 Forewing orange area with a small (in the type double) black mark in area CUI: hind wing marginal band narrow bu t con tinuous .. f. antigone Orange area usually without black mark in area CUI; hindwing marginal band reduced to small spots f. heuglini S Forewing inner stripe present f. galathinus Forewing inner stripe absent . . f. delphine Females. 1 Hindwing above with a broad continuous marginal band, without distinct light submarginal spots, at most with light vein streaks f. emini Hindwing above, marginal band with distinct light submarginal spots, or macular 2 2 Forewing above, marginal stripe well developed 3 Forewing above, marginal stripe reduced or absent 5 3 Underside, ground-colour creamy or yellowish without brown striolation f. phlegelonia Underside pinkish striolated with brown 4 4 Forewing above, orange apical area broad, resembling that of the male f. delphine Forewing above, orange apical area reduced to a subapical series of streaks f. galalkinus 5 Forewing, orange apical area very extensh'e, almost like in the male, but discocellular spot present f. delphi1le Fore\o\'ing, orange apical area less extensive, usually crossed basally by a dark postdiscal band, angled at vein ~{2 6 6 Forewing above, apical area with the black marginal band not broken up into separa te spots 7 )

1 Forewing above, apical area with a series of marginal spots f. mashona 1 0

2 7 Forewing above, apical area with distinctly orange subapical spots or band 8

d Forewing above, apical area with yellowish or dull orange-yellow subapical e t a spots or band 9 d

( 8 Proximal black bordering of orange subapical band edged internally with red r e or orange scaling .. . . f. pseudetrida h s i Proximal black bordering of orange subapical band edged internally with l b yellowish scaling .. f. calaracltc u P

H Forewing marginal stripe and hindwing postdiscal spots present, thou~h some- e h wha t reduced f. .ranlholes t

y Forewing marginal stripe and hindwing postdiscal spots very much reduced or b

d absent .. f. u'a e t n a r :\'on:: The form catm'acta is included here on the assumption that it really belongs g

e to et'agore antigone. as given by Talbot, but as mentioned under calamcla, it is very c n probable that this form actually belongs to C. pallene. e c i l r

e f. emini (Btl.) (Plates XIX-XX, fig. 44, d, 45, ). d n TalleO/IIS I'ttl,,,i Btl., IH81 . . '.-'i.X.H. (YII) 6: -t7 I Kanbcra). u

y The extreme wet-form of the subspecies, characterized by very heavy black markings a w in both wings. e t a Male: Black marginal border of forewing reaching the tornus; hindwing with a G \'ery broad marginal band, \\'ithout any light vein-spots, except in subcostal area. t e n i b a S y b

d e c u d o r p e R 156 COLons

Females: Very dark, apical area of forewing very broadly tlack, with a subapical series of orange streaks, the latter often reduced. Hindwing marginal band very broad and, as in the male, is devoid of any distinct vein spots, but usually with traces of whitish vein­ streaks. Common in Southern Rhodesia, Northern Transvaal, Natal and Eastern Cape Province.

f. phlegetonia (Bsdv.) (Plates XIX-XX, fig. 46,6', 47, 'jl) .

.~lIt" o charis Plltcfileloll ia Bsdv., 1836. Spec. C':II. T.• 'p. I: 577 (S<:nega1). A tttli ,cha"is eione lhd\,., 1836, I.c. : 578 (Coa~t of Guinea). Tera.c vlusjtiga Btl., 1876, Proc. Zool. SOL.: 142 (:'\orth-EaSl(·rn 1'at"I). Tc.yacolu5 gly ccra. Btl., 1876, I.c.: 144 (.\frica'). T eraco/It.' cOlliger Btl., 1882, rut . .1/0. Mag. IR: 229 (;01<1 Coasl). Tcracolus m-ina"lls Btl.. 1t>S2, I.c.: 229 IGol<.l Coast). Temco/1ls xa.ntbus Swinhoe, 1884, P rc)c. /.01'/. Soc. : 440 (Sudan).

