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Þingvellir National Park
World Heritage Scanned Nomination File Name: 1152.pdf UNESCO Region: EUROPE AND NORTH AMERICA __________________________________________________________________________________________________ SITE NAME: Þingvellir National Park DATE OF INSCRIPTION: 7th July 2004 STATE PARTY: ICELAND CRITERIA: C (iii) (vi) CL DECISION OF THE WORLD HERITAGE COMMITTEE: Excerpt from the Report of the 28th Session of the World Heritage Committee Criterion (iii): The Althing and its hinterland, the Þingvellir National Park, represent, through the remains of the assembly ground, the booths for those who attended, and through landscape evidence of settlement extending back possibly to the time the assembly was established, a unique reflection of mediaeval Norse/Germanic culture and one that persisted in essence from its foundation in 980 AD until the 18th century. Criterion (vi): Pride in the strong association of the Althing to mediaeval Germanic/Norse governance, known through the 12th century Icelandic sagas, and reinforced during the fight for independence in the 19th century, have, together with the powerful natural setting of the assembly grounds, given the site iconic status as a shrine for the national. BRIEF DESCRIPTIONS Þingvellir (Thingvellir) is the National Park where the Althing - an open-air assembly, which represented the whole of Iceland - was established in 930 and continued to meet until 1798. Over two weeks a year, the assembly set laws - seen as a covenant between free men - and settled disputes. The Althing has deep historical and symbolic associations for the people of Iceland. Located on an active volcanic site, the property includes the Þingvellir National Park and the remains of the Althing itself: fragments of around 50 booths built of turf and stone. -
The Hostages of the Northmen: from the Viking Age to the Middle Ages
Part IV: Legal Rights It has previously been mentioned how hostages as rituals during peace processes – which in the sources may be described with an ambivalence, or ambiguity – and how people could be used as social capital in different conflicts. It is therefore important to understand how the persons who became hostages were vauled and how their new collective – the new household – responded to its new members and what was crucial for his or her status and participation in the new setting. All this may be related to the legal rights and special privileges, such as the right to wear coat of arms, weapons, or other status symbols. Personal rights could be regu- lated by agreements: oral, written, or even implied. Rights could also be related to the nature of the agreement itself, what kind of peace process the hostage occurred in and the type of hostage. But being a hostage also meant that a person was subjected to restric- tions on freedom and mobility. What did such situations meant for the hostage-taking party? What were their privileges and obli- gations? To answer these questions, a point of departure will be Kosto’s definition of hostages in continental and Mediterranean cultures around during the period 400–1400, when hostages were a form of security for the behaviour of other people. Hostages and law The hostage had its special role in legal contexts that could be related to the discussion in the introduction of the relationship between religion and law. The views on this subject are divided How to cite this book chapter: Olsson, S. -
Magnus Barefoot from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia
Magnus Barefoot From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This article is about the second Norwegian king named Magnus Olafsson. For the earlier Norwegian king, see Magnus the Good. Magnus Barefoot Drawing of a coin from the reign of Magnus Barefoot (with confused legend)[1] King of Norway Reign September 1093 – 24 August 1103 Predecessor Olaf III Successor Sigurd I, Eystein I and Olaf Magnusson Co-ruler Haakon Magnusson (until 1095) King of Dublin Reign 1102–1103 Predecessor Domnall Gerrlámhach Successor Domnall Gerrlámhach Born 1073 Norway Died 24 August 1103 (aged 29–30) near River Quoile, Downpatrick Ulster, Ireland Burial near St. Patrick's Church, Downpatrick, Ulster, Ireland Consort Margaret of Sweden Eystein I