In this Issue VOLUME 3 Editorial-Opportunities for students in The American October 1950 Society of Range Management F.W. Albertson 275 The Challenge of the Range Researcher Number 4 Radford S. Hall 277 Mortality of Velvet Mesquite Seedlings Harold A. Paulsen, Jr. 281 Why Haven't Farmers and Ranchers Taken to Regrassing? Harvey L. Harris 287 Wildlife Depredations on Broadcast Seedings of Burned Brushlands ...... Walter E. Howard 291 Ranching Services: A Challenge to Rengemen R.B. Peck 299 Condition and Grazing Capacity of Wet Meadows on the East Slope of the Sierra Nevada Mountains Basil K. Crane 303 Effects of Spring and Fall Grazing by Sheep on Vegetation of the Upper Snake River Plains Walter F. Mueggler 308 Pollarding--Age -old Practice Permits Grazing in Pays Basque Forests...... John M. Fenley 316 Book Reviews: Missouri River Basin Agriculture Program (U.S.D.A) Dan Fulton 319 Pigs-from Cave to Corn Belt (Towne and Wentworth) Walt Hopkins 321 The Soil Science Society of America, Proceedings 1948 ...... E.J. Dyksterhuis 322 Farm Structures (Barre and Sammet) L.H. LaFaver 323 Principles of Field Crop Production (Martin and Leonard)...... E.R. Jackman 324 A Sand Count Almanac and Sketches Here and There (Leopold) ...... R.S. Campbell 325 Conservation and Nevada-A Textbook for Use in the Public Schools of Nevada (Wheeler et al.) Jos. H. Robertson 325 Current Literature...... Grant A. Harris 327 News and Notes ...... 337 With the Sections...... 345 Society Business ...... 348 Membership List as of July 1, 1950...... 352 Index to Volume 3, 1950 ...... 381
Published Quarterly by
THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF RANGE MANAGEMENT JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT
EDITOR R. S. Campbell Southern Forest Experiment Station 1008 Federal Office Building New Orleans 12, Louisiana
EDITORIAL BOARD TERMS EXPIRE 1950 F. W. Albertson Walter P. Cottam Department of Botany Botany Department Fort Hays Kansas State College University of Utah Hays, Kansas Salt Lake City, Utah
TERMS EXPIRE 1951 B. W. Allred David F. Costello U. S. Soil Conservation Service Rocky Mountain Forest and Range P. 0. Box 1898 Experiment Station Fort Worth 1, Texas Fort Collins, Colorado
TERMS EXPIRE -1952 Kenneth B. Platt I E. W. Tisdale Bureau of Land Management School of Forestry Swan Island University of Idaho Portland 18, Oregon Moscow, Idaho
The Journal of Range Management is published quarterly by the American Society of Range Management at Mount Royal and Guilford Avenues, Balti- more 2, Maryland. Subscription, $5.00 per year; for students $2.50. Single copies $1.50. Changes of address and communications on business matters should be addressed to the Treasurer, H. R. Hochmuth, Bureau of Agricultural Economics, Utah State Agricultural College, Logan, Utah; or to the Secretary, E. H. McIlvain, U. S. Southern Great Plains Field Stat’ion, Woodward, Okla- homa.
Advertising Agent, Bell Publications, 1447 Stout Street, Denver 2, Colorado.
Address communications on editorial matters to the Editor.
Entered as second-class matter ?t the Post Office at Baltimore, Maryland. Copyright, 1950, by the American Society of Range Management. The ADVERTISE Ross Seed in the Company Journal of Wichita, Kansas RANGE * Buyers and Sellers MANAGEMENT of Western Agent: RANGE BELL PUBLICATIONS 1447 stout St. Grasses Denver 2, Colo.
Since 1884
AMERICAN SOCIETY OF RANGE MANAGEMENT
Application for Membership
Name - Title Business Address
Home Address
indicate to which address Journal should be’ mailed Employer or Business Remarks Calendar year dues are to apply ~. Date of Application . Annual Dues $5.00; Students $3.00. Enclosed ($ ). Make checks payable to American Society of Range Management, and mail with application blank to the Treasurer, H. R. Hochmuth, U. S. Bureau of Agricultural Economics, Utah State Agricultural College, Logan, Utah. Volume 3, Number 4, l October, 1.950 Journal of RANGE MANAGEMENT
Editorial 0 pportunities for Students in the American Society for Range Management J U u
HE American Society of I~ange Man- the Society. Pending amendments to the T agement is a young organization but Society By-laws provide that student it, has had phenomenal growth in member- chapters may be organized under sponsor- ship. The number of members increased ship of ihe parent Section upon the pres- from 753 on January 1,1949, to more than entation of a petition signed by at least 1800 on July 1, 1950. This rapidly increas- ten student members of the Society. ing membership reflects, in a way the A student essay contest has been an- importance of the objectives of the So- nounced. Prizes varying from one to ten ciety in their relaGonship to the needs of years free subscriptions to the Journal the people in the extensive range areas of are being offered for the best essays on our continent. some phase of range management. Any No country or organization can long graduate or undergraduate student who function at its best unless it has a program has completed one or more courses in for educating its youth. In order to further range management is eligible to partici- increase the effectiveness of our Society, pate. In fact, he is urged to do so! The a program has been initiated to stimulate topic selected may be general or specific active participation by young people in- in nature but must deal with some phase terested in range management. For exam- of range management. The paper should ple, any college student in range manage- not exceed 2,500 words, and should fol- ment may become a member of the low the standards given on the last page Society for only $3.00 per year, which is of this issue of the Journal, entitled “In- about actual cost. Nevertheless, student formation for Authors.” The completed members receive the Journal; they have essay should be mailed to the undersigned full privileges of voting and enjoy all other regular Society activities. before November 15, 1950. Winners of Student local chapters are being en- the contest will be announced in January couraged. Any institution offering studies at the Fourth Annual Meeting of the in range management is requested to con- Society at Billings, Montana. The top sider t>he possibility of organizing a ranking essay will be published in the student chapter. At present, there are Journal. recognized student chapters in Wyoming The pages of the Journal are open to and Arizona, and formation of others in abstracts of masters or doctors theses in these-and other states doubtless will add range management, and to articles based much to the development of young range on theses, if accepted by the Editorial men and to t’he vigorous functioning of Board. Range schools and graduate stu-
275 276 EDITORIAL dents are urged to submit suitable papers lems confront those who are engaged di- and abstracts of theses to the Editor. rectly or indirectly in proper utilization It is the sincere desire of the officers of our ranges. Many of these problems that all members will contact young peo- can be solved in part at least by students ple in the range country and discuss with through research in the various colleges them the objectives of the Society in and universities. Students are much more order to help them see the value of being interested in this practical type of study a part of this rapidly growing organiza- than in routine laboratory exercises. The tion. It is especially important to assist net result is that the student attacks his range management students in forming work with greater enthusiasm and more student chapters and encourage them to is accomplished. Furthermore, it is participate in the essay contest and other through this training and background Society activities. that our youth will develop habits of The chief objective of the Society is to straight thinking which in a few years “foster advancement in the science and will be extremely valuable when they have art of grazing land management.” This the responsibility of directing the program is, indeed, a worthy objective and should that now rests very largely with older attract the interest of all young people members of the Society. who are engaged in making preparation F. W. Albertson, Department of Botany for a life’s work in one of the many fields Fort Hays Kansas State College, Hays, of range management. Numerous prob- Kansas The Challenge of the Range Researcher
RADFORD S. HALL
Assistant Executive Secretary, American National Live Stock Association, Denver, Colorado
&T people, upon reading or hear- degree nor is it generally regarded as a M ing the subject of this talk, im- requisite for a successful scientific career. mediately visualize it as a dissertation However, your profession is in a some- on the scientific job ahead of the re- what different position than any other searcher. As a matter of fact, the officer science of which I know. Most scientific of the American Society of Range Man- researchers pass their findings on to agement who invited me to appear on other trained technicians who, in turn, your program here in San Antonio had transpose them to practical use in every- that in mind, I am sure. day life. For example, medical researchers However, far be it from me to attempt have absolutely no contact with the pa- to tell you men what you need to do in tients who receive the benefits of their a ‘scientific way. That is your job. You discoveries. New techniques perfected in have a long-time program upon which the research laboratory are passed on to you have spnt years of planning and the trained doctors and often the patient study. You know your work and know it who benefits from the researchers’ find- well. I have spent hours and weeks read- ings has no knowledge whatever of them ing your reports trying to keep up with nor of their being put to use on him. you. I would be worse than foolish were Not so in your profession. You must do I to attempt to tell you what to do from the contact job directly. For that reason a scientific standpoint. . you need a qualification not required of So-I am not going to talk scientific most researchers-Salesmanship. programs at all. I am sure that some among you will As you all know, I am here because say that many of the things I am going of my connection with the American to mention are nigh onto impossible of National Live Stock Association, an attainment. That is why they present organization of practical range users. I such a challenge to your group to do hope and sincerely believe that I will something about them, for no matter speak from their viewpoint. These men how successful you are as researchers it have been under serious attack during will all go for naught if you do not get recent years as despoilers of the range. Some reaction from that charge may creep it sold. into this talk, but not too much I hope, Now it has not taken me very long to for if I were to permit it to do so it would tell you what the challenge is. It will completely destroy the usefulness of my take me a little longer to suggest some appearing on your program. of the “angles” to be used in getting the The real challenge to the range. re- job done. searcher, as I see it, is now SALESMAN- As you are scientists and not accus- SHIP. tomed to the vernacular of the salesman Perhaps many of you are surprised, as that word “angles” may be strange to salesmanship is certainly not elected as you. It is a term frequently used by one of the courses leading to a scientific salesmen, particularly high-pressure, to
277 278 RADFORD S. HALL mean the various approaches used in on the range and the consumption of clinching a sale. each rodent the surprising results were There are so many angles to the selling that the rodents ate more forage than job ahead of you that I hardly know was produced on this range. Obviously which to bring up first. I am not going some mistake was made, but such start- to attempt to mention all of them. In ling and unbelieveable results do untold fact I don’t know all of them but I will harm to the general acceptance of accur- attempt to point out a few of the most ate and worthwhile progressive research. obvious and most important. Sensationalism will get you headlines Facts and figures mean practically but logic will get you results on the range. nothing in an economic way so long as This will also apply to sentimentalism they are related only to small areas and and emotionalism. These should be di- few animals involved in experimental vorced from your approach to the user. projects. Obviously, to be of any real These approaches, sensationalism, senti- worth the conclusions of research must mentalism and emotionalism are of bene- be translated into actual volume produc- fit in publicizing the range problems to tion by thousands of range users both organizations of do-gooders in the East, large and small, and therein lies your but of little avail to putting a range task of salesmanship. program over with the range man. In- I am going to mention some do’s and cluded in this category sbuld be the some don’ts. If some of the don’ts seem blind worship of trees and nature in the critical, please be assured that they are raw. The fact should be recognized and offered in a friendly manner and are gen- acknowledged that many of our trees are erally directed at only a few persons and water wasters and not water conservers are not general. and serve no economic purpose whatever. It should be recognized that many of our A PRACTICAL, LOGICAL PROGRAM forests are composed largely of weed First, in order to do a good job of sell- trees and are of no more value than any ing to the range man, I believe you need other weed. to have a practical, logical program. You One college professor, in telling about must combine the experience of the range the Mongolian desert, described it as a user down thru the years with the experi- lush tropical swamp many centuries ago ments of your work. Notice the similarity and blamed over-grazing for its transi- of those two words-experience and ex- tion to the desert it is now. When asked periments-almost the same, aren’t they? by a businessman if change in climate Both in sound and meaning. Yet we often wasn’t largely responsible for the differ- hear of experiments which end with find- ence, he replied that that was a factor, ings at considerable variance with the but that over-grazing was the real cul- experience of the range user. Such find- prit. Such statements only infuriate the ings should be checked very carefully for users of the land and make it harder for error, and if and when advanced to the you gentlemen to get your selling job users should be put forth very skillfully. done. Such statements harm your cause There is a story that is widely cir- and should be discouraged. culated that two researchers made a I have been highly pleased by the study of the amount of forage taken off recent denouncements by a high-up mem- a certain range by rodents. After an ber of your profession of the fear tactics extensive survey of the number of rodents which have been used so successfully by a CHALLER'GE OF THE RANGE RESEARCHER 279 few writers and journalists to turn the closely related but greatly different. You spotlight on themselves and to reap should dramatize your findings in terms profits from the sale of their writings. I that are readily understood by the lay- believe this man and his methods are man. Many a splendid, successfully car- doing much to instill faith on the part ried out research program lies buried of the range users in scientific soil prac- under a mountain of mimeographed tech- tices, a faith which pseudo-scientists were nical phrases. Scientific names, compli- destroying. He is practicing salesman- cated formulas and endless tables can ship-he is instilling confidence in the often be supplanted by a few well chosen, land user toward the soil scientist. On few-syllabled words that will convey the the other hand a few writers harking back method and purpose of a range improve- to the Maltheusian theory of a century ment technique. ago have done untold damage to your Reports to the range-using public need cause. to be stated in concise, concrete, readily understandable language. Put the basic SIMPLE AND DIRECT APPROACH thought across so we common people can It is important that the techniques and catch on quick. methods you devise should be simple and Treat your range improvement pro- direct. Do not allow your scientific and gram as you would a debutante at a t,echnical training to cause you to lose coming-out party. Avoid the cheap and sight of the simple methods. gaudy garb that will attract attention, To illustrate, I might repeat a tale I but cast a reflection on her character. heard several years ago. According to the In other words, avoid the sensational, story a large truck carrying a high steel emotional writings of the headline grab- drum came to a bridge across a river ber, but also avoid the dull, drab garb of over which it had to cross.‘ Before pro- a Mother Hubbard as represented by a ceeding the truck and load were com- verbosity of words and statistics that will pared with the super structure of the completely cover and shield from view bridge. The load proved to be a couple the charm of your program in the debu- of inches higher than the clearance. tante stage. In other words, dress her Several experts were called in including (your program) in the attractive, reveal- a structural engineer, a hydraulic engineer ing way that men go for most, bring out and a carpenter. The structural engineer the attractive high points, but let your immediately started laying plans to raise customers seek out the details after you the top of the bridge, the carpenter sug- have aroused their interest. , gested lowering the wooden floor and Violent arguments have no place in the hydraulic engineer wanted to unload this selling job that is ahead of you. the drum, float it across the river and Selling was my first real job and I still then reload it. While the experts were remember well one of the instructions discussing the subject, a truck driver given me by the man who was my tut’or. came along and said, “Let some air out It is so true. “Rad,” he said, “never of your tires and go on thru.” In order to argue with a prospect. A salesman can- sell, your methods must be direct and not possibly profit from an argument. simple. He may win the argument but the pros- On the other hand, while avoiding pect will be so irritated at losing that he sensationalism I believe you can well will still refuse to buy.” Your job of use more showmanship. The two are selling is definitely to convince. To win 280 RADFORD S. HALL over by showing definite advantages to few land owners like to hear it and it accrue to the land-user. Nothing can be comes perilously close to the socialistic gained by running down past methods law of England that provides for the or their proponents and users. confiscation of land not used according The same is also true of ridicule only to the government’s ideas of its proper to a greater extent. Only harm to your use. real program can result from any form of And now the most effective angle of ridicule, you must have the cooperation all which is at your disposal in selling of the man on the soil, and ridicule and your program-The profit motive. argument certainly will not get it. Show the average American-or any Avoid the “There ought to be a law” other person for that matter, where he attitude, for to resort to this is to openly can make more money and he will im- admit. that you have failed to sell your mediately adopt your method. Look at program. You have failed to convince the way hybrid corn and other improved the user of the wisdom of your methods. varieties of grains were adopted by The “pass a law” method is the device farmers. Note the rapidly expanding areas of the dictator. Cooperation is what you of irrigated pasture, and the cot,ton to need and you cannot legislate cooperation. grass movement in the South. The dol- Go easy on the stewardship theory. lars incentive is what made America The idea so frequently expressed now great and it is the best tool you have to that “we hold this land in trust for future put your improved management programs generations.” It is true, perhaps, but into operation on the ranches.