In his de::;cription Boisdllval mentions the presence of a wide supramarginal stripe in forewing, and of a broad marginal band in hind\\'ing, only intersected by a few light \·ein-;;treaks. Talbot'::; definition in his" H.evisional :\ot s," p. 208, based upon th 'up­ posed type of Boisduval, doe;; not agree as he says that the hindwing has only small marginal spots. It is therefore probable that the specimen of Boisdu\'al's collection, regarded as Boi~duval's type, is not the specimen on which Boisdu\'al based his descrip­ tion, and that the real ty pe has been lost. A.ctuall,Y·, BobduvaJ's description refers to a rather heavily-marked \w:t-fonn, only a little lighter than the extreme wet-form el1l'il1i Btl., but as e\'ery gradation exist:; between emz'11'i and a lightly marked form such as Butler'sfriga, I folio\\' Talbot's arrange­ ment in placing the less typical lighter marked summer forms with phlegetonia. Bois­ duval's eione, described from a female \\'ell within the varietal range of f. phlegeto'l1ia, )

1 and matching Boisduval',; de::;cription of th male phle{!,elol'l'ia, I regard as a s:-monym 1

0 of that form, as ha ..,; been rightly done by Trimen and Auriviliius. 2

d The form i:s lighter than em/nl in both sexes . .Hale: forewing black marginal horder e t a interrupted towards torl1U.·; hindwing marginal band enclose:; more or les ' developed d

( white submarginal spob; sometimes these :spots ar large enough to make the band r e Jiscontinuou;; at margin. Female: forc\\'ing \'ery much lik e1llini, but the black outer h s i border does not reach the tornus except as a \·ein-spot. and the hind\\'ing marginal l b band is more or less interrupted by light submarginal spots or streaks. Apical markings u P

orange, yellow or whitish; occasionally these marking,; arc absent altogether. and e h

t such specimens rc,;cmble C. palle1'le ~ -f. abslIrdll.

y Common throughout the whole of Southern Africa, particularly in drier summers. b

d In the T.YI. collection from Transvaal, .:\atal and Eastern Cape Province. e t n a r f. g antigone (Bsd\·.). e c

n The nominotypical form of the subspecies. described from the coast 01 Guinea, and e c

i listed by Talbot from Angola and South-\\'est Africa. The type is in the British Museum, l

r and represents a wry unusual form, of wliich there arc no other specimens in the British e d :\Iuseum collection. Boisdu\'al mentions no hind-marginal stripe. only some grey dustina , n u

.Hale: forewing \\'itllOUt hind-marginal stripe; orange area enclosing a black mark y a in area Cu 1 (in the type it i:-; divided into two small spots); hinclwing marginal band w e narro\\' but con tinuolls. Female: no female form can at present be assigned to the f. t a antigone which must be provisionally regarded as a male form. G t I have seen no specimens among the long series in the collection, as well as e T.:\1. n i b a S y b

d e c u d o r p e R COLOTIS 157

among the hundreds of scale-impressions made by Mr. G. C. Clark, \\'hich agree with the description of f. antigone, but include the form here on the authority of l\'lr. Talbot who records it from South-West Africa, without further details.

f. heuglini (Felder). l'uucol/./s hwglini Felder, 1859, WicH. 10"11. Mon. 3: 272 (Somaliland).

The most Iigh tly marked among wet-season forms, and clearly a form \\'hose di~tribll­ tion is limited to desert regions. .11 ale: Black markings of the upperside much reduced, and there is no marginal stripe in forewing and often no black mark in the orange area. Hindwing marginal spot:; usually present, but sometimes ab~ent; llnder~ide without brown irroration. Female : the female of this form \\'a~ described by Butler a~ Teracollls jamesi, from Somaliland, but a~ no material of either sex from there is available to me, and as Talbot does not list the Q-f. jamesi from Southern Africa, I folio\\' Talbot in listing the o--form heuglini alone. H.ecorded in Talbot's" }{evisional Notes" from South-Eastern Africa, but \\'ithout precise details of locality or date.

f. galathinus (Btl.) (Plates XIX-XX, fig. 48, 3, 49, ~ ).

T eracol14 s galalhi l1 l1 S Ht!., 1~71\, 1'ro(. Zoot. Snc.: 142 (:\orth-Ea~(ern :-.ratal).

