DOCSLIB.ORG

Chickasaw Voters Will Seat 5 Mary Jo Green (Incumbent) Seat 2 *Joyce Wesley (Milburn) *Ineli- June 9, 2010 at 4:30 P.M

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Chickasaw Voters Will Seat 5 Mary Jo Green (Incumbent) Seat 2 *Joyce Wesley (Milburn) *Ineli- June 9, 2010 at 4:30 P.M COfficialhickasaw publication of the Chickasaw Nation Twww.chickasawtimes.netimes June 2010 2010 Election Issue Panola District • Seat 1 Judicial • Seat 1 Beth Alexander Ellen Flowers Beryl F. Sears Mark Colbert Jeremy D. Oliver Incumbent Incumbent Pickens District • Seat 3 Tishomingo Please Note: District • Seat 2 There will be no legislative election in Tishomingo District. Ballots will be mailed Linda Briggs Mike Watson Daniel Worcester Incumbent Tim Colbert July 12, 2010. Incumbent Pontotoc District • Seat 5 Ada, OK 74821 OK Ada, Post Office Box 1548 Box Office Post The Chickasaw Times Chickasaw The Mary Jo Green Todd Griffith Mark Johnson Incumbent 2 CHICKASAW TIMES election issue June 2010 Panola District • Seat 1 Legislative contests in Panola, Pickens, Pontotoc Districts, plus judicial race Candidates file for tribal offices; ballots mailed July 12 Chickasaw Nation Election Secretary islative seat. Loder at (580) 310-6475. Seat 1 Ellen Flowers (Calera) Rita Loder has announced the candi- Incumbent Supreme Court Justice Candidates filing are as follows: dates seeking four legislative seats and Mark Holmes Colbert of Ardmore will Legislature: Tishomingo District one judicial seat within the Chickasaw face Jeremy Oliver of Wynnewood for Seat 2 Timothy K. Colbert (Incum- Nation. Seat 1 on the court. Pontotoc District bent) (Sulphur) The filing period closed Wednesday, Registered Chickasaw voters will Seat 5 Mary Jo Green (Incumbent) Seat 2 *Joyce Wesley (Milburn) *ineli- June 9, 2010 at 4:30 p.m. vote by absentee ballots. Ballots will (Ada) gible Pontotoc District Seat 5 incumbent be mailed to qualified voters July 12, Seat 5 Todd Griffith (Newcastle) Mary Jo Green of Ada will face challeng- 2010. Seat 5 Mark Johnson (Ada) Supreme Court: ers Todd Griffith of Newcastle and Mark Ballots must be returned to the Chick- Seat 5 *Jerry Imotichey (Fillmore) *in- Seat 1 Mark Holmes Colbert (Incum- Johnson of Ada. asaw Nation Election Commission no eligible bent) (Ardmore) Pickens District Seat 3 incumbent later than 10:30 a.m. on July 27, 2010. Seat 1 Jeremy D. Oliver (Wyn- Linda Briggs of Marietta will face chal- No hand delivered ballots will be ac- Pickens District newood) lengers Mike Watson of Ardmore and cepted. Seat 3 Linda Briggs (Incumbent) *Joyce Wesley and Jerry Imotichey Daniel Worcester of Ardmore. The Chickasaw Nation Election Com- (Marietta) were both ruled ineligible as candidates Panola District incumbent Beth Al- mission shall conduct and supervise Seat 3 Mike Watson (Ardmore) because they are currently employed by exander of Achille will face Beryl F. the ballot counting beginning at 11 Seat 3 Daniel Worcester (Ardmore) the Chickasaw Nation. Election rules re- Sears of Hendrix and Ellen Flowers of a.m. July 27, 2010, at the Chickasaw quire prospective candidates to resign Calera. Community Center in Ada. Results of Panola District employment upon filing. Tishomingo District Seat 2 incumbent the elections shall be announced the Seat 1 Beth Alexander (Incumbent) legislator Timothy K. Colbert of Sulphur same day. (Achille) is unchallenged and will retain his leg- For more information, contact Ms. Seat 1 Beryl F. Sears (Hendrix) Beth Alexander, Incumbent Name of candidate: Beth Alexander ing young women to Public Schools. Mrs. said, “The first key to greatness is to be in Position candidate is filing for: Tribal become political lead- Alexander was also reality what we appear to be.” Legislator ers. For the past eight selected the represen- Since becoming Legislator, I have made District and seat number: Panola Dis- years, she has been tative for the Okla- it my personal goal to assist All Chicka- trict, seat 1 a mentor and guest homa State Schools saw Citizens nationwide. I have no other Background information: Beth Alex- speaker for “The Dy- convention. agenda. Being a Legislator is my full time ander is the youngest daughter of Don manics of Leader- Goal as a member job. I believe each citizen deserves to get and June Leake, of Sherman, Texas. She ship Class” hosted by of the Chickasaw Leg- personal attention when it comes to meet- is the granddaughter of original enroll- Murray State Junior islature: ing their