RESEARCH Research is a gamble. It cannot be conducted according to the rules of efficiency engineering. . . . Research must be lavish of ideas, money and time. The best advice that I can give is don’t quit easily, don’t trust anybody’s judgment but your own; es- pecially don’t take any advice from any commercial person or financial expert, and, finally, if you really don’t know what to do, match for it. . . . The best person to decide what research work shall be done is the man who is doing the research. The next best is the head of the department. After that you leave the field of best persons and meet increasingly worse groups. The first of these is the research director, who is probably wrong more than half the time. Then comes a committee, which is wrong most of the time. Finally there is the committee of company vice presidents, which is wrong all t’he time. C. E. K. Mees, Director of Research Eastman Kodak Company .
Mortality of Velvet Mesquite Seedlings
HAROLD A. PAULSEN, JR. Range Conservationist, Southwestern Forest and Range Experiment Station, Tucson, Arizona’
miles south of Tucson, Arizona, where ECENT years have seen an invasion the mesquite invasion problem is rep- R of mesquite, Prosopis spp., on the resented. The study site is typical of range lands of the Southwest which in much of the semidesert range in t)he some areas has been at a phenomenal Southwest covered with the tree form of rate. In many cases this invasion has mesquite. resulted in range lands becoming almost EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE worthless for livestock grazing and has Origin of Mesquite Seedlings Studied accelerated soil erosion. Mesquite has appreciably extended its During late July 1948 a considerable geographical range, and within this area number of recently emerged velvet mes- has spread out from the drainage bottoms, quite seedlings (Prosopis juliflora velu- which were its original habitat, to the tina (Woot.)) were found on the Santa ridges and mesa uplands. It is estimated Rita Experimental Range shortly after that mesquite now occurs on at least the start of summer rains. Only 16 per 60 million acres in Arizona, New Mexico, cent of the seedlings occurred under the and Texas. crowns of seed-bearing mesquites, with Mesquite seedlings occur in great num- the remainder being found in small, bers during favorable years. For example, sandy washes and gravel fans and on the Fisher (1947) has reported over 1,200 open, more porous soils. Many of the young mesquite seedlings per acre in seedlings were in clusters ranging up to Texas, while in southern Arizona 416 13 seedlings per cluster. In each cluster new seedlings per acre were counted. the seedlings emerged from an area ap- It is the purpose of this paper to present proximately 1 inch in diameter. An exam- some of the findings on the mortality of ination of several of these seedling clus- naturally occurring young mesquite seed- ters and data on population and food lings as a background for a better under- habits of the Merriam kangaroo rat by standing of an attack on this serious Reynolds and Glendening (1949) indicates range problem. This study is part of that the caches of this rodent are impor- investigations being conducted by the tant in the spread of mesquite. The num- Southwestern Forest and Range Experi- bers of July 1948 seedlings on this and ment Station in cooperation with the similar sites were 22 per acre under cattle University of Arizona under RMA Proj- and rodent protection; 129 under cattle ect RM :b-4 on ecology and physiology of exclusion; and 269 under grazing by cattle undesirable range plants. and rodents. Seedling numbers on the The study was conducted on the Santa above sites were in direct proportion to Rita Experimental Range, about 30 the number of the Merriam kangaroo rats which averaged 1.1, 1.5, and 3.5 1Maintained by the Forest Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture for Arizona, New rats per acre, respectively. Germination Mexico, and West Texas, with headquarters at from these seed spots occurred at least Tucson. over a period of two growing seasons as
281 282 IIAROLD A. PAULSEN, JR. evidenced by the presence of new and from cattle or rodents, as existed in the old seedlings from the same cluster and moderate1.y grazed pasture in which the also the presence of sound seeds which had exclosure was situated. as yet not germinated (Fig. 1). At t,he time the seedlings were staked
not shown in the photograph.
The art?a on rhich mesquite seedling out, the following observations and meas- mortality was studied is located at an urements were made: elevation of 3,700 feet, and receives an 1. Kumber of seedlings per cluster average of 14.5 inches of annual rainfall. 2. Height of the tallest seedling The surface soil is coarse and open and 3. Evidence and cause of grazing is underlain by a tight, rocky subsoil at damage approximately 16-20 inches. 4. Perennial vegetation within twelve On July 29, 1948, xl-hen the mesquite inches of the seedlings seedlings wre 10 to 15 days old, 100 5. Distance to base of nearest sced- seedlings rrere staked out for observation bearing mesquite under each of three conditions as follow: Subsequent observations n-we made on (1) protection from cattle and rodents, all seedlings at, veekly in&v& through obtained by placing small cones of $-inch September 1948, and monthly observa- wire mesh over seedlings located within tions after that time. a cattle- exclosure, (2) protection from Measurements of root and stem lengths cattle but subjected to yearlong rodent vxe made five times during the 15 grazing as existed on seedlings within months the seedlings nwe under observa- the cattle rxcloswe, and (3) no protection tion. These measurement,s were made at MORTALITYOF MESQUITESEEDLINGS 283 times when the seedlings had just com- seedlings lost either were entirely removed pleted a critical period in their growth or had been cut off at the ground level. cycle, when an appreciable difference At this time the plants are green and might be expected in the root and stem succulent and are sought out by the lengths. Root lengths were obtained by rodents in the area. Leaf cutting and feed- excavating seedlings of the same age ing by ants and other insects also occur located adjacent to those followed in the at this time. the study. The effect of rodent grazing in reduc- ing mesquite seedling numbers is readily PERTINENT FINDINGS seen by a comparison of the mortality Mesquite seedling mortality begins curves (Fig. 2). While the early loss of shortly after germination and emergence, seedlings in the cattle protected area which follows soon after the start of was much less than on the area open to effective summer rains. By the end of grazing, in both cases mortality of the the first two growing seasons, the large seedlings at the end of the second grow- majority of mesquite seedlings were ing season amounted to about 95 percent. eliminated (Fig. 2). It was impossible to The lower mortality rate under cattle
JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT 1948 1949 FIG. 2. Cumulative mesquite seedling mortality from August 1948 through September 1949 under three levels of protection.
determine the specific cause for each loss protection is due to a lesser degree of because grazing and drought damage rodent pressure rather than elimination often occurred coincidentally on the of the cattle grazing factor. Mortality same plant. However, rodent grazing of seedlings under total protection, how- appeared to be the main cause in these ever, was considerably lower throughout high initial losses since many of the the entire period of study and more than 284 HAROLD A. PAULSEN, JR. half survived the second summer. Seed- Additional seedling losses occurred with ling mortality by this time is believed to releafing in the spring. Rodent and insect have reached the maximum and will grazing is believed largely responsible. level off at approximately 47 percent Some plants recorded as having died in under protection from cattle and rodents, the spring probably died sometime earlier 94 percent under cattle protection, and but unless there was clear evidence of 96 percent under open grazing. death, the plants were carried on the The above data on mortality when records as #living until they failed to leaf viewed in light of the emergence of 22, out in the spring and the loss was definite. 129, and 269 seedlings per acre, as re- Since these losses during the spring of ported by Reynolds and Glendening, 1949, there has been very littale change in indicate that the ultimate rate of estab- numbers surviving. Occasional losses oc- lishment of mesquite seedlings could be curred through the summer of 1949, in the order 12, 8, and 10 per acre on evidently from a combination of grazing areas protected from cattle and rodents, and drought. By this time, however, the protected from cattle only, and on areas seedlings were sufficiently well established open to grazing by cattle and rodents. to withstand any grazing short of actual Drought and unusually low winter decapitation below the cotyledonary temperatures during the period the study node, and the root system had developed was in progress doubtless contributed to enough that complete drought kill was the high seedling losses. Rainfall during not common. July of 1948 was 23 percent above the long-time average. This plentiful moisture TABLE 1 brought about germination of mesquite Stem and root lengths of mesquite seedlings at the seeds which, since the 1948 spring bean end of critical seasonal growing periods crop did not mature, must have been TAP STEM PERIOD ROOT 1LENGTH stored in the soil at least since 1947. 1LENGTH During August, however, only 48 percent inches inches of the average precipitation fell. As a Initial Measurement (July 29, result many of the seedlings began show- 1948)...... 2.2 3.7 ing signs of wilt’ing within three weeks End of First Summer Growing after emergence. Losses continued high Period (September 1948). . . . 2.2 15.0 until rains occurred late in September at End of Winter (March 1949). . 2.0 20.6 which time the mortality rate generally End of Dry Spring (June 1949). 2.2 22.2 End of Second Summer Growing leveled off under all degrees of protection Period (September 1949). . . . 3.0 27.1 (Fig. 2). Seedling losses were low in October and November but increased during the As shown in Table 1, growth of the winter months. The seedlings dropped above-ground portion of the mesquite their leaves in December and appeared to seedlings was slow throughout the ent’ire have hardened off. A low temperature of year. Observations indicated that this is 15°F. in January resulted in additional the usual behavior on semidesert ranges losses from frost heaving under all de- during drought periods. After an initial grees of protection. Climatic data show rapid elongation of the hypocotyl and such a low temperature only once in the stem, very little additional above-ground last 16 years, and losses from frost heaving growth was made during the first grow- are believed to be unusual on mesquite. ing season. Root lengths did increase appreciably, however, throughout the ment. At the end of the second growing period. Excavation of representative seed- season many lateral roots \vere found. lings only 3 reeks after emergence showed Thcsc originated about 12 to 14 inches t,hat tap roots averaged 13.1 inches in below the surface of the soil. Tap roots length (Fig. 3). This rapid elongation of at this time had penetrated to a depth of 27.1 inches. When the sredlings loafed out in the spring of 1949, dieback to the first node below the terminal bud was n&iced in almost all case& This resulted in t,he formation of several new branches from lateral buds. Fisher, F&s, and Hopp (19%) have reported multiple branching of honey mesquite trees following scvcro frost in,jury in Texas. Grazing, drought, frost, or ot,her factors rhich rrsult. in dieback will lead to the development of velvet mesquite seedlings wit,h more than one main Arm. These factors, operating in t,he past,, doubtless account in part for the presence of many of t,he multiple- stemmed trees now present in southern Ariaonn. There was no difference in seedling survival or mortality assoeiat,ed wth proximity of other perennial vegetation, which consisted primarily of scattered burrovwd; the dist~ancc to the nearest plant averaging 7.8 inches for bot,h surviv- ing and eliminated seedlings. Losses of single seedlings rere 77 percent. In seedling clust,ers of 2, 3, and 4, losses were 64, 80, and Gi percent, respectively. This xould seem to indirate that under the conditions of this st,udy neither inter- nor intra-specific competition vxs as im- portant in causing seedling loss as were the factors of rodent grazing and the generally low soil moisture conditions during the study. the tap root immediately following ger- Despite a high rate of mortality mination is probably important, in the through the first two growing seasons, successEul establishment of the seedlings enough 1~11 established seedlings remain which survived. nleasurement of the to increase the mesquite &and at the root systems in late September 1948, rate of at least 8 trees per acre per year. showed tap roots to br 15.0 inches in An annual increase of this magnitude length wi-ith very little lnteral develop- for comparable range sites would rapidly 286 HAROLD A. PAULSEN, JR. intensify the mesquite problem and is the first summer growing season, and cause for even greater concern when it is unusually low winter temperatures which realized that the rate of increase will occurred during the study period, were become progressively larger as new trees also important factors which contributed reach seed-bearing size. to the high mortality rate. After two growing seasons, tap roots SUMMARY had developed to approximately 27 inches The mesquite invasion of range lands in length, and it is believed that those in the Southwest has progressed rapidly seedlings remaining alive at this time are in spite of a high rate of seedling mor- capable of surviving subsequent droughts tality. A study of some of the factors and developing into mature trees. affecting the mortality of velvet mesquite The increase in the mesquite stand seedlings which emerged during the sum- which would result from the successful mer of 1948 on the Santa Rita Experi- establishment of the remaining seedlings mental Range showed that at the close as shown in this study would be not less of the second growing season, seedling than eight trees per acre per year. As addi- mortality was 96, 94, and 47 percent tional trees reach seed-bearing size, the under the following levels of protection: rate of increase may be expected to be- open to yearlong grazing by cattle and come progressively more rapid and to rodents, cattle exclusion, and protection intensify the problem even further. from cattle and rodents. LITERATURE CITED Grazing by several species of native rodents present on the area was the most FISHER, C. E. 1947. Present information on the mesquite problem. Texas Agr. Expt. Sts. important factor in eliminating mesquite Progress Rept. No. 1056, 7 pp. (processed). seedlings during the first two growing FISHER, C. E., J. L. FULTS, AND H. How. 1946. seasons. Previous work has .shown that Factors affecting action of oils and water- one of these, the Merriam kangaroo rat, soluble chemicals in mesquite eradication. helps to disseminate the seeds and is Ecol. Mono. 16: 109-126. REYNOLDS, H. G. AND G. E. Glendening. 1949. associated with the occurrence of great Merriam kangaroo rat a factor in mesquite numbers of mesquite seedlings. propagation on southern Arizona range Subnormal rainfall, especially during lands. Jour. Range Management 2 : 193-197.
BRIEFS
The Arizona Cattlelog, of the Arizona Cattle Growers Association, goes contrary to a popular trend with this advice: “The best place to find a helping hand is at the end of your own arm.”
The success of ranching is in relation to the degree you practice selective neglect.- J. Bruce Orcutt, Miles City, Montana. Why Haven’t Farmers and Ranchers Taken to Regrassing?
HARVEY L. HARRIS Rancher, Sterling, Colorado
ILLIONS of acres in the West are fect experiment on a limited or non- M lying almost worthless. With the typical acreage. Then, finding a special million dollar new wheatgrass and other problem such as seepage or low fertility, grasses having proven their value as the they allow this red herring to get them best possible crops for these acres, why off the main track. is there such a lethargy? Why haven’t The best engineers in any industry do we ranchers and farmers taken the ball not have to sell their own “brainchildren.” as all the facts and figures show we Mr. Kettering of General Motors prob- should? ably couldn’t sell newspapers in competi- Selfishness, yes! But it goes a lot deeper. tion with modern newsboys. But our Many individuals who have not been splendidly trained and loyal technicians sold on the income-producing values of have been forced to try and get the whole regrassing are naturally holding back job done. The result-a big array of because of the high prices for farm prod- proven facts on every phase of the re- ucts. Why haven’t they been sold? The grassing problems is in USDA bulletins, day of reckoning is near when wheat and college publications, and available in other crop acreages must be cut. Many of every County Agent’s office. And there us will be much sadder than if we had they stay. Columns, tables of facts, pages been told in time. And why haven’t we? of small print, all chock-full of money Maybe, because too many researchers for the mere study of them. But they read and write only research papers, while are unused, unasked for-just like Ford ranchers and farmers read or hear only building up a daily manufacturing capac- popular farm or livestock articles or ity of 10,000 cars without hiring a sales reports. force to sell them.