of Norway Issue Sigurd I of Norway Olaf Magnusson of Norway Ragnild Magnusdotter Tora Magnusdatter Harald IV Gille (claimed) Sigurd Slembe (claimed) Magnus Raude (claimed) Full name Magnús Óláfsson House Hardrada Father Olaf III of Norway Mother Tora?; disputed (see below) Religion Roman Catholicism Magnus Olafsson (Old Norse: Magnús Óláfsson, Norwegian: Magnus Olavsson; 1073 – 24 August 1103), better known as Magnus Barefoot (Old Norse: Magnús berfœttr, Norwegian: Magnus Berrføtt),[2] was King of Norway (as Magnus III) from 1093 until his death in 1103. His reign was marked by aggressive military campaigns and conquest, particularly in the Norse-dominated parts of the British Isles, where he extended his rule to the Kingdom of the Isles and Dublin. His daughter, Ragnhild, was born in 1090. As the only son of King Olaf Kyrre, Magnus was proclaimed king in southeastern Norway shortly after his father's death in 1093. In the north, his claim was contested by his cousin, Haakon Magnusson (son of King Magnus Haraldsson), and the two co-ruled uneasily until Haakon's death in 1095. -
New Datings of Three Courtyard Sites in Rogaland
Frode Iversen 26 Emerging Kingship in the 8th Century? New Datings of three Courtyard Sites in Rogaland The Norwegian ‘courtyard sites’ have variously been interpreted as special cultic, juridical, or military assembly sites, which served at more than the purely local level. Previously, on the basis of studies of artefacts and finds of pottery from these structures, the principal period of use of the courtyard sites in Rogaland has been dated to the early and late Roman Iron Age (AD 1–400) and the Migration Period (AD 400–550) through c. AD 600. To test the validity of this date range, the Avaldsnes Royal Manor Project has commissioned thirty new radiocarbon datings of material from three courtyard sites in Rogaland that Jan Petersen had excavated in 1938–50. These are Øygarden, Leksaren, and Klauhaugane; the latter is one of the largest courtyard sites in Norway. Øygarden has not previously been radiocarbon dated. For Klauhaugene, only a few radiocarbon dates had been obtained prior to this study. Leksaren was radiocarbon dated in the 1990s, with the results rather surprisingly indicating that its use continued into the 7th century. The present study demonstrates that the three investigated sites were in use during the Merovingian Period (AD 550–800) – a finding that both confirms and develops previous chronological frameworks. The courtyard sites in Rogaland fell out of use earlier than in other areas along the western coast of Norway. It is therefore suggested that their abandonment was connected to the emergence in the 8th century of royal power accompanied by greater control over jurisdiction – a royal power that subsequently expanded within the coastal zone. -
The Archaeology of Medieval Europe
The Archaeology of Medieval Europe · Europe of Medieval The Archaeology The two volumes of The Archaeology of Medieval Europe together comprise the first complete account of Medieval The Archaeology Archaeology across the Continent. Archaeologists from academic institutions in fifteen countries have collaborated to produce the first of these two books comprising fifteen of Medieval Europe thematic chapters. In addition, every chapter features a number of ‘box-texts’, by specialist contributors, high- Vol.1 · Eighth to Twelfth Centuries AD lighting sites or themes of particular importance. Both books are comprehensively illustrated throughout, in both edited by james graham-campbell colour and b/w, including line drawings and maps. with magdalena valor This ground-breaking set, which is divided chronologically (Vol 1 extending from the Eighth to Twelfth Centuries AD, and Vol 2 from the Twelfth to Sixteenth Centuries), enables readers to track the development of different cultures and regional characteristics, throughout what became medieval Catholic Europe. In addition to revealing the gradual process of Europeanisation, with shared contexts and common technological developments, the complete work provides the opportunity for demonstrating the differences that were inevitably present across the Continent – from Iceland to Italy, and from Portugal to Finland – and to study why such existed. Vo l . aarhus university press 1 ISBN 978877934 290 3 ,!7II7H9-decjad! a aarhus university press The Archaeology of Medieval Europe This page is protected -