An intermediate form, showing on the upperside character~ of the \\'et-season form phlef,elonia, but the underside has a dry-season coloura tiOIl, being pin kish or reddish, irroratcd with brown. Complete intergraclation is found bet\\'een this form and phlegelonia 011 one side, and delphille 011 the other side, although the number of specimens trallsitional to delphine appears to be smaller. The females taken with the galathillus-males arc inter­ mediate between phlegetonia and either delphine or :ran/hates. The form doe,; not seem )

1 to pertain to any particular ~e

2 the dates vary from .t-.io\'ember to June.

d In the T.jI. collection from the Eastern Cape, Natal and ::\orth-Eastern Transyaal. e t a Large series among jlr. Clark's scale-impressions from the Eastern Cape and from d

(

Bechuanalancl (Palapye, jlahalapye, Pilane, etc.). r e h s i l f. delphine (Bsd\·.) (Plates XIX-XX, tig. 50, ,j. 51, ,:?). b u _/ ntIIQclirlfis ddp iJin~ B~(h · .. IH~6, Spu. Gin. L,i/>. I: 577 (Caffraria). P e

h The usual dry-season form of the :iU b .~pecies. Jl ale : Forewing abo\'e without an t

y inner stripe; hindwing without a costal ~tripe, anc! marginal band reduced to spots, b those below :\la usually very small and sometimes connected by a fine marginal line. d e t l.'nderside irrorateu with brownish scales which abo form a darker postdiscal difiuse n a

r band; the upper half of the cell and the greater part of area jla are, however, free from g

e irroration, thereby forming a lighter longitudinal ray reaching almost to the margin. c

n The latter character sen'es to distinguish the dry-form of Colotis et'agore antigon!? from e c i that of Colotis pullene in cases \\'here the black mark in the orange area is absent. Fill/ale: l r There are se\'eral female forms flying together with the male delphine. The nominotypical e d form described by Boisduval is very much like the male except for the presence of a n u black discocellular dot in the fore\\·ing. This female form is very rare, and only represented y a in the T.M . collection by two specimens from Tugela, ::\atal (October), which slightly w e t differ from Boisc!uval's description in having a fairly well deycloped postdiscal bauu in a the hindwing. The other female-forms associated in Southern Africa with the dry-form G t

e delphine follow hereunder, but it must be pointed out that the forms pseudelrida, n i b a S y b

d e c u d o r p e R 158 COLons

xanthotes and wa are linked by all transitions, whereas the forms cataracta and mashona. based on unique specimens, appear to be individual aberrations.

~-f. pseudetrida Westw. (Plates XIX-XX, fig. 52). Callosune pseudetrida 'Nestw., 1881, Qu.tes' ]vrafabe/eiaHd, ed. I: 340 (Tati, Matabeleland). Westwood's type, which he considered to be a male, is actually a female, and was matched by him with another female having" the orange subapical spots dilated into a broader yellow fascia," thus greatly resembling, or identical with, the form xanthotes Talbot. Upperside pale yellowish, apical area encloses six orange spots more or less fused into an outwardly dentate band, preceded by a diagonal blackish band angled in area M3 and reaching to about middle of area Cu!; the inner stripe is more or less reduced and sometimes is absent; hind wing with more or less reduced postdiscal markings, and a series of marginal spots. U nders'ide: apical area of forewing reddish yellow, with a brown band corresponding to the blackish band of the upperside, sometimes edged with orange on inner side; hindwing yellowish irrorated with brown except in upper half of cell and the greater part of area Ma, the latter character distinguishing the present form from the dry female­ form of pallene. Common in the warmer districts. In the 1'.1'1. collection from the Transvaal (Pretoria; Zoutpansberg), Northem Bechuanaland (Kabulabula) anel Gazaland (July-August). A number of Mt. Clark's scale-impressions, all from Bechuanaland (Pilane, Mahalapye, Palapye) are dated April, July, August and October.

~-f. wa Talbot.

Talbot. 1939, 1'1'<1>/.5. N. en!. Soc. H8: 210 (:\"orth-Eastern Rhodesia). ) 1

1 Upperside milky to creamy and yellowish-white. Forewing outer border of moderate 0 2 width not reaching the torn us ; apical area with a series of largish ochreous yellow to pale d e

t orange-red streaks. Hindwing with the costa not darkened; marginal spots large, but a

d posteriorly reduced or absent. Underside of forewing with apical area either pinkish­