OUR TECHNICIANSARE NOT SALESMEN TECHNICIANSARE CONSERVATIVE By very definition, our technical men Our technicians are true scientists. in the agricultural colleges and various They know the results of various new experiment stations are trained for re- grasses sometimes for years before they search, for the test tubes and small will release them. Their training has plots. To them has fallen the job of made them so. They want to be letter analyzing and visualizing the problems, perfect with no comebacks. They will and then, with limited funds, always not take the calculated risk. In far more limited funds, of trying to get the most important matters, as the winning of enterprising cooperators in their districts wars or our international policies, we to experiment in the field with actual must take these risks. Our researchers plantings. And too many researchers are could merely preface their 99.44 percent not yet doing enough outfield tests. In- findings with “it is believed”-and we stead, they are trying to develop a per- out on the ranches and farms will take 287 288 HARVEY L. HARRIS them at that, then start and get the A leading advertising authority once job done. We take a 51 percent chance said, “If you want to get your advertis- every day with the weather, the wind, and ing message across, write it for a lo-year- the elements. The technicians should old mentality.” For most of us out in the raise their sights and instead of working fields that is a maximum. Most bulletins on a 5 percent level of significance, report are written for fellow specialists, not for their results at a 25 percent or 30 percent us. The obligation of state and Federal level. research should be to get all data to those Five years ago in those laboratories it who can and will have to use it. We need was known that intermediate wheatgrass the practical significance. Aim it at us was a wonderful grass, but if I had not very simply. Put it cryptically, point by heard of it through a keyhole, I’d still point, in short sentences and simple be trying to get some seed to plant. I words. have been raising it now for 3 years. Right If all these data are to be used, get at this moment there are probably newer them to us automatically. Every time I and better grasses, 95 percent proven, write to a new source for a bulletin, I that will not get off the small plots and run into new untapped fields of knowl- that we will not hear of for years, because edge. But how did I know? Having some the last minutia has not been nailed engineering background I am luckily a down. little tainted too with the technique of Lay it on the line and let us decide. research; I wrote Washington for a bibli- There will be failures, but immeasurably ography of publications. But most of us more will be accomplished. Take crested will not do this, partly because, from wheatgrass. In their efforts to be careful Washington down to the local county the technicians have sung from the house- agent, everything is tuned for the re- tops that crested wheatgrass was the search-minded. Since we will not ask for perfect grass for the “go-back,” or the it, this information should be assembled abandoned croplands, where you can’t or at timely intervals in a single bulletin or wouldn’t plant anything else. Actually, progress report, and funnelled through crested wheatgrass was always worthy of some agency trained in salesmanship and our BEST LAND. But now with crop advertising, direct to the users-the acreages to be cut, there will have to be ranchers and farmers. a lot of reselling to get it onto our best THE NATIVE RANGE BOGEY wheatlands. In the last dust-bowl days, with poorer LAZY MENTAL ACROBATS methods, we were told it was a cardinal We ranchers and farmers are generally sin to plow up any native range for too cumbersome and mentally lazy to regrassing. After each war we did plow up take advantage of the wonderful array of native sod, to the tune of $2.00 per bushel data which has been gotten together for wheat, and the plaudits of politicians us. We do not like to fight through any who glorified our efforts of increasing article that issues a mental challenge. production. But should we never do it, We generally would rather do without regardless of the soil, or the size of the something very vital for our good, if it area, if the operator is a good one and requires sitting down and having to knows the dangers? Can our efforts to write a letter or even a postal card increase our grass for longtime range (except to a mail-order house). improvement, be any more dangerous FARMERS,RANCHERS AND REGRASSING 289 than breaking out hundreds of thousands income is gone. And all in a matter of of acres for wheat? When sound grazing months, not years. We know enough to tests carried on by some of our U. S. Sta- start the job NOW. Give us efficiency tions have proven that native range re- experts who will act as liaison to t’ake seeded with some of the newer grasses the data from the technicians and sell will produce 3 to 4 times as much beef it to the men out on the land. Free them gain per acre as good native range, should from red tape, except the urgent job we still do nothing about it? Wouldn’t which must be done. In 1949, there were I be silly not to plow up some of my 200,000 acres seeded in Colorado, but native range when for 3 years of testing 600,000 acres will go out of wheat in 1950 I averaged over 130 pounds of cattle and 1951. At least 3,000,OOO and maybe gain per acre on crested wheatgrass, while closer to 5,000,OOO acres need seeding. on my best native grass, with the same We’ll never catch up at the present, rate type of steers, I got only 30 pounds per and not a minute should be lost in sell- acre. Sure, the new grasses must be used ing the program. conservatively, but with deeper roots and The Production and Marketing Ad- more stubble, why the delay in doing ministration, knowing that something something about it, and in a big way? should be done, has decided to support I think we all know enough about the the price of grass seeds in a similar fashion dangers of blowing for each of us to do to the support of other crops. Among regrassing work within our own limita- other grasses they placed a support price tions. When I told one leading grass of 10 cents a pound on crested wheat- technician that I planned on breaking grass, but only if it was just about per- 100 acres of native range for regrassing, fect seed, with 95 percent purity and he said wryly, “Swell! But don’t talk germination, and if beautifully bagged about it. We could get our throats cut and delivered to the PMA warehouses. for that !” Wheat is still supported at $1.85 per Let’s let our technicians be honest. bushel, or somewhere near that figure. There will be failures, but the benefits But the grass seed to supplant wheat, will far exceed the damages. Tell us to save our hides and keep us all happy about the use of fertilizer on dry land. and thriving is supported at a price that There must be some formula for its safe wouldn’t even interest a banker. That is use where precipitation is 15 inches or no support price if we want action. It is less per year. What about the studies on an open invitation to a certain loss. Such legumes which have been in the nurseries seed quality does not often happen except for 10 years, but still are not ready for in a nursery. So, who is being fooled, if field use? we really want the job done, and quickly? LACK OF SEED The Brannan plan does not pretend to know within billions of dollars what its The bottleneck is the lack of seed, and it will always be, until we get the ideas program would cost; and yet many, up across. If we have a problem of surpluses, to and including the President, herald it it will become worse before it gets better, as a panacea for our ills. By the same so this is no time for too much theory. accurate method of figuring, let us spend 195 1 will be bad. 1952 will be terrible ; just as many unknown dollars on a care- dust-bowls everywhere or farmers sud- fully thought out, non-political program denly awakened to the fact that their of regrassing. If half is a complete failure 290 HARVEY L. HARRIS
the balance will still be here for cattle hold it up because of some petty insignifi- forage 100 years from now. cance. Grab a hold of present problems like one U. S. Station which picked up WHAT TO Do ABOUT IT the gossip that a light colored steer did Get eight men of the right type to- better than a dark colored one. They gether around a table, have them decide quickly proved it did if it was of better each step that should be taken-then quality originally but not because of let’s go. Get eight men of the Billy color. That data was in the hands of Mitchell and George Patton type-men the ranchers as soon as the experiment who know their subject better than any- was completed. one else; who will take a court martial 6. If a bonus of $5.00 per acre for every rather than be “yes” men, and who do acre planted is needed to encourage do not have to worry about their jobs, regrassing, then pay it. What would if their ideas do not happen to jibe with ,$5,000,000 for reseeding amount to com- Department of Agriculture regulation pared with the increased value on No. PBX73. In 60 days they would have l,OOO,OOOacres? Especially when we are the program visualized and the organiza- going to spend $200,000,000 on some tion set up to carry it out. irrigation projects in Italy, and billions In an attempt to help these eight men, all over the world for the help of all under- the following suggestions might give them privileged! Let’s give the “offal” of all a starting point. this money to our own right here in 1. Let’s do as we preach. How many this country. higher-ups in the bureaucracy have land 7. If the price of grass seed needs and have planted any of the new grasses, support so that it will be planted, it or undertaken any of the newer methods? should have enough of a support that 2. Let the right hand know what the will get results. left is doing. Let’s have some liaison. 8. Spend some of this for more grass Take the fetters away from our techni- nurseries, land capability classifiers, cians and let them say what they know agronomists, economists, farm planners and think, but make them keep up-to- and range managers. date too! 9. Give the State of Colorado, and 3. Organize the whole effort with duties maybe your state too, just one Exten- where they should be; technical matters sion Range Management Specialist. Three- and experiments to be conducted by those fourths of this state is chiefly suitable for who know how; promotion and selling of grazing; income from livestock exceeds all the ideas to be in the hands of men who other crops (most of it comes from grass), know just as much of those phases of the problem-with all the wonderful and there is no one authority functioning results achieved by the technical men on this tremendous industry from this put at the disposal of this master sales standpoint. group. 10. Be honest about regrassing. Take 4. Remember the market. The selling the halo from the native grass and put approach hasn’t been too effective. it where it belongs. Give us a better Ranchers and farmers are now rather chance to compete with “Wheaties” and dubious, so some reselling is needed. the “macaronis” and reduce the price 5. Have bulletins timely and on time. of meat, by doubling our yield per acre. If a new idea has a 50-50 chance, don’t The new grasses will do it. Wildlife Depredations on Broadcast Seedings of Burned Brushlands
WALTER E. HOWARD Assistant Zoologist, Agricultural Experiment Station, Division of Zoology, University of California, Davis, California
Agricultural Commissioners. Milton A. N California, dense stands of undesir- Miller and other Farm Advisors of the I a,ble woody vegetation or “brush” are University of California Agricultural Ex- being removed by burning, followed by tension Service provided valuable infor- seeding of forage grasses or legumes mation to this study, and individuals of where natural reseeding of herbaceous the U. S. Forest Service and the California vegetation will not occur. This is part of Division of Forestry gave frequent help. a range improvement program to convert SEED TREATMENT some of the 10 or more millions of acres of brushland in California into more pro- A satisfactory repellent is needed to ductive grasslands (Love and Jones, protect broadcasted seeds from rodents, 1947). Depredations by seed-eating ro- birds, and harvester ants. Since no effec- dents, birds, and harvester ants may tive repellent is now known, dyes and prevent a broadcast seeding from being rodenticides are being employed as a successful. Such failures frequently have temporary expedient for protecting seeds. been wrongfully ascribed to unfavorable Birds are extremely hesitant to eat weather, adverse site conditions or poor seeds that are abnormally colored. Dur- germination, since these factors are the ing the nineteenth century, brilliant dyes more obvious causes of failures and loss were applied to seed grain in Europe to of seed is not easily observed. prevent its being “pulled” by rooks, All tests included in this report were jackdaws, and other species. More re- made in Madera County while the author cently, Kalmbach (1943)) Glading, Ender- was stationed at the San Joaquin Ex- lin, and Hjersman (1945), and Kalmbach perimental Range; field observations were and Welch (1946) have studied the color- made in other parts of California also. ing of cereal baits for rodent control to Acknowledgments are due many ranchers deter beneficial birds from eating the and county, state, and federal personnel poisoned materials. A yellow aniline dye for their assistance and comments on the named National Brilliant Yellow S.P. depredations by wildlife in their respec- has proven most satisfactory. Hard, tive localities. The material used in Table waxy-coated seeds are difficult to dye. 2 and some of the field trials were done The dye is used to protect the seeds from in cooperation with Jay R. Bentley of birds when seeding ranges, whereas in the California Forest and Range Experi- rodent control, the dye is used to protect ment Station. Assistance on methods of birds from the poisoned seeds. Presum- treating seeds was provided by the Wild- ably, birds can learn to eat colored seeds, life Research Laboratory of the U. S. but an adult song sparrow and crown Fish and Wildlife Service, California sparrow did not become accustomed to Department of Agriculture, and County eating yellow ryegrass seeds after being 291 292 WALTER E. HOWARD
offered a mixture of dyed and plain seeds rodents in control operations but, mainly, for three and four weeks, respectively. to protect the seeds in range seeding. Both birds died of starvation when the Not all small rodents are poisoned, but uncolored ryegrass seeds were removed, those not killed are largely repelled. even though yellow seeds covered the Compound “1080” (sodium fluoro- entire floor of the cage. acetate) has proven more effective than
TABLE 1 Germination of seeds, in percent, treated with dye, poisons, and a lecithin-mineral oil spreader, as determined by tests with petri dishes (P), sand (S), and 5 months after storage (5).1
LENGTH TYPE STRYCHNINE “1080” DDT ANLI SPECIES TESTED OF TEST OF CONTROL AND DYE AND DYE DYE IN DAYS TEST
Harding grass 28 S 46.50 42.50 Phalaris tuberosa 5 47.50 32.25
Rhodes grass 14 P 73.00 68.25 65.75 Chloris gayana 5 67.50 62.25 65.00
Orchard grass 18 S 72.00 73.00 66.50 Dactylis glomerata 5 70.00 67.25 68.50
Ryegrass 14 P 96.25 293. 25 293.50 96.00 93.75 Lolium sp 5 95.25 79.50 85.25 88.50 94.25
Subterranean clover 14 S 366.00 353.50 357.50 Trijolium subterraneum 5 65.75 57.50 57.25
Yellow sweetclover 7 S 394.50 390.50 Melilotus oficinalis 5 95.25 89.00
Bur clover 14 S 351.00 342.00 Medicago hispida 5 55.00 45.75
Alfalfa 7 S 392.50 391.50 Medicago sativa 5 92.00 86.50
Purple and common vetches 10 S 96.00 95.00 Vicia spp. 5 96.00 93.00
1 The seeds were treated by H. T. McLean, Agricultural Commissioner of Madera County and tested by the Seed Laboratory of the California Department of Agriculture. 2 Roots very short. In petri dish tests, the poison accumulates around the roots. 3 Percentage of legumenous seeds having unusually hard seed coats and abnormal sprouts are not included.