needs. Everything ranging from ee Mary Annetta Collins and is a direct College, designed to • To continue to rep- home repairs, medical help and geneal- descendant of Rhoda Gunn. Mrs. Alex- inspire, empower and resent the Panola Dis- ogy research, to careful attention to leg- ander and her husband, Rick have two educate students with trict and all Chickasaw islative details, giving speeches and pray- sons, Joshua and Will. personal goals, com- citizens with honesty, ing for personal needs. I have endeav- One thing she is passionate about is munication skills and integrity and profes- ored to work on behalf of the people and working with and encouraging young leadership ability. She sionalism. As legisla- vote to fairly represent your best inter- people. She has worked as a profes- is also an active speak- tors, our responsibil- ests. I am looking forward to continuing sional educator for 17 years in public er in several local ity is to serve you, the to represent you as your Panola District and Christian schools and has a spe- churches throughout Beth Alexander Chickasaw people. Legislator. I believe integrity and ethical cial interest in students with learning the Chickasaw Nation. • Mrs. Alexander values need to be at the forefront in our disabilities. The Alexanders also spent During her years as a is committed to im- governing entities of the Chickasaw Na- 12 years developing and implementing legislator, Mrs. Alexan- proving and expand- tion. This will ensure a solid foundation church camps and conducting chil- der has been involved in several legisla- ing the health care services to outlying for future generations to continue the de- dren’s revivals. tive committees and is a member of the communities and has seen the need for velopment and growth of our tribe. Educational background: After grad- Chickasaw Historical Society. continued diligence in the fight against In order to serve you more effectively, I uating from Sherman High School with Active in local and community af- diabetes. She is an advocate of the Neu- need to hear from you. Please contact me honors, she earned a bachelor of science fairs, Mrs. Alexander and her family rocare system – an electrical muscle in one of the following ways: bethalexan- degree in elementary education with a attend Victory Life Church in Durant, stimulator that has been used to treat [email protected], chickasawbeth.com specialization in life and earth sciences where they served as children’s pas- the complications of diabetes. In many or facebook me at chickasawbeth. My from Texas A&M-Commerce. She holds tors for 12 years. During this time they cases, with diligent use, this system can home phone number is (580) 283-3409. a teaching certification in both Okla- also developed and sponsored church improve the circulation in affected ar- “Some trust in chariots and some in homa and Texas. camps for children and co-directed and eas and even prevent amputation. horses, but we trust in the name of the Civic and/or community activities: developed children’s revivals for local • To encourage the future expansion Lord our God.” Psalms 20:7 Mrs. Alexander participated in the Na- and inner-urban churchs. of the “Services at Large” program for Thank you for your support and en- tional Education for Women’s Leader- Awards and honors: Mrs. Alexander those who live outside the Chickasaw couragement. ship Program (N.E.W.) as a faculty in was selected Teacher of the Year at both Nation boundaries. Beth Alexander – The People’s Voice. residence at the University of Okla- Texoma Christian Middle School and Personal message to the Chickasaw homa, inspiring, mentoring and teach- her first year of teaching at Kingston people: As the philosopher Socrates once June 2010 election issue CHICKASAW TIMES 3 Panola District • Seat 1 Ellen Flowers Name of candidate: Ellen J. Flowers sent seven (7) of their perform those duties. graduated from Caddo Public Schools in Position candidate is filing for: Tribal children to schools I too believe in the im- 1968. She attended Southeastern Okla- Legislator of higher learning. portance of education homa State University, Durant, from District and seat number: Panola Dis- Sallie, (my great- and hard work to be 1979-1981. trict, seat 1 grandmother) Maud successful at any task Civic and/or community activities: Background information: Ms. Flow- and Nancy to Bloom- we are asked to do. By Ms. Flowers civic and community activi- ers is the daughter of Prince and Alice field Academy and