Ric hard D. Cushman'. Tmnslator David K. Wyan'. Editor

Translating Thai : Cushman, and King 'farai's "Long Song Prophecy for Ay utthaya"

•

hui has nt.•vcr bt•cn an c.tS) lungu~1gc H'l rrJn..;l;nt! .•m..t .m~ \\ ho hlJ\ ~:tried knuw lbiH I ba1 pQCLI)i Ti> th< """! i.bllitulr of •II llll1l "· tt "dot1icult tf the tmn,l.ttor "Ucmpos to rcnd•r ilCcur:1ld> the m"~rcr lind of Lhc ong.~nal n\c: mo~t !>Ut:ec~ful ..uch diOn lnm" n to me for more 1 h~u1 twenty ycul"; hn, h<57- 1688) Pnncc Damrong RaJanubhab's ··rmwducuon" olicn 1s repnmcd '"th the "Prophecy:· the tirst pomo of' whoch IS to conne-ct the "Long Song" poem to a long rrndJli()O 0 1 what miJ!ht b¢ called "apocalyptic prophCCJC>." both wtthm l.luddho>m and \'lthm Tha1 lllcrnturc !Dumrnng 196R: 11 2- 11 6). '1\ fost·notnhly. 1t occurs in thl! Aitol.o r.Jies of cl~stcaJ UudLlhbm. tn the! Mahci.supina­ Jiitak.tl (#77). \Vhf!rt rc.fl·rcnct: L=-. nude to the sixte-en terrible c:tlamit i~ Ih:tt might befnll a ruler (Ce>well 1895: I. 187-J<'l41 Pnn.:e Damrong gO<"> on. howc\'cr, to point out two problems with dcm·ing the "Prophecy'' rrom the Jtiw1n ralc: II) tll~ LluddhJSI versi"n is not spe-cific as to pi""" or time. and (1) the version we ha\c here, according i.o Prince Damrong, spedtknlly predictS calamiries for Ayunlla)a iu the year ~ 000 ofan Wl>J'<.'I:IIkd era. ll1e editors oi the ln/lrt'ted Chronide.• ;erie-.. Ill "hich thb 'lllumc fi"t appeal'\:d in I Y36. c.~ p l ain that the "Prnphccy" manu.dow. wb1ch annbutcs the "Prophecy- spc't:!lically to Ktng Narm. ll1cy pmm out Lh31 thts. attnbunon I" spectfica ll~ corroOOratl.!d by an mdepcndenl source. the 1f!stimonr o.f Jnlwlmam." tJ/ tl~t.· Old Capuol. bas ..:d on ornl htstory coll~ch:d hy Ihe Bunncsc 5o:hortly after 1767 ilnd prcc;cn. c:d tn Ounnn Unlil the l\\ cnl11:Ch ~\!ntUI) (FA l> I •>6X 121) TI~a l ltu.: popular IC '!<>U m omc" .;pcctfiL".:tll; mcnuoned tht.> prt..,phecy and ascrib~d it ICI 1\.ing Nnrni hfllh ~uppon~> tlw tc.'

it (Schwcisguth 195 1; Pluang 1967; FAD 1987: 299-317). The two n:p rod~c~d in the Fine Arts Depam11ent's col.lection arc bot.h in khloug plrarit fonn, with 512 syllable.~ per and four lines per verse, wi th I \VO cxtnl syllables 011 lh(· fourth line ofe ach \·erse.s

00000000 00000000) 00000000'---- - 00000000-' I 00000000 00000000

00000000 00 0. 00 0 0)

The "Prophecy" lo..:XI is dirfcn::ntly Mructurcd. Verse often would hovl! btl:'f) written dirtercntly in old IOiding kh.?i~pap er manuscripls: but wc might conceive it here ilS having been \VI'illcn in prurs of nine->yllabk lines, with a complicated fot'lll that might be rq>rescnted ns follows (with "o'' represeming syllables and the lines linking ):

A I A2 A3 A 4 AS i\6 A7 AS Bl 132 B3 84 R< 136 137 138 2 C l C2 C3 C4 cs C6 C7 C8 Dl 02 D3 D4 D5 D6 07 D8 3 al ar a3 a4 aS a6 37 a8 bl b2 b3 b4 b5 b6 b7 b~ 4 d c2 c3 c4 c5 c6 c7 cS dl d2 dJ d-1 d5 d6 d7 d~

(This diagram over-s-implifies Lhc uctual structure. fOr a full and dctajJcd rtn

pi!n rhi pr{lfwt rotcatui sansnem aywthayd thu~ lweng hem tlwk buri :•;tmci montlwtJ cop sakau flU.: klui u·cinit tlwk Jtrmhet sipsimg pluisd yOm met phiing knmg si ayrmhayti pen akkltaulf prachdnit prft1 t:tik plfrsi phil t!Jang kh~t·<-im p!Jikon ('flril foe klrwdm tlmk

As we l'I:IJ\ Sl,!l•, dh!fL' is ~om.: r.tthcr intricnte rhyming going on hcri!. :-..lolc the intcmnl rhyme in lh~ second and rhird Jines (momhon-sakon and pJui.~ci yt)m mti) as well 1:1s the way in whk h t.hc last syllable,, of the second ~nd 1hird lines rhy1nc w1th t.hc end of the fi rsl half of the tburth buc. nlell no!C how the last syllable or the fourth line rhymes Wit.b UIC last syllables of t.he second and tlurd lines (~nd the las! syllable ofthe lirstl1alf'nfthe fo urth line> of the next stana. Thus arc all the lmes and s ta nz~ts bound togelher. All of this is ingeniously captured in Cushman's rendl!rtng oflhc same stan7.as:

A siu! ofs uch inherent. t1pparc nL bc.auty, AyuHhaya is prnised all o'er ·rwould seem; In e'ery borough, thoroughfare. all deem. Esteem, il best. So mcrt·hant, trJdcr. buyer.

Journal oj liu• Siam Sodety X9. 1 &. 2 (200 I) Tv~,•e l ve in longue and wrung from every land. Gladly com~ and stand, safe in ~ 1 is sire Of cities. whose men nre Freed of danger dire. Ofsi n. dL\.

This is hardly the colloquial street-English of the late twentieth cennuy It is sophisticated. and :H hmc..s even archaic, roc try. rt reads ;:mel sounds more Hke the English of King James·~ time--but tben. K.i1ig James was close to being a contl!mporary of King Narui! ;\II 1his should support the argumen1 that Cushrnnn wa~ an uncommonly good 1raos h1t0r of llmi. He \Va.'i not a long-tem1 studenl ofThai, having studied it only during hi:; briefserv ice as a U.S. Peace Corps teacher in in ~1c mid-1960s, and when conducting nlllhropological research in Thl•i hutd in the early 1970s. lie was unusually gifted with lnngunges, having mastered Classical and Modem Chinese. French. and Yao, a's ,-..·ell as n 1ai. His translations show an unusual gift for earlier Eng l i~h ~s \veil , us readers can ~c<.· in his synoptic lr.!nslation of a//Lhc various versions of1he royal chronicles ofdte Kingdom of A)'lltdlaya (! 351-1767), published by the Siam Society (Cushman 2000).

1 Anlbropologlst.: dccc~1scd. Dcpnnmcm of History. Lomeli University. Ithaca, New Y Mk 14X50 USA: dkw4@.~comcl1 .cdu. I Phh:ng yao phayakriu 1\nmg .)t Ayuttlwy:i, "Ph/eng ya(t" h; :! podic l(lnn \Vho.se rncrming l m~ rrobubly .;hirh.:d ~wcr lime. 11is often tr:.mslalcd as '·buJJad" but Cushman 1>n:fcrrcd lb ..· li1cral rendering ·'long song," • An o!tC'mativc. rc.adin~, ba.scd on Cushman's readcnng ofthc.ln:n hnc of his ci~lub stanza., would be !.hat 1.1lc prophecy is uucnded t'OI' the 2,000th year oiAyud hyu {AD 335 J ). 11111 tOr 2000 111 3Jl Y panicula1· era~ Th1s reading wvultl lit with tht: s ixl<.~c nlh Ii nc of the poem. • h is curious lhnl most of the works discussed in this last volume arc illuswuc..-d with photographs of thc­ origiual manuscripts. blll those of King Nn.r.u lock such photogt".tr)hs. " Thi ~ versicm. whic-h rcwtns the :m.:ha.Jc spelling. is laken from Ongkunkba Kumsaphil (I 969). Prine¢ D~nnrong (F ..\.0 .1 9681 convened it to modem Thai spcllmg. r hc original 1s cominuous: tllc dwision into verses was made by (u~hma n. - Wcmls "qunc 10" udd c:d m h1$1linc: rcrCut>hman ·~ hamlwntm,g on on..: copy (''T1\COA Ct,~py 2 -Vc))umc 1"),

Bibliography

Cowell. E. B".. IS95-.fl 9Q4, The< Jiirakn ,,,. S;orie~ uf 1/u.' lluddha ·.~ Ftmner Birshs. cd E. B. CQwcll. vol, I (Cambridge, 1895: reprint IJdhi: Mmilal Bun:w;idass. 1994), pp. JS7 194. Cushm:u\, lL D., 1.000. Tlw Royui Chnmi<.:lt•.t ofAyutth(Jyrl, A Synopt i ~.: Tr.msJntion hy Ri..:hnnl D. Cushman, Introduce<] ''"d Edilcd by David K. Wy"lt (Bangkok: The Si"m Society. 2000). Drunrong Ra.ranubhab. l96S. ''Wican phlcng }'J.O phayokbu KJUng Si ·Ayuuhaya." Pradwm Phr>t;g.'illll!addJJ pt. 63 (4Lh edhton~ l1angkok; C1·em. Phimon Dun~aph:t,. 196X), Jll)· 111- 11 n. Fme Ar~ Dcp~1 rtmcnt !FAD}. t968, Prnch~m; PJumgsmmdm1, Pt. 63 (4th ctli11on, 19fi.8). Fine An.s Ocpanmcn1 rF.I\.0). 1987. Wam10kam samuf '.{l·•mlw.ra. vol. 2 {Bangkok. 1987 ). Ongkankha K huru:;aph3, 19M~. l'rudmm l)hrmgsu·.,adau /em .i7 lpradmm plwng.,·awmJan plwk 1/ri 63 ID) ruung li.nmu kr1o ~nangl..uk, 196

Journal oftlw Siam Soet<'(l' 89.1 & 2 (200 I) Rlclt<\RD D. Cl ''iH\fA~' A.f'JD o.w1u K. W vAn

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oi'i1tlw1::tfl'tll*At:i1tntpn'l'i n•~Un\J~n 1 n-n~iu YlntJ 1:: t n~ l t~ fl 1Yu'ti1Tu'$11u lttl.)t fl1 0-1 Unn n1, lJ1 1.-iOtJ'' u

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Journal a(1lre Siam Socw~r 89. I & '2 (2001) Th<' Long Song Prophe-cy for Ayullhaya

Here ~>t' rortunc of Ayunhaya is tnld. A city regally bejeweled

A silc of:-; uch inherent, apparent henuty,

Ayutthaya JS pr..Hscd a11 o'er ·Lwould seem: In every borough. thoroughfare. all deem. Estetm. it best. So merchant. trader. buyer,

Twdvc in longue and wrung from every land. Gladly come and st

As for His Majesty, the King of Kings, By rule he brings to all their happiness.

Through his Llccrccs1 hh. care and his success He stri,•cs to bless us nil-with joy we sltine. lie, tbe brace of populace on curth,

He, ~1e berth of gods in every sign, Of every kind of people: counsellor fine, And sage, divine Brahman. household head.

Like a res ting place wbere. weary. one can hal1. Like t.hc vaulting banyan's branched and shad ing spread, Like the river Ganges, holy in i1s bed;

By him art.! Wt.'. led when lashed wilh wales of WO.:!.