Artificially colored seeds are not pro- strychnine .in protect,ing seeds from ro- tected from rodents for these animals dents and ant’s, and it is much cheaper. are color-blind, but when also treated Unfortunately “1080” is extremely poi- with rodenticides, in the same manner as sonous and there is no known antidote. in preparing cereal rodent baits, they are No one should treat forage seeds with less likely to be destroyed by rodents. any rodent poison without first consult- Seeds are treated with poisons to kill ing his local rodent control official. He is arldhorizrd to handle rodent poisons and t.he rate which birds, rodents, and har- may bc able to control the rodents and vester ants took seeds broadcasted on harvester ants either before thr hmsh is hums in Madrra Count,y during 1948-50. burned or just, hefore the area is seeded. .-\ho”t, 400 powls of forage seeds t,reated ITse of “1080” for protecting seeds is j”s- with dye, poison, or both, were exposed t,ifird only until a cheaper and less-toxic in comparison with larger amount,s of repellent for rodents, ants, and possibly untreated seeds on 20 plot,s varying in birds can be fowd. size from a few sqnnw yards to about ten Since it is import,ant, that “either dye acres, and at, r1evations of 1,000 to 3,000 nor poison impair the viability of wrds feet. In all instnnrrs proprrly treated used for range improvement,, germination seeds rccrived markrd hen&t; however, tests were made immediately aft,er apply- some of these sredings still wre not SW-
ing the dye and poison and again after cessful becanse of drought or frost up- five months of storage on nine speeics heaval (Fig. I). (Table 1). Dye \vas used at the rate of The r&e xhich broadcasted se& are txo ounces per 100 pounds of seed; the removed by wildlife is variable. Many poisons wcrc 10 ouuxs of stryrhnina, tvo areas do not have harvester ants. Dense ounces of “1080,” or 10 ounces of I)DT stands of a single species of brush, par- per 100 pounds of seed. There \vas no ticularly chamise (Adenoslomn Jascicda- appnxxable differcnee in germination as a turn), support but a sparse pop&&m result of the trealments or of five months of hirds and rodents and in such regions of storage. loss of seeds may not be excessive. In the proximity of cover for birds, rodent WILDLIFE DEPRED.LTIONS OK SCIXIIXGS burrows, or ant colonies, seeds rni~y dis- Treatment Cth n yelkm dye and either appear rapidly. One of the better patches strychnine or “1080” materially rcduccd of ryegrass that occurred on the seeding 294 WALTER E. HOWARD plots put out in 1949 was from untreated furnished deep ash, and rain two or three seeds on digger pine (Pinus sabiniana) days after sowing afforded the seeds ash; however, the ryegrass seeds near considerable protection from wildlife. brush and oaks on the remainder of this The rancher protected the perennials plot largely disappeared and most of the after they germinated by having his son bur clover was lost on the entire plot. regularly shoot rabbits and rodents. That On one plot with seeds treated by yel- portion of the seeding which was not low dye and “1080,” very few were miss- successful the first year was reseeded the ing 111 days after sowing. There was no following year and this seed covered by rain during the interval and seeds re- trampling with livestock. In the second mained in place where they fell, even on year after the burn the remaining dead top of rocks and other exposed places. brush and trees were cut, piled and On a control area planted at the same burned, and the ash spots were seeded. time, most of the untreated seeds were There Was a rather rapid and complete gone when next examined 44 days later, disappearance of the seeds because rains although a few ryegrass seeds still were were late, thus enabling birds and rodents present after 111 days. to take them. The rancher reseeded the In another test about 150 pounds of area again, in the snow, and the follow- six species of annual and perennial ing spring many plants had germinated. range-plant seeds were broadcast on 30 Seeds treated with strychnine are acres of ash: 10 pounds of this seed were more vulnerable to harvester ants than treated with yellow dye and strychnine those poisoned with “1080.” Of six plots and were sowed on a one-acre plot. Forty- where seeds treated with strychnine and five days later only the treated seeds could yellow dye were broadcasted on thick be found, even in deep ash, except for ash, two were devoid of seeds when ex- some untreated seeds adjacent to the amined one and one-half months later. one-acre plot of treated seeds. Some of Near each of these plots was a colony of these one-acre plots lacking visible seeds harvester ants having colored hulls and had received as much as 16 pounds. seeds in their nests. On a three and one- Three months after the seeding only half acre plot broadcasted with “1080”- treated seeds could be found, but even coated seeds, all nearby ant colonies were most of them, which had been treated inactive when next examined a month and with strychnine, were missing also. Sev- a half later. Several thousand dead ants eral rains had occurred but it had been were counted on one ant hill. On another too cold for germination. Among the seed- area that received “1080” seeds, and that eating animals living on the plots were was examined the next day, there were pocket mice, kangaroo rats, white-footed hundreds of dead and dying harvester mice, a covey of quail, and harvester ants at each colony. ants. The day after the treated seeds were put out one dead kangaroo rat was DISCUSSION found; its cheek pouches were full of If seeds can be covered by use of drill, broadcasted seeds but the strychnine had drag, or harrow, or by trampling of live- acted before the animal could cache stock, they will be less exposed to removal them. by rodents, birds, and ants; often, how- One of the most successful seedings of ever, none of these methods is practicable a small brush burn was on a ranch near in rugged terrain. Seeds broadcasted into North Fork, California. A good burn soft ash immediately after burning ac- WILDLIFE DEPREDATIONS ON SEEDINGS 295 quired partial immunity from wildlife, less than one month, 1,050 cc. of small but only until the more exposed seeds weed seeds and 565 acorns, all in one were taken. Seedings delayed until the nest. Each acorn was carried at least first fall rains were more successful than 120 feet, the distance from the nearest seedings made immediately after the branch of an oak tree to the nest (How- fire because they were available to seed- ard, 1949). Rodents not only remove eating wildlife for a shorter time before seeds from sowings on range lands but germinating. The earlier that seedings are they often are an important obstacle to made during the summer the longer the reforestation for the same reasons (Bram- seeds are exposed to the ravages of ble, et al, 1949; Horn, 1938). wildlife. When unfavorable weather de- Birds must eat seeds one by one, thus lays germination until the following individually remove them at a slower spring, seeds may be exposed to wildlife rate than rodents which are able to for many months, seven months being transport seeds in their pouches and the longest interval observed by the cache them. However, in many localities author. there may be present, at some seasons of Rodents, birds, and harvester ants the year, flocks of crowned sparrows were found still living in the same general (Zonotrichia), other sparrow-sized birds, areas following controlled burns. Appar- mourning doves, valley quail, or towhees ently most rodents and ants are able to to pick up seeds. escape the fires by going below ground, The number of harvester ants (Ver- while birds are able to fly out and return omessor andrei) present in any of the after the ash cools or escape to islands burned areas has not been determined missed by the fires. Burned areas which but colonies often are only fifty feet or require seeding are those that would less apart. More than 2,000 dead ants otherwise be largely devoid of herbaceous were near the entrance of one colony vegetation; thus, in such instances, the that had gathered seeds treated with seed-eating animals survive the fires but the rodenticide “1080”. Ant hills, which their food supply does not. Birds and actually are not much of a hill, can harvester ants have been observed eat- readily be located from more than one ing broadcasted seeds; rodents have had hundred feet away a short time after them in their pouches when trapped or seeding by the presence of seed hulls poisoned. around the entrance of the colonies Ground squirrels, although sometimes (Fig. 2). The hills become most con- most in evidence, usually are not as im- spicuous when dyed seeds are broad- portant as seed eaters as the less conspicu- casted, for the colony entrances then ous and more abundant white-footed become yellow. mice, pocket mice, kangaroo rats, kanga- In some areas rodents require con- roo’ mice, and grasshopper mice. Wood- trolling at the time seeds germinate, if rats, chipmunks, and tree squirrels when the animals have not been effectively present will take seeds. The larger rodents, reduced in numbers by earlier operations like squirrels, do not appear to feed on (also mentioned by Bridges, 1942). Where small seeds as readily as do mice. Little perennials have been seeded, control of is known regarding the rate which rodents both rodents and rabbits may be neces- gather seeds. A family of about twelve sary, especially later in the year after deermice (Peromyscus maniculatus) liv- the annual forage becomes dry. Control ing in a Michigan grassland cached, in of pocket gophers often is needed before a successful stand of perennials can he established (Love and Jones, 1947). Deer, on occasion, vi11 graze heavily on seeded plants. An example of damage rodents and rabbits may inflict on mature forage was obtained from two adjacent plots where a similar mixture of seeds mere
H. ryeKms8 broadcasted over each plot (Table 2). (Loliam sp.) Rrush >vas piled and burned on two 12 x 50-foot plots between ONeals’ and Harding grass North Fork, Madera County, California (Phalaris luberosa) on October 25, 1947. Seeds were broad- Smile cast into the soft ash two days later. (Oy4zopsis miliaeea) Livestock wre excluded from both plots. Rodents and rabbits nwe excluded from Ladak alfalfa one of the plots (except for at least one (Medicago saliua) pocket gopher and one ground squirrel BUI-Ilet that managed to get in). Deer grazed in (Sangaisorba minor) both of them. The seeds xv-ere exposed to birds and ants in both plots, but to Others rodents only in one plot. A useful method to learn the fate of seeds that have been broadcast is to Nine‘ per ecnt of tl construct wire cages of t-inch hardware gazed but only one aas grazed to the ground. cloth and place them over known amounts Two were killed by a pocket gopher that got and kinds of seeds with similar samples in the enclosure. adjacent outside the cages (Fig. 3). The resultant grovth of grasses is ranker under the cages because of insulation as ryegrass. Ryegrass seeds are not likely by the wire. Thr cngcs had little cffrct to bc taken if other foods are available. when placed over forage that had al- If the seeds are dyed yellow, bird depre- ready germinated and was about +-inch dations are considerably reduced. If also high. treated with it rodenticide, such as “lOSO”, Further studies are needed to learn harvester ants are killed and rodents are m”rr effective mcthodn for treating cithcr killed or effectively repelled. .Ln seeds to reduce losses by rodents, birds, effective and economical repellent to w and ants, especially to obviate use of place the dye and highly toxic poison is substances as t,oxic as “1080”. A need needed. 298 WALTER E. HOWARD
tion of prairie deermice on the George Re- KALMBACH, E. R. AND J. F. WELCH. 1946. Col- serve, Southern Michigan. Univ. Mich. ored rodent baits and their value in safe- guarding birds. Jour. Wildlife Management Contrib. Lab. Vertebrate Biol. 43, 50 pp. 10 : 353-360. KALMBACH, E. R. 1943. Birds, rodents and col- LOVE, R. M. AND B. J. JONES. 1947. Improving ored lethal baits. N. Amer. Wildlife Conf. California brush ranges. Calif. Agr. Exp. Trans. 8: 408415. Sta. Circ. 371,31 pp.
WORLD FOOD SUPPLIES
Agriculturists have long been trying to bring into cultivation the marginal and waste lands of their time-so that land which two generations ago seemed hopeless is now in cultivation. The zone of cultivation has greatly widened. But what of the land beyond, that seems hopeless to us? Will our children be able to cultivate it if they want to do so? There are three great difficulties which we have not been able completely to over- come: drought, the uncertainty and variation of yields, and soil erosion. But a good start has been made. It is the combination of soil and climate, and not climate alone, that in many parts of these marginal regions determines the possibility of food pro- duction. We may not be able to change the climate, but the soil certainly can be altered by the growth of grass. Experiments with this purpose in mind are in progress in many countries on marginal lands. The world has been ransacked for drought resistant grasses and improvement has begun on the same lines as were used for wheat including choice of promising varieties, selection of most suitable sorts, and cross-breeding to produce better varieties which has not yet got very far. Crested wheatgrass in America, some of the agropyrons in parts of Africa, and other grasses, have already enabled large areas of waste lands to provide far better grazing than before. Erosion has been better brought under control through the use of proper land utilization programs in which adapted grasses figure largely. There is little doubt that when the need arises, more land can be brought into cultivation. Science can be relied upon to solve the material problems of mankind but we must not think that it can clear up all our difficulties. The hardest and most serious problems of today are essentially moral and spiritual, and with these science can give but little help. Sir John Russell from Presidential address to the British Association for the Advancement of Science, September, 1949. Prepared for Farm Forum. Ranching Services: A Challenge to Rangemen
R. B. PECK Owner, Western Ranching Services, Dalhart, Texas
HE West has long had easy leader- unit is not an uncommon investment in T ship in the livestock production land, with the average running around field. But such a condition appears two to three hundred. about to change if the following four Put the four above trends side by important trends continue. side and the result is significant. Western 1. A well balanced livestock-pasture- grasslands, as a major basic resource, farming economy is building up in the must be given the spotlight in the stock- South and Middlewest. Need of soil men’s affairs, or be relegated to a position revitalization resulting in comparatively of ever increasing dependence on other rapid adjustments in land use is bringing agricultural lands. The former would about the picturesque and economic mean stability for the livestock industry. change. Investments in fertilizer, seed, The latter could lead to Federal control. and fencing in these high rainfall regions But these matters are relative and are will produce 300 to 600 pounds of beef influenced by many other human factors. per acre, as against 10 to 40 pounds per The one fact remains, however, that acre on most western native ranges. management of ranges and the restora- 2. A major shift of national popula- tion of grasses of highest productivity tion toward the West has been apparent as a science must gain the attention of during the last decade. Relocation of stockmen’s groups on an equal footing industrial and technical plants away with markets and livestock management from over-crowded centers of the East, if the industry is to keep pace with other together with promising new industries, agricultural and industrial development holds forth a bright picture for western in the West. The study and application development, where water and raw ma- of grass improvement and management terials hold key influence. knowledge by the individual rancher 3. Our western ranges, while possess- must become as much a part of his ing tremendous potential productive ca- daily thoughts as his concern over market pacity, have seriously declined during reports, or the daily care and handling the past half-century. Only the phe- . of livestock. Making each part of the nomenal improvement in breeds and 1 range produce as much palatable forage more intensive feeding methods stemming as it is capable is as important as making from the hundreds of thousands of cul- steers gain 350 pounds or more by fall. tivated acres producing feeds have offset We need not pause over how far we and actually drawn attention away from are from this goal. To state that the this decline in range condition. distance can be bridged by existing 4. The paradoxical result is that of educational facilities is to admit a shal- ranchers paying competitively higher low understanding of the problem. To and higher prices per acre on a more doubt the possibility of a practical, populous market, while each range acre low-cost range plan adapted to each continues to decline in productive earn- rancher’s operations is to deny the un- ings. Five hundred dollars per animal disputable progress of range research.
299 300 R. B. PECK
Substantial advances have been made there was a demand for private services over the past forty years in plant breed- in getting the results. The same relation- ing and world-wide selection, range ship is being found necessary in carrying seeding methods, soil control, natural out a well-balanced range program of revegetation and grazing management, development and management-a range as well as the recent advent of improved consulting service. Fortunately, the fa- agricultural chemicals. cilities of the Government for technical Now let us look a little farther ahead. advice and information are fully as Supposing you, as a rancher, and the available to the range consultant as to livestock organizations to which you the individual rancher. belong, have adopted an all-out policy Let us briefly examine a few of the of range betterment as a result of your many varied services which a private joint study of the range problem. Range or Ranching Service can bring Existing educational facilities of each to the rancher. state and Federal range agency are 1. Range Analysis and Planning: An barely sufficient to carry out a well inventory of range resources and po- rounded program of education from the tentials is the first important step in higher levels of organization within the any range improvement program: finding livestock industry. The individual ranch out the present range condition, ana- has a different and more pressing require- lyzing causes of any deterioration, de- ment: i.e. a tangible facility for getting termining practical corrective and im- the job done within the framework of a provement measures of management, sound plan over a period of years. and outlining the long-range objectives; It is generally accepted that there is considering the need for brush control a wide gap between technological knowl- or range reseeding. edge and actual practices in range man- 2. Improvement Contractors: The job agement-a gap which cannot be filled of reseeding, brush or weed control, by Government range technicians. The water development, irrigation develop- technicians services are truly educational ment, in connection with the above and they are doing an admirable job in “blueprint” of operations, is something bringing technical advice to the rancher. which pays to have done by an expert But the lag in actual range management who knows how it fits into the over-all remains. plan of management. 3. Range Consultants: Competent coun- RANCHING SERVICES NEEDED sel and advice to the ranchowner should A third participant is needed to always be available on a follow-through achieve range management and improve- basis, and if possible, by the same per- ment. This is readily evident from a sons or firm which carried out the orig- look at other agricultural industries inal plan of improvement. Plans have a such as forestry, farming, marketing, habit of changing, and a personal counsel etc. Where govermment conservation ac- on whom the rancher can always call, tivities have been most numerous, there can be of real value. have sprung up private consulting and 4. Ranch Property Management: Non- farm management services in forestry, resident owners, such as business and plant breeding, feed-seed-fertilizer firms, professional men, investment buyers, and other custom services. Once the ranch estates, and corporations, need problems and needs were understood, competent and experienced management. RANCHING SERVICES 301
A ranching service company can provide can lead to serious loss of grass and soil. this managerial service by providing a, Reseeding, unless the grazing plan is trained manager. Not only can this adjusted to it, can often result in loss of service be rendered to the owner on a the investment in this practice. higher standard of performance than is There is a need for more firms of a usually obtained through the individual purely range-management nature, offer- ranch manager, but it assures the backing ing trained technicians as well as ranch of a technical organization, capable of managers. The need, while real enough, giving the ranch a broad scope of ex- is far from recognition by the average perience usually beyond the ability of resident or non-resident rancher. It is, any one man, and at lower cost. therefore, a field which will be neces- 5. Ranch Supervision: Technical coun- sarily slow in becoming established, be- sel incorporated into ranch supervision cause: (1) It will grow only on the merits is a decided asset to the non-resident of work established, and (2) Nature’s owner. Such service can save the owner response on the western range is slow. much time and expense in travel and The progress of such a company re- worry. He can rest assured that his quires salesmanship of the highest order, plans for the ranch are being carried out plus the experience and ability to re- the way he would want t’hem, by the produce results. Most important in ranch lessee or operator. 4 acquiring the confidence of the ranch- 6. Investment Consultants: Investors in owner is the intermediate contact: an land often need competent technical impartial friend or acquaintance of both advice in the selection of ranch lands parties, who has an appreciation of the which offer an opportunity for a good need and what is required to fill it. return on the investment. Many times To get by the first five years requires a good capital gains investment is over- a considerable original capital. Operations looked by the prospective buyer due to can be begun on the basis of improve- lack of recognition of potential produc- ment contractors in an area of demanding tion which a trained rangeman is quick need, in order to pass the “apprentice” to evaluate. stage. One great hazard confronting the PROBLEMS OF THE RANCHING SERVICE young ranching service company is un- And now a few remarks are in order favorable weather cycles. If the service to those readers of the Journal who are happens to hit a few good years while interested in this work as a business. starting out, it is not too difficult. If the Any one of the many ranching services new service hits a dry year or two at might be considered a business in itself. the beginning, it is out of business. If a Still there is something to be said for problem is very widespread over a ranch, providing all these services through one it is nearly always the wise course to company, a complete ranching facility. spread the work out over several years. Unless each range practice is integrated This allows no major change in type of with the over-all plan of management, grazing management, allows for improve- effectiveness is very often lost. For ex, ment in methods and lowering of costs, ample, water development can lead to and means less gamble with drought. maldistribution of grazing. Control of ‘The ranching service technician can sagebrush by chemicals, unless followed be of material help in closing the gap by a deliberate plan of management, between new technological advances and 302 R. B. PECK daily ranch operations. The experimental years will see problems solved by tech- and scientific world is traveling faster nological processes which we would day by day. So many ideas are coming consider fantastic or phenomenal at out about new products and new methods present. that a person could spend most of his It is of vital importance to western time keeping up with them. The con- rangeland maintenance and development sultant can serve as a screen between for the American Society of Range Man- the rancher and the unscrupulous opera- agement to seriously consider and study tor who would exploit unproven new the need of a sound and responsible ideas. Quite often new ideas and methods group in the ranching services field. A have merit and economic benefit if basic treatment of the subject would applied by someone trained in technical render a real service to the western range work. Certainly the next few livestock industry.