Professional Identity and Professionalization in Archaeology
PROFESSIONAL IDENTITY AND PROFESSIONALIZATION IN ARCHAEOLOGY: A SOCIOLOGICAL VIEW A dissertation submitted to Kent State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Megan Shaeffer December 2016 © Copyright All rights reserved Except for previously published materials Dissertation written by Megan Kathleen Shaeffer B.A. Ohio State University 1998 M.A. University of York, 2002 M.A. Kent State University 2012 Ph.D. Kent State University 2016 Approved by Dr. Susan Roxburgh , Chair, Doctoral Dissertation Committee Dr. Clare Stacey , Members, Doctoral Dissertation Committee Dr. Richard Adams Dr. Matt Lee Dr. Tim Matney Dr. Richard S. Meindl Accepted by Dr. Richard Serpe , Chair, Department of Sociology Dr. James L. Blank , Dean, College of Arts and Sciences TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................................... iii LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................................... vi LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................................ vii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ........................................................................................................... viii CHAPTERS Page 1 INTRODUCTION ...............................................................................................................1 Research Design Overview .................................................................................................5 -
Public Archaeology and the Cultural Resource Management Industry in Southern Ontario
PUBLIC ARCHAEOLOGY AND THE CULTURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT INDUSTRY IN SOUTHERN ONTARIO By Jennifer Birch, B.A. A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Department of Sociology and Anthropology Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario April 24, 2006 © 2006, Jennifer Birch ABSTRACT The growth of the archaeological consulting industry in Ontario has drastically changed how archaeology is done in this province. This new public context has raised questions about accountability, and it has been suggested that archaeologists have an obligation to public education and outreach. This thesis will investigate the public role of consulting archaeologists in Ontario, with reference to a recent survey undertaken among archaeological practitioners in the province for the purposes of this study. The results suggest that the current system of cultural resource management in this province is lacking in policies and practices that permit meaningful communication with the public. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS There are many people who have helped me along the path to finishing this thesis. I would first and foremost like to express my gratitude to both of my thesis supervisors for the long hours they put into discussing this project with me and for their close readings of the final material. Thanks to Professor Derek G. Smith for always pointing me in the right direction, and for always coming through at exactly the right time. Thank you to Dr. Jean-Luc Pilon for agreeing to get involved in this project, for many stimulating conversations about pilots and sawpits and for supporting the idealism that comes with youth. -
Exploring the Norwegian Legal Culture
Exploring the Norwegian Legal Culture Held at the Faculty of Law at the University in Bergen 25th and 26th August 2011 by Professor Dr. juris Jørn Øyrehagen Sunde 1. An outline of the lectures • A brief introduction to Norwegian state formation from app. 800 till today • A brief introduction to legal culture • Exploring the Norwegian legal culture by using the legal cultural model 2. Norwegian state formation – Middle Ages • Norway as a territory and no state till app. 1200 – The four law territories: Gulating, Frostating, Eidsivating, Borgarting • The emergence of King and Church as state power from app. 900 • The civil wars from 1130 till 1240 • The strong state app. 1250 till 1350 • The union with Sweden from 1319, and with Denmark and Sweden from 1397 2. Norwegian state formation – Early Modern Period • The Black