BL'nC3Lh his majesty and mighty po\ver All nations cower: conquered, his every foe. From every quarter. every border. flow The gifts to show. by uibutc, homage true.

Ayunhaya IS perfect and complt:k', Replete. this seat. with honor- with whnt kings do. And so with gladness great it will imbue Its people through irs first two thousand years.

Joum(l/ ofthe Si(lm Sachtty 89.1 & 2 (200 1) ~:ti'iM'l"')oD\,'Rnt.t~.ih.uui~,T,.. .,,,;;,f~eJ-ut"-s,.r.,Htna• l·lun r-~nnrr;: ~,AlA'r1 ,~,·~~ii 01, 'I ~an11 ~~In" I;i Ill Ln~~~" ~,, Uau ~·1ntl,: n ,,

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• .l v J1'l,U'l~:01Ji"!f~~mr-n ~,,,!'T.-:lJR·IoJijiiM'n~ ~nAY~O~:~fiJW'n • :"111'1\n~l" qil,; 'il "~1i uu

Jt.~unrul u(tht! Siam StJrret.~· R9.1 & 2 (2001) Tlten n shall pass that perils will arise

To compromise all c.rc.l:Jlurcs with new ICars~ When virtues ten fa ll deaf on ki11gly ears.

So smash the spheres; si1>..'tccn disa.'\tl:rs ~mi le.

The moon. the st~rs. the earth a~d. yea. tho s ~-y Arc knocked awry-in every re.idm tht blighc While acctdcnls and portents stun the sight, The clouds tlamc bright with world-devouring blaze.

Bird b-lood red the Ganges. gari:;.h. gushes.

rhe t..·.arLh rll:,hcs. The h e:t~veu s-a yellow twze.

Forest fa i rie~ ensorcell urban w,ays \Vhilc forest maze is ruled b}' city shades.

The very gu:·~rdian gmb then lllkt to night And She of night. black fl ame. nnd doom invades. ll1e sovereign soil in moiiLts face abrades. Fusillades of fi re consume time's breas1.

\VhaLh ~.!rt..· 1s proph;:sicd JS not mistaken; Ln thought panaken, truth rewards the ques1.

The hcat 1 thougb not in season, scars the. (;best: On vale and crest- the gale. though not wind's prime.

The cold, beyond all reason, treasotl shows: Torrential llows the rain escaped from Lime. So trees and clunlps of grass re'

Our lloly Faitlt's defeodillg angels f:tll And. tCckles:-. all. Lo :-.inru:rs truth aver: Now pious rnerl must fa il, to 1hicves defer, And lo vers stir them::;clvcs. thcu loves to slay.

As wives may murder husbands Once agulo. So c"H men on thosl! of rank may prey: Disciples over te:;~.chers then hold sway And none obl.'y Llac great-now bumbltd dust

Journal o(the Si(IJU SoG·ie;y 89.1 & 1 (200 1) Rtnt.\Mil 0 , Cusm.tAN A.l"o"D O.wm K w, Al l

\'Cn\J,,!ItV':"n~"lt!nu ,;11 ~11'hm o u~~ ~:.CI £1 v ~$l

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if• nil 1 •:~~ill! h "' " -.:,,-"t\l~'l!mn-n1~tll.:a,.,. «»Ru~::aou-ilnl'l i'ttU au 1~rrl •:«U'ii•J,h

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n t• tl 'I!I Yl 1!11 1Hn\i •:li~M11 QAYjntlli •"" <:~,. 'h~ o ni•.\'~\w1>

./ormwl ofi/Jt Siam Soci~l\'1!1.9.1 & 2 (2001) All m..:n of virtue, vanquished, lose c.ommand; Throughout the land the lcamed lose men's trust. The vety root1:iles bob and drift nonplllsSe·d While in disgust the ~ourd' that Ooatcd-sink.

Noble Hncs die out 'vithout an heir As uobles share tlteir lust-with outcasts Jjnk: And men of vinuc lose their will to think. Shrink not from fa lse bt:liclS. bul .:.ourt illusion.

As lion·s rear is now no more the king's 1 No longer rings the counrty's fame. Con fusion Spre

Valor by the. valorou' will be shed, Gninsaid thei1· taqics, Red their winning feats;

The moneyed man in stealth his wealth de pletes~ With rash conceits tbe righteous are dismayed.

Even age wnhdra\vs from reckoned Lime. By clime and country, breeding's disarrnyed; Ea.rth's every phmt grows scant, diseased, Uccaycd. From tree roots t:~ed their flavor. Detcl's bland.

Herbal potions, p01e111 lotions, pale- So fail those p lan ~.\> renowned in every land; Aroma1 ic woods for Ulcense sLand-

AIJ banned! -b}~ ageless custom undennincd.

Rice will be scarce, the price of Detel high. Bone dty the world where smal lp

In capit.1ls and kingdoms. cities royal. An age of1unnoil, evil. coils. Now \V:lke To doom the serfs who, hopeless. cope and quake And soon forsake Lheir mle~. female and male.

Journal <>(II'" Siam Soci<·~· 89.1 & 2 (2001) 10 Rrcn ..-.Ro D. CtJSH.,_t,._N "-'""D D~'v'u K. \\'vAn

..:,o~ontfJJn>:11J1!1n111f ':UhuiQ~lih4~u1n1~'unnl'a1U 1\:1U11thl~~~rll4iU11D t. .Jfll w-.: ~,, ~, oA·niDnUc '

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"l'fl in~llu1<'1l>tlJ~> ntt\H1li n·:i~ ~J1t.li t1 \1 R1 1 1 A 'CI~tihu~u.:u "1ffU101 ~u ,ru ;,,.,:,ii n,..~'l!'d"" Monks and laity will be distressed HQITOI'S mamrc~l lhcm~h c~. PO:\ ~ut Frcruicd slaughter. "a"' on an"" liol ...:nk, ,,, people fl3il and fall. a ,urkol

\\'aterway-s now waterless rum uno du,ty road!\. Abodes of kings don JUllt

J\ II humans. all cr.;allon-bi rJ~. ami lhh- Woll pcn>h. '"nO>h. pa>' awn) from ,ogho, Undone by Yam:1's world dc,lroymg blight :-lo·onc 10 llgha os bailie·> linal bo\n.

Once A)"llth3ya Jc;cncd be, The mys of al l Three Gems a1 Ia

Though non· Ayuuhaya in bli s~ Ci..lll clnint To shame all hea,·en ·

(H~rc end> the accoom b) \\hich ahe Re,crend 1\nr:>i, Lord of 1\opburi. predicts lhe future ofthe ('apllal.)

l'ranslaaed b) Rich"rd I) Cu>hman F.ditcd by David K.. Wyall

Jotmwlo{Jir.,, SI

Intellectual Origins of Strong Kingship (Part 2)

Efforts to Rule as a "Grcut Kin~ , '"ith t1 having access h• 1oo many subjccb. ~or ex · Historknl C un.1e i n u s n~ ss :lmplc. lhc early kings made ,, imr ossible rur cheir subjl'Cis tu dmnge from bc1ng plzrm' Iuong efore ui uf auJhoriry rant laC I< lr.l that shaped the intcllcctunl forces o( whereby they hnJ lo share power. :\ true ccn· that era. l'hc Cll the populnce rather than exerc"ing absolute thai hb mtssion tluence Willi !hey could play a role mlhe select tOll .done to set the course of hi"Sotol')': he found it of Kings Rmna 1.11 3nd IV and 111 1hc appointment rroubling. that he could not compel '" infl uence of Kromplrra Rmdtawcmghou·on iu rhe f illh all others to d ~ his will.ll1c exis1encc o l' uthcrs Reign. w itb r~.:aJ power cnuscd ltim to observe: The loss of power in lllis Wily to othc r r:.'Toup~ caust'tltn•ubles 10 the state "hen the tradiJional llu1 '"ben the l.ml:l orden. somconlli! tnfluentl3J to monarch)· was suit in power I:ITons by Jhc do .snmc:thana. when that ~m1~o"dnc dc.'CS not do ru le~"'\ prior to the accession of King_ RamOJ IV th::u somcthm" us the kmg rcquc~L'\, 11 as not a wen: taken not only h.> pr.:\Cnl anyone froJU problem I hm 1,; bec:ause 1hc kmg does 1101 cau~t.: having tu11 much power but keeping ri,·als from tho ~e pc:vp1c 10 fc:1 r or be hi lh\'C. The}' con act a.-:

12 lutdh•cmll/ Origilro; o.fSmmg Kingship ( Prm 2) 1.1

~h ey please . . or fo llow thdr ._, ,.,.11 dc~tiny "lth­ in trJde under lhe new eco nomic. syslcm being ouL l'c.ar hecau.~rukot l'hrura.ch(ll/wn Owm 1hal pnnecs of difTcrc;m ntnk, even 1hosc lvwt:r Ka~ Plw.Ociety. {such as ;,. foreigu affairs, judicial matters. pro­ state and human beings that limes were chang­ clnirnins ediclS. tax collections and projects tbr mg. They are -niso evidence of his ellorts 10 the publk goo-d). The consultative me:..: ling;-; once shmv Lhat he was hm1sclf' progressing. The king held be~ ween mi1usters and lhe king then began guve explanations o ( asll'onomical C\'Cnts such {0 decline in importance. /\s Prince Dnmrong_ ns in his Songla·an oddress for the year of the Rajannhhab observed: tiger, eighth year of the cycle. Later. when 1rcatics with lbn.:ign t.:ountrics \\'cr~:. Ei,hcr on tv1om.by, 1hc second d:ty ~· r the liflh being mt1dc. it wm. nc~es~aty w deal \l/1lb lhc wtuung moun. J. liulc u(h:r the finb huur of the coosuls of difrerem cowunes more than beforl'. se-cond Qvcning watch when it was almost two Some limes it w;•s impossiblclO hold tht..:!)l.' m-.:~:1 - yam (midnight) or on Su n d~ y. 1hc tlfh.:cnth day ings when tht;,: king appe~crcd in amht.ncc hel'bte of the $ l ~lh w <.t x1ng n'I~Km, ::tl a liule pa.~t eight 1he lbnnall;· assembled members of the coun as hours, S:nunl \\.'lll cmer 1he moon from the com before. Sometimes they scm letters lo the k.mg. and exit to the cast. Anyone who scc:nhis. should Rcspon:\cs I() thc~z: lcuers were prepnrt:d and ::.ub­ nol gossip or whisp\!r to otltcrs lh::tl somclhmg mincd tv the king fot constderatiou . .. On. dny.s: i mportant i ~ nhout 10 hapf'ler~ . Th1s 1~ JU:>t the when thcrC" were many urgent letters for the king nomml course of the hc-..avenly bodies. It is nol 10 consider when he app.:arccJ to con• htCl Jht: anything sp<::cial •.- rt:gutar husiness i11 the evemng. Cl'I'Of S: \vere some. limeS; made. This led w many senior officials In thi ~ announcement un Sungkran, the ki11g ~aying tlm1\\hen the royal schedule wm; O(IL fi xed also gave {he dates for olher occosions so thnt n.s in the timt: ui' King Rant;) Ill, the) would holy days and importanl c.cremonit.!s could be so m~Limc~ not ~mend the royal rncelin_g saying observed at Lhc righl timt!. The ,king t-tl~o gave they were old and sleepy. Even tho~..: who wt:r\! iutellectual guidance in other areas st•ch •s by yvungt:r m:tdl! Lht! ~rtme cxc u.~e. ·n1us tlle tt•adl­ explaining to the people how they could engage l l