MAKING MONEY ON BEEF The cheapest way to make beef is to let the cattle do as much of the work as possible. Let them harvest a lot of the feed that goes into them, and let them spread their own manure. That means grass. There are a great many good grasses, and a great many ways of using them, to make beef. A system recommended and used at the University of Missouri for making fat 2-year- olds, starts with calves, roughs them two winters, grasses them two summers, and finishes on grain. A. J. Dyer, research cattle feeder at the University, told me that with this method 80 percent of the gain is made from roughage and grass (60 percent just from grass), and the finishing 20 percent from about 10 bushels of corn per head, plus the supple- menting concentrates. With this system of maximum forage and grass and minimum grain it is possible to sell on a minus margin, and still make money on your steers. In Illinois it is called “delayed feeding.” In Kansas a similar system is known as “deferred feeding.” Whatever the name, it lets you use the greatest amount of cheap roughage, and the smallest amount of expensive grain. You take on the least risk, and you can decide any time whether to keep on feeding cheap roughage, or start pouring on the grain to finish them for market. A lot of smart cattle feeders follow this system year after year. Ray Anderson Farm Journal from a condensation in the Farmers Digest February, 1959 Condition and Grazing Capacity of Wet Meadows on the East Slope of the Sierra Nevada Mountains
BASIL K. CRANE Range Consewationist, U. S. Forest Service, Ogden, Utah .
URING the years 1946, 1947, After logging it was burned, sometimes D 1948 and 1949 a range survey repeatedly, and heavily grazed. The was made on that portion of the Sierra original forested area now has some Nevada Mountains included in the good stands of second growth timber, Toiyabe National Forest. Roughly, this large areas of manzanita (Arctostaphylos includes the east slope of the Sierra spp.), snowbush (Ceanothus velutinus), Nevada Mountains from Beckwith Pass some sagebrush (Artemisia trident&u), north of Reno, Nevada to Conway and aspen types (Populus tremuloides) Summit south of Bridgeport, California. that invaded the cut-over areas. These The topography is generally rough with latter t!ypes were probably present in steep slopes and deep canyons. The bulk the original vegetation, but on a much of the soils is derived from granitic rock, smaller area than they now occupy. although there are local areas where Most of the forage is still produced on they developed from parent, rock of wet meadows. volcanic origin. The valleys east of the After examining a number of meadows range have an average elevation of 5,000 at the beginning of the survey, it was feet, and the mountains rise abruptly decided to classify them according to to an elevation of 9,000 to 10,000 feet conditon, and if possible, determine the in a horizontal distance of only a few grazing capacity for each condition class. miles. Average annual precipitation varies Using as guides the criteria developed from 8 to 12 inches near the valley floor by Ellison and Croft in Utah (1944) to 50 to 60 inches at some of the higher and Reid and Pickford in Oregon and elevations. Most of this comes as snow Washington (1946)) tentative condition during the winter months. Summers are classes were set up. These were based dry, with considerable wind and infre- upon the density of the plant cover, the quent storms. floristic composition, the amount and These mountains were originally dispersion of litter, and the presence, covered with forest. This varied from absence or degree of accelerated erosion. pinon pine (Pinus monophylla) at the During the seasons of 1946 and 1947, lower elevations, through Jeffrey pine 206 meadows were classified according (Pinus je$reyi) and lodgepole pine (Pinus to these criteria. Of these, 48 were classed contorta) at the middle elevations, to as excellent, 71 as good, 44 as fair, 32 fir (A bies sp.) on the higher slopes. Wet as poor and 11 as very poor, or depleted. meadows occurred along the streams. A large proportion of those classed as Most of the forest was logged, ’ be- excellent were cultivated and irrigated ginning about 1870, and used for lumber meadows. There were relatively few and fuel in the mining camps from Vir- natural, wild meadows that rated ex- ginia Cit,y to Bodie. Even the pinon cellent, but many of them rated good. pine was cut for fuel in many places. At the end of each of these years some 304 B.4SIL K. CRANE
small changes were made in the require- excellent. One contained 26 acres and ments for each condition class. During the other 16 acres. They had a grazing the years 1948 and 1949 approximately capacity of 3.4 cow months per acre, the same number of meadows were based on moderate utilization. classified as during the previous 2 years, The natural, wet meadow at the but no further changes were made in higher elevation contained 146 acres the requirements. and was classed as good. It had a grazing Grazing capacity studies were started capacity of 1.6 cow months per a,cre, in 1946 by keeping actual use records based on the same degree of utilization. and checking utilization on nine meadow Checks were made on these pastures pastures that had been classified by the for the next 3 years. In 1948 a pasture range survey crew. Seven of these were was constructed at an elevation between between 5,500 and 6,000 feet elevation, 8,500 and 9,000 feet containing 152 acres and two were between 7,500 and 8,000 of good meadow. This was moderately feet elevation. Only three of these, one grazed and had a grazing capacity of at the higher and two at the lower eleva- 1 .l cow months per acre.
TABLE 1 Grazing capacity in cow months per acre for the dijerent’ condition classes of meadow at various elevations _
ELEVATION IN HUSDREDS OF FEET AVERAGE FORAGE COSDITION CLASS ACRE 55-60 60-65 1 65-70 [ 70-75 ( 75-80 80-85 85-90 FACTOR Cow Months Per Acre
Excellent...... 323 3.4 3.1 2.9 2.7 2.5 1.9 1.7 Good...... 206 . 2.2 2.0 1.9 1.8 1.6 1.2 1.1 Fair...... 144 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1 .8 .7 Poor ...... 080 .84 .78 .73 .68 .63 .47 .42 _ tions, were natural, wet meadows. The The lower grazing capacities at higher others were subject to various systems elevations appear to be due to shorter of irrigation. The irrigated meadows growing seasons and lower temperatures had a much higher grazing capacity which result in a smaller volume of than the natural, wet meadows, some forage being produced. Truly alpine as high as 230 percent. This is because meadows with dwarf species were not natural meadows are usually cold and included in this study but would probably waterlogged in the spring and tend to show a still smaller grazing capacity. become dry in the fall, whereas the The average forage acre factors were irrigated meadows can be kept at nearly determined from the 206 meadows optimum growing condition as far as covered by the range survey in 1946 water is concerned. However, the grazing and 1947 and used, along with the capacity varied so widely with the care grazing capacity figures obtained from used in irrigating that these meadows the four natural, wet meadow pastures, were not included in the table of grazing to build a table of grazing capacities for capacities. the four major condition classes at 500- The two natural, wet meadows at the foot elevation intervals. These are shown lower elevations were both classed as in Table 1. Grazing capacity figures CONDITION OK WET MFXDOWS 305 shown for condition classes and &~a- listed under palatable plants, had been tions not tested were arrived at by taken by livestock. interpolation. Ko figures were obtained The condition classes established for meadows in this area are as follows: for the depleted class because these meadows usually require complete rest EXCELLENT CONDITION or other special treatment. The capac- Densit1~AI.7 or more. ities shown in this table must be regarded (ompositirm-Palatable‘ grasses and as approximations only. The fear tests weeds must make up at least 70 percent made can be used as rough guides for of t,hr plant cover (Fig. la). These
stocking meadows in this arei~, and, as should include all species of sedge (Carez such, proved very useful. “pp.), bluegrass (Pm spp.), bentgrass The figures in Table 1 wxe used, (ilgrostis), tufted hairgrass (Deschampsia along vith a forage acre requirement caespitosa), timothy (Phlcum pratense), for the other types (timber, sagebrush, mannagrass (Glyceria striata), velvetgrass aspen, etc.), to check the grazing ca- (Holeus lanatus), orchardgrass (Dactylis pacity of 38 cattle alMments included glomerata), sweet anise (Omorhiza oc- in the area covered by t,he range survey. cidmtalis), and all species of clover Some allotments were checked 3 con- (TrQ”oZoliumspp.) found in these meadows. secutive years, some 2 years and some Mat muhly (Xuhlenbcrgia sq~~arrosa) and only 1 yea. This check was made by pull-up muhly (Xuhlenbcrgia fiZiformis) comparing the calculnted grazing tit- should be confined to meadow edges pacity for the allotment with the current and should make up no more than 5 utilization of forage under the present percent of the composition. Sveet anise rat,e of stocking. There wns a high pro- occurs only under dense willow patches. portion of meador forage on most of the allotments. The estimated capacities Litter and Soil-i%ormally over 75 checked very well, using these figures, percent of t,he ground is covered with rith our concept of proper ut,ilization of litter, but this may be lower if the meadows. They wre considered properly meadox was heavily utilized the pre- utilized when 60 t,o 70 percent by r-eight pious year. There must be a well de- of t,he forage produced, by the species veloped layer of humus and unbroken sod, with no visible erosion resulting FAIR CONDITION from conditions on the meadow (Fig. 1R).
Composition-Palatable grasses and wwds make up at least 35 percent of I)ensity--O.5 or more. the plant cover. Where t,he proportion Composition-Pnlatahle grassrs and weeds must make up at least 45 percent of these falls heIon- 45 percent the differ- of the plant cover. Where t,he proportion ence must be made up with leas palatable, of these falls below GO percent the differ- perennial grasses such as meadow barley. ence must be made up with less palatable, muhly and rush. Meadows in this con- perennial grasses such as meadow barley dition are less dense than those in good (Hordeurn n&sum), muhly, and rush condition and have x greater variety (Juneus spp.). No forhs may he con- of unpalatable weeds. These include sidered except clover “1 ‘ sweet anise those listed under good condition and
when it is confined t,o areas under willow others such ns penstemon (Penslemon), patches. These meadows are similar to falsehellebore (Veratrwn californicum), those in excellent condition except that aster (As&r), iris (Iris missouriensis), t,hey are less dense and have more un- paintbrush (Castilleja) and monkeyflower palatable or less desirable species such (M~mulus). They may also have con- as rush, meadow barley, buttercup siderable rush, meadow barley and (RanuncuZus), dandelion (Taraxacum o& muhly. cinale, cinquefoil (Polentilla), yarrow Litter and Soil-Sormally about 45 percent of the ground is covered wit,h (Achilles Zandosa) and bistort (Poly- litt,er, but this may vary with last years’ ~“num bistortoides) Milization. Sod may be broken with Litter and Soil-normally over GO small, bare areas shoving. The edges of percent of the ground is covered with ~“me stream banks may be bare. Visible litter, but this may vary n?th the pre- erosion is confined to movement of soil vious years’ utilization. There is a well from bare areas to sod areas during developed layer of humus and unbroken storms. There must be no well developed sod, with no visible erosion resulting i-ills “* erosion pavement or gullies I%- from conditions on the meadow. suiting from conditions on the meadow. CONDITIONON WET RiIEADOWS 307
The only soil loss will be very light wind VERY POOR OR DEPLETED CONDITION erosion from small, bare areas, or light Density-Less than 0.25. water erosion around meadow edges Composition--Less than 25 -percent of during storms. the plant cover is made up of palatable POOR COKDITION grasses and weeds. These meadows have a high proportion of willows or rush, Density-O.25 or more. with many unpalatable weeds of the Composition-Palatable grasses and same species listed under poor condition, weeds must make up at least 25 percent together with numerous annuals. of the plant cover (Fig. 2A). Where Litter and Soil-The litter is sparse the proportion of these falls below 35 or nonexistent‘ if the meadow is being percent the difference must be made up grazed. The sod is broken with large, with less palatable, perennial grasses bare areas. Erosion pavement may be such as meadow barley, muhly and rush. present or forming, and loss of soil is These meadows usually have a large shown by topsoil remnants or pedestalled proportion of meadow barley, rush or plants. There is heavy sheet erosion or willow (Salix spp.) with many unpal- well developed rills or gullies. atable weeds such as iris, buttercup, lupine (Lupinus), aster and penstemon. LITERATURE CITED Litter and Soil-The litter is usually ELLISON, L., AND A. R. CROFT. 1944.Principles sparse and poorly dispersed. The sod is and indicators for judging condition and patchy and broken. Regular drainage trend of high range-watersheds. Inter- channels are scoured and have bare mountain For. and Range Exp. Sta. Res. edges (Fig. 2B). There are patches of Paper No. 6. (Processed.) REID, E. H., AND G. D. PICKFORD. 1946. Judg- exposed soil with some erosion by wind ing mountain meadow range condition in and water, but no gullies due to condi- eastern Oregon and eastern Washington. tions on the meadow. U. S. Dept. Agr. Circ. 748,31 pp.