you knowing a little ties include: Oklahoma Indian Council Kemp Flowers and the granddaughter Claude, Ben, Berry A., about me and my an- on Aging (member), American Cancer of Douglas L. and Lillian Turner Kemp, Jr., to Harley Institute cestors, should let you Society, Native People Lay Health Advi- who is the daughter of Sallie Duck- and Wiley J.,0 to what know that I will repre- sor, and Chickasaw Elder. worth Turner. She is a descendant of is now Southeast- sent you with integrity Awards and honors: Ms. Flowers re- the Colberts, Kemps, Greenwoods, and ern Oklahoma State and honesty. ceived a certificate for Caregivers Sup- Duckworths who were all Chickasaws. University. All seven Ms. Flowers worked port Group 28th Annual Oklahoma As most of you know Levi Colbert was graduated. for the Chickasaw Na- Conference on Aging 2002; certification one of the most important men in Allen and Nancy tion as site manager from the State of Oklahoma Medicare/ Chickasaw history, continually build- (Colbert) Greenwood, Ellen Flowers of the Madill Chicka- Medicade Fraud Abuse and Waste Re- ing the nation by hard work and per- my great-great-great- saw Nation Senior Site duction Program, 2003; Chickasaw Na- severance.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Independent Freedpeople of the Five Slaveholding Tribes
    Anderson 1 “On the Forty Acres that the Government Give Me”1: Independent Freedpeople of the Five Slaveholding Tribes as Landholders, Indigenous Land Allotment Policy, and the Disruption of Racial, Gender, and Class Hierarchies in Jim Crow Oklahoma Keziah Anderson Undergraduate Senior Thesis Department of History Columbia University April 15th, 2020 Seminar Advisor: Professor George Chauncey Second Reader: Professor Celia Naylor 1 Kiziah Love, interview with Jessie R. Ervin, spring 1937, Colbert, OK, in The WPA Oklahoma Slave Narratives, ed. T. Lindsay Baker and Julie Philips Baker (Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1996), 262. See Appendix 6 for a full transcript of Kiziah Love’s slave narrative. © 2020 Anderson 2 - Notice - None of the work included in this document may be cited or quoted without express written permission from the author. © 2020 Anderson 3 - Table of Contents - Acknowledgements 4 Introduction 5-15 Chapter 1: “You’ve an Indian Not a Negro”: Racecraft, 15-36 Land Allotment Policy, and Class Inequalities in Post-Allotment and Post-Statehood Oklahoma Racecraft and Land Use in the Pre-Allotment Period 15 Racecraft, Blood Quantum, and Ideology in the Jim Crow South & Indian Territory 18 Racecraft in the Allotment Process: Blood Quanta, One-Drop-of-Blood Rules, and Land Land Allotments, Indigeneity, and Racecraft in Post-Statehood Oklahoma 25 Chapter 2: The Reshaping of Gender in the Post-Allotment and 38-51 Post-Statehood Period: Independent Freedwomen Landowners, the (Re)Establishment of Black Infrastructure, and
    [Show full text]
  • Reconstruction in the Chickasaw Nation
    RECONSTRUCTION IN THE CHICKASAW NATION, 1865-1877 By PARTHENA LOUISE JAMES Bachelor of Arts Oklahoma State University Stillwater, Oklahoma 1963 Submitted to the faculty of the Graduate College of the Oklahoma State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS May, 1967 1n«iR~ STArE -ilwtlfflfftf L~S!Ft,A~Yf JAN 10 M 1865-1877 Thesis Approved: .na Dean of the~--- Graduate College 358863 ii PREFACE The Chickasaw Indians have the doubtful honor of being remembered by historians as the smallest and most warlike of the Five Civilized Tribes . Like so many other tribes, they were forced to leave their na­ tive homes and settle in Indian Territory as white c ivilization advanced ac ross the American, continent. Some twenty years after coming to their new lands , the lives of the Chickasaws were again interrupted. The Civil War broke out and the Chickasaws , almost unanimously, joined the Confederate States of Ame rica. They felt a strong sympathy for the Southern cause, since they not only owned Negro slaves which they had purchased wi_th money received from the sale of Southern Chickasaw lands, but also had many friends who joined the Confederate Army at the outbreak of the fighting. Th e purpose of t his thesis is to investigate the effec ts of the post-Civil War reconstruction period on the Chickasaws. The Chickasaws suffered little direc t damage from t he Ci vil War since there was but limited fighting within the Chickasaw Nation and the tribe was spared a division of opinion in choosing sides in the conflict.
