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Presentación presentación En este número se han conjuntado trabajos de diversa índole, pero siempre relacionados con estudios de la arqueología. Se incluyen tres artículos que versan sobre las pinturas rupestres plasmadas en otras tantas regiones de nues- tro territorio: Xochipala, Guerrero; la frontera norte de Tamaulipas, y Mulegé, Baja California Sur. Otros dos textos se dedican al estudio de los elementos minerales utilizados en el ámbito cultural prehispánico, y tres más constituyen estudios específicos de la actividad arqueológica: el primero sobre una pro- puesta de clasificación de materiales, otro sobre los resultados de una investi- gación de área y el tercero presenta algunos resultados de los estudios llevados a cabo en una región tan poco conocida como la Sierra Gorda de Querétaro. En el primer texto, Rosa María Reyna Robles ofrece información sobre pintu- ras rupestres de una cueva en el Cerro Tláloc de Xochipala, Guerrero. Además de incrementar el registro gráfico de manifestaciones rupestres, el artículo otorga una propuesta de interpretación que, de acuerdo con Reyna Robles, “aborda aspectos propiciatorios, sitios de iniciación, así como el sustento y re- producción social relacionados con el agua, el inframundo, la muerte y el sa- crificio”. En el estudio de Roberto Martínez, Ramón Viñas y Larissa Mendoza, intitu- lado “Cueva de la Serpiente. Los ofidios con cuernos en la iconografía rupes- tre de Mulegé, Baja California Sur, México”, se analizan dos elementos prin- cipales –dos ofidios con cabeza de venado– del conjunto rupestre del Gran Mural. A partir de la analogía etnográfica y del análisis contextual de estas figuras, se establecen de manera hipotética sus posibles significados; éstos, según los autores del texto, se encuentran vinculados a mitos creacionistas, de muerte y resurrección de la vida, los hombres y las estaciones. En el siguiente artículo, Víctor Hugo Valdovinos Pérez se refiere a una pin- tura rupestre que identifica como perteneciente a un “Periodo Prehistórico 4 ARQUEOLOGÍA 40 enero-abril 2009 Tardío”, de fecha apenas posterior al contacto; es decir, cuando Cabeza de Vaca cruzó la zona del río Bravo. El texto es resultado de la valiosa documentación obtenida durante los trabajos de Salvamento Arqueológico Corindón Reno Sur 3D. En el “Uso del cinabrio en la pintura mural de Teotihuacan”, Julie Gazzola ofrece información nueva sobre el uso de ese mineral: si bien se conocía el empleo del cinabrio en objetos rituales y funerarios —como también se sabía de su aplicación en cerámica, ornamentos de concha, en lapidaria y otros ma- teriales con carácter ritual, lo mismo que sobre restos humanos al inhumarlos, o sobre los huesos mismos en enterramientos secundarios—, a partir de una serie de fragmentos de aplanados pintados, recuperados del relleno de una es- tructura adyacente a la Calzada de los Muertos, y analizadas en los laborato- rios de Apoyo Académico del INAH, se demuestra el uso de dicho elemento en la pintura mural de Teotihuacan. En el artículo siguiente, controversial en sí mismo, Roberto Velázquez Ca- brera aborda el estudio de una ilmenita sonora cuya construcción y uso podría datar de hace unos tres mil años, aun cuando se trata de un hallazgo casual. Se proporciona amplia información sobre los análisis organológicos, lapidarios, acústicos y de señales, y se sugieren algunos posibles usos de acuerdo con sus propiedades sonoras. Pedro López García y Denisse Argote Espino presentan un método estadís- tico para la clasificación de materiales arqueológicos, basado en la lógica difu- sa. Además de presentar sus fundamentos teóricos y prácticos, para ilustrar la aplicación de este método se ofrecen dos ejemplos, y los resultados obtenidos se comparan con los que podrían obtenerse a partir de otros métodos de clasi- ficación. En el siguiente texto, Ángel García Cook presenta algunos resultados sobre los trabajos de prospección arqueológica que se realizan desde 1997 en la mi- tad norte de la Cuenca de Oriental. El autor plantea una secuencia cultural en relación con el desarrollo ocupacional prehispánico en esta región; dedica más atención a, y se ofrece mayor documentación acerca de, las tres primeras fases culturales correspondientes al Formativo, mismas que relaciona en todo mo- mento con la situación correspondiente a la gran ciudad de Cantona. En “‘Los Bailes’: un santuario para el culto a la fertilidad en la Sierra Gorda de Querétaro, México”, texto de María Teresa Muñoz Espinosa y J. Carlos Castañeda Reyes con que cerramos el listado de artículos de este número 40, se estudia el sitio arqueológico del mismo nombre y cuya organización arqui- tectónica recuerda la distribución de algunos sitios huastecos. Entre otras funciones —inferidas a partir de testimonios etnográficos actuales y la docu- mentación histórica en torno a los antiguos habitantes de la Sierra Gorda—, se propone al sitio como centro cívico-religioso al que llegarían los habitantes de la región para realizar determinadas ceremonias relacionadas con el culto a la fertilidad. En las secciones de Noticias y de Archivo Técnico se ofrece información impor- tante y de gran valía: el texto sobre un estudio estratigráfico comparativo rea- lizado por Serafín Sánchez y Ricardo Leonel Cruz, así como el informe de César Lizardi Ramos sobre esculturas de Valle de Bravo, presentado y comen- tado por Francisco Rivas Castro. 