Adventure and Isolation in Women's Writing at the Fin De Siècle
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Escape Artists: Adventure and Isolation in Women’s Writing at the Fin de Siècle By Jennifer Nicol Doctoral Thesis Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of Doctor of Philosophy of Loughborough University June 2017 © Jennifer Nicol 2017 Certificate of Originality This is to certify that I am responsible for the work submitted in this thesis, that the original work is my own except as specified in footnotes, and that neither the thesis nor the original work contained within it has been submitted to this or any other institution for a degree. (Signed) 20. 06. 2017 (Date) ii Contents List of Figures ....................................................................................................................................... v Abstract ................................................................................................................................................ vi Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................................ vii Introduction: Society and Solitude ..................................................................................................... 1 The Superfluous Woman ............................................................................................................ 11 The New Woman ........................................................................................................................ 13 ‘The New Woman and the Old’ ................................................................................................. 15 In Search of Society and Solitude .............................................................................................. 17 Chapter One: ‘Behold me in my village retreat!’: Amy Levy’s travel writing and her retreats from London (1883-1887) ................................................................................................... 25 ‘Inner spectacle’ and the city in Levy’s biography .................................................................... 29 The ‘garret-pane’ and the ‘square’: urban entrapment in ‘A London Plane-Tree’ (1889) ......... 32 ‘In Switzerland’ (1884): bringing Levy’s travel poetry in from the cold ................................... 38 Social alienation versus the alliance of nature in ‘To E.’ (1886) and ‘In Switzerland’ ............. 43 Subjectivity and companionship in ‘The Diary of a Plain Girl’ (1883) and ‘Another Morning in Florence’ (1886) ...................................................................................................... 48 Between urban memory and rural reality in ‘Out of the World’ (1886) .................................... 55 ‘I have no particular desire to return home’: resisting familial control ...................................... 60 Publishing with London Society (1884-1886) and Cambridge Review (1880-1887) ................. 64 Chapter Two: The lonely working woman and fantasies of domestic emancipation in George Egerton’s The Wheel of God (1898) ..................................................................................... 68 Keeping her head above ‘milk and water’ (1895-7) ................................................................... 74 A product of ‘outward circumstances’: realism and The Wheel of God ..................................... 78 ‘The knocking about from house to house’ (1893-8) ................................................................. 79 Discord: Egerton’s relationship with London ............................................................................ 82 Impossible solitude ..................................................................................................................... 83 Residing and belonging at home ................................................................................................ 86 ‘As if in a dream of her own’: liminality and self-reflexivity in moments of isolation ............. 88 Writing the home through the body............................................................................................ 92 ‘Units out of place’: Egerton’s model of female duality ............................................................ 94 New Women and ‘psychic atavism’ ........................................................................................... 99 Fantasies of isolation and autonomy in The Wheel of God and ‘A Cross Line’ (1893) ........... 104 iii Chapter Three: Agency, adventure and the New Woman in Sarah Grand’s ‘Josepha’ trilogy (1904-1922) ........................................................................................................................... 111 Success in London .................................................................................................................... 114 Woman at home? ...................................................................................................................... 119 Josepha’s contemporary reception and scholarly neglect ........................................................ 128 Middle-class agency in ‘The Man in the Scented Coat’ (1904) ............................................... 131 Freedom to range in the ‘be-sooted city’ .................................................................................. 137 Finding fellowship in the fog ................................................................................................... 140 Sex and respectability: the politics of Portland Place .............................................................. 141 ‘Queer visibility’ and the underground gambling den ............................................................. 144 ‘I could be as solitary as I chose, [but] also as sociable’: a ‘sanctum’ of one’s own ............... 146 The problem of the ‘modern spinster’ ...................................................................................... 151 The phantom footstep in ‘Josepha Recounts a Remarkable Experience’ (1922) ..................... 153 The ‘strange neighbour’ in ‘I Can’t Explain It’ (1922) ............................................................ 155 Grand’s supernatural studies from life ..................................................................................... 157 Chapter Four: Flânerie and contested urban space in The Yellow Book (1894-7) .................... 160 New literature for new markets ................................................................................................ 164 ‘I break my barrier through’: escape, escapism and the female reader/writer ......................... 170 Challenging the male gaze in George Egerton’s ‘A Lost Masterpiece’ (1894) ....................... 173 The real and the imagined solitary women in Egerton’s cityscape .......................................... 180 The ‘foreign element’ of the New Woman............................................................................... 183 The ‘entirely unknown’ voice of Charlotte Mew ..................................................................... 185 Dispossession and anxiety: representations of the home in Mew’s poetry .............................. 188 Moving beyond domestic familiarity in Mew’s ‘Passed’ (1894) ............................................. 192 The urban crowd, personal agency and paranoia ..................................................................... 195 Searching for spiritual affinity in the city................................................................................. 198 Reacting against ‘The Yellow Book set’: Mew’s socialised prostitute .................................... 202 Visual representations of the solitary woman in The Yellow Book .......................................... 205 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................................ 213 Appendix ........................................................................................................................................... 219 Bibliography ..................................................................................................................................... 220 iv List of Figures Figure 1 George Du Maurier, ‘A “New Woman”’, Punch, 8 September 1894, p. 111 Figure 2 The front cover of Amy Levy’s British Museum notebook (privately owned by Camellia Plc.) Figure 3 Amy Levy’s letter from the Gasthof zum Ochsen [c. 1884], reprinted in Christine Pullen, The Woman Who Dared: A Biography of Amy Levy (Kingston Upon Thames: Kingston University Press, 2010), p. 104 Figure 4 Photograph of Sarah Grand’s apartment in Kensington, published alongside Jane T. Stoddart, ‘Illustrated Interview: Sarah Grand’, Woman at Home, 3 (1895), 247-52 (p. 259) Figure 5 Photograph of Sarah Grand’s apartment in Kensington, published alongside Jane T. Stoddart, ‘Illustrated Interview: Sarah Grand’, Woman at Home, 3 (1895), 247-52 (p. 248) Figure 6 Gertrude D. Hammond, ‘The Yellow Book’, The Yellow Book, 6 (1895), 117, in The Yellow Nineties Online <http://www.1890s.ca> [accessed 16 August 2016] Figure 7 E. A. Walton, ‘Bodley Heads No. 3: George Egerton’, The Yellow Book, 5 (1895), 9, in The Yellow Nineties Online <http://www.1890s.ca> [accessed 16 August 2016] Figure 8 Alfred Thornton, ‘A Landscape’, The Yellow Book, 2 (1894), 120, in The Yellow Nineties Online <http://www.1890s.ca> [accessed 16 August 2016] Figure 9 Aubrey Beardsley, ‘Night Piece’ The Yellow Book, 1 (1894), 127, in The Yellow Nineties Online <http://www.1890s.ca> [accessed 16 August