    [Show full text]
  • Freedmen in the Indian Territory After the Civil War: the Dual Approaches of the Choctaw and Chickasaw Nations
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE NANZAN REVIEW OF AMERICAN STUDIES Volume 30 (2008): 91-108 Proceedings of the NASSS 2008 Social Sciences I Freedmen in the Indian Territory after the Civil War: The Dual Approaches of the Choctaw and Chickasaw Nations IWASAKI YOSHITAKA HANNAN UNIVERSITY, PART-TIME LECTURER Introduction I shall be discussing the tribal membership of “freedmen”, the ex-slaves owned and emancipated by two Native American groups―the Choctaw and the Chickasaw of the so-called “Five Civilized Tribes” living in the Indian Territory, now around the State of Oklahoma―and their descendants, and how these freedmen were―or were not―assimilated into the tribes of their former owners after the American Civil War. In contrast to the other three nations―the Cherokee, the Creek/Muscogee, and the Seminole Nations―who accepted freedmen in their territories as citizens in 1866, the Choctaw and the Chickasaw both refused to grant rights of citizenship to the freedmen in their territories until much later. The Choctaw Nation did not follow suit until 1883, and although the Chickasaw Nation decided to grant their freedmen rights of citizenship in 1873, these were never fully promulgated. The Chickasaw freedmen, then, belonged to neither the Chickasaw Nation nor the United States; they endured a ‘limbo of citizenship’ for over 40 years until 1907, when the Indian Territory was at last incorporated into the United States as the State of Oklahoma. The Choctaw and the Chickasaw legislatures termed the dilemma “The Negro Question.” For their part, the freedmen of the two nations referred to themselves as “slaves without masters”.1 Why did the Choctaw and Chickasaw nations treat their freedmen more severely than the three other nations, and why did the Choctaw and the Chickasaw differ in their policies over the “The Negro Question”, that is, how to treat freedmen? These questions will be considered in my presentation today.
    [Show full text]
  • Not Even Past." William Faulkner NOT EVEN PAST
    "The past is never dead. It's not even past." William Faulkner NOT EVEN PAST Search the site ... Black Slaves, Indian Like 2.8K Masters: Slavery, Tweet Emancipation, and Citizenship in the Native American South, by Barbara Krauthamer (2013) by Nakia Parker For decades, scholars peered at the painful and complex topic of American slavery through a purely “black-white” lens—in other words, black slaves who had white masters. The sad reality that some Native Americans, (in particular, the Creek, Cherokee, Choctaw, Chickasaw, and Seminole, or “the Five Tribes”) also participated in chattel and race-based slavery, was rarely acknowledged in the historical annals. Only in the latter part of the 20th century did historians begin to address this oversight. Several groundbreaking studies recognized the momentous repercussions of this practice for Native and African American populations alike during the antebellum era and down to the present day. Barbara Krauthamer, a professor of Native American and African American history at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst, adds an exhaustive and compelling contribution to the research in this area. The rst full-length monograph chronicling chattel slavery in the Choctaw and Chickasaw Nations, Krauthamer amply demonstrates how both before and after the era of Indian Removal in the mid-nineteenth century slavery also intersected with issues of race and gender in complicated ways. Krauthamer tracks white commodication and enslavement of Choctaw and Chickasaw bodies starting in the late seventeenth century and its transition to the commodication and enslavement of black bodies by Choctaw and Chickasaw slaveholders in the eighteenth century. In addition, Krauthamer adroitly debunks the myth that the main cause for American Indian participation in chattel slavery stemmed from their desire for European, and later American goods, unable to resist the inescapable forces of the market economy and capitalism.
