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031 Genus Colotis Huebner 14th edition (2015). Genus Colotis Hübner, [1819] In: Hübner, [1816-[1826]. Verzeichniss bekannter Schmettlinge 97 (432 + 72 pp.). Augsburg. Type-species: Papilio amata Fabricius, by subsequent designation (Scudder, 1875. Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 10: 146 (91-293).). = Aphrodite Hübner, [1819] in Hübner, [1816-[1826]. Verzeichniss bekannter Schmettlinge 95 (432 + 72 pp.). Augsburg. Type-species: Papilio euippe Linnaeus, by subsequent designation (Klots, 1933. Entomologica Americana 12: 152, 194 (139-242).). [Invalid; junior homonym of Aphrodite Link, 1807.] = Idmais Boisduval, 1836. In: [Roret, Suites à Buffon] Histoire naturelle des Insectes. Species général des Lépidopteres 1: 584 (690 pp.). Paris. Type-species: Pontia chrysonome Klug, by subsequent designation (Scudder, 1875. Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 10: 196 (91-293).). = Callosune Doubleday, 1847 in Doubleday & Westwood, [1846-52]. The genera of diurnal Lepidoptera, London: 57 (1: 1-250 pp.; 2: 251-534 pp.). London. Type-species: Papilio danae Fabricius, by subsequent designation (Scudder, 1875. Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 10: 132 (91-293).). = Anthopsyche Wallengren, 1857. Öfversigt af Kongl. Vetenskaps-Akademiens Förhandlingar. Stockholm annis 1838-1845. Collecta (n.s.) 2 (4): 10 (55 pp.). Type-species: Papilio achine Stoll, by subsequent designation (Scudder, 1875. Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 10: 114 (91-293).). = Ptychopteryx Wallengren, 1857. Öfversigt af Kongl. Vetenskaps-Akademiens Förhandlingar. Stockholm annis 1838-1845. Collecta (n.s.) 2 (4): 17 (55 pp.). Type-species: Ptychopteryx bohemani Wallengren, by monotypy. [Invalid; junior homonym of Ptychopteryx Leech, 1817.] = Thespia Wallengren, 1858. Öfversigt af Kongl. Vetenskaps-Akademiens Förhandlingar. Stockholm 15: 77 (75-84). [Replacement name for Ptychopteryx Wallengren.] = Calicharis Oberthür, 1876. Études d’Entomologie 1: 18 (1-74). Type-species: Anthocharis delphine Boisduval, by subsequent designation (Hemming, 1939. Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London (B) 8: 135 (133-138).) Synonym based on extralimital type-species: Madais Swinhoe, [1909]. A predominantly Afrotropical genus of about 44 species, 40 of which occur in the Afrotropical Region. Eleven of these have distributions that extend extralimitally (Palaearctic and Oriental Regions). 1 Group I – etrida (extralimital), ephyia. *Colotis ephyia (Klug, [1829]) Pontia ephyia Klug, 1829 in Klug, 1829-45. In: Ehrenburg, C.G., Symbolae Physicae, seu icones et descriptiones corporum naturalium novarum aut minus cognitorum pl. 6 ([183] pp.). Colotis ephyia (Klug, 1829). Nazar et al., 2011. Colotis ephyia. Male (Wingspan 32 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. South of Jebel Aulla, Sudan. 31 August 2007. P. Ward. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection. Type locality: Sudan: “Ambukohl”. Distribution: Chad, Sudan, Saudi Arabia (south-west), Yemen. Specific localities: Sudan – Ambukohl (TL). Habitat: In Yemen and Saudi Arabia only on the coastal plains under Sahel conditions and sometimes in the company of Calopieris eulimene (Larsen, 1982). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published. Group II – aurora (extralimital), evarne, incretus, auxo. *Colotis evarne (Klug, [1829]) Northern Sulphur Orange Tip Pontia evarne Klug, 1829 in Klug, 1829-45. In: Ehrenburg, C.G., Symbolae Physicae, seu icones et descriptiones corporum naturalium novarum aut minus cognitorum pl. 6 ([183] pp.). Colotis aurora evarne (Klug, 1829). Ackery et al., 1995. Colotis evarne (Klug, 1829). Nazari et al., 2011. stat. rev. 2 Painting of the type of phillipsi (= evarne) from the original publication (Butler, 1886) Type locality: Sudan: “Ambukohl”. Distribution: Mauritania, Senegal (northern half), Gambia, Mali, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Benin (north), Nigeria, Democratic Republic of Congo, Chad, Sudan, Ethiopia, Somalia, Uganda, Rwanda, Kenya, Tanzania, southern Arabia. Misattributed to the Mozambican fauna by Congdon et al., 2010. Specific localities: Ghana – Accra (Larsen, 2005a; a stray). Nigeria – Okwangwo (Larsen, 2005a). Sudan – Ambukohl (TL); Hor Tamanib (Butler, 1876); White Nile (Butler, 1876). Ethiopia – Harrar (Dufrane, 1947). Somalia – Afgoi (Niepelt, 1937). Kenya – Shimo-la-Teiva (Stoneham, 1939); Mambrui (Stoneham, 1939); Malindi (Stoneham, 1939); Tsavo National Park (Larsen, 1991c). Habitat: Savanna. In West Africa in Sudan savanna (Larsen, 2005a). Habits: Often found abundantly, together with C. annae, flying around stands of their larval host-plant (Cadaba species). Sympatric with the similar but faster-flying C. incretus in the south-east of Kenya, e.g. Tsavo National Park (Larsen, 1991c). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Cadaba species (Capparaceae) [Larsen, 1991c: 134]. Capparis species (Capparaceae) [Van Someren, 1974: 318]. Maerua species (Capparaceae) [Van Someren, 1974: 318]. citreus Butler, 1876 (as sp. of Teracolus). Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1876: 162 (126-165). Sudan: “Hor Tamanib; White Nile”. xanthevarne Butler, 1876 (as sp. of Teracolus). Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1876: 163 (126-165). Sudan: “White Nile”. phillipsi Butler, 1886 (as sp. of Teracolus). Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1885: 772 (756-776). Somalia: “Somali-Land”. sharpei Aurivillius, 1910 in Seitz, 1908-25 (as f. of Teracolus evarne philippsi). Die Gross- Schmetterlinge der Erde, Stuttgart (2) 13 Die Afrikanischen Tagfalter: 60 (614 pp.). Somalia: “Somaliland”. extrema Niepelt, 1937 (as f. of Teracolus evarne). Festschrift zum 60. Geburtstage von Professor Dr. Embrik Strand 3: 557 (556-559). Somalia: “Afgoi”. butleri Stoneham, 1939 (as female f. of Colotis eucharis). Bulletin of the Stoneham Museum (38): [2] ([4 pp.]). Kenya: “Shimo-la-Teiva, Kenya Coast”. mambrui Stoneham, 1939 (as female f. of Colotis eucharis). Bulletin of the Stoneham Museum (38): [3] ([4 pp.]). Kenya: “Mambrui, Kenya Coast”. xanthecolus Stoneham, 1939 (as female f. of Colotis eucharis). Bulletin of the Stoneham Museum (38): [3] ([4 pp.]). Kenya: “Mambrui, Kenya Coast”. 3 albescens Stoneham, 1939 (as female f. of Colotis eucharis). Bulletin of the Stoneham Museum (38): [3] ([4 pp.]). Kenya: “Malindi, Kenya Coast”. harrarensis Dufrane, 1947 (as ssp. of Colotis auxo). Bulletin et Annales de la Société Royale Entomologique de Belgique 83: 59 (46-73). Ethiopia: “Harrar”. maureli Dufrane, 1947 (as ab. of Colotis auxo harrarensis). Bulletin et Annales de la Société Royale Entomologique de Belgique 83: 59 (46-73). Ethiopia: “Harrar”. *Colotis incretus (Butler, 1881) Yellow Orange Tip Teracolus incretus Butler, 1881 (as sp. of Teracolus). Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine 18: 146 (145-146). Synonym of C. auxo (Lucas, 1852). Ackery et al., 1995. Colotis incretus (Butler, 1881). d’Abrera, 1997. Colotis incretus (Butler, 1881). Nazari et al., 2011. stat. rev. [Status change claimed despite d’Abrera, 1997]. Colotis incretus. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan: 48mm. Shimba Hills, Kenya. 15.i.1994. S.C. Collins. (Curle Trust Collection – 20). Colotis incretus. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan: 41mm. Shimba Hills, Kenya. 15.i.1994. S.C. Collins. (Curle Trust Collection – 21). Type locality: [Kenya]: “Mamboia, E. Africa (Sir J. Kirk).” Distribution: Burundi, Kenya (south), Tanzania, Zambia. Recorded, in error, from Uganda by Davenport, 1996. Specific localities: 4 Burundi – Bujumbura (Hecq, 1975). Kenya – Mamboia (TL); Tsavo National Park (Larsen, 1991c); Shimba Hills (specimens illustrated above). Tanzania – Pangani (Thurau, 1904); Mpanda (Kielland, 1990d); Kigoma (Kielland, 1990d); Northern Highlands (Kielland, 1990d); central palteau (Kielland, 1990d); Nguu Mountains (Kielland, 1990d); Turiani (Kielland, 1990d); Morogoro (Kielland, 1990d); Pugu Hills (Kielland, 1990d); Rubeho Mountains (Kielland, 1990d); Ruaha National Park (Kielland, 1990d); Mikumi National Park (Kielland, 1990d); Mpawapwa District (Kielland, 1990d); Katavi National Park (Fitzherbert et al., 2006). Zambia – Mbala (Heath et al., 2002); Kalombo Falls (Heath et al., 2002). Taxonomic notes: Narazi et al, 2011 found that the DNA barcode divergence between C. auxo and C. incretus is about 11.2%, leading them to remove the latter from synonymy with auxo. This had already been done by d’Abrera in 1997, something that Nazari et al., 2011 seem not to be aware of. They furthermore state that incretus is larger, with a much deeper yellow ground colour and more pointed forewings. Habitat: Moist savanna. In Tanzania at altitudes from 75 to 2 100 m (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: Sympatric with C. evarne in southern Kenya but it is a little larger, has a brighter yellow colour, and a slightly faster flight. Specimens tend to fly in the vicinity of stands of their larval foodplant (Larsen, 1991c). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Cadaba species (Capparaceae) [Larsen, 1991c: 134]. Capparis species (Capparaceae) [Van Someren, 1974: 318]. Salvadora persica L. (Salvadoraceae) [Van Someren, 1974: 318]. panganiensis Thurau, 1904 (as ab. of Teracolus incretus). Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift 48: 312 (301-314). Tanzania: “N. Usegua am Pangani”. delens Hecq, 1975 (as f. of Colotis auxo incretus). Lambillionea 75: 9 (4-10). Burundi: “Bujumbura, 800 m”. *Colotis auxo (Lucas, 1852)# Sulphur Orange Tip Southern Sulphur Orange Tip (Colotis auxo). Left – wet season male; right – wet season female. Images courtesy Steve
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