Jounu1/ oft he Sl

mc~tmg... every da~ d..""Citncd. II' ~~'"am affairs <>Oicial• cop} r0)'31 edict!' and 1>rdered !"''Oplc lln"':~o~. they Cffilld be: dealt wllh m rn' OJ! I! t: d•-ubcy those edicls." He also laid down l:tm,ns.· regulauuns lor ruler.; ofdependent ;tales ll>c'c included their sendmg tribute to lhnt:kok. sur· ·r he !'act th~t membc1·s of lmvcr roynhy did portm~ anncd troops. and c-onducung censuses not ;mend the mcc1i ngs Wllh the king u~ ntkn as of people in general. the moukhood und lomplo before could be >ccn us n "!!" 1h3t Ihe kmg sla\'CS. Other n:gul:.ttiuns were for people mak­ lucked rcul power. !Jut lor Kmg Ramo IV. his ing a ltv ins. for other':\ to drink the con~ecrmed habit of tlt."C1dmg matt~rs by C"on-:ulting mem­ \~o-atcr- pledging loyalty 10 lh~ kmg twtcc annu· bers of ro}·ahy rndividuall~ , .. uhout holdmg the ally. 11\i.III\Winmg. pc.~ce.. :~rr~Siing cnnunal:\. pro. large consuhati\'~ ml'clmg' a' hefore had one motm,g pronu:~omg tndtqdual!\. :md protcctmg unpor1 •.mt rcsuh: it sbO\\ ~ th\! kmg_ a;; •·dcler­ 13uddh•''- from anack>.'' In addouon. Ktng mming•· various C\'Cnls lhl C.lUgh his uwn dcci­ \1ongkut unprO\·cd the system by which cnm­ ~iuns. In nnothcr an·a. lh1:-. .:an he ~cc n ns lhL· mnncr\ \:t'IUid nmkL' appeals to the king. kmg gaining additional power smcc il \vas his mtcntion forth~: people w k ll (.l W thnt Lhcsc dcci­ Ht!!o ~·I GJCM)' the Kmg will permit subject'i co ' ions were made by the km~: l11mscll ". I k rdso bnn,tt ta:ncv•tnccs lO hi:; anerttion by thctr nnach­ published the Roral un~ whut lhcy snid wns II'Uc. hi.! grnntcd :mo1her salung as a bo­ Tl~t:n.: \\•ere dishonest fh!<~plc whu prx:pan.:d docu­ nu _\_1 The kmg sought out person.s wnh y n ~.c''\'• ment~ wuh gold s..;al.s anl.l rn.t..lc 1u appc;1r they am:c~ who were unable lo cf tmprO\ in!! 1hc .111peal ~r~h.:m '' that this \\:lS an ~fTort lo control the These acuons by I he kin~~~~ be seen a."' an influence of1hc lower royalty nnd nobihty \\'hen altcmpt hy him to command dh: -:cmrnlization appcnl( b~ S\lbkcts '"l'rL' well rccl!h -.:d hy the Of pOWI.!r at the CCntCI' pl'iur IO the coron:1t ion of king, local tl llicinls were rcluc1ant 10 tr<:>uble the first nlUdem monarch. Kill!!, R:una V. 1hcit· ~u hjc~· t !l.."> This seems fO ltH\'1.: <:umcidcct Nonetheless i1 canmll he 'inlcd 1ha1 lhc'e with thl.: "St~UUS" the OC\V historicnJ t:OI\sCUJUS­ eiJOrts met wilh 10131 Slh::Cc,!'l. The king was ncs~ r..:t(\.llrt:d ofn ··phramalwka:w(' (yrc::n king) ''w~trc. dun !<~Orne members of royally were '"tak­ Thu>. King Mongkut reilerated iU>t before his ing actions that were aimt.-d .u mgrmiaung Uu.-m· death lhat Ihe llt\\ kmg should mak-: H his bu~•· ~cl\· t:"" with people of m..:nt who were C'als o( his >ubjcciS. h.) n...c to the- top in 1he filtllh!." Such persons The dc>~rc to ho,·e the stalu> of a ··grc>t often mok self-.:..cn,ng aCIIOI'h wlulc mjkmg_ king" undl'r the new historical con~ciou,nc!'IS uf the excuse that lhc:y v.:~;rc c:UTying 0\11 the kmg · s King \1nngk!ll led tu hi' trymg 1<:> cen1rnliu "illY King Mongk'11l tned to lc~scn such nt­ aulhunty mlhc monnrchy so tllal he cou ld tntly tcmpts to gain intlucncc hy Wll)'\ other than ~ hn pe hi stor)' . The king wns

Journal oftile- Siam Suueh' S9. J & ~ ( ~00 l' 16

hnngong progress to d1fferent ~roups oflus sub­ tho. He referred to tbt> Ill the tilllowing p.1Ssage: (commoner<), Important and ummponant people 111 Dang.kok . pro\'inc1al govcmors and uthcr Phra Rnchawo n s:UlU\VOn~ h.1d a k1 om CUcpnn­ nnicml:,:'' m "southcm and northern provinces ment) '"Inch then b..:cornc (I Ktom Ym {Otg Krom). .. . ttnnouncc, c:tllupon. nnd mvJtC ull pconJc in Go\>crnmcm of'ticmJs and people orlugh and lt)w the Anmg (i.e. capital) and outside the krung to r.mk ''ho would like tH ul.luH.IUl a bcncr rank cclcbrntc the nu! b1rthday together an acc-.lrd with tht:ir .spmud( nnd inihi!h\'c •• "1th the undcrstandmg that there an: ntJny who IIi' ~13jC'SfY has sho\1.-n tu, kuxlnc:s, and con~crn throu8h h" l>aranu. power. and goodness. have t~r hi' wbjccts b~ aJJ.o,, mtt them to make 3P" pm!,'fC"ed and found bappm<"'-' for a Inn& tune pcah to hun .• lh.:- tmubk!l cau..ed thc.-m by They >hould remember h1s po" cr and !!O<>tlnc's hi~h-r:mk1ng or weahhy pt:J'\uns h:ts decrca~d. a1 1h1~ tunc:•\\ I I ~ t:.tkcs 1wo trips d;ul) outshJe: ht IHs k ingdom Due m pnn •o changing ccono1111C comli­ In otder w n:dm:c the dongc• to his people tions oiler the Rowring Treaty tho cl1i>rt I<> ac1 thai arc ang_erlng them lit$ Majesty has sc1 us ::t ''Grcal King" in line \vilh tbe uew luswncul thr.! course towards ollmvmt:; lr

rl\UOd in lbc: kingdocu 11\\~h tnon: lh:tn before 4 4 4 hy the nob1ht) and ruynlty changed fr11m trutli­ ~1..1ny p...-uplt arc lo~alto h1' JlO'-'crful and gCKKI tional W3)., that W '' uJ1out relying ..;olcly on t.:tx ,jgn h1msclfas Knmg S~am (thctll) ofSiam) in fanncl'. Ry thi' means be could aObrd the tn­ lw~o correspondence \\ ilh other monarchc.;.. He crea>cd lc' d of compensation. A> he t compcn­ lri.:s.'1 Th~ ICT1tl .,kflruJ wa!\ o.tl'o nc;ed m 1ha1 :-.o.lllon, "lhcc;c funds do no1 come tfom overseas l tntc, this m.:aning a CO \IIlll) ' unificJ under one soun:cs; lhcy are: derived from do111cstic tax

king.JJ Knmg Siam w;,!-' U\Cd together with payments." ~~~ J'hc kmg rcaJi7cd 1hal the govcn1 4 .:karat. The unckrlywg rcndcd which ondl\ 1dn.ll tax ehm1ion ofthe king';, bu1hday." When the king fanner.. were 10 continue- m their pt\)o;IIIOn' , ~nd ordered c\'cryone in the km~dom to celebrate forbade'"' ollicials from helping b1dders J'ortax his binhday tlris \'lOiS a way ur ... Jmwing his l~1nns. Anolhcr measure implcmcnlcd by 1l1c supreme nuthority and Umt hecnuse of him all king wal\ 10 J..c..: p the mon~y in Lhc rnyal n·cn$lli'Y (,.'lttli\c..; :md groups hnd prospcn:d. The announce· fr0111 J'.. lfing into :myone'S handS \\'llht 1mpon,mly. the k11111 tried to 1he announn."1tlcnt called on ··councilors and ensure thot all money paid :15 ta• actuJII> wa.

Jour'twl of IIU1 .\.inn: So('I('J_l' sq.l & :! (1001) lmelh.?.r iual Orfg;ns of Stron~ Kir1gslup fPnn 2) 17

dcposi tc~ in the royal treasury and n(>t kepl The consciousness of being a member oft he e- lsewhere- \VIlhout t.hc king's knowlcdg..:. Thus, Chakri Dynasty insp1rcd Lhc kmg w "acf' iu the king tried to keep tax farmers fi·om giving tax many ways based on his understanding ofmajor money to govemment otlic i a l s. ~" If tax fa m1ers and minor issues ofthe time. The king believed refused tO give tax money tO tht!SC Ofiicials tbut Lhal his action~ were responsible for the honor i.)f to the treasury inste" c_prince). lie vbsc"•ed. "do he would lc:sscn Lhc economic stre-ngth of the not call mom c-hao and mom rat.:lraw()ng ~ chao• lower royalty tllld nobil ity which wouiJ then ... do nul say anything crazy li~c LllCit:-.:s increase their dependence on him. In a process that unfolded just like rhe set­ Thus King Mongkufs cfforL5 to allain lhc ting up of the dynasty. the ki ng r..:minded his stO.nJS Of a .. grCal king" m':hie-ved H degree Of subjects to naaiutc1io Lhc honor of til<' dynasty. success in his heing able w remove those who This was a cominunl theme tOr h im. which he oppnsctJ hts t:conomtl.' rctOnns. Frcemg tJ1c bar· noted onl~c by :saying ''Rcm..:m b~.:r your bus1 .. rie1·s 10 trade benelited h1s posttjon considerably. ness at all times. !'his adoms the honor of His These economic chnnges strengthened the king 's Majesty the King in this dynasty":''' r~;solvc . Both the "making o i' a dynasty" and Lhc Al\o th~1· aspect of the kmg·s dete-rmination emphasis on fulfilhng the tnission of a king l(\ be a ugrem king" according to hi$ new his· ga ve honor to the ancestors:. Thi$ resulted in IOrical consciolL'\ne-.ss wa.~ his decision to ·'act.. this new understan di-ng ofhistOI)' and mcmbc.r· fittingly as a member ur D.c Ch