FOOD The future not just of America but of mankind is, Eisenhower feels, jeopardized by hunger. Two-thirds of the worlds’ total population is underfed. At least a billion people never get enough to eat. If improvements in agriculture can help relieve the economic pressures which in turn produce political conflicts, the chances of war are lessened. . “Nothing is more important to the future of the United States than helping to feed the worlds’ hungry people. Food means peace and freedom. Starvation is the weapon of communism.” John Gunther in McCalls, May 1950 Effects of Spring and Fall Grazing by Sheep on Vegetation of the Upper Snake River Plains ’
WALTER F. MUEGGLER Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Ogden, Utah
AGEBRUSH-GRASS range plays an briefly by Craddock and Forsling, the S important part in the western sheep present study gives a more -detailed ac- industry. Because of its topographical count of trends and changes in individual location between low wintering areas species. and high summer ranges it receives use during two separate periods of the year. NIETHoD~ This use occurs in the spring prior to In 1920 two adjacent go-acre pastures readiness of the summer range, at which (Paddocks 1 and 2) were established time ewes with young lambs require near the U. S. Sheep Experiment Station abundant succulent feed, and again in headquarters on sagebrush-grass range. the fall when ewes need conditioning for These pastures have been grazed by breeding. sheep since that time. This study of the effects of spring and From 1923 to 1948 Paddock 1 was fall grazing on sagebrush-grass range was grazed only in the fall of the year while conducted at the U. S. Sheep Experiment Paddock 2 was grazed both in spring and Station near Dubois, Idaho. It is based fall. Average rates of stocking for each upon changes in vegetal composition of four periods prior to vegetal inventories over a 25-year period (1924-49). A are given in Table 1. It can be seen from similar comparison was made by Crad- TABLE 1 dock and Forsling (1938) over a g-year Average stocking rates of Paddocks I and 2 in period from 1924 through 1932. They periods prior to inventory years not only found that heavy spring stocking PADDOCK 1 PADDOCK 2 reduced grasses and forbs while unpal- (FALL USA (SPRIXG AXD FALL USE) atable shrubs greatly increased, but PERIOD OKLY) that heavy fall grazing alone caused an Total ) Spring 1 Fall 1 Total increase in palatable grasses and forbs Steep days per acre while shrubs, chiefly threetip sagebrush 1923-1929 61.8 34.0 12.8 46.8 (Artemisia tripartita), were slightly de- 1930-1935 40.0 16.7 6.8 23.5 creased. They concluded that fall stock- 1936-1940 38.2 9.6 8.0 17.6 1941-1948 ing alone is a method of improving depleted sagebrush-grass lands without 1923-1948 sacrificing current forage production. Besides covering changes over a much this table that the stocking rate of both longer period than those described rather pastures was decreased during the study 1 This study was conducted by the Inter- and that the over-all stocking of Paddock mountain Forest and Range Experiment Sta- 1 was always considerably greater than tion, Forest Service, U. S. Department of Agri- of Paddock 2. culture, in cooperation with the Bureau of Animal Industry, at the U. S. Sheep Experi- During the st,udy the two pastures ment Station, Dubois, Idaho. were used by the Bureau of Animal 308 SPRINGAND FALL GRAZINGBY SHEEP 309
Industry for breeding pens, holding and weight estimates were made on the pastures, and other similar purposes. same plots. In addition to following the These uses, rather than actual grazing changes in either pasture through the capacities, largely determined the stock- course of the study by use of percentage ing rates. Concurrent studies indicate composition, it is possible to make direct that proper grazing capacity of such comparisons of herbage production be- sagebrush-grass range in good condition tween pastures in any one year. is about 18 sheep days per acre in the spring and an equal amount in the fall, FALL VERSUS SPRING-FALLUSE or a total of approximately 36 sheep Paddocks 1 and 2 were similar at the days per acre each year. Obviously these beginning of t,he study in 1924 both as pastures received heavier use than this to species present and quantities of vege- during the initial 7-year period. It is tation produced (Table 2). In both areas not possible to provide a reliable picture the grasses and shrubs each composed of actual forage use during the study as roughly 40 percent and the forbs 20 per- utilization records were made in only a cent of the total vegetation (Fig. 1). few of the years. The 1924 data, as judged by standards Vegetation of the two pastures was set up by Pechanec and Stewart (1949) inventoried in 1924, 1930, 1936, 1941, for sagebrush-grass range, indicate that and 1949. In 1924 the vegetation was both pastures were originally in good compared as to density and composition condition. by use of the general reconnaissance Twenty-five years later, in 1949, the method of range inventory (Stoddart two pastures differed greatly (Table 2 and Smith, 1943). It was inventoried and Fig. 1). In Paddock 2 the proportion in 1930 by the point-observation-plot of shrubs had increased to more than (square-foot-density) method (Stewart three-quarters of the total vegetation and Hutchings, 1936), by which forty while Paddock 1 shrub production re- 100-square-foot plots were estimated in mained less than half of the total vegeta- each pasture. Inventories were made in tion. All of the shrub species except the years 1936, 1941, and 1949 by use of plains pricklypear (Opuntia polyacantha) the weight-estimate method (Pechanec were more abundant in Paddock 2 than and Pickford, 1936). In using this method in Paddock 1. Production of antelope forty lOO-square-foot plots in each pas- bitterbrush (Purshia tridentata) and gran- ture, different from those used in 1930, ite gilia (G&a pungens) was more than were estimated. double that in Paddock 1. Direct comparisons of herbage produc- By 1949 forb production in Paddock tion are not possible between the various 2 had decreased to 5 percent of the tot,al years because of differences in inventory while it increased to 29 percent in Pad- methods and because of herbage fluctua- dock 1. The forbs that suffered most in tions due to weather. However, it is Paddock 2 were arrowleaf balsamroot possible to compare vegetal production (Balsamorhixa sagittata), tapertip hawks- throughout the entire period by convert- beard (Crepis acuminata), common co- ing individual species production to a mandra (Comandra umbellata), and tail- percent of the total. Percentage composi- cup lupine (Lupinus caudatus). All of tions computed from density and weight these are fairly good forage species. estimates were shown to be comparable Herbage production of balsamroot, the by the 1936 data in which both density most important forb on sagebrush-grass 310 WALTER F. MUEGGLER
TABLE 2 Density estimates in 199.4 and weight estimates in 1949 of plant species in Paddock I and 9, together with vegetal composition by classes - HERBAGE DENSITY, 1924 I EERBAGE DRY WEIGHT, 1949
SPECIES Paddock 2 Paddock 2 Paddock 1 (Spring and Paddock 1 (Fall use only (Fall use only) (Spring and fall use) fall use)
Percent Percent Lbs/acre Lbslacre Grasses : Agropyron dasystachyum...... 2.64 2.53 10.41 6.15 Agropyron spicatum...... 7.32 7.63 74.50 50.04 Bromus tectorum...... - 1.97 6.37 Carex spp ...... 0.16 0.08 0.62 0.12 Elymus condensatus...... 0.46 0.22 0.49 0.00 Koeleria cristata ...... 4.74 2.28 Oryxopsis hymenoides...... 1.57 1.58 17.40 8.94 Poa nevadensis...... 9.86 5.57 1.86 1.92 Poa secunda...... i 1 4.76 3.59 Sitanion hystrix...... 0.54 0.34 10.25 18.66 Stipa comata...... 1.83 1.91 19.16 9.94 Other grasses ...... - - 1.35 0.00 All grasses...... 16.38 16.21 155.51 111.66 For& : Antenna&a dimorpha...... - - 1.22 4.70 Antennaria microphylla...... 0.97 1.09 0.40 2.93 Astragalus convallarius diversifolius ..... - - 2.83 2.49 Astragalus stenophyllus...... - - 2.82 0.00 Balsamorhiza sagittata ...... 4.19 3.69 110.98 0.73 Comandra umbellata ...... 0.16 0.08 11.75 0.26 Crepis acuminata...... 0.85 0.82 15.04 2.45 Erigeron corymbosus...... - - 2.98 1.68 Erigeron engelmanni...... - - 5.13 3.33 Eriogonum heracleoides...... - - 5.35 2.59 Lupinus caudatus...... 0.31 0.15 3.03 0.00 Penstemon speciosus...... - - 2.30 0.42 Phlox canescens ...... 0.70 0.75 10.18 6.46 Sphaeralcea munroana...... 0.27 0.34 0.49 0.64 Other forbs ...... 1.91 1.75 10.62 7.91 All forbs ...... 9.36 8.67 185.12 36.59 Shrubs : Amelanchier alnifolia...... 0.43 0.41 0.00 0.41 Artemisia tripartita...... 9.95 9.99 195.79 317.14 Chrysothamnus puberulus ...... 0.62 0.49 20.69 36.46 Eriogonum microthecum...... - - 2.29 5.98 Gilia pungens ...... 0.59 0.49 3.48 11.98 Gutierrezia sarothrae ...... 0.43 0.43 17.14 30.26 Opuntia polyacantha...... - - 18.36 17.55 Purshia tridentata...... 2.44 2.22 35.00 88.18 Tetradymia canescens inermis...... 2.74 2.56 13.71 22.81 Other shrubs...... - - 0.00 0.79 All shrubs ...... 17.20 16.59 306.46 531.56 Total ...... 42.94 41.47 647.09 679.81 ______------___ --- Grass composition (percent of total)...... 38.15 39.09 24.03 16.42 Forb composition (percent of total)...... 21.80 20.91 28.61 5.39 Shrub composition (percent of total)...... 40.05 40.00 47.36 78.19 q GRASS q FORES q SHRUBS FIG. 1. Changes in proportions of forlm, grasses, and shrubs within two paddocks, 1924-40. Paddook 1 pazed hy sheep in t,he fall only; Psddork 2 in spring and fall.
range in good condition, was reduced hy 1919: the vegetnt,ion in Paddock 1 in Paddock 2 to less than 1 percent of cont,sined 21 pwccnt grass while that in that in Paddock 1 (Fig. 2). Paddork 2 contained only 10 percent. Grass product,ion also differed markedly All of the desirable grasses nwe more 312 WALTER F. MUEGGLER
abundant in Paddock 1. It is also notable result of two separate factors. Deep that the relatively undesirable bottle - snows in the fall of 1940 caused excep- brush squirreltail (Sitanion hystrix) and tionally heavy utilization of shrubs which cheatgrass brome (Bromus tectorum) were tended to reduce their vigor the follow- definitely more abundant in Paddock 2. ing year. This, combined with very Little significance can be attached to favorable moisture conditions for grass apparent differences in plant species and forb growth in the spring of 1941, composing less than 1 percent of the total resulted in an unusual abundance of vegetation. Distribution of most of these herbs. In contrast the inventory in 1949 species was so erratic that they were appeared to be slightly biased in favor not adequately sampled by the technique of the shrubs. Spring precipitation in employed. The apparent increase in the 1949 was unfavorable for the early growth number of species present in 1949 over of herbs; as a result their proportion of 1924 was possibly the result of a more the total vegetal production was reduced, intensive inventory in 1949. It is not thus increasing the apparent proportion probable that so many species could have of shrubs. invaded the area during this period; it With the exception of the year 1940, is therefore assumed that many of the fall utilization of shrubs was too slight minor species were overlooked in 1924. to have much effect; however, the heavy Some note should be taken, however, of utilization in 1940 indicates that if it is the presence of certain species in one possible to utilize shrubs heavily in the pasture and not in the other. Apparently fall over a period of years, a substantial grazing pressure had driven some species lowering of their production may occur such as lupine out of Paddock 2 and with a corresponding increase in* the allowed less desirable species to invade. production of herbs. During the study period a number of TREND UNDER FALL USE the principal species in Paddock 1 The proportions of the vegetation showed unusual variations. Some of classes in Paddock 1 changed compara- these deviations are believed to be the tively little throughout the study. result of fall grazing pressures. Bitter- Changes that did occur are, for the most brush and broom snakeweed (Gutierrexia part, attributed to weather fluctuations sarothrae) were reduced by heavy stock- rather than grazing use. It is thought ing and were only able to increase during the sharp decrease in percent of grass the 1941-49 period of comparatively and increase of forbs in 1936 (Fig. 1) light use. Both of these species are was the result of a severe drought in moderately palatable on this range and 1934. Pechanec (1937) reported that this at times receive heavy use. Gilia also drought caused the breaking up of major decreased under heavy fall stocking, but grass clumps and surmised that they were it remained at a low level for the rest so severely damaged as to be incapable of the study period. Downy rabbitbrush of immediate recovery. The forbs, on the (Chrysothamnus puberulus) increased other hand, recovered from the drought while the area was heavily stocked and very rapidly and thus by 1936 gained a began to decrease upon the reduction of temporary advantage over the grass. stocking. Fall stocking had little effect The 1941 inventory showed a con- upon spineless gray horsebrush (Tetra- siderable decrease of shrub production dymia canescens inermis) until the latter in Paddock 1. This was probably the period of reduced stocking at which time SPRING AND FALL GRAZING BY SHEEP 313 it decreased markedly. The only major change occurred in Paddock 2 within grass species severely reduced in Paddock the period of severe spring use from 1923 1 was thickspike wheatgrass’ (Agropyron through 1929. In this -/-year‘ interval, dasystachyum) . Both squirreltail and shrub production increased to 176 per- needleandthread (Stipa comata) also de- cent of that in Paddock 1 while grass creased markedly during the first period and forb productions were reduced to of heavy stocking, but increased con- 26 and 16 percent, respectively. Produc- siderably with a reduction in stocking tion of shrubs continued to increase until after 1936. Hoary phlox (Phlox canescens) 1941, at which time it was 224 percent was one of the few principal forb species of that in Paddock 1. Figures 1 and 3 that noticeably deviated from the class both show that this increase in propor- trend. It continued to decrease until tion of shrubs near the beginning of the stocking had been considerably reduced, study has persisted as a major difference and then began to increase. The pussy- between the pastures. toes (Antennaria spp.), however, were Lesser trends are apparent, however. decreased and did tiot recover. With reduction of spring stocking after At the end of the study Paddock 1 1930 by more than half, grass production as a whole, was in good condition, having began to increase. Forb production be- neither noticeably suffered from fall gan to increase during the 1937-41 grazing nor markedly benefited. period when spring stocking was re- duced to one-third the original rate. TREND UNDER SPRING USE The improvement in Paddock 2 was By expressing actual herbage produc- only achieved after a long period of tion of Paddock 2 in each inventory comparatively light stocking. This indi- year as a percentage of the production cates that although heavy spring use of Paddock 1 in the same ’ year, factors can deplete a range rapidly, restoration other than grazing that influence trend of the range under proper use is a very may be minimized (Fig. 3). The greatest slow process.
250
m GRASS m FORBS 200 m SHRUBS
FIG. 3. Herbage production by vegetal classes on Paddock 2 (grazed in spring and fall) ex- pressed as a percent of production on Paddock 1 (grazed in fall only), 1924-49. 314 WALTER F. MUEGGLER
Few major species in Paddock 2 de- similar area that was grazed in the viated from these class trends. Bitter- spring and again very lightly in the fall. brush and snakeweed reacted just op- Because of differences in methods of posite to the shrub class as a whole; inventory, comparison of the areas from they were reduced considerably during year to year is based on percent of the period of heavy spring use, but were herbage composition. Direct comparison able to increase greatly under lighter of the area is possible in any one year. spring stocking after 1936. Squirreltail After 25 years of treatment, the two and cheatgrass were the only grasses areas that were originally similar differed that increased under spring stocking. greatly. Heavy fall stocking did not During the period of heavy use squirrel- markedly affect the area in good condi- tail was reduced in the same way as the tion. The shrubs were utilized very other grass species, but lighter stocking lightly, and the proportions of shrubs, enabled it to increase rapidly. Cheat- grasses, and forbs remained more or grass increased throughout the study. less constant. This area was considered Although the trend in Paddock 2 was to be in good condition throughout the upward after 18 years of. comparatively study period. light stocking, this paddock was still The area grazed in both the spring in poor condition at the end of the and fall, however, contained 173 percent study. as much brush, 72 percent as much The difference between the two pas- grass, and 20 percent as much forbs as tures in 1949 is even more pronounced the fall-grazed area at the end of the when availability of the vegetation is study period. This area changed from considered. Availability of herbs is largely good to poor condition. Heavy spring determined by the abundance of shrubs, stocking during the initial 7-year period almost all of which are undesirable. In greatly reduced the production of grass 1949 Paddock 2 had 72 percent as much and forbs and increased that of shrubs. total grass as Paddock 1, but only 56 During the following 18 years of com- percent as much available grass. The paratively light spring stocking the total forb production was 20 percent of grasses made a substantial increase while that in Paddock 1, but the available the forbs improved slightly. By the end forb production was only 16 percent, of the study 78 percent of the vegetation This large difference was reflected in in the spring- and fall-grazed pasture the 1949 grazing capacity which was was undesirable brush, whereas the fall- three times greater in Paddock 1 than grazed pasture contained only 47 percent in Paddock 2. brush. The grazing capacity of the SUMMARY AND COLLUSIONS spring- and fall-grazed pasture was less than one-third that of the fall-grazed Studies were conducted on spring-fall sheep range at the U. S. Sheep Experi- pasture. ment Station near Dubois, Idaho to The results of this study suggest the determine the relative effect of fall and following conclusions regarding sage- spring-fall grazing on vegetation of sage- brush-grass range of the upper Snake brush-grass range. River plains : During the 25-year study period vege- 1. Heavy stocking in the fall will not tal inventories were made on one area markedly affect grass and forb pro- that was grazed only in the fall, and on a duction; it‘ may cause a decrease SPRING AND FALL GRAZING BY SHEEP 315
in shrubs if they are heavily uti- LITERATURE CITED lized. CRADDOCK, G. W. AND C. L. FORSLING. 1938. 2. Heavy spring stocking will severely The influence of climate and grazing on reduce grass and forb production spring-fall sheep range in southern Idaho. USDA Tech. Bul. 600,43 pp. and greatly increase the abundance PECHANEC, J. F. AND G. D. PICKFORD. 1936. A of undesirable shrubs. weight estimate method for the determina- 3. A range in poor condition will tion of range or pasture production. Jour. improve very slowly if it is con- Amer. Sot . Agron. 29 : 894-904. PECHANEC, J. F. AND GEORGE STEWART. 1949. tinually grazed in the spring at Grazing spring-fall sheep ranges of south- even a light stocking rate. ern Idaho. USDA Circ. 808. 34 pp. 4. It would appear that a well-planned PECHANEC, J. F. et al. 1937. Effects of the 1934 drought on native vegetation on the upper rotation system of grazing in which Snake River plains. Ecology 18: 490-505. areas in poor condition are grazed STEWART, GEORGE AND S. S. HUTCIIINGS. 1936. only in the fall is one method of The point-observation-plot (square-foot improving sagebrush-grass range density) method of vegetation survey. Jour. Amer. Sot. Agron. 28 : 714-722. without necessitating a heavy re- STODDART, L. A. AND A. D. SMITH. 1943. Range duction in st!ocking. management. McGraw-Hill, 547 pp.