Plague and other plagues from 1350 till 1450 • The reformation in 1536 – Norway a Danish province • The slow recovery of state power from app. 1550 • The absolute kingdom from 1660 – Norway again an independent kingdom – The bureaucratic state 2. Norwegian state formation – Modern Period • The Norwegian Constitution of 1814 – Norway still independent, but now in union with Sweden • Introduction of the parliamentary system in 1884 – the liberal revolution • The Labour party in government from the 1930s and the introduction of the welfare state – the socialist revolution 3. Legal Culture • An analytical tool and not an entity to deduce legal rules from • The increased references to legal culture from the 1990s – The internationalisation of law – The European Council with the ECHR and the European Union with the ECJ • A label on a black hole of knowledge? 3. -
The Two EEA Courts’ – a Norwegian Perspective 1
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives ‘The two EEA Courts’ – a Norwegian perspective 1 Dr. Halvard Haukeland Fredriksen, University of Bergen A. Introduction – the notion of ‘EEA Courts’ To most Norwegian lawyers, the term ‘the two EEA Courts’ would probably be understood as a reference to the EFTA Court and the Supreme Court of Norway rather than, as suggested here, to the EFTA Court and ECJ. The understanding of the ECJ as not only an EU but also an EEA Court of Justice has only slowly sunk in to the Norwegian legal community.2 However, not least due to the somewhat troubling prospects to the free movement of capital in the EEA offered by the ECJ’s application of Article 40 EEA in a recent string of cases, 3 appreciation of the ECJ as the gatekeeper for market operators from the EFTA States seeking judicial protec- tion in the EU appears to gain ground: If the ECJ embarks on an interpretation of EEA law which differs from its own interpretation of corresponding provisions of EU law, the result will be gradual undermining of the Agreements overall goal to extend the internal market to include the EFTA States. Thus, the fate of the EEA Agreement at long last hangs on its continued acceptance by the ECJ. Even acknowledging that the ECJ is to be understood as an EEA Court, most Norwegian lawyers would probably argue that this raises the number of EEA Courts to three – the Supreme Court of Norway, the EFTA Court and the ECJ.4 A recent survey of the applica- tion of EEA law in Norwegian courts 1994-2010 has revealed that lower Norwegian courts indeed do appear to see the Supreme Court as an EEA Court proper, taking its decisions into 1 Readers with command of Norwegian should be warned at the outset that this contribution draws heavily upon the more extensive account in the author’s report ‘EU/EØS-rett i norske domstoler’ [EU/EEA law in Norwegian Courts], Report commissioned by the Norwegian EEA Review Committee, Oslo 2011. -
Northern Lights: Even Hammer and the Norwegian Enlightenment
Northern Lights: Even Hammer and the Norwegian Enlightenment Sophus A. Reinert Working Paper 17-054 Northern Lights: Even Hammer and the Norwegian Enlightenment Sophus A. Reinert Harvard Business School Working Paper 17-054 Copyright © 2016 by Sophus A. Reinert Working papers are in draft form. This working paper is distributed for purposes of comment and discussion only. It may not be reproduced without permission of the copyright holder. Copies of working papers are available from the author. Northern Lights: Even Hammer and the Norwegian Enlightenment Sophus A. Reinert1 Harvard Business School On 27 May 1776, the Scottish immigrant John Robertson Brand, sometimes known as John Brandt, was awarded a silver medal by the Royal Norwegian Scientific Society in the church of the fishing village of Hustad, south of the Trondheim Fjord in central Norway. Though below the Arctic Circle, Hustad lays slightly off the 63rd parallel north, which otherwise runs through Canada’s Nunavut and Yukon Territories, the Davis Strait, and the deep Russian tundra, far, far north of the traditional latitudes of Enlightenment. And yet, stepping into the small wooden church’s aisle on that spring day to deliver a speech marking the occasion, District Governor Even Hammer of Romsdal (1732-1800) summoned a language of reform, improvement, industriousness, civic virtue, public