Supplemental digital content 5 – Funnel plots a) Funnel plot from the meta-analysis determining the effect of isometric tasks on isometric force decrease between young and old individuals.
Effect Size -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 0
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The distribution of the estimated effect size (Hedges's g ES) for each study (on x-axis) and standard error (on y-axis) were used to calculate the measure. The estimates of the effect of the missing studies were similar to the meta-analysis combined effect sizes, suggesting a little chance of publication bias for these measures. b) Funnel plot from the meta-analysis determining the effect of dynamic tasks on isometric force decrease between young and old individuals.
Effect Size -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 0
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0.7 Studies Combined effect size Imputed data points CES Adjusted
The distribution of the estimated effect size (Hedges's g ES) for each study (on x-axis) and standard error (on y-axis) were used to calculate the measure. The estimates of the effect of the missing studies were similar to the meta-analysis combined effect sizes, suggesting a little chance of publication bias for these measures. c) Funnel plot from the meta-analysis determining the effect of fatiguing lower limbs on isometric force decrease between young and old individuals.
Effect Size -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 0
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0.9 Studies Combined effect size Imputed data points CES Adjusted
The distribution of the estimated effect size (Hedges's g ES) for each study (on x-axis) and standard error (on y-axis) were used to calculate the measure. The estimates of the effect of the missing studies were similar to the meta-analysis combined effect sizes, suggesting a little chance of publication bias for these measures. d) Funnel plot from the meta-analysis determining the effect of fatiguing upper limbs on isometric force decrease between young and old individuals.
Effect Size -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 0
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0.7 Studies Combined effect size Imputed data points CES Adjusted
The distribution of the estimated effect size (Hedges's g ES) for each study (on x-axis) and standard error (on y-axis) were used to calculate the measure. The estimates of the effect of the missing studies were similar to the meta-analysis combined effect sizes, suggesting a little chance of publication bias for these measures. e) Funnel plot from the meta-analysis determining the effect of sex (males) on isometric force decrease between young and old individuals.
Effect Size -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 0
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0.9 Studies Combined effect size Imputed data points CES Adjusted
The distribution of the estimated effect size (Hedges's g ES) for each study (on x-axis) and standard error (on y-axis) were used to calculate the measure. The estimates of the effect of the missing studies were similar to the meta-analysis combined effect sizes, suggesting a little chance of publication bias for these measures. f) Funnel plot from the meta-analysis determining the effect of sex (females) on isometric force decrease between young and old individuals.
Effect Size -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 0
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0.6 Standard error Standard
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The distribution of the estimated effect size (Hedges's g ES) for each study (on x-axis) and standard error (on y-axis) were used to calculate the measure. The estimates of the effect of the missing studies were similar to the meta-analysis combined effect sizes, suggesting a little chance of publication bias for these measures. g) Funnel plot from the meta-analysis determining the effect of fatigue induced by exercise on power output decrease between young and old individuals.
Effect Size -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 0
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1 Studies Combined effect size Imputed data points CES Adjusted
The distribution of the estimated effect size (Hedges's g ES) for each study (on x-axis) and standard error (on y-axis) were used to calculate the measure. The estimates of the effect of the missing studies were similar to the meta-analysis combined effect sizes, suggesting a little chance of publication bias for these measures.