A TRIP.TO AUSTRALIAN SHEEP COUNTRY The continent of Australia is about the same size as the United States. It lies some- what closer to the equator than the United States and no part of Australia has the winter conditions of northern United States. The result is that winter feeding is un- necessary anywhere in Australia. There is a range of mountains, called the Dividing Range, which roughly parallels the east coast. West of the mountains there is a great central plain, with a smaller range of mountains near the center of the continent. There is also some high country in the northwestern part of western Australia. Rainfall is the all-important factor in the climate. There is a large area in the north central part, constituting about one-third of the total area of the country, which has less than ten inches of rainfall, and more than half of this area is so dry as to be uninhabitable. There is a narrow strip on the coast having forty to fifty inches; then a zone of thirty to forty inches on the east slope of the mountains; twenty to thirty inches on the west- ern slopes; and from twenty inches down to five inches or less on the great central plain. Dr. Hadleigh Marsh Montana State College, Bozeman in Sheep and Goat Raiser February, 1950 Pollarding-Age-Old Practice Permits Grazing in Pays Basque Forests
JOHlU hf. FICNLEY
ROBABLP no other section of grazing for domestic animals. By all P Europe is as steeped in tradition odds, t,he great percentage of this moun- as the Basque country. Nestled in the tainous nation is best suited to forcuts. Pyrenees Mountains of southwestern The wood produced here, although im- France and northeastern Spain, Pays portant in Basque economy, is secondary Basque has never been completely dom- to the need for pasturage. It is, in fact,, inat,ed by either of those countries. the urgency of the need for p&we Basque language, customs, habits and that long ago prompted the development, racial purity are unique today in having of pollarding, through which b&h re- remainrd nearly unchanged for many quirements are met simultaneously. centuries, although Pays Rasquc has never reached sovereignty. It is not surprising that, a people so independent and resourceful as the Basques have their own agricultural pursuits, especially adapted to local conditions. Pollarding is one of these unusual practices. Sometimes thought of as high coppire or t,opping, pollarding allows multiple use of forested lands. Trees are pollarded at a height of eight feet (two and a half meters) above ground level (Fig. l), usually done for the first t,ime when trees are about twenty-five years old. Axes are used for cutting rather than saws, because ssvt&h, when dragged back and forth across t,he cut, will pull the bark loose and prevent most of the dormant buds from growing. In two or three years the pollards are crowned with profuse numbers of branches, from which all but eight or ten of the larger, most vigorous and best positioned branches are thinned out. The first of t,he three uses derived from Pyrenees for&s is to provide PoLT,.\1mIzio Iiv PT.5 “*SQI-b; FoImsTE 317 yield being used domestically. The or- forested areas is the production of litter dinary method of furlwood production mat,erial. Bracken fern (Pteridium ac- through tree selection and cut,ting is quilinum), which grcws abundantly impractical here. Forest reproduction t,hroughout, t,he lyrencos,’ has no value is eiiminat,ed by th? grazing animals, for feed, but here again t,he ingenious and \vere t,he knott,ed, knarled veteran Basques have found a ray to ut,ilize
trees removed for wood, replacement this ever-present plant. Ferns are cut vould be impossible. It, is necessary in the autumn, poled for drying (Fig. 3A), from time to time to curtail grazing for and later carted to the stock barns for three or four years to alloxr- reproduction floor litter. Used litter is &acked in to take place and the young trees to compost piles and hecomes the source grow out of reach of the animals (Fig. 2). of rich fertilizer and soil conditioner The third use obtained from Basque (Fig. 3B). 318 JOHN M. FENLEY
Relatively little of the Basque country oaks, especially the young leaves of is suitable for farming. Arable land con- early spring. The French waters and sists mainly of small level or gently forest service later began trials of several rolling areas, intensively cultivated. Some exotic oaks in a search to find one that sites, level enough for tillage, have very would not only meet the requirements unfertile soil, coarse in texture and low for pollarding but would withstand the in humus content. This mantle type, leaf disease. Outstanding among those called “cold soil” by the Basques, re- tried, the American northern red oak quires application of rather large quanti- (Q. borealis) appears to be well adapted ties of organic material over a period of to the open stands of the Basque country. years to build up fertility sufficient for Because it greens out late in the spring, crop production. Litter compost serves northern red oak is highly resistant to this purpose admirably. white rot. It is easy to transplant, and Maintenance of steady production of although it has an unusually long life, it is stovewood, forage, and litter material, a rapid grower. Where Pyrenees plant- through pollarding, apparently has ings have been made with this oak, the reached a balance that has remained cutting cycle for pollarding can be short- constant through the centuries. Excessive ened by four or five years. use of any one of the three resources The writer wishes to express his grati- would have serious consequences in the tude and acknowledgement to Monsieur Basque economy. Louis Barriety, French forest official of Originally the forests were primarily Bayonne, Basses Pyrenees. For three of Pyrenean oak (Quercus toxxa) and terms of the American University at pedunculate oak (Q. pedunculata). About Biarritz, M. Barriety accompanied the fifty years ago a leaf disease known as forest and range classes on their field white rot (Oidium spp.) spread through trips, giving freely of his time and effort the region, seriously damaging the native to make each trip a success.
POPULATION AND LAST FRONTIERS Unquestionably one of the great factors of change is the explosive upsurge in popu- lation in virtually all countries, resulting in a doubling of the world population within the last century, or an increase of more than a billion people. Further, these increases are continuing, with the prospect, barring some cataclysm, of a world population of three billion or more people at the end of the century-only fifty years from today. Already one result of these increases has been that the habitable and cultivable areas of the earth are now largely occupied, leaving certain tropical and very northerly regions as the last remaining frontiers.-From Annual Report of The Conservation Foundation. For the year 1949. BOOK REVIEWS
MISSOURI RIVER BASIN AGRICULTURALPROGRAM By U. S. Department of Agriculture. 183 pp., 38 tables, 23 figures. House Doe. No. 373, 81st Cong., 1st Sess. U. S. Government Printing Office. 1949.
This is a report of the proposed pro- other plan would be largely worthless.” gram of the USDA to complement the These fundamental premises seem un- already authorized engineering works debatable. of the Pick-Sloan plan of the Corps of The General Description of the Basin Engineers and the Bureau of Reclama- which makes up Section 1 of the report tion. With this background, and bureau- might well be the most valuable portion. cratic rivalry being what it is (to say In this section, a mass of information nothing about the voters), it would be concerning the physical characteristics surprising if there were not some “pork and economic development of the area barrel” elements involved. No doubt has been boiled down to useable dimen- there are such elements in the’ report. sions in a generally scholarly and ob- It is a well prepared document and jective manner. Some ecologists may will be of interest to anyone living or object to the listing of the short grasses working within the Missouri River Basin as the dominants of the western grass- area covered by the report. The basic lands. premise of the Letter of Transmittal, Assessing the rest of the report, partic- that the agricultural and engineering ularly Section III, which is the recom- phases of development of the area should mended agricultural program, in the move forward together, is undoubtedly light of the basic premises of the report sound. A letter from the Secretary of itself and the character of the area and Interior indicates a healthy difference its inhabitants, had best not be done of opinion on some phases of the pro- by those with high blood pressure. posed program. For example, in Section I, we find, A few disconnected quotes from the “conservation programs can be accel- Foreword and Summary are of particular erated when problems of . . . equitable interest. “Whether we conserve and use landlord-tenant relationships, and in- our resources in this rewarding manner creased ownership by operators receive will be determined ultimately with finality adequate consideration” but in the pro- by what the people themselves do with gram portion we find nothing in regard their land. . . . The program recognizes to landlord-tenant relations between the that farmers and landowners, by . and Federal government, which is the “big- large, are willing to apply the best in gest” landlord of the area, and its tenants. practical land treatment-because it en- Neither do we find any plans for increased riches productivity and contributes to ownership by those tenants, even in security in land values. . . . Without cases where conservation and public their participation, this program, or any interest would plainly be best served by 319 320 BOOK REVIEWS such ownership. The program does men- stallation and 10 years operation, while tion additional Federal land acquisitions only $65,000 is expected to be contributed and this would probably further reduce by the states. Nothing is expected to be operator ownership in the area. contributed by the states under the Some portions of the program which specific range management subhead. Ap- are of especial interest to range men are parently this lack of state contribution not entirely clear. Range Management for range management research is based practices and related subjects come under on the assumption that range manage- two headings : “A program of conserva- ment is for the primary purpose of tion and improvement measures for improving the management and use of grass land and cropland” and “A program Federal lands. Most of the grazing for forest and forest range lands.” The acreage and more of the grazing values discussion under the first heading states of the area are now in ownership other that it deals primarily with individually than Federal. Are the administrators of owned and operated farms and ranches this non-federal land good enough to but it also mentions “fullest use of public operate without benefit of research, lands” consistent with sound conserva- whereas the Federal administrators are tion, etc., as a part of this program. not? Or is the Federal Government ex- Under the second heading, “A program pected to acquire and manage all of the for forest and forest range lands” are grazing land in the area? The report listed : (1) national forests including does not say. lands to be acquired within the forest All in all range management does not boundaries, (2) State, county and mu- receive the attention in the program nicipal lands, (3) lands outside national that it deserves, nor has it been very forest boundaries to be acquired by well fitted into the general plan. Section Federal, State or local governments, and II, Problems and Goals, is stated in (4) lands to remain in private ownership. general terms, but even there range The criteria as to what lands come under management fares poorly. There appears each of the two general headings is not discussion of the “open range” as if such clear. Possibly the intent is to include a thing existed in the area. The term all non-forested lands without direct “open range” still appears on some of public uses, such as watershed and rec- our state statute books but the real reation, under the forest and forest thing has been about as alive as the ranges heading. dodo bird since the passage of the Taylor But the situation becomes even more Grazing Act. Also in this section appears confused under the research headings. a long list of agricultural programs, Under the research heading, “Conserva- with little mention of range management tion and management of farm and ranch or natural vegetation, (except forests). land,” there is no specific subheading of One other specific phase of the program range management. The estimated Fed- should be mentioned. It is requested eral cost of the “accelerated” research that the limitations on funds for “con- under the general heading is $10,248,000 servation payments” be removed. It is for installation and 10 years operating not explained what “conservation pay- cost. A.n additional $4,506,000 is expected ments” are. Inhabitants of the region to be contributed by the states. Under commonly think of “conservation pay- the “forest and range research” heading ments” as price support payments. So $17,800,000 is allotted for Federal in- long as this is the case, any connection BOOK REVIEWS 321 which “conservation payments” may research and education directed specif- have with good land use is purely co- ically toward good land use. incidental. In fact, in the drier portion Because of the great amount of able of the area, these payments have fre- work and thought from many sources quently been a deterrent to what is which has gone into the preparation of generally considered good land use. most parts of this report it may well Any accelerated development of the serve as a good starting point in develop- area (or any area) intensifies the con- ing a much needed agricultural program servation problems. As the report points for the area. By logical reasoning, from out, soil deterioration too often accom- the basic tenets of the report itself, the suggested program has two basic and panies irrigation. This is true not only fundamental weaknesses which probably of the irrigated lands, but of the sur- would require departmental reorganiza- rounding grazing land as well. Whether tion for their correction. “Conservation or not the necessary techniques can be payments” should be for conservation developed and passed on to the land and should not be disguised price sup- owners and users rapidly enough to ports or subsidies for other purposes. prevent the overall development pro- Range management research should be gram (including the Pick-Sloan plan), organized so that it will provide for from being anti-conservation during the more research and so that it cannot be accelerated development period is at confined to studies which might be least debatable, if not doubtful. A large designed to provide public‘ land ad- part of Pick-Sloan is already under con- ministrators with facilities for covering struction and more under contract. There up their mistakes.--Dan F&on, Rancher, is clear need, at this time, of increased Ismay, Montana.
PIGS-FROM CAVE TO CORN BELT By CHARLES WAYLAND TOWNE AND EDWARD NORRIS WENTWORTH. 305 pp. Uni- versity of Oklahoma Press, Norman, Oklahoma, 1950. $4.00.
Many writers have given the horse, months later they are wrapped in cello- ewe, and cow their day. Now the porker phane at the corner grocers?’ (The same gets his in a very readable and informa- cycle takes 23 times as long for “baby tive fashion. Even if he seldom sees a beef .“) That championship hog calling hog, the range manager will welcome contestants are judged on strength of “PIGS” to his library, because of his gen- tone, quality of tone, originality of call, era1 interest in all livestock. persuasiveness of call, variety and com- The authors have made an exhaustive mand? That pork constitutes 55% of all study into the porkers’ past and econo- the meat consumed in the United States? nomics, and have come up with quite a That pet hogs have even been house history. Many customs, legends, and. un- usual facts surround the hog. For in- broken? stance: Did you know that hogs have The domestic hog of 1950 is quite an been trained to hunt and point birds? improvement over his wild boar ances- That it takes 3 months, 3 weeks, and 3 tors. In fact, the “woods” hog belonging days to deliver a litter of pigs; and 6 or 7 to the 19th century emigrant was no 322 BOOK REVIEWS
show animal, but he was a great traveler thetic feeling toward the hog than the with remarkable ability to live off the authors, and he believes the “woods” hog land. As a result the hog played an impor- has served his purpose, especially when tant part in the winning of the West. In he sees these rooters destroy young pines. the Gulf States his razorback progeny -Walt Hopkins, Southern Forest Experi- exist today-still living off the land. ment Station, U. S. Forest Service, Alex- The southern forester has a less sympa- andria, Louisiana.
THE SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA PROCEEDINGS 1948 Published by the Soil Science Society of America, Madison, Wise. Vol. 13, 587 pp_ 1949. $7.50.