5 P RESENTACIÓN No quisiéramos concluir nuestra la presentación sin reiterar la invitación a colaborar con la revista Arqueología, para lo cual los trabajos remitidos debe- rán cumplir con los requisitos de publicación enunciados en la Invitación a los colaboradores. Los editores 6 ARQUEOLOGÍA 40 enero-abril 2009 Rosa Ma. Reyna Robles* Las pinturas de la cueva del Cerrrro Tláloc en Xochipala, Guerrrrerererooo El registro de las manifestaciones gráfico-rupestres es un tema que en fechas recientes ha sido abordado con seriedad en el estado de Guerrero. Este trabajo pretende contribuir a in- crementar ese registro, separando claramente el conjunto de datos de la interpretación de los elementos y escenas, con el fin de que pueda servir a otras lecturas. De acuerdo con nuestra interpretación, las pinturas de la cueva abordan complejos aspectos propiciatorios de la ferti- lidad, los ritos de iniciación, el sustento y la reproducción social relacionados con el agua, el inframundo, la muerte y el sacrificio. It is only recently that the registry of cave paintings in Guerrero state has been taken seriously. This article aims to increase that registry by clearly separating the data from the interpretation of elements and scenes, so that alternate readings can be made. According to our interpreta- tion, the cave paintings deal with fertility, initiation rites, social reproduction and mainte- nance related to water, the underworld, death, and sacrifice. El proceso de desarrollo de los pueblos que habitaron la localidad de Xochipala es bien conocido gracias a los trabajos de prospección y sondeo arqueológicos de Schmidt (1990), quien obtuvo datos desde el Preclásico medio (1000-600 a. C.) y a lo largo de toda la ocupación prehispánica, así como por los datos resultantes de una investigación a mayor profundidad en La Organera-Xochi- pala (Reyna, 2003), uno de los varios sitios que conformaban una ciudad dis- continua durante el Epiclásico (650/700-900/1000 d. C.) (figs. 1 y 2). La enorme riqueza de los testimonios culturales de esta localidad se ha documentado especialmente con el estudio de la cerámica y la lítica, pero en muchos de los asentamientos mayores la arquitectura revela un carácter intrín- secamente mesoamericano. Ahora esta riqueza se incrementa con el presente reporte de obras de pintura rupestre en la cueva del Cerro Tláloc. Antecedentes La cueva, hasta donde tenemos conocimiento, fue visitada por primera vez por Carlo Gay el 31 de julio de 1971, cuando refiere haber recorrido cerca de 12 km al suroeste de Xochipala, hasta un abrigo rocoso llamado Cueva de Tla- loca: * Dirección de Salvamento Arqueológico-INAH [[email protected]]. 8 ARQUEOLOGÍA 40 enero-abril 2009 larmente las dos figuras paradas y los tres signos de manos (Gay, 1984: 207). MÉXICO Más de tres décadas después visitamos la cueva en dos breves ocasiones, aprovechando nuestra estancia para realizar trabajos ar- Río Balsas queológicos en La Organera-Xo- GUERRERO chipala; la primera el 16 de no- viembre de 1999, cuando guiados por don Gabriel Heredia Cortés, hicimos un primer croquis sobre la distribución de los elementos y determinamos la ubicación con GPS; y la segunda el 3 de noviem- IGUALA TELOLOAPAN bre de 2001 en compañía de Raúl Barrera, cuando fue posible me- Cocula dir las dimensiones de la cueva y Mayanalán realizar dibujos de las pictografías Coacoyula a escala 1:10, así como tomar va- rias fotografías. Río Balsas San Juan Tetelcingo TLACOTEPEC XOCHILAPA Axaxacualco La cueva del Cerro Tláloc Apango ZITLALA Chichihualco ZUMPANGO Almolonga CHILAPA Se ubica el abrigo rocoso en la la- / dera oriente del Cerro Tláloc —o CHILPANCINGO Tlamixtlahuacan Cerro Tlaloca, como se le conoce Zelocotitlán El Cautepín Mochitlán localmente—, al poniente de El Quechultenango Llano de Xochipala, con coorde- nadas UTM: 425357E y 1963456N; en línea recta dista 9.5 km de La t Fig. 1 Guerrero y la localidad de Xochipala. Organera-Xochipala. Para llegar a la cueva desde el poblado de Xo- [...] alrededor de un kilómetro pasando Cuevillas, de- chipala de ahí se recorren cerca de 5 km sobre jamos la carretera principal y caminamos hacia el Este la carretera que conduce a Filo de Caballo- hasta el borde de la Barranca de Tlaquicaquiza [...], Tlacotepec, para luego descender, sin no poca desde donde podíamos ver parte del valle de Xochipala dificultad, cerca de 50 m (fig. 2). a la distancia [...] bajando el empinado lado del cañón Más que de una cueva, se trata de un abrigo hacia la Cueva de Tlaloca, unos 140 metros bajo el filo rocoso erosionado en un macizo calcáreo en el de la barranca [...] La decoración del abrigo rocoso, que borde de la profunda barranca de Tlaquicaquiza.
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