.launwi o{tht~ Siam Sode~r 89. 1 & 2 (200 I) IH t:tkmg another imponanl action that :ulCcted l'hra P1111dao I he kmg gave the utle l'hra­ 1hc: new t)'pe of Matl· emerging at 1his tun~. rachah·anf!. Rowum:alha J/ongklron ·' 1hus With the beliefthm the fir>l kmg in the dynasty crc"ling the •latus of Ct0\\11 Pnncc Chuta­ wn:, the '' lb unde.r of1he capiwl", tht kmg :tcted longkorn. 1 I his resulted in th.: staiUs of Prince in \\'flY'> that enhanced Lhc prcsugc of the mOll· Chuli!lOIIJlkOI'O ~M IIing lhll favor of CVCt')'OnC archy. Thts led 10 tbe belief. since the reign or and the prince '"" accepred as the next IJrcat K111g Rarna I. that tho ktng should obtain '·the king royal proper!) as his inheritance" Tlus can b<: At lhc 'ame time_ King :Vlongkut IL,cd one seen m the uoderst:tndmg that Clumfa ·lfm:gkut form oltrodttional Slotecrall tbm had un impact ga\c tu the position ofCro\\R Pnncc."'· His title on the >tatu' of th~ cmwn prince. lie had Khun ''"" then changl.-d to Pllra·mrg Chew J/ongktct~ Phae. the daughter of Phraya Surawong, (mn111:klll means Cf0\\1\), There '-'3~ nn reason Chauphroyo Sisuriyawong·s on!) >un. 1<> ben lor this except forthc facttl>atthe ttllc pllra-nng wife orl'nttc•c Chulalongkom " Tlu; had bl.'c·n wn ... 'ccn fl~ appropnutc for Oil!! holding royal a cnnvc11110n:tl n\Clhod iur umfymg tlH! cli1e 111 power desceuded through the purc hand King Chulatongkom h11nsclf power to Prince Chu1Jiongk<1111 on the occasion continued thi' h)' writing. " for as long a~ I can ,trhi, Lwcnlicth birthday. Kmg Mungkul would remcu1bcr, my dcd"_ •• The knowl­ had even constrllcted a palace tn whtch to live edge of th<> ancient history bnd 111 fuel been a tier lt."a\ mg the thrQnl! ' only rcctntl!r' (ompllcc.l. In c.;.omc l"n'\c<., onl) Tl11s dcsm~ to pa." on h" "rOY31 property.. a tier a.~cnding 10 the thronl· \\ere the quc,tions led Kmg \longkut to try to hO\c Prince aboullh" •o>etcnt h~ry asked or learned Ji'Om <:hulalongkom acrede to the throne m "'appro­ KrQmlunng \Vongsa Thiratsaml (lf P rin~:c rri:nc a manner a.' P(l""''lhlc_ King S1ongkut Bamra pporobn~." both of whom had hecn in­ promoted Pl'ince CbuluJongkom ns having a ' olvctl in tlw hi s: t mical resetu·ch uf King l11gher birth than all the other high bCCII to Rcccl\c !he Gold Plaque' oft h!lh Rank) for m the ktnl! nnmin~ Prince Chulalm1M ~om a< Pnnce Chulalongkont .. 1\romal.:.hrut Plurhic Pr(lcl:anar'· nk:anmg he In addu ion. thl! king. took at: t1on~ th:n could who tnumph:> o\cr the people. :"l'\ame~ ~uch as be Sl.!~n d.S s1gnal~ hl the nobility nnd other th1< "ere one.11ungful ;uod also rcOeeted the con­ myalty The king wameu Pnncc Chulalongkom \lcuon th;u the king held supreme power on to ~ u cccc d him. The king cun"\uhcd with which o t her~ depended. llte happmc>S to the Phrach:Ju S isumyawong r~gtu'thng. his S l! L't;~S­ pcopli: wn~ n flC\\ cum:Cption in Thdilnnd thru ~ i un 10 the thronl!' in lhc cvcrn lhnt the crown King Chulollungkom came co grasp 0:, o rnc:m· prance cnuld nol sen·\!. 11\! ac\!cph:d but with the ber of the Ch:tl..ri Uynasty. He wrotethno he had stipu1nuon that the kin~ had ~rommamun rcce1ved a \'ery s1rong scns..: of hm' 10 act as \Vorawichaichan made ~cn1or He wamed Prine~! kut~ frum hi< father. In a lener to hos son. l'nncc Phnrn-oog Chao Sisora) "" ung to b<: uwr Pnnce \"ajirorunahtt. Kmg ("hulalongkom "rotc that

.lmmw/ ofthl! Sinm Soc-i.:tl' 89.1 J,:.:! (2001) lm~.-·Jic.•ctuul Orlgi11s oj'Strrmg King<:hip (Part 2J It) he had tried to act uccording 10 what his fa ther The major result of King Mongk

.lourual oft!:£• Siam Sm:iL•t1' !oi9. 1 & 2 (2001) 20 king (but not daily) to discuss the affairs r tho royal dynasty and high f.1tcfu l period when all the royal power was ranking ollicials. An Important factor imp Ii cit Utkcn away".'' leoving the king littJe more than within this ncting as a gt·e,u kmg was that he a ligurchcad. l;ven atier he had taken cott!plc.tc wa~ a "giver'"'. As he noted. ·'even when mvare po\vl.!r. he uftl!n n.:callcd the time when ''I was someor:tc- is an enemy or mdiffcrent. after some­ testing our new knowledge when I was a doll thin-g good was don~. it was: necessary to glvc­ w1thout any power except in name . • . Lhi·s \Va.s pmisc.11D 1 119 a vc.ry difficult tirnc' • 1l1e reason that King In another import,mt area, KiJl!; Chulalon[t­ Chulalongkom iCIL biucr over his not having kom u~ed to appoinL a nc.w groun oC government power ai this time because he was unable to ufficinls, particularly from amoog those close "act" us he lei! he was compelled ro under the to him. He "tried t<' make use of •hose he trus1cd. new hislorit~ll t.:Onsciousness. Since he was un­ such as his younger brothers as Lhey bccmnc old able to perform his duty 3& king, ht was unable enough.'' ~"' Th!!SC indivic.Juab beliL'vcd that lhc tu !>!tape ll1ai history. The ki11g believcJ that king was Lhe only person cnpable- of chnuglng o~cnthuu~b ~krc was a regent, he was obliged the cours~ of history and hringing prQgress to ·'maintain the kingdom" ~ a conviction I hal is Later 1h esc persons gave ~.:unstd ~rab iL· asststancc rcllccted in the following passage: to the king's gtwernment. Sjnce power was largdy conccnlrated in the king. he was (tbk: to From when I became king. dh! bigg<:Sl duty ;;lS cstablishc a royal p ag~ · s corps bas~cl on the lhC ollic(,!r in char.gc of the l.aktns care of the \Vestern n1odel. :\s it became more accl'ph.xl, kll)g.dom w·;,:z; td he the head officer. It ,-vas vc.l)' the corps assisted the king in many ways. ·:~ Jifii.:uh to WOJ'k dlicie11rly and Cl)m.'CIIy .•• Even Addilionally, lh~ king was imcrc:ac.cl in tTav­ t hl>U!;h Ul fi rst illCfC \V3S 3 TC£:CJU, It Wa.'\ .as if he elling over:;:eas. !lis first ltip was to S-ingapltrc \\.'a~ reS>pon:;ihlc l()r everything nnd I was subor­ and Batavia.r( r\fter returning to Sia m. th~ kiug dinmed tl) hiIl L But it wa:,. onlv like that for thrcl' decided to travel to Eun'>pc but he changed his ycnrs when J c-!lmc to enjoy run myal power, nut mind and wem to lnclia_""l I he:;l' Lrip:- wc.re usu --­ pe~< m a lly f fell 1ha1 I hnd entered imo a gre~u ally explained as providing the opportuully 10 respollr.thllhy hy commg to sil under lhc tiered 1111rodm.:c new fonns ofgovemment or <:olo nu~l­ urnbn:lla and on the rhrorle.j') ism then could be adapted to admimstcnng the kingdomof"nlailnnd. ~~~ [n H\cl. howe vel'. "dwng­ As a "'great king.. whose historical consciOus­ ing the gnvl'mment nfthc kingrlom" hnd b..:gun ness nwdc- it his duty to Lake man}' actions, the so Jong b('f.Or~ LhCsc trips that itts impossihlc tc' fhc1 lluu he w;_)s a "tigureht:ad'' made ·~acti on· · say they were raken for the purpose ofs tudying im po s~ i h l e. He compared this, i1l a message to the types ofgovcmmcnl u.scd in other c-ou ntri ~s. his sun. Prlncc Vajirunahit, ro ~candle 1hat \vas These ove rsea~ trips by Lhc king in f:1ct were ncnrly CXIinguisbed. Hu1 the king rcfw•cd 10 more for ··observmion'' than anything else--. allow it to go out because of his l.·acLions" to To undersi;;Lnd 1he political motive for Lh t:,t" ~ccp it lightctl ov<: rsc:c~s trip:;. it is necessary to undcrst:m(l the1r Tht.!sc ··actions·· <.luring the early pan of King ·~essence" as seen by people of dull era. Thais ('hulalongkorn 's reign resembled litosc advo- and non-n 1ais s::tw rhcm as srudy trips for 1hc

Journal tJ._{Iile Slam Society 89.1 & 2 (200 L\ lnwllcctual Orlgin.~ rifSrrong Kingship (Parr 2) 11

purpo~c of''improving" Thai land.Jo> This mean­ move the last vestiges of the old power. Durmg ing was broader Lhan '"refOnning the kingdom's the regcnc:y il i-s stgnit1cant th:u the gO\'Cm!11elll m le"'. When King Chulalongkum returned from was sti11 admintstered on a v~.: r_y personal hasis. his lir sl overseas Ir ip. his desire lO " uuprov;:. This can be seen in the patronage provided by 11Jadand·· resulted in vmious '·actions'". lie be­ Lhe rcgtnt lOr th..:: royal household \V hco gov­ lieved lhat .. if h~ did noth ing on h is rc mm, he ernment meetings were hclJ at the. regent 's ()\'ll\ would be admonished for taking wastoful plea­ rc si d en ce .~1 ,\ l so the admillislt'aliooof the go".. sure lrips o r be attac ked as havin g no crnmcnt still adhered to practices used du1·ing inrelligencc".YI 1-lowcvcr, becaLLsc the k ing (lt the rdgn of Kmg :VlongkuL." l l 1is enabled the thnt time hnd nol asstuncd fuJI royal power, he rulers from the preVIOUS reign lo ~.:onti n ue lO could only ch:mge some praclices such as hav· hold signific:un power. King Chuh1h:mgkom ing waiters ~e rv i ng him d ressed in a \Vestern began rcmo\·ing lhc old guard hy scuing up a s1y l e. ·~ 1 llmtght be more iu.:cuntt~.:cto sar LlmL he Council of State and a Privy Council. II has took these trips oversens for the purpose or bl·cn written 'hat these rwo councils rcprcscrncd gaining 1he ubdtty to "act"" as lhe protagon ist of an elTon to create poltt1cal institUiions lh~l King h1story and have tht- -:ountry prog ress. As rhc Chu lalongkont could usc ns part nf his e llort to intellec tual lender of the country. King incrcnse ltis bold on the govtrmn cri t ':r~ This L'X .. Chulalongkom was a[ lenst as imponanL jf nol planation. althnugh nor in er'roJ, slill lca\'CS murh more so Lh.sn King Nlongkut a$1he leader Of 1he unexplaioed. now stronger mooarchy. There were now rnany The.. establishment ol' these twu L'(Htncils pcro.;;ons hotding. the new conccpLion uf'timc and clearly showed King Chulalongh.om·:-. hi:..tori · who tavorcd pr'Obrress. They were pr~di sposed tal c.onsdousness. As has been noted ...King towurds rh(; king acting as an agent of IJrogress. Chulalongkorn was the g reat king in the Fifth From what was stated above. it tan he seen Reign <'~fthe dynaSl)' w h,ch silmat~.:d and c:arncd 1hat in ~'c lirst tlve years o f King Chula­ out h 1s role of leadership in Bangkok"/•'! l·ur­ longkorn's reign, he was no! tdlc. The new thennorc. " then; w::~s u royal order lOr . .. cv..:ry­ historical consciousness held by the kmg_ moti­ onc to know that. from th(' umc or Ius coming. vated hi m 10 act cominua lly lo realize his to fit ll power, he had become detennmc:d to potential as a protagonist or histOI)'. maintain und develop the royal capif;JI. includ­ This active consciousm:ss together with whnt ing the rl)~[ll bcrs ur the Llynasty. g_nvcmmcnl the king's prepMarions a llowctl him tll begin officinls. nnd the common~rs so Lhal thcy would "auing" \vlLhin unc rnonth llf his ill.SWilation as improve pcnnancntly."' ll1e importan.,;c of th..: king afler commg of age. He ncled 10 remove l1islorkal con.st·lou:-.ncss!<.hown in 1he anno11nce­ the I races of the '"old power.. basc in order to mem is that it indicates. dh! kmg "possess i ng· ~ ccmrnlizc L11is power in his own hands. l ie firsc pO\Vef bcC3Wj~ he is the gre:H}.: ing Of the dymlSly IOO.k (Onlml of lhc fi nancial system. l-Ie CSlab­ inst(l1kU m Lhc •·grca l capital" ofRangkok. ll1is lishe-d ao o01cc of the Lrt~asu ry in I S73 to ~crve O'nnouncement shows wo tJ1. AJdi­ in the Chakri Dynasty wi1h 1hc f(!~pous i b il ity tiooally. this showed that Ihe king was nble to l'hr lt:admg.lhL' Slatl." to rrogrcss. In l:tter reigns. "detenuinc" lht course of history hy using these this was to betOmL" ti lL' smgu la.r f'ca lure nf roya l favors 10 "'createH anything lOr which k mgs1np 111 the eyes of socrcty. mom:y was needed. Bt.!sidcs mdic:ui.ng 1he new historical con­ At the same urne as the king was moving to sciousness. 3H01htr irnport;mt a~ p£ct or estah­ control the econOlll)', he was also trying to rc- Jishing these two councils was that lht.!y signaled