happiness, jealousy of trade, and political economy, that would have resonated deeply and widely across the European world, a language indebted to wider international currents but resolutely inflected by local conditions in what he appropriately called ‘our cold North’.2 Few cases better justify the great Turinese historian Franco Venturi’s admonition, a few 1 Rolv Petter Amdam first introduced me to Even Hammer, and I would like to express my gratitude to him, to Mads Langnes at Romsdalsmuseet in Molde for going well beyond the call of duty in facilitating my work on this intriguing figure, and, particularly, to Marit Sjelmo for jovial research assistance and Robert Fredona for invaluable suggestions. -
International Newsletter
International Newsletter No 1 | 2014 County Mayor of Hordaland, Tom-Christer Nilsen, was elected President of the North Sea Commission at the Annual General Meeting 27th June 2014, here accompanied by Vice-president Kerstin Brunnstrøm (representing Vestra Gøtaland) and John Lamb (representing Southend on Sea). County Mayor of Hordaland elected President of the North Sea Commission, read more on page 8 70th anniversary of D-day landings: A special visit to Hordaland’s partner region Lower Normandy, page 2 The Thing Sea Trail: M/S Nybakk on a historical voyage, read more on page 6 Clean North Sea Shipping-project (CNSS): Results and recommendations, read more on page 11 Hordaland County Council | International Services | P.O.Box 7900, 5020 Bergen, Norway Editor: Barbara Harterink | [email protected] 2 International newsletter I No 01/14 Our partner regions gratitude for those who helped with the liberation on 6th June 1944. Seven Norwegian war heroes were among those from five countries – Great Britain, the US, France, Norway and Canada who attended a special veteran medal ceremony hosted by the region. The region of Lower Normandy had also invited their other regions of cooperation to attend the anniversary events and they had organised a full and interesting programme for the delegations. The delegation from Hordaland attended a “family meeting” with the other invited regions from Canada, China, Macedonia and UK. The themes for the meeting included human rights, remem- brance, freedom, UNESCO status and cultural heritage. Mr Sandal and Mr Ekerhovd gave a short speech on these issues. Hordaland has already given their support for the application to put the Lower Normandy, D-Day beaches on the UNESCO World Heritage listing. -
ROMANSKE KONSOLLFRISER Og En Tolkning Av Konsollfrisen På Nidarosdomens Oktogon
ROMANSKE KONSOLLFRISER og en tolkning av konsollfrisen på Nidarosdomens oktogon Kjartan Magnus Prøven Hauglid Hovedoppgave i kunsthistorie våren 2007 Institutt for fi losofi , idé- og kunsthistorie og klassiske språk. Universitetet i Oslo Innledning 1 Teori og metode 2 Konsollfriser i internasjonal forskning 5 Del 1 Nidarosdomens skulpturutsmykning 1.1 Forskningshistorie 8 1.2 Branner, reparasjoner og ombygginger 14 1.3 De første antikvarene 20 1.4 Restaureringsarbeider 23 1.5 Gipsavstøpninger som dokumentasjon 27 1.6 Kleberstein og grønnskifer (grønnstein) 28 1.7 Romansk og gotisk murverk 30 1.8 Bolter og boltehull 31 1.9 Steinhuggermerker 33 1.10 Datering og bygningskronologi 35 1.11 Polykromi 38 1.12 Steinhoder og kongeportretter 41 1.13 Bjelkehoder i tre 50 Del 2 Synd, bot og straff 2.1 Synd 55 2.2 Botsbestemmelser 56 2.3 Straff til skrekk og advarsel 58 2.4 Visjoner om synd, straff og helvete 61 Del 3 Konsollfrisenes ikonografi 3.1 Konsollfriser – dekor eller program? 65 3.2 Tidligere tolkninger 66 3.3 Oktogongesimsens hoder 68 3.4 Tønnedrikkere og fråtsere 70 3.5 Skjeggtrekkere 71 3.6 Omfavningspar og elskovspar 73 3.7 Gjøglere og akrobater 74 3.8 Musikanter og hornblåsere 75 3.9 Ekshibisjonister 77 3.10 Tornuttrekkere 79 3.11 Mennesker med ormer, slanger, padder og skorpioner 83 3.12 Løver, demoner, monstre og mennesker i dyrekjeft 84 3.13 Skrik, gråt og jammer 87 3.14 Tungerekkere 89 Del 4 Oktogongesimsen 4.1 Plassering i gesimsen 92 4.2 Konge og kirke 93 4.3 Den rettferdige kongen 95 4.4 Oktogongesimsens kronte hoder 96 4.5 Oppsummering 99 Konklusjon 99 Litteratur 101 Katalog over oktogonens konsollfrise 115 Illustrasjoner 164 Forord Ideen til denne oppgaven kom under en mellomfagsekskursjon til Trondheim i 1994.