    [Show full text]
  • The Chickasaws a Highly Advanced Tribe Finds a New Home
    The Chickasaws A highly advanced tribe finds a new home By DR . A. M. GIBSON ederal Indian policy during the except for dialectical differences was tact was with the Spanish. During Fnineteenth century was inextrica- identical, and the same was true for 1541, Hernando De Soto and his men bly tied in with Federal land policy. the written language which mission- spent a season with the Chickasaws, Eternally it seemed the national gov- aries developed for these two tribes. imposing on tribal hospitality while ernment was involved in negotiating The historic Chickasaw range ex- resting from their travels. When De land surrender treaties with the Indian tended along the western frontiers of Soto was ready to resume his search tribes to make room for the settlers . At three states, Mississippi, Tennessee, for the fabled Cale, he demanded first these cession treaties provided for and Kentucky. porters and women. This insulted diminution of tribal domain ; later as tribal leaders and they sent warriors the frontier settlements intruded to to attack De Soto's camp, and their This is the third in a series of arti- the very edge of the diminished tribal fierce assault drove the Spaniards cles on the Five Civilized Tribes of ranges, the policy of relocation de- from the Chickasaw country. Oklahoma, written by Dr. A . M. veloped. This was the reason the Gibson, chairman of the depart- national government established the in the European drive for control of Indian country west of Arkansas and ment of history, head of the divi- sion of manuscripts and curator of the Ohio and Mississippi valleys, the Missouri .
    [Show full text]
  • THE ARMSTRONGS of INDIAN TERRITORY by Carolyn Thomas Foreman
    THE ARMSTRONGS OF INDIAN TERRITORY By Carolyn Thomas Foreman Frank Crawford Armstrong, born at Skullyville, Indian Terri- tory in 1835, was a son of Frank Wells Armstrong who resided among the Five Civilized Tribes from 1830 until his death in 1839. His mother was Anne M. Willard Armstrong. The young man was edu- cated at the Holy Cross College, Worcester, Massachusetts.+ In 1854 the youth went to Texas and made a trip across the state from Corpus Christi to El Paso with his stepfather, General Persifor Frazer Smith of the United States Army.' Young Armstrong displayed such bravery during an encounter with the Indians on the. journey that he was given an appointment from Texas as lieu- tenant in the Second Dragoons June 7, 1855. He served in Texas, Kansas, and Nebraska until 1857 when he accompanied General Albert Sidney Johnston to Utah.2 Armstrong became a first lieutenant March 9, 1859; was ad- vanced to captain June 6, 1861, and was transferred to the Second Cavalry August 3, 1861. He resigned ten days later and joined the *Biographical data on General Frank C. Armstrong from the records of the College of the Holy Cross, Worcester, Massachusetts, have recently been received by the Editorial Office of the Historical Society through the assistance of Mr. Craig Mathews, of Dalton, Georgia. The biographical material had been graciously copied and sent Mr. Mathews by Father Walter J. Meagher. S.J., Professor of History 31 Holy Cross. Under the date "Jan. 19th, 1845" in the Registration Book of Students of Iloly Cr- office of the Dean of Studies, appears the following entry: "Entered this date, Francis Gough Armstrong, Bon of Mrs.
    [Show full text]
  • Confederate Cavalry in Indian Territory
    Confederate Cavalry in Indian Territory By: Leslie J. Rodman In the summer of 1861, the Civil War exploded in the west at a place called Wilson’s Creek, opening a vast right flank west of the Mississippi River and creating the need for a Confederate fighting force with which it could be defended. Faced with the dilemma of allocating the limited resources of the Confederacy in the spring of 1861, Jefferson Davis organized administrative and command functions into autonomous geographical departments. One such department was the Trans-Mississippi, which ultimately centralized control over all Confederate territory west of the Mississippi River. 1 By December 31, 1861 the Trans-Mississippi had mustered 41 individual cavalry units totaling 28,693 men into Confederate service. This included sixteen regiments, three battalions, and three independent companies totaling 17,338 men from Texas; five regiments and five battalions totaling 5,145 men from Arkansas; five regiments and two battalions and one independent company totaling 5,460 men from Indian Territory; and one regiment totaling (750) men from Louisiana. 2 Overall, cavalry recruitment held numbers over the infantry in Texas and Arkansas, by approximately 2.4 to 1 and 1.2 to 1 respectively, while the infantry held numbers in Louisiana by a ratio of more than 30 to 1. No Confederate infantry units had been raised in Indian Territory. Department-wide, infantry units 3 held a slim numerical advantage over the cavalry of 1.25 to 1. 1 The Indian Territory as a Defensive Priority Designing an overall strategy for defending the Confederacy posed many dilemmas for Jefferson Davis.