Jt.mrnaf r?J .Ift~ Sitl'1l Society 89. J & ~ (200 II An .<\l tto\K SAn.,l <\M 1r .,.._

dearly ;tnd an "nun_g the pa:">'tng or pcrsonal­ elcph.1n1 The) quarreled O\ cr who could Ji, c m b.t.....:d pnwcr characu:ritt:d h} I he 'J>O"C'n word. a ccnam cave. with the lion clauuing: f\o\\. the: rc~pons1hility lnr J:'lw·m:lking J'ested 11\ the,e TWO t:Oum;ib uvcr ''hu:h the king prc­ \\'c arc nQt nfr:Hd of you at alL We.lh~ lhUI ~mu. ..;u.h:d :u-c th..: kilt ~ or lmimal !t. You insuh us. \'au UU ISI lly c:~ t i.t blt!>hmg these two councals. the king ku"c our Ch\'c. We dt'l nut \vrml two indivii.luals: 'lHI!.!ht tD resolv.: a politkal ~ontlict. AI first the ro be 1ivin f1t m the samt> C:l\ e. \\ 1..' will Ul~..: cure ~tng l1nd inh:ndcd lhnt tlh! rt.:~Ctlt be ~t tncmbcrof 1.'1 1 u h)· ,•ur-.tl\c.., "' lh~ h\t) l:ounuls. llo,,e,cr. the regent declined lih: utTer · Tht: rca5on fur "nnling to have lhi'Oitt:h '"" fable. the fuctwn '"'-' Jhle In <'h.sphra~ :1 <;;(.;.uri~a\\\Ul_g 'il un lhc Pn' y Coun­ make an ohl the ~ing"s opproach to hi< rQIC. A ~lr \\.mt~d h.> :.hov.- hl' ''a~ th-: more pow~r1iJI. Rut \Vbtt tmd a i\tr. 13ut wac d1scu~smJ:.! a conser~ "hen the rcf!:l!nt rt: fu,cd the uObr. the \)rficials vauvc mnn who was dissausfied with King ' llppnrtt ng Kmg \hulttlons.k~'Wn CC'IIlcl\1ded lhat Chulalun!!k<>rn and hts effons lo bnng about l hnl.1phnt}3 Sisunyawonb{ duJ nol ncccpl rhc progress. ktnp ns the protaf!OI\ I S inf pttlJ:tf~'~· rh~Jrn:!'ll\f\ sin«" tit-ere I!> ntl record of hrm lbc~ \\l!fl" persons rom ~tl (d) )'t.lr~ lh~ .. mllulh."'!ot oJf''t·h;ophrayOJ Si"iuri~J\\ong. ~lore. \lot\!' \H~ ukl-iashioncd and who Ln~\\ Till.' 1.:\bh."lh:C t'fthc fJCIIOil 'upp~miOg 1\:ing the O)d W:l)' O( go\ l?l,llll'-"01 \\lu:nt.:\ .:r lh\.'} ht:i'T l'hubltmgkom i::, anolhet uupurt.ml im.lic.atinn u( the krn~: changmg lhcsc old WJ):O.. the~ .Ire t•f llll" intL"ll.:ctual force nr the new hi~ t orit.:.a l dt <;rlc,L"'cd.'' Cllll"d''lhllC:SS r-..'lanifc:-.Ling \hh con:-.CIOUsness thth h.:t.:amc ~mother lllcans lOr :-.tlpporhng King When a dispute arose between the king nnd ( hulalongkom. They Wi:rc Clttl\'11ltCd that thl..' other members o f the royal hou>dtold. kill!!" ;.ts th(' mtdkx:luallcadct who" ould brin-g KJwnmon-m pmpo.;;cd in an article . .. fratJwt J'lhlyr.:-.... _-\~ shO\\ n an 1\ltarrmnwat, King nti CJmnJt'll Junt: .\li Go•·emml'lll .\fanAiumJ: l hublHn!!\.:,-mt ··a~ted·· to unph:mcnt progn:_...._..._ ww·· (To rrogr. a Country Mu>t 11:1\c a 111 man' ''ay.. which ah~ hoCl" prai--ed These Stable vo,cmment) that c\-el')body •huuld be .Kii''''' Utl.'hukJ..I1Jtc dmunatum nfthe aradjtion loy:tl to tltl..' lt:ad~:r '' hich would 1J1cn rc.. uh 1n 11l rro~;.craun!! bei()rC tJtc ~111t:!. :.1 tkvdopm..:nl the cnuntry ,-,mgre,~ing. Sin.:c t.hc t..:.u.h:r u fth~: ''lw:h tlu: ht)tlk sJw .~.... fll'\ 'gr~:~·ii\'1..' . '"· /\.hunmo­ l'oumry "a" described as h:n•mg. che dut) h ) no/ \ll"itl lllt:lu t.lcLl urt a: lc~ un histnry. including reduct: sul)i:nng under his authonty, 1hc coun ~ on.: chroni.;:llng the c;:swl>ll\h Hlt:lll of :\yutthaya ci lor>. ol1ic•nls. and commoners shuuld be loyal unJ lh ling' llu' \\'J"- a 1~- •nl-: u r1i cl~. " ith chap­ tu hm1. They 'hould take tssue \nth the chnngcs h.·r, appt..·~mn~ m all the l""'lll.:~ frnm ,·olume l the lc3dcr \\-O.b unph:mentmg. \\'hen n qunrrd p:m " umil \'Olume 2 pan I:!:. the JOttm:~l's lin.al ;uo~ it '' ..... also dte duty of thi: l~ader to -.cHic "-'Ut:. The publishing ofthl' chr..uudc s.how~ an II. •l~fl.:\."11\t:lll by the km_g"' 'UJ"'J"''mcr-; Of hml as J\lwnmuh'dl clcarly ~howo; \\a' lh;lt 1h1s l"l1- th.: ··pwta~~-·uust of lw.. tory.. Jittcal filcllon pth!.t:Sscd lhl" bb-LoncaJ cun:-.CHlUS­ TJw.... K·ceptnnl'c ~.1rth~ 1uk ufthc king as the nc.<' that nnly the king of tlte Chalri Uynu,ty pt..'r...tm \\ho , .... , the cm t ~l.! t'lf hiqof)' by t.he could ~hupc hi,1nry. This was sho,vn in ,m ur­ l'tll!ucn llbctt(ln lh.u pubhxh..:U 1\'haruum\tll ilis­ ticlo ahuutthc wath taken by tJ1c Pri vy Council. J)II..'.t .. .:~.l (._ h;Jtlphrnyn Si,UI'lyuwnng. rhi.:,. \\:.t~ a por11on nfwhtch is as follows: \(,,n..: m a rl."tdling of th~: t:lbiC nholtt the ltou .ond the ckphaut m wh~e h King Chulalongkom Wc aU nftirm tide1uv and de\ odon IH I h1o. \1laJ­ \\'~'"' .. 01!n ~ ihe hon "ho \\J.\ the ngh1ful rukr. e...,l)' the Kmg ol Si:Jm nnd also to m.: (l'o\\n t ·h~u,phr:t) >~ SJ.,.unyawon~ ":b compared to lh~ Pnncc~ Ill< lf.:n .-\ppan:-nl whom throu~h the

Journal ()(!Itt• Siam Soncii'IN.I & ~ l200l) -·,.'

Kingdom ofSinm shall prog1ess because h~.: Sl1:1ll dependent stotes King Chul~longkom ex­ cuntmuc ~IS the supreme royal personage.'" plumed:

As stated above regarding the posilion of Tiu! kingd ·'de­ monarchy. Thus, as King C'hulalonc.korn ll(.'1ted tcnnine.. the course ofhjstol'y. and move it m a following lh~: loss ot Kclantan. Tcrengg.unu. p rog rcssh~c direccion. problems. were cncoun­ Kedah, Pcl'hs. and v:_1 rious Islands ...,his luss tcr~.:d . In particular. his cfl{lrts lo centr:11ize severe!:• damnged royal pres1ige:'" economic po\\'er prcctpnau.::d Uisputcs with At that li m~. however. 1hc trndililate> king to ceas~ "3ctmg". He conti nued LQ "act" had begun lO change. f\5 Prince namt·ong. but wns caret\1 t"not to disturb th~ ulu guard. To Rachaoubhup noted: cl u Lhi~ he bl.'gan to stress changes in educa1i on. For example. whe-n the king. founded lhe Suan By !hl! new Hml cd hb affairs took precedence (JVcr dumcslu.: afllti r~ .r"' power to g<>\·em the provinces :mel clependen­ Regional o!Tairs during the reign of Kmg CtC-!1- su as lo ''shdtl!r 1.mcl protcd" lhcm sn Chulalongkom had changed markedly. West­ progress could occur is r~ fll!cwd 1n t1\l.~ ca:-~..· or em coumncs had coloulzcd most of the state~ Luang Prabang. In I ~ 7 ~ . King Chulolonglcorn SUITOunding Siam. Western colonial powers had lravclcd w Lwmg. Pruhang and installed a \·i..:c· also bl!gun t(l movc into a r~as ..under royal Thai wy there. Th;; vicL'roy's dutit:s \Vere to su ppr~S:, power.. . Th~ British, fur example. had expanded the Yunnanese C'hinese b:mdi1 tbt'C'CS in the area forestry opera1ions imo th~i! nortltl!m Tb:u Sla tes and to protect Lhc area from French claims. nnd mining effort~ into the south of Thailanu. King ChuJa1oogkom. "m :J tup sct:rcl urdl·r t'llf Combined with Lhc hi!\loric.:al consciousness of bis viceroy's eyes ou ly.. Slated thntthe vtceroy the Thai elite. this caused l'hailand's .tmng sl10uld govern the Lao royalty by ..s aying di­ kingship to act in new ways, The cenll'al gov­ ret.:.tly tltal BangkoJ.. l'orbt d!-1 !hem l'rom any t!rnrnc.nt tb~,.·.n b~.:"gan lfl expand its control inlo com acts with other couuLrics. l·orc1gn al'lau·s 111 new areas. the case of Luang Prabang IS the s0le right ol' Refore explaining th1s procl.!ss, 11 IS n~~es­ the viceroy. .. *~'" King Chuialongkorn lhcn o r· sary w wHJl~r.stund Lhe ''at1hude of 1he central dered the viceroy "to tell the Lao to b~ loyal nnd aulhorrt)' .. 10wards the distant province.s of Ihe kintl towa-rds Bnngkok nnd ro lrust thtn they