(

r brown or yellowish with brownish-red subapical band (as in the type), or entirely dull e h red with indistinct dark band. s i l This form differs from f. pseudetrida in the reduction of the inner stripe of forewing b u and postdiscal markings of hindwing, and also by the yellowish or pale orange-red (not P

e distinctly orange) subapical markings. As this and the following form closely resemble h t the dry-form pallida of Cololis pallene, particular care must be taken of the irroration of y b

the hinelwing underside, the details of which have been mentioned under f. pseudetrida. d e

t In the 1'.1\1. collection a single specimen taken by the writer at Tsotsoroga Pan n

a (Northern Bechuanalanel) (July), kindly identified by Nlr. Talbot as being uear f. wa, r g

but differing in forewing marginal band reaching the tornus (not so in type), narrower e c black inner border of subapical spots, and the better developmen t of marginal spots of n e c hindwing (Plates XIX-XX, fig. 53); two among Nlr. Clark's scale-impressions from i l

r Bechuanaland specimens are elated June and July. e d n

u ,¥-f. xanthotes Talbot (Plates XIX-XX, fig. 54). y

a Talbot, 19:19. I.c.: 210 (" Between Dclagoa Bay and "ata!."). w e t A variable form with regard to the amoun t of reduction of the dark markings, bllt a

G generally more strongly marked than f. 1I:a, and the subapical markings are yellowish. t e Extreme specimens are above exactly like C. pallene ~-f. pallida Ie Doux, from which they n i b a S y b

d e c u d o r p e R COLons 159

can be separated by the absence or strong reduction of brown irroration in the upper half of the cell and in area M3 of hind wing underside. The form is not uncommon among the extreme dry-forms of C. evagore antigone in the subtropical and tropical parts of its range in Southern Africa, particularly so in the low rainfall areas of the Northern Transvaal and Natal, but occurs also occasionally much further south. In the T.M. collection from Port St. Johns, Pondoland (one specimen only); north­ eastern Zou tpansberg (large series) and Bechuanaland (July-August). A series of scale-impressions made by Mr. G. C. Clark in Bechuanaland (Palapye, Pilane), bears the dates of May, June, July and October.

f. mashona Talbot.

Talbot, 1942, Proc. R. en!. Soc., series B, II, part 4: 55 (Salisbury, ~Iashonaland). I reproduce the original description: " Uppers1:de creamy-white. Forewing flushed with pale primrose-yellow, more strongly over the apical area; a series of six marginal prominent black spots on veins three to eight, each with a thin proximal prolongation; a small marginal spot on vein two; apical area crossed by an oblique straight black bar from costal vein to vein three, defining a subapical yellow area about three mm. wide, on which the \'eins are blackened; costal edge, from about the middle to apex, ochraceous-brown; a discocellular black dot; a post-discal small black dot below vein two; basal area sparsely dusted with black. Hindwing with faint yellow tinge; base with sparse black dusting; marginal small spots, weakly marked. Underside of forewing with basal area tinged with lemon-yellow; apical area dull yellow, striated with ochraceous-brown, and marginally tinged with brownish-p:nk ; band of upperside represented by a row of small ochraceous-brown spots; de dot and )

1 post-discal spot as on upperside. Hindwing pinkish-brown, strongly striated with 1

0 ochraceous-brown. 2

d Described from a single specimen captured by G. A. K. Marshall at Salisbury, e t

a 5,000 feet, in July 1895." d

( Appears to differ from other similar forms in the more complete separation of the r e dark marginal border of forewing into spots, caused by an increase in size of the light h s i apical streaks, a condition approached, though not equalled, in several females of f. l b pseudetrida and f. wn examined by me. u P e h

t ';:-f. cataracta Talbot. y ~42, I.e.: b Talbot. I 56 (Yictoria Falls). d e t Again I reproduce the original description: n a r .. Upperside creamy-white; basal areas sparsely dusted with black. Forewing g

e with apical area black, bearing a curved orange-red band of fine spots, the lower spot, c n

e in area three, without proximal black edging; no red scaling, only a faint yellow tinge, c i l proximally bordering the black area; in the latter character this form differs from all r e other ant7"gone females which have a subapical red band; a discocellular black dot; d n a post-discal black, somewhat square, spot below vein two, merging proximally into a u

y somewhat diffuse dark stripe to the base. Hindwing with a small indistinct costal spot, a

w connected by slight black scaling to a larger post-discal spot in area four; marginal e t black spots, those on veins five and six much more prominent than the others. a G