    [Show full text]
  • Five Civilized Tribes of Indians
    University of Oklahoma College of Law University of Oklahoma College of Law Digital Commons American Indian and Alaskan Native Documents in the Congressional Serial Set: 1817-1899 3-24-1896 Five Civilized Tribes of Indians Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.law.ou.edu/indianserialset Part of the Indian and Aboriginal Law Commons Recommended Citation S. Doc. No. 182. 54th Cong., 1st Sess. (1896) This Senate Document is brought to you for free and open access by University of Oklahoma College of Law Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in American Indian and Alaskan Native Documents in the Congressional Serial Set: 1817-1899 by an authorized administrator of University of Oklahoma College of Law Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 54'.l'H CONGRESS,} SEN.ATE. Docm,rnNT 1st Session. { No.182. lN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED' STATES. MARCH 24, 1896.-0rdered to be printed.--.• l\fr. BERRY presented the following ARGUMENT MADE BY JUDGE M'KENNON BEFORE THE COMMIT­ TEE ON INDIAN APPAIRS OF · THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTA­ TIVES, RELATIVE TO CONDITION OP AFFAIRS IN THE INDIAN TERRITORY, TOGETHER WITH OTHER PAPERS, AND SENATE DOCUMENT NO. 12, REPORT OF THE COMMISSION · APPOINTED TO NEGOTIATE WITH THE FIVE CIVILIZED TRIBES OF INDIANS, KNOWN AS THE "DAWES COMMISSION." HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, Co:Ml\HTTEE ON lNDIAN AFFAIRS, 'Wednesday, March 11, 1896. The committee met at 10.30 o'clock a. m., there being present: Mr. Sherman (chairman), and Messrs. Curtis, Doolittle, Fischer, Eddy, White, Stewart, Hyde, Maddox, Little, Pendleton, and :F'lynn.
    [Show full text]
  • Treaty with Choctaw and Chickasaw, 1866
    TREATY WITH CHOCTAW AND CHICKASAW, 1866. Apr. 28, 1866. 14 Stats., 769. Ratified June 28, 1866. Proclaimed July 10, 1866. Indian Affairs: Laws and Treaties. Vol. II (Treaties). Compiled and edited by Charles J. Kappler. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1904. Articles of agreement and convention between the United States and the Choctaw and Chickasaw Nations of Indians, made and concluded at the City of Washington the twenty- eight day of April, in the year eighteen hundred and sixty- six, by Dennis N. Cooley, Elijah Sells, and E. S. Parker, special commissioners on the part of the United States, and Alfred Wade, Allen Wright, James Riley, and John Page, commissioners on the part of the Choctaws, and Winchester Colbert, Edmund Pickens, Holmes Colbert, Colbert Carter, and Robert H. Love, commissioners on the part of the Chickasaws. ARTICLE 1. Permanent peace and friendship are hereby established between the United States and said nations; and the Choctaws and Chickasaws do hereby bind themselves respectively to use their influence [*919] and to make every exertion to induce Indians of the plains to maintain peaceful relations with each other, with other Indians, and with the United States. ARTICLE 2. The Choctaws and Chickasaws hereby covenant and agree that henceforth neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, otherwise than in punishment of crime whereof the parties shall have been duly convicted, in accordance with laws applicable to all members of the particular nation, shall ever exist in said nations. ARTICLE 3. The Choctaws
    [Show full text]
  • Independent Freedpeople of the Five Slaveholding Tribes As Landholders
    Anderson 1 “On the Forty Acres that the Government Give Me”1: Independent Freedpeople of the Five Slaveholding Tribes as Landholders, Indigenous Land Allotment Policy, and the Disruption of Racial, Gender, and Class Hierarchies in Jim Crow Oklahoma Keziah Anderson Undergraduate Senior Thesis Department of History Columbia University April 15th, 2020 Seminar Advisor: Professor George Chauncey Second Reader: Professor Celia Naylor 1 Kiziah Love, interview with Jessie R. Ervin, spring 1937, Colbert, OK, in The WPA Oklahoma Slave Narratives, ed. T. Lindsay Baker and Julie Philips Baker (Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1996), 262. See Appendix 6 for a full transcript of Kiziah Love’s slave narrative. Anderson 2 - Table of Contents - Acknowledgements 3 Introduction 4-14 Chapter 1: “You’ve an Indian Not a Negro”: Racecraft, 15-36 Land Allotment Policy, and Class Inequalities in Post-Allotment and Post-Statehood Oklahoma Racecraft and Land Use in the Pre-Allotment Period 15 Racecraft, Blood Quantum, and Ideology in the Jim Crow South & Indian Territory 18 Racecraft in the Allotment Process: Blood Quanta, One-Drop-of-Blood Rules, and Land Land Allotments, Indigeneity, and Racecraft in Post-Statehood Oklahoma 25 Chapter 2: The Reshaping of Gender in the Post-Allotment and 37-52 Post-Statehood Period: Independent Freedwomen Landowners, the (Re)Establishment of Black Infrastructure, and Contractual Agreements Gender and the Land Allotment Process 40 Freedwomen: From Former Slaves on Communal Land to Independent Land Owners 41 Racecraft,
    [Show full text]
  • From Slavery to Citizenship: Reconstruction in Indian
    FROM SLAVERY TO CITIZENSHIP: RECONSTRUCTION IN INDIAN TERRITORY by Lydia Cates, B.B.A A thesis submitted to the Graduate Council of Texas State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Arts with a Major in History May 2014 Committee Members: Dwight Watson, Chair Rebecca Montgomery Paul Hart COPYRIGHT by Lydia Cates 2014 FAIR USE AND AUTHOR’S PERMISSION STATEMENT Fair Use This work is protected by the Copyright Laws of the United States (Public Law 94-553, section 107). Consistent with fair use as defined in the Copyright Laws, brief quotations from this material are allowed with proper acknowledgment. Use of this material for financial gain without the author’s express written permission is not allowed. Duplication Permission As the copyright holder of this work I, Lydia Cates, authorize duplication of this work, in whole or in part, for educational or scholarly purposes only. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This project would not have been possible without the constructive criticisms offered by my history professors at Texas State University and Texas A&M University Corpus Christi. The insights of these generous professors challenged me to think more deeply and write more precisely. I especially appreciate the challenges offered by Dr. Peter Moore in Corpus Christi and Dr. Dwight Watson in San Marcos. I would also like to thank all of the people who have supported my goal of lifetime learning. This group includes my husband Ronnie, my daughter Emily, my parents Jack and Kathryn, and my sister Julia. I would like to thank each of them for their ongoing encouragement.
    [Show full text]
  • A Hammer and a Mirror: Tribal Disenrollment and Scholarly
    Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/whq/article-abstract/49/1/91/4222820 by UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH user on 31 August 2019 AHAMMER AND A MIRROR:TRIBAL DISENROLLMENT AND SCHOLARLY RESPONSIBILITY ALAINA E. ROBERTS Sometimes research is personal. In interviews conducted by employees of the Depression-Era Works Progress Administration, Eli Roberts discussed his first impressions of Indian Territory—which would become the state of Oklahoma in 1907—in the 1830s. Eli reminisced about minutiae, such as the wild animals present in his new home (hogs and cows) and the sort of clothing he wore (woven shirts and buckskin moccasins). But it was his brief mention of Removal that affected me deeply: “We came to Oklahoma from Mississippi, in 1837. My family was brought here by Holmes Colbert and Malse Colbert.” Eli was my great great uncle. He was also the black former slave of a Chickasaw Indian. As such, although Eli pos- sessed Chickasaw ancestry, and although he and his family had lived among Chickasaw Indians his entire life, he was not allowed to enroll as a Chickasaw citizen when the Five Tribes began codifying their membership in the 1880s. Instead, Eli and thousands like him spent roughly forty years without citizenship in either the Chickasaw Nation or the United States. The Chickasaw national government’s nineteenth-century ruling that their for- mer slaves did not merit citizenship meant that Eli’s descendants and relatives, includ- ing me, would never have the opportunity to enroll as Chickasaw citizens. Eli’s remembrances of his introduction to Indian Territory and his experiences among the Chickasaw Nation have not been a part of Chickasaw history told in venues created by the Chickasaw Nation or mediated by academics.
    [Show full text]