.!uumul uf tlu: Sinur Sof'il!l)' R?.l & 2 {2.0(1 1• '"II be protected from dangers ~nd that tml gu,cmmcnt Thus explanation~ that Kmg [R•m~kok] "ill ! and coun­ Chulalongkom msututed his provincial rdonns try 10 progre.s~:· 11 ' 1 Fut1hcm10rl!, it \\o';\S 1hc duty because of Ius ov crs~as ··study rrir~.. a1•e facifc ut' th..: viccr()y to: tu:uJ supcrlicml. At the same ti111e that King Chu lulnngkom llc ~an employee h11ug1u.: pm.:rcss to Luang wos trying to exh.:nd his authority over nil h!rri· 11rahang ~o dmtns bcn e tit~ will t:'<. lcnd to Bang· tory c11n~idcrcd his ··royut property", domestic kol bmh m term~ of polttu;, und trtulc '"itho\ll dtfficultie' declined due to the deuth or ;p111inp anh) olh"-~ ~~Mmtm...... You \\Ill i.lo "h::tt­ Ch;aophm~a Si,uriyawong and Prince \\'ichai· ~h.-r i .. ncccssar,. to rnamt..un 'tabtluy an luang chan in I RR~ .md I MR5. rL">p. not luted the posiuon or Crown Prince. Thtsshowcd JUSt lor the benefit or Luart !_( l'rub:tng but also clearly thut royal power rested 111 the monarchy lor tit~ bendit or B-angkok. and that tt could he ·willed" to h1; >Uccc,s.tr. TI1csc efTore.o to extend power over th~: de­ Thes~ two cvcnb wen: seen as appropriate fbr pcndcncaes were part of a ~..:ric' of C\ en IS the time and for n progn~wc country.'" begmmng when Nllg Cltulalunj!knm assumed 13c-call'c of these dfons to conuul fully the rc::~l power on hi~ lx:coming ~I ye:u~ old. that is. m'titution of the monarchy. King Chulalongl.om wlum he became :l "gre-at kms 111 his "'' n righf'_ wa.o, .. h~ple-Med by Llll· petition~ ofcertain prnh.:c:-. As lhc 1-..ing who had w t.."M.!I'\;i'l: supreme power. 'utd nobles. They had requested changes tn the h~ felt obliged tu protect ~ II "rO)'lll prnpcrty"tha1 govcrumctll in I R~4. He responded to these he had i nheri1~d fro111 hi> mynl lblhcr in order to princes nnd nobles who had submitted the rc· pn:St:l"\'l! ··unified nalc'', ~~,_,, 'I hi~ ~m:n n.:ICrs to that qucsl Ihat he wns a wa r~ of certain problems 0\ cr \\ hich t.hc klng ha:') supreme power and m and the or bnngmg uons. '' J>n'e'I\.'S< In areas o• cr "h•ch the kmg dtd not In 1887, King Chulalongkom did m:~ke '(lnte c\cn:i..c ~uprcme po\\-er or could nm enforce wti-­ chan11c' tt>thc gO\cmment system. But he held tic-d rule. the king obsef\ed: lim1to the pnnc•plc that these change> \\ere t(tr the purpose ofbnnging progrc-s to the country. II, we would JlCl.lc~: .mel ur(h.:r in chc kmgdolll . I w1:-h ' t:l)' do bi!Ut'f co rule unl) lhOS\:' pi.IW!Io O\ Cl \~·hu.: h uur much 10 r~rbrfu '"::t}'S of govcrmn~ ~v Lhcy ore rult ts. ccnain. Other"~..... ~ \H! "111 C'<(:rctse only :apprupn;nc for thl!'i era and a mean-..: by " htch 11 ir~r~ompkt~: ruk. Such rult! I' betiL'r oo• 10 ~xcn a\ pro''"".," c:m rome 10 this counlt)-. 311 • - lie also mode the comparison th.ll ·" the The process of cxtcmhng :nuhority over the Thai krng, he ~aw Jum~lf as one whel "ac1ed... pro\ mcc ~ and Ehe dependencies ..and to exh:nd lie perf•>nttctl his dmy to benefit c•cry gmup in complcJC ru~c· ·took a 1nnJ:.! ti uh,.' lh.:ginning with society nu~ the kingdom as a whole. ft c nuteJ 1hc "ending ofvjeL~roy~. the cffol't wns not (:Om­ in thb rc~ord, plctnl until these depc u~cn eb were inputc~ between 1he dcpcndcn~:h...... , and the cen- and th.: hilppule,~d·f the pooplc. nus ·~ why ht Jnwlli!t-tual Or;gins o[Strrmg Kiugship (Purr 1) 25

oc1:; . . Nonnally. 1h1: people :m: willing to uc­ mcol and refonning the tax collection :-;ystcm c~p l 1hc l.:ing's ;h.:tmns winch tn\: more ju~ l and complemeoted each other and that each was 111 mort: l~ nevol~mt.han aU oLhcr pcoplc.M indispensible to th.: othcr. Tax ru f'om1 WCIS an imporL1nl means. hy ln the belief that the king must create which King Cll\llalongkom extended hb power progress fo n he ·'state". the boundaries ofwhich over the provmccs and dependencies and W:J.S arc equal Lu what he "IOh~ratcd .. and once carried out under the belief that 11 was his d\tty Chaophr'dyu Sisuriyawong and f> tince Racha· to bring progress to the pro,•ince.'" This led to \vangbowon had died giving Lhc king t.ruly su­ tax reform being. characterized us fo llows: p reme power. King ChuluJungkom extended mor1..t eonLrUI over ~he provinces. He began by 11u: government must find pcrs(m~ \\ ho h:we de lining the areas of responsibiHl y for Lin: rvtio­ ~:nough knowledge, c.;.:pcrLise and nr~.~ i-uilid~ntly istrics of Dctcnsc and lnt l>n!•ld Royal Prolilamat ion on i he CharacLerislics of benefits throughou~ the coun1ry. T11c gn\trnment Loc.al Administr~tion in I 897, aml with a Di­ has taken on the n::,punsilulil)' to help bring rna· recttve tlll Loml AdmiiHSU'3tion in 1898. These lt:.naJ pi'OgteS~ 10 t.ht prO\'iRCCS, 3 share or \Vhit:.h 1 ~!C ls refonncd J'hai adminism.mon from the low­ will benefit the national govcmmcnl tuv. ' l est to the highest levels. They al"' m be expeCted tO achieve S\ICCess only witb uifli· devise nmional bu dget~ . In this t:onnenion, once cuhy. especially when the regional economic the MinistTy ofTrcasury had drawn up the metll· changes were cons1dt:rcd. Fol1owu1g the expnn· odology for budget planning. the npprovnl or s um of capitahst trade after the Bowri ng Treaty 1he ~dng wns nece.ss<1ry. This was insumm:c for in 1855. the senrch for inconlc ..:hanged from the king against unauthonzcd expcr\dirures. It whar j( had been under the prcvtous order when was also cxtcnd~d royal power over the counuy's the rulers ofdepen dencies sought to amass rnan· economy by making the king be uwarc of' and power. Under 'he new conrlitions. regional rull!rs ha\'ing absolute control ll\'CI t.:hangc!S within llte began tQ sell asscL..; under t.hclr conttol such a~ ~ta l c . The king was convinced 1ha1 absoh,Jte through logging ton c.(!.S~ious in tlle northem st;Hc~ comrol over the economy was an important or mining rights in the :;otrth . The us.; nJ'conccs­ means t(lr him to sohdify his political puwer. ln sions was preferred by the reg-i onal ditc because 3 lcllcr to Prince Danu·lnlg on January 18. 1896. they were nol in a position to market che pn.ld· the king obsetved that reformi ng the govern- ucts Lhcrnsd"es or w produce them on lhc sam..-

JmmUJI ofJiut Siam .)'ocii!t\· S9.1 & 2 (200 I) "'ale. ' These conc. ho"c,·er. led to !he they might 1\av~ committl~ a cnmc. 11 w;l\ im­ fonnatton ofa new group '"lth ~-conomic power possible 10 bnng 1hem before a Thar coun, the lhnt '' n~ iu a pus-iliun to ch:1llengc the rcgmnaJ legal reprcscntOiive of lhe king huusclf A' the due. \Jew group:, w ith !'-m:h ccon(lmic pow.;r number of persons seeking to be \Ve~tern sub­ w~rc the Ch inese in l'hukct ur the Shans in rhe jects lncrenscd, King Chulalongkont grew nnnhl!rn ~ta les. At the s~me tunc. Lhcy moli­ distr·csscd. lie wnntcd legal refomr lo go lbr· \':Hcd 1he reg10naJ elite 1n the provtnccs and ''.:ard us qutckly as possible in order 10 mn"c It Ucpcndencles co s~ek new :..uun;:c.,;; of c~sh in­ impo"1blc for the West tO daom lhat the Thni come. rht~ Jed to rheemergencc: ofu new kind of legal S}S!Cin WllS oockward. ret;1onal rul~r who W3$ appoin1cd b~· l11c central One ch.:mgc among social relations m )(}t;J· go\ cmmem and "as able 1u m:aint~in domestic cty "a.' that the trndiuonal sy>tcm for controlling order. !)Udl as occulTed in the! south.''• mat1pil\\ ~r ended. This lengtl1y procc.- bcgon In the area or legal rcrorm. '"' impomnr in I R74 when tho king consulted wilh the Ct>un· J~.:,·clo pmc nl w~ chc- aucmplto m:-~ke 1he mon­ cil of State, ln lh~l ~ear he i>>ucd a proclamation .rr ~hy the source of nuthorily. The newly ordering ,J:t \'CS owners to sul'\t')' how muny rcihl'med laws thul\ would 1hcn com\! under the they conti OIIcd. Beginning with limits on 1 h~ ruya I c.cntcr. TfH!) rhJnyc is c\i dcnced in re­ age of a person S Ubj~Ct tO slavchood, the prO· ltl\.lrk!'l by the Prince Rmcbabun: ces;, pmcccdcd unril. at last. sla\'cry was ended in 1905.11 ' l'htem 1he L.mgdom tu the subJe<:b ¥.1u:n lht:y .itn: diso­ al!'oO was tunc consuming. bc~-cd. Lllcut \\-ill ))\! p.:natue' . \\ e tnucot be LhmutJting thes.e two system~ was of i:,'1'C3t carc(ul not to think of these Jaw~ ns j!,ood or b:-Jd political 'ignrtkanec. The endingQfthcsc mcth· 01 JUl-l, ll1.:.sc laws are ort1..:1-.. lh.u \\4! nre com ~ . Bul lhcst:' J.1W' .tn: d ~dv~;:U from 1..hc kmg·.-. subjects."tt• onl~ one SClurc(!. th~ ruler of the llngdom. or In summary, the resuhs of Lhe "actions'' in frnm wh:n lhat ruler all<1\\, 11 diflerent areas b) King Chulalongkom. "hen taken together wilh ad!mmstratl\ c change' in AI the same t1mc- lhat thc!)c rcfimns were taxatoon, legal reform. and the control of nt:ln· m1roduccd. tht government wns 3 1h~mpting, to power, was. thattllc king gained true po\\ l!r over mcrca.'~e i1s po\ver. Th1s wus m the mids1 of tltc rrcwinces and the d.:ptndl·ncics. A 1 chc- ~nme ropi<.l and intense changes uffccti ng 1he peopJe. time, this power wns over all the hknlg':\ ioi ub­ Th is mnde I he maintenance ord ornc!-otic order :1 jccr<" thr'OII i!-hout the kingdom. The king found lop priority. as seen in the thllowong Ministry of it nccci"tf 30.:drdl11¥ to couru.. lb1s ~ becom~ ~)' arc nXJre liXI more tus 0\'ll dc..~ans. Th~ is oothing gn:.att."f than llu-l>.. rr;,Jmg ,,;lh each othct an\1 mh:meting wuh each The l.Jn.: h3s the abo.nlute J'K.n' Lt 1u I) rule: :t'> the tJtht;:r m other \vays. il'•nt ll\~oT Ihe l:tnd and IS the source of l'cfusc (o r nil tn iL~ ICITihlt)', 2) is the source of justice, 3 • 1hc In tulOLhcr area. there were efforts to hasten ~ourcc of nil runks lind wh1u j., luW1 11nd what i!l It:ga l rdbrm IOJ' d11..- purpnsc of reducing extrJ­ ll'lw in 1hc kingdom. and 4) th~ c(unnMndcr 111 h:rl'110nal right." by \Vest em cit1tcns and subjeers . chief (tt' th¢ nnnr:

.lrJ~u.,w/ of rhe Sjam Smiell' X9 I & 2 (200 1) lnti.•Jiuctuul Origins ofSJrrmg KingxJup (Part 2) 27

Notes

Nidhi A~;.~usri\'ongsc, Kammumg Samai Pltraclwo 11 Prdclmm Prakm Rmclwkan 17;i ·I PitS. 239-J­ Krung !'ltonlnwi, (Pob1ics in the rimes of King ?400 "Pralwt Wadtwi Ji·a 7lmg 1im_g Thi Clwi llHUlhin}, p.1f;l . Pra!lwp Trn Phum.'' pp. 1 7~ 1 81 , 1 King Moogkut, Phntrncimlwtleklw (Royal Cor· 11 Prac)mm Prokat Rard:akan Thi 4 Plt.S. 1394- rcspondcnccl. p. 203. 1400 ..JJrtJkat PJu·aboromun~chowm KJru Ltumg Ok 1 Prodwm Prakat Uulcltnktm 71:1 ./ Ph.S. 2405- Pa; .)'ak Lek lhw ,\ luang," p. 15-t 1 2108. (Collc"<:tcd Annouoccrncntsoflhc Founh Reign. ' Prac:Jmm Pn1knt Rmdmktm Thi 4 Plt.S. J394- I862-18 65) "Prakm Ham :\.fai t-lai Ttmwn Uuang 140lJ "f'rakaJ 1-/ai Klwradwk.au Lo~ f'raraclw­ Kttpm: At Laf!. Sophat Cha Char Mm' Dar' p. 43. luuuryat Chait. Ho J.rwng. .. p. 20 . .~, Prm;lmm Pmknl Rat.-Jwknn Thi ./ Ph S. 240/J-- IJ. Vajiran:ma Library. R4. RS 122 (1855} ~oJ 24 i J. ··Pmkar Mahasongkran Pi Khan Amsok" (.A.n· Phrllbor()marachowat Pk,.aracharhm1 Ka~ Plua nounecment of Songkrun in Lhe Year of the Tiger, }J}umom ~'arak!JIJm (Royill Order to Phra Ph:.wom Eight Year of the Cyd~). O!!;;idc-s announcing the Snrak h ~n\) , c.ilt'll in Narumllll Thirawal. Phmmdw­ date o[ Songknm. uthl.!r topics included c;-.plaining of damri Tlwngkan Mmmg Kl101Jg Phrabllf Somdct phenomena in the universe and wol'ld. EX:'UU J~Ie s were Phradwmklau C/umyulwu (Official Commu1uc-ations " f>rakat Wtuluai Wlthi Kfdl Athikmrmt" (Announcl!­ of King Mongkut). Btmg_l...()k; Chul:-tl(lngJ.: om Uni­ mcn1 on Culculuting lhc lntcr-C.nJcndar Month). and ''crsity M.A. thesis in history, J 982). p. 240. '"Prakm Wil!ti Bok Sakarr~{ ' {Announcemcru on Cal­ 16 Vajanmana Library R4 C.S. 1213 ( 1851 ), No.59 cul::.hng Lhe SakaroJa Cal~ru.l ric.it l Era) as wcll 1LS of f'hrara('1wbannyal Rum1g I lai Rntsad(m Rong Tdw 1 h~o: Wesl~ m calcnes Ov~might), pp. nluang depe1Hicn1 to Ka nchan~1 bun, It\ Pradrum 264-266. Prakat Rmclrak.an Tlu' .J Ph.S. ].!QJ-lo/QJ ·· Prak(JI

w Prince Damrong Rachanubhap, Klnmm Swrg 4 ra,Jg Ttwwcwng PhuscmJJ'('II'Ol..'ltakaJJ .MuangUuu; dwm {Rcmimscences). pp. 149-150. Mmmg Kr111c/:mralwn' LaP Tang Klwn Wet Pttr Klum '" Praclmm Prakal Ratclrakrm TM 4 Ph.S, 2.fOJ- RachllpaUJkau. Ph.S, 2401 (AIUJounccmcnt of 1bc 14fH "Rua11g Ok ,Vangs,, Raclwki!dJanubcksa" (On Appoint111 g Rulc-rs of Seven Dependencies in the Issuing (Jf t1lc Royal (;u:ze!te),Jl. 4. Kanchanahul'l PI'OliHillCnt ol'Khun

Ll) Prndmm Pmk.m Rmdwkrm TM 4 Ph.S 1./01- Wet to be Kbun Racbo pOioknn. I858). :uos ... Prakar Waduai Kluw 11Jf Uitlk IJtt( Ok Uu! "!> l)rincc Damrong Rac.hanubhap, !(ltwum Soli~ · 1JJong Tok," ll· 152. t.:lwm, J_'). 143. Pmc.:lwm Pmkal Rntrhakrm Tlrt' 4 Ph.S 239·1- u King MongJ.:ul, Tht~mniam Rarhr:trakun Nai 2400 "Pmkur PhmbommnrtJrhownl Klw LJ,ang Ok Knmg Somm, p. 143. J>uf SaJ. Ld .. Hua Mmmg PH.S. 239li" ( Announce­ " Vajironnna Librory. R4 C.S. 1222 ( 1860). No.10, l'!h?t\1 Oll Vict!!'l)y.s Tato<,ing the Ollic: ial Rc:g:i.s lration l)hrachaborot~wraclwwat Phrart1dm Ihun Chao Number), p. ISS. NC1klron Lamprmg (Royal Dln..""t1ivc to the Prince or

.Jrmnwl (!{the Siam Socit!l)..' 89.1 & 2 (200 1) Llmp.ln!:;. )lng KhntJ \/11 Thmtdi J Khun (Announccnk--nt on · \'ajirananJlibrary. R4 (" S. 121 ·~ ( 1851}. l'rakaJ Phra)J Phiphinhnnhtd~t, r.n,-emor ofT r.tt. l•re~e ru­ 1\lmmsabau Ruang },,:Jm Ra1..htl~t.l" /)ar Rap Nam­ ing 3 Glfls ilu lh< ~ing]J, p. 144 pJuplwtunnsutaya (Announcc;ntru Rcg:arding lhc 41 K111!i Mnnt-kut, Pmrhum PrtJAUJ Rurr·huk~w Thl Sacrc'-' Omb of loyalty "l'ukcu by Government Offi­ ./ PIJ S }J9J- ]./00 "l'rakat Jim' Chnr Nnl 1\lwm H'tJ ca:als) SomdC't /lui f'uA Tou~ Tmu K;at~rot'' (1\Hnuunc..:­ :., l'nucc Onmwng RachanubhOI). A"/nmm Song· mclll Ortl~nn~ the: Com..-ct Usc of lhe Till~ SmmA~t oliam, pp 140-147. and m A~cord '~ uh the Person':, Rttnk). pp. JS .W. •. lhld _.. 1\.m~ ~ton,g~ut. Prm.:hum Pmlwt RuklwAlln J'lu .S Pru.. lwm PrtJknr Rmcltu4mt l'ht -1 rlt S. !4Q5- Ph.S 1·10.li J .. Jn.~ "Pmkm llaJtJ. .U; Hm Rw4 'nwmrc1 !4tl!f. --Prakat Chalm:m /'hrarhOttnnJphafl'ru·· clunumg· lilt' 'nwm luang' •chat' ... (fll., ~ell Kct(r (0 ICclcbrnung HIS M>Jy). pp. ~OS 109. mnm r.zdto.J\\cm.c or nwm luang 35 clhw•. p. 2J7 . Kmg Mon_g.kul Phmrndtahotlc~kh~l. -PJtrararha­ ., Pr,h:lwm rr-ulat Ratthnkau Thi 4 l}h S : l94- hurh•J.hu Tlu "' P01 rem~ I t.~n~Jirathc•t' (O"c:rscas 1.JOIJ ·•pJ"'•tlumT,u}r•lt'hf..},tUI PlmJ1imth«11 t~ho. ·m n.)rrc,pondcn("c). pp. 646- 69:! Billltdt Phron arhamtJ\\ tmg.\urm~wmg." p. Z