l.. nderside of forewing creamy-white; a posterior black spot, and de dot as on t e uppcrside; apical area pinkish-ochraceous, with four small ill-defined blackish spots n i b a S y b

d e c u d o r p e R 160 COLons

along proximal edge. Hindwing pinkish-buff, strongly striated with ochraceous-brown ; costal edge orange along proximal half; a discocellular black dot, edged with orange proximally; a post-discal black spot in area four, Ie,;,; prominent than on upperside ". Described from a single specimen taken in the Rain Forest, Victoria Falls, in Septem­ ber 1905, by G. B. Longstaff. The description fits remarkably well severalundoubteci dry-season females of Col()hs pallene from Palapye, Bechuanaland, examined by me, and I have to emp11asise once more that one should refrain from describing new forms (especially from single specimens) where the identity of the species ibelf is open to doubt. If upon critical examination, the type of f. cataracta will be found to belong to C. pallene, the reten tion of the name is hardly justified, as it would represent the average dry-season female-form of pallene, slightly transitional between f. halyattes and f. paUicia, but nearer to the former. The question could be easily soh-cd by a careful examination of the hind wing underside of the type. Expanse: 30-43 mm. Antenna: 2S)-jointed. .1nlel1lliJ-wing 'ratio: 0·4 (both sexes). Genitalia.-Jlale (fig. 83 a).-·- Eighth tergite exca\·ated in the posterior third, the sides ratber acutely produced, in some specimens sli:shtly serrate. Tegumen broad, \vith a rather broad articulatory process; '/f,l/C1/S a little more than three-quarters the length of tegumen, broad and yery little downcur\'ed in the distal third. Valve with the costa conc;.t\·e in the basal third, half the length of \·entral margin and two-thirds of tll length of the base, apex very broadly rounded; sacculus triangular, short, very narrowly connected with the \'ah-ula at ventral margin, l'alv1l1a gradually widened, and occupies more than half of the costal border; juxta very narrowly '"-shaped; aedoeagl/s a little more than four times the length of uncus, slightly arched in basal half, a little upcurved a t tip, basal prong ra ther narrow and straight; sacclls twice the length of uncus, straigh t )

1 and with parallel sides, rounded at tip. 1

0 Female (fig. 83 b) .-.-4 nal lobes very elelica te, longer than their supporting sci crites ; 2

d posterior apophyses thin and acute; \'estibulltl1l broader than long, \\"ith a broad and short e t anterior pocket; auriclIlae elongate-ovate, without any emargina tions, about t\\ 0- a d third,; the length of the vestibulum; os till III and dllctlls yery little sclerotized, the latter ( r a little longer than the seventh segment; bllrsa nearly spherical, sig!ll/lJ1. almost rod-like, e h s rather densely spinose except at middl. The elongate-ovate auriculae anel the lon rre r i l b and narrower signum easily separate the female t\'agore alltigone from pallene. u

P LIFE-lIISlOHY (fig, 132): I am indebted to ~Ir. G. C. Clark for the details of the early e

h stages 'Of this species, for the loan of his paintings and for the gift of specimens of pupae, t

y which enabled me to compile the present notcs. b

d Egg: Elongate-conical, O·S) 111m. high, ().-! 111m. in diamter, with about 12 longi­ e t tudinal keels, all or most reaching the micropyle, and almost ~m tran"verse ridges; yellow n a

r blotched with red. Laid singly on leaf or twig of the food-plant. Larua.-There are five g

e larval instars lasting 2() days, the newly hatched larva being 1 ·5 111m. long, and the full­ c n grown larva 17 mm. The colour is generally green. Final instar larva with a dark dorsal e c i

l stripe and a white lateral stripe edged with black below; two dark green stripe:; abo\"e, r

e which on the first three segment:-; are black edg cl with white. Surface sprinkled with d

n hairs 011 moles, some having a drop of liquid at tips. PlIpa.-16-17 mm. long, cream u and black, or green, sometimes light brown; wing-cases slightly' convex. The pupal y a stage lasts about 12 days. w e t Food-plal/ts: Capparidaceae: Cati({oa jl/ucea, C apparis citnfolia, M (lema triphylla a

G (= caIra) , and probably other specie .. t e HABITS: The species i,; rather slow on the wing and is often founel in numbers n i b a S y b

d e c u d o r p e R