,.. King Mongkut1 Plmu-lwphltM Slpscm~ Duan l"ka, p 552. (Roy:ll Rituals oftbe 12 Mouth~). p ll(•6 .. Km~ Mongkut, Phrarachapltou~,,awctdtm )'o " frudwm Praknt Ratt1wAt~n flu ./ fh.S "!405-­ 1\nmg Ho~t~na41WIJ PJur:;adan .Vt~i Rut<.lml.1.1n T/:14. 'J.I(J,•;, "'Prokat Clwlu~m Phrm·hall(,mphaffsa­ p J~ (Announcemcot an CdchrdlkJn¥ the Royal Uinh­ Pnncc O;unrong Rach:mubbap. 1\hwum Sm,,;­ d•>·), pp.11l'l-111) cham.f'P. lt.-1-I~S . •., Prl.ldmm PrizJ.:ot R,u.:h,,Mm Tlu .t PII.S 139.J­ ~ Chauphrn~a Thaphakorowong Phrt~rodw !40ff, ..P,·okat Ruang Ha1 ,\·unlt\11 k'lwm Pha.-;.i-uknn phrmglf;m• .tdmt A'nm~ Ratar..a.(orm R(li(/J,l(._m /Ju -1. DtJI PlmMkan·· ( AIH)O unccmcn~ Rcp:m:ttny the ls~u - Vol.2, p II 11\~ l)ocumenll) lO Control Tax•tlion), p. 160. ~: J)ri1u:c Onmr"lng Rachanabhn_p. Kl111 am \'m•R ,. K111g M(lngkm. Pradrum l'ro1k111 R!ltclwkml 1hi dwm, r 167 4 f'IJ S. !39.J-J~OO, " PI:rabnromontc:howat fll:ru­ '' Ibid. p. II>S. rrlchutlwJJ Rwrg wun Phoi!m Pwu tlt PJrru Roromo ... Kmg ~longkul. Phrarachath:J..Jw, p. !27 Htmg.wmuwong" (Order lncrea:.-. 111~ tlu.: Compcnsat.Jon ., r nncc namrong Racha=\ttbh:tp. 1\lrhWIJ .\'tmg­ rvr PltYliiJOFdmOu'On.g.s(IJJUW()nJ:). p. 2tt5: V3jltanana ('hCinl, p. l(H l1bmty R~ C.S. 1115 t'oJ~2 "Hmmg Klnmm/onlu i\Jn~ C'hubl~~.mgkOOL ··SomakJum: S"l'''"'" 1\ltt'Hf~ .~m J>rnlwn Tlranwium l'lrrrlf'41t'ltm• anJ.! Phr-u­ B"'un '•'i Pr(•lhc.~t Sd\am.-r-~ ' htmpltaenrfin'' (rcUmg Ah4xu Thm.· Aspcru ot'Tra­ S1.-c mfunnJtaon rt.""gan.iing 1hc n::lauonslup h~· dnions of the Kingdom), K.Jnl! to.tongl.ut, Prarlrum 1wccn 1\ tn~ Clmlult1ngkom and I' I mel! ll;unrJtp­ JlruJ.ut Rat.~hr.kt.m Tlu' 4 Plt.S. !.f(JI 1·1n5 "Rwmg porahak 111 Churir:n Ktantumallhun. "flntpluu Tltcm~ . fJ. m• Tao Sura TIJJ Knwl!. 1\rw" (Abom lhc Liquor D.m KdWIIIIUriJ.: Ltw KanptJkiJ1rnnp. l..'lums, Sumdl'l l'ax Ill 1\yu1thaya). Pl' 11 13. Ktng lvlongkut, Clwo{d J\lahttmalll Kmmphru!'ll IJu,tral'fUu·ah.tk Jlrm:lmm Pmkm Rotcllaknn I hi./ Nt S. 2401-1·105 IP!t.S. '!411- J.fJ9f" IThc Political Rule ~,r Prince "l1mkm RIHIIIK Plwsi JJJtfu'' (1-\nnnuncemcm on the Llom r:o ppor,obnk I Xu~ I X~/i (lh n ~kok: Chulo· Sorlorv. 19XOII. · Kulg \1uogkut, Prak111 Humr~ fl.tJntcw Sum •• 1he nl\:.,.mn~ of 1hc names at thts lin"K: m the A·nm~: 1\ao tAnnowlC\!fTh:nl Rc~o&tthng Ta'Ccs on Li­ Cl\:ll.n DynJ.){) "ere under!!Omg a t:han.:c 10 lOt~:'\ quor m A}1lnhaya).p 14 lhc d)1l3~1) · ~ ··nw~.. m:C as "-Cil ns usmg \\tlnl"' m till: /NJ• • p. IS. tlllc 1h.u C~J1rcv.. cd 1hc wndn1on and ~u~:nh;ll of 1bc • lf•td .• p. II. d)'IM!ool} Addnionall.). tn gt\'ut£ name' h' 1hc crown • Kin~ Mong:kut. Prudmm Pmkat Rmdwktm Thi prim;(,'' 1md 1hc: prmc-l!,..,t!s King Mongkul pla~L'd ).;1\:111 •I PII.S ] .l()f ]40-1 ..Prokat PhiJ.IIf AJ.rmJ./wrmm flat cmp ha~ i ~ on iJi"m&lh~o.·m meaningfuJ tJtlc!- Ao..'fJ Tam Klmumf!. /111,"' (Announc..:tncru un Selling See del!ul :o. in King MongkuL, 1.:/wtlw rtua 1hc Wau.:r T:Lx Which Uer!i!ncl o; on the Collection ,·uclumtpltml Vm Plrmbat .\'tmJdtJt Plll'ftdwmA·Iuo 1n~tnrmcnt) . pp. 1X7 I X~ CluuJI'tthtw / '}warm hntlum Phrtuwm/'}ll.ll'tiC'hll· •: Krng ~ l o ngkul, P/:r(lr(14.halwrh:klw, p. 36~ orcHOI 1/ud,l ((Ruyal Verse b~ King Mt•n~~ut on •' Km.g Moogkut. Pradmm /'r11Aot Rm<·hakml Tlti 'lanunv 11><: Royal C!uldren !B.,n;:kuk· Sophonplu­ 4 Plr.S ..!40J-~40..\ "Pralu1t Rtwllg Pltra1't1 Pltlplul­ ph~antha.nakon. lt~~9)j. Alsu s-ee an anal)''< M 1h~ tluitthidl~ !'l:u Sumn1 Rur/Jvidn -'!~t~mg Trot ScmK royal nunc-. an Suptuplwl !\a l:San tlw.nc;. 1\·u,nlwi

.lom·nal ofthe ! Sium Sonr(l' RQ I & 2 1!001) lmelfecrual Origins ofStrong Kingship (Part 2) 29

Phasa Nai Komangclw Khong A'!J on 11wi (Language Ekasm1 Kmmmang Kon{JQkkhrrmg Thai Ph S. 211 7- U:;c In Choosing Thai Names). R~search Rcpon l-1 77.!1. &9. funded by a grunt from the 700 Ye»rs of Thai Writ­ 11 Kiug ChultllOngkom, "?hrarachatlekd Lt:klm ing Stho!arship Fund. 1983. Phro.rocluuhau Somdet Boromomsmhiml ChnojiJ ~ King Chulalongkonl, "PraboromaraduJwlU Kue MalrtHvachirwJtlfli(' (A Royal Writing to the Royal Cl:r:ofo Jlnj/r,mu:lhlr." in Ch~ti ·:'llli! ll S!!OHtd.. KJnvam Song­ 1he Fi 1\h Rc•g.n. The Fll'$1 Trip to Singapore nnd cham. p. 44. Baltww and lhe Trip to India) (Rnngkl)k: Phr:tchrm. 6: Kang Mongkut J..IJrraruclwhmlekha, p. 203. 1963). 6} lbid. • p. 104, " Prin..;e Oamr·ons RiJchanubhap, Khwum So11g­ '!"' Prince Dam r~mg Rachanubbnp. Kln ...·am- Sollg· rham. p. '264. cilam. p. !65. " Ibid. ~ Pnu~e Danti'Ollg RadHUluhhap, Khwam .S'ong­ :ot Prince Damrong Rachanubbap. KJJ\\'tJnt Scutg­ c-hom {Bangkok: S i nl:..p~t b::!nnaka n , 1973), pp. r-h (Im, p. 2.S& • 188-!89. .. ibid, " King Chuln lo ngkorn, .. f'liruruc/whatleklw '' Ibid .. p. 258-264. f'hmrm·hotlum So mde; ?hralmmmo:wt!himt Cluuifa •: See de1aiJs on Lhe sub_1eC ! of taxation In RatnJ)ho.i Maha'' achinmahil'' (Message of His rvtajcsty the Udomphnichatrakun, "KmtSOH'{lCUIKhn R(lid(ri Klwflg King 10 Prince VajirnnuJm). in Lhni-anrut Snmud­ l'htlcud;u f'hainai Rachakau Anadwk Thai PitS. tl:"tvaui)a, and Kh(lttiya KanmSUira, F.ktLWW Krmmuang 1398-2458" (Seekl11g JI)COnlc 10 1' the Thnl K lngdorn Ka,pokkhro>lg Thai Plt.S. 1417-24ii ( rtmi Politico! from 1855-19 12) (Bangkok: Sjh•p•korn Univcrsily and A

.ftmrnal t,?(lltc Siam Sode~r S9. J & 1 (2001) 3()

JU\1 nne rt'K)Otb after- the ('ounc:tl of St:ttc wa> cstab­ Ong-...kun. \(untiHIII 1'1td•ttpfuhan· n·,uroPn,lhlhttJp h~hcd in \hy ofth:u year. tBan.gkok ScH:i:tl <>t1cnc~ A.ssoc1auon or ·ntou1Jnd. "" ..ll'aduai 811o That .Vai 1\,,w~ t\al'tltn'' (Regard· l9Sl). my Commoners and Sl:ave$ 111 St.un), Kharommut l 1 '~ 11m. \\Wii noted 111 "Pitraraclmmpllcm Wid~cw (fkccmbcr l Q74 ). Rucmu Rtu.:lwpruplumu ;.:mrwng Phrmuulwupuwl." 111 "Mtlum Boran Wadfllti Hm:lunll.fw Chtmg" (The and iu "Ptt~lwr Clw(tJtOn"'..:"' Ill Plmtrm:Jwdamn Tlum~ Ka11mwms .Vm Pltrabm Thos~: JtclllhliHng l\1r Changes in dtc ( ioverr;mcm Sc>mdN f'hnlc/umlachomA!tm ( 'lwm uluM" (Trends Dat!.!d 2<) AJU'i l 1885) in Chat -af\~111 S.•mu..J:wllntja lll Roy:1l Writing by Km~ ChulnlonAkom} m lind Khatuy:' KB111ndu1r:t, Ektuou Kcmuwtulg Pt'dhcHi~ul Lat! KammumJ: (I h'ltory :.nd Politu.:s). p A.cwpv/..J..hrotiJ.! Tlztu Plr S ]4J l-~4ii. p. 77. 1 ~7. In• .. PhrurtnlwJtmrri 1\'uj {trahat Smmlt.:t Phrd '"' '·Pimlhoramvrarhmml TluntJ: Clu101J Hadunm· rlumlcldmmklao Clzauyul:ua SOirgllmlat•IJt fJJmJ· mllril' in ChaHman Sotmuc.f.I'I.JniJ't llld Khatiya borom~ru,Jwtluhar 1\af'khm 1\anptJUizrong PIMt-.hn~ Kanudutr... F.k.asan Katmwull.t: ,...dltJ)()lklrfTJIJJ{ PhJl CR0)31 Spc.""~h by King ChulaktOg).om l::\phuntn!:! J-111-~·r'?. p. l)J. Refonn' l4.t the (jo\tnul'\l::nl of she Kin~dom) u\ "· King CbuJ:llnngkc~m. PJr,itrat:ltanipJwn ·Vm PmwmMlll Lu, K#mrwunp. p. 12(•. 1 / 11rahtJt Somdtu Pltmclwllfm.IUJm4!ar• ChtiO_,I'Ithua "" 1/ttd. SmlJ.! H'irlrtm Ruan~ PliraJ·ar·lwJIIUmJ.:.,'m\'Udmr Kap 110 Sumkmt Wonshana, "Muang tlrm >'uA ,\lui 1/llri//R PraplrctJi Katrltwg f'lrnrtmr{rwporril ( Rnyal Samplu.wlltlJ}Jiwp l?tJII'll/Jg Rar Kap I'Pt1hJtJir,,lll \Vnsinps of King Chnlalonpkom on An:-,l y~:ing the ScmwuJ.." (A N..:w Ern ror Thaila11d~ Rdt.IIUnf I he Thni l:.conomy l:mil 1941), pp. ~. Rulers of Uu.m~: \lot and the l:.nf.l!Sh"' a C'•u..c for Scr detail-s in Wuttuclul Mun'm and Somchoc: the c;u,mwnrnt ofSiam lnsuunmg Prv\IOC);It Kuk•n

Jcmruul oftlt~ S;am Sodt•tt• S9 I & ~ (2001) Jnu.•/lecrua/ Origins t~{Srnmg KJng.\Jup /Purl 2) 31

tl1e l'llayap Circle. IX5S 1~(12 (llnngkok: Cbula­ 19Hl). 1 longkt,ml Uniwn;-ity .NI.A.thc::oi:;: in Hi&lc.>ry. 1974). " Nidhi 1\t.:usrivong,sc. '·PJwsa71wiJiarrrulmn Knp 11 " Nic!hi Acusrivong.~c. ·'Chak l?m Clwikhop Tlumg Kanmtuwg" (Standard and PoUtics). McmlhotJ Tlu:sapMbcm. Klnram.wam.wlui Klwng in Pltu.\a f_w: :Vwrg.w ( Lrmguage and RoQks) 17 fOe­ Kfum . Juuwt Dm:m Nui Ka Phulwt" (Fr()m tht:! Slltll!$ lOb« 1984-March 19&5). p. 19. (HI 1he P<:riphcry 10 Province: Tltc Decline ofTradi· "" N.A. RS B. J 4i5 Rotlwpmpht!ni Krrmft Sayam uonal Pov.:cr Groups on the Island of Phuket). (The tu.sloms oftJw Ktng ofS1:U1lj (!\•t.P. R.S 0.2/8. llumrmll.ScJtJaumu/ 13 (Se-pterlJberl9:$4), pp. 78.- 79. Ra11g Krirsmika Waduai Radwpmplteni Knmg Sr~mm IP Pducc Jllu phatJ)a~ak, tJiadrwi l.:mmm (Re:g

.Journal of!l:e Siam .~ario'(l ' &Q.I & 2 (2001)