The book is large (83 x ll), cloth bound, there were 24 in the section on soil fer- and printed on slick paper. It contains tility. 103 papers presented at the twelfth an- The data are indispensable for research nual meeting of the Soil Science Society in soils and are of interest to soils workers of America at Fort Collins, Colorado, in all fields. Range conservationists will August 24 to 27, 1948. It also contains a find a valuable reference for recent ad- good subject matter and author index, vances in soil science as it relates to plant minutes, and names of officers and mem- production. Papers of outstanding interest bers of 12 standing committees. to this “range man” and therefore possi- Volume 13 of the Proceedings is divided bly of interest to you, included: “Soil into six parts as follows: Soil Physics, puddling” ; “Experiments in the use of Soil Chemistry, Soil Microbiology, Soil the microscope for the study of soil struc- Fertility, Soil Genesis Morphology and ture”; “Phosphate fixation by soil min- Cartography, and Soil Technology. Two erals”; “The decomposition of Curex special papers are included, namely: jilifolia”; “Yield and protein content of Japans’ Dilemma is Our Dilemma by T. pasture herbage as influenced by nitrogen M. Bushnell, and Technical Collaboration fertilization and frequency of clipping”; in Agriculture in the Western Hemisphere “Some effects of crude petroleum on soil by B. J. Birdsall. Virtually all the authors present their material in the systematic fertility”; “Soil Zones of t,he Great order of introduction, method, results, Plains states-Kansas to Canada”; “Soil discussion, summary, and literature cited. development in the Rocky Mountains”; Conclusions or recommendations replace and “Preliminary hydrologic results, summaries in some instances. The papers, 1935-48, Base‘ Rock ’ undisturbed soil particularly their titles and summaries, lysimeters in the grassland type, Ari- portray the forefront of a rapidly advanc- zona.” ing science and the points along that front Among the 103 articles range managers where most interest is centered currently. are certain to find knowledge with imme- Thus we note that in 1948 there were 12 diate usefulness.--E. J. Dyksterhuis, Soil papers in the section on soil physics while Conservation Service, Lincoln, Nebraska. BOOK REVIEWS 323
FARM STRUCTURES By H. J. BARRE AND L. L. SAMMET.650 pp. John Wiley and Sons, New York, N. Y. 1950. $7.00.
The book is intended as a text for is highly essential in any treatment of students seeking a professional degree structures where housing of farm animals in ag ricultura81 engineering. The authors and products is the paramount purpose. H. J. Barre, Professor and head of the Some building engineers might criticize Agricultural Engineering Department at some of the structural details. For in- Purdue University, and L. L. Sammet, stance the illustration on page 74 of a formerly Associate Professor of Agri- plastered wall detail shows a doubled cultural Engineering at Purdue Univer- stud at an interior corner. A tripled sity, appear eminently qualified to write stud will be required here to provide a such a treatise. Dr. Barre is known for nailing surface for the sheathing or plaster his research in heat moisture transfer base. and materials of construction as related The use of beveled sleeper strips in to farm buildings. illustration (b) on page 81 is somewhat The book is not a handy reference obsolete. A better and cheaper method book for the average dirt farmer. In is to use 2 x 2 sleepers held in place most cases it is too technical for a prac- with Bull-Dog Floor Clips imbedded tical application of this kind and it was in concrete. not the intention of the authors to make The chimney flashing shown on page it so. 80 omits any reference to counter flash- The subject matter is divided into ing, which is highly important. The 29 chapters and an appendix. Included drawing also indicates that the flashing is information on: is fastened to the roof and built-in to 1. The functional analysis of farm the chimney. This is not standard prac- structures. tice because any roof settlement will Space utilization and equipment 2. cause the flashing to pull loose from the arrangement in a functional plan. roof or the chimney. Hence, the need 3. The selection and utilization of for counter flashing. materials for farm structures. Considerable space is devoted to car- 4. The design of ventilation systems pentry but the text is lacking on chimney and crop storage structures. construction. A brief mention of the 5. Economic aspects of farm struc- need for flue lining, its projection above tures . 6. The elements of structural design the top of the chimney and the need to for light frame buildings. maintain a 2N clearance between the Representative practical problems fol- chimney and all combustible material low at the end of each chapter as well would have sufficed. as numerous references for further study. The conscientious student will pick It is natural that the authors have up these details, however, if he makes devoted considerable space to heating full and complete use of the reference and ventilating farm buildings, because material cited. of their background in heat research. The authors for some reason have A thorough treatment of these elements omitted any reference to sewage disposal 324 BOOK REVIEWS
and water supply. These items are highly profession and assisting the development important in any farm development and of agricultural engineering education. it would seem that some mention would If subsequent volumes achieve their have been merited. purpose as well as this first volume, Farm structures is the first book in a they will become an invaluable aid to series sponsored by the Ferguson Foun- the engineering profession.--L. H. La- dation, Detroit, Michigan, for the purpose Faver, Structural Engineer, U. S. Forest of advancing the agricultural engineering Service, Missoula, Montana.
PRINCIPLES OF FIELD CROP PRODUCTION By JOHN H. MARTIN AND WARREN H. LEONARD. 1176 pp., 305 figures. The Macmil- lan Company, New York, 1949. $6.00.
Intended to be a college text, this to the acreage they occupy. Thus, two book is the most complete single refer- pages are devoted to ramie and six to ence on the subject and so has value for the castor bean, whereas crimson clover all agricultural workers, writers, and gets a page and a half, alsike clover a those in commercial fields who need page, and Kentucky bluegrass three handy reference material. It is of only pages. The grasses, especially in view limited value t,o ranchers and farmers, of the present wide interest in them, are not because it is too technical, but be- short changed in the book. Other crops cause their problems are local and one are adequately-even beautifully-han- book cannot possibly cover every detail dled. of every crop in every locality. A remarkable job has been done in Part I covers principles of growth of all avoiding sectional interest or bias. A crops, such as tillage, botany, fertilizers, usable appendix gives the reader: seed production, marketing and com- 1. A complete table of characteristics petition. The chapter on environment of all of the plants used in the U. S.; is especially good, discussing climate, 2. The chemical composition of all light, air, soils, insects, the wide crop crop products ; areas, growing season and the like. The 3 . Conversion tables of mass, avoir- tillage chapter is especially good. dupois, length, area, volume, tem- The other three large divisions of the perature, etc.; and book are: 4. A really good glossary of agronomic Part II- Crops of the Grass Family; terms-everything from apogeo- (Grains, Sorghums, Millets, tropic to godevil. Corn, Grasses). -IT_.mvery chapter is followed by a com- Part III-Legumes Part IV- Other Plant Families; (Buck- plete list of references, mostly federal wheat, Flax, Cotton, To- and state bulletins and articles in the bacco, Sugar Beets, Potatoes, Journal of the American Society of Agron- Industrial and Condiment omy. Crops). Without much question, this is the Since every crop commercially grown most complete book in existence on in the United States is covered, it is crops of this country.--E. R. Jackman, almost inevitable that crops of limited Farm Crops Specialist, Extension Service, use will have space out of all proportion Oregon State College, Corvallis, Oregon. BOOK REVIEWS 325
A SANDCOUNTYALMANACANDSKETCHES illustrated with attractive drawings by HERE AND THERE Charles W. Schwartz. This book contains information, it is By ALDO LEOPOLD. 226 pp. Oxford Uni- enjoyable and it has food for serious versity Press, New York. thought. Leopold was a man of the out- 1949. $3.50 doors. He met his untimely death from Do you enjoy reading aloud from an heart failure after fighting a neighbors’ absorbing “nature” book when the family grass fire. Like the serious thinker he was, is gathered around the fireplace on a the author tells you what it all meant winter evening, or when they are lolling to him in his third and concluding chap- on the veranda in the fading summer ter, entitled “The Upshot.” This essay twilight? Do you need ideas on how to promotes constructive analysis of true relax from “The Job,” ideas described conservation, under which heading are in detail by a busy professor who spent grouped such heterogeneous folks as the week ends on his farm in the Sand Coun- hunter and sportsman, the lay nature ties of Wisconsin? In Almanac form, the lover and recreationist, the technical author describes specifically his activities ecologist and the practicing conserva- and his observations pertaining to soil tionists on farms, forests, and ranges, and water, crops, flowers, trees, game, public and private. The author shows the birds, and other wildlife. He even found basic fallacy of attempting to cover all time to hunt and fish! these lines under a definition of conserva- Do you thrill when an old-timer re- tion as merely good economics. He feels counts his early days roaming the prairies that until we love, respect and under- in Iowa, riding ranges and trails in the stand the land, there is no chance for it to mountains of Arizona and New Mexico, survive the battering of mechanized land exploring the wilds of Chihuahua and use, or for us to retain and enjoy our own Sonora, or watching changes in ranges, physical and mental health which can prairies, marshes and wildlife from Utah come only from close contact with a to Manitoba? Do you read on when an healthy land. “The bulk of all land rela- authority points an accusing finger at tions hinges on investments of time, fore- the white man for extinguishing or threat- thought, skill, and faith rather than on ening the passenger pigeon, the grizzly investments in cash. As a land-user bear, the Texas mountain sheep, the thinketh, so is he.“--&?. S. Campbell, desert fox and many others through over- Southern Forest Exp. Sta., New Orleans, hunting, deliberate eradication or reduc- La. . tion of food; accompanied by the spread of such low-value plants as Russian thistle and cheatgrass; and that the whole proc- CONSERVATION AND NEVADA-A TEXT- ess is still going on? BOOKFOR USEINTHE PUBLIC If these topics intrigue you, then you SCHOOLSOFNEVADA will want to read this book, which touches on those mentioned and many more. By S. S. WHEELER et al. 131 pp. Illus. It is written in prose, but much of it State Printing Office, Carson City, sings with a poetry of the range and sky Nevada. 1949. and mountain that will appeal to the This new high school text is designed range man, whether or not he agrees with to improve the conservation curriculum all of Leopolds’ philosophy. The book is in Nevada schools. It is dedicated “To 326 BOOK REVIEWS
the youth of Nevada-who must study his responsibility for better management. today to become the conservationists of Need for protection of range soils through tomorrow.” proper use, fire control, and artificial re- The introduction is by S. S. Wheeler, seeding are followed by statements of the Chairman of the authorship committee necessity and possibilities for improved and Director of the Nevada Fish and management. The chapter was written Game Commission. It traces the path by J. H. Robertson, a charter member of of exploitation of our natural resources the American Society of Range Manage- and poses the problem of conservation. ment. The content is suggested by the eight Conserving Nevada Fish and Wild- chapter headings. Chapter one, entitled life is by S. S. Wheeler. The chapter “The Great Basin”, is on the geologic covers the importance and natural his- history of Nevada. Also mentioned are tory of many Nevada fish, game animals, a number of interesting natural phenom- and upland game birds. There are sec- ena and facts of biology peculiar to tions on conservation of waterfowl, song Nevada. This Chapter was written by birds, reptiles and furbearing animals. R. G. Miller, formerly Director of the Predators are discussed. Nevada State museum. The book is concluded with an ex- The importance of soil and the kinds planation of sportmanship and game of soils in relation to physical features, conservation. irrigation, and cropping practices are A short list of references follows each discussed under the heading of “Con- chapter. Previously published contour, serving Nevada Soil Resources.” The precipitation, irrigation aud growing sea- author, George Hardman, State Con- son maps of Nevada are among the 56 servationist, U. S. Soil Conservation unnumbered figures. A map of the Great Service, discusses efficient use of water, Basin by Extension Forester Don M. and land conservation through reclama- Drummond, who served as editor of the tion of alkali lands. book shows the boundaries of prehistoric In Conserving Nevada Water Re- lakes, Bonneville and Lahontan. The sources, H. A. Shamberger, Assistant illustrations doubtless deserve much of State Engineer includes the water cycle, the credit for the quick reception of this watersheds, engineering structures, book. It is being used in various high stream flow, snow surveys, ground water school classes, e.g., Nevada history, and water law. civics and biology. Conserving Nevada Forests, *is ably This text was sponsored and issued by handled by District Ranger E. A. Han- the Nevada State Department of Public son, U. S. Forest Service. Instruction for free distribution to Ne- The chapter on Conserving Nevada vada schools. However, a few copies are Livestock Ranges begins with the mus- available to other persons vitally inter- tang and traces the rise of the range live- ested in developing conservation educa- stock industries. Present conditions, in- tion. Requests may be addressed to the cluding feed and forage balance, range Nevada Fish and Game Commission, plant environment, and grazing influences Box 678, Reno, Nevada.+os. H. Robert- follow. The concepts of range condition son, Associate Professor of Range Man- and the use of range condition indicators agement and Agronomy, University of are given the student as an approach to Nevada, Reno, Nevada. CURRENT LITERATURE
Prepared by Grant A. Harris, Range Conservationist, Northern Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, 157 South Howard St., Spokane 8, Washington. Members are invited to submit references for inclusion in the current literature section. The national periodicals are being covered. However, it seems desirable to include references in local, state, and regional publications. Attention should be given to correct spelling of authors ’ names, and correct enumeration of volume, number, and pages of the reference. For proper form, note the references given in this issue. Send material to Grant A. Harris. RANGE PLANTS: Forage value, chemical composition, ecology, physiology, systematics
ALBERTSON, F. W. Mans’ disorder of BEETLE, ALAN A. Range condition natures’ design in the Great Plains. classes on the Laramie Plains, Wyo- A presidential address. Trans. Kansas ming. Wyo. Agri. Expt. Sta., Laramie, Acad. Sci 52(2): 117-131. Illus. 1949. Wyo., Circ. 37, 7 pp., tabs., biblio. -An ecological. survey of what man April 1950.-Classifies range into four has done on the High Plains and some condition classes on the basis of kind suggestions as to what can be done of cover, amount of cover, type and about it. amount of erosion, litter, and plant ARNOLD, J. F. Changes in ponderosa vitality. pine bunchgrass ranges in northern BILLINGS, W. D. The shadscale vegeta- Arizona resulting from pine regenera- tion zone of Nevada and eastern tion and grazing. J. Forestry 48: California in relation to climate and 118-126. Biblio. February 1950. soils. Amer. Midl. Nat. 42(l): 87-109. BARTLETT, M. S. Determination of BILLINGS, W. D. Vegetation and plant plant densities. Nature (London) growth as affected by chemically 162(4120) : 621. 1948-Reaffirms that altered rocks in the western Great the most efficient size of quadrat is Basin. Ecol. 31(l): 62-74, tabs., with about 20 percent absence (prod- illus., biblio. January 1950.-The pres- uct of quadrat size and plant density ence of isolated patches of ponderosa about 1.6; there is reasonable effi- pine is related to the presence of ciency from 0.7 to 3).-Roland certain volcanic rock as soil parent Walker. material. BEETLE, ALAN A. Buffalograss-native BLAZER, R. E. AND N. C. BRADY. Nu- of the shortgrass plains. Wyoming trient competition in plant associa- Agri. Expt. Sta., Laramie, Wyo. tions. Agron. Jour. 42(3) : 128-135, Bull. 293, 31 pp., illus., biblio. tabs., figs., biblio. March 1950.- March 1950.-A rather complete dis- There is strong competition between cussion of the characteristics and grasses and legumes, in mixtures, for qualities of Buffalograss. Includes a the available potassium especially bibliography of 177 references. where soil potassium is low. In a 327 328 CURRENTLITERATURE
mixed association, addition of nitro- and more resistant grass.” “If all of gen fertilizer increased growth of the bunchgrasses (Colorado-Wyoming grasses at the expense of the legumes, region) could be replaced by Kentucky while addition of potassium stimu- bluegrass the livestock industry and lated growth of legumes but not the’ watersheds of the mountains grasses. would be greatly benefited.” “It re- BOUYOUCOS,G. J. AND G. A. CRABB, JR. grows rapidly when grazed and it Measurement of soil moisture by t,he makes a fine sod as it does in lawns.” electrical resistance method. Ag. Eng. GRAY, BOB. Crimson clover-winter 30(12): 581-583, fig., biblio. Decem- grazing. Cattleman 37(l): 22, 52, 54, ber 1949.-Paper presented before the illus. June 1950.-Crimson clover A.S.A.E. describing the theory and winter pasture in Texas. use of plaster of Paris and nylon H~~RNESS,JOIIN R., JR. The mystery of blocks for the electrical determination trace elements. Soil Conserv. 15(12): of soil moisture. A bibliography of 50 282, 283. July 1950.-Addition of references is presented. . certain “trace elements” to soils BOYKO, H. On the climax-vegetation of lacking them holds promise of greatly the Negev with special reference to increasing nutrient quality and yield arid pasture problems. Palestine Jour. of crops. “Twenty-five cents worth’ of Bot., Rehovot Ser. 7 : 17-35, tabs., mineral adds as much as $35 per figs., illus., biblio. 1949. acre to the value of the pasture,” on BOYKO, H. On the climatic extremes as some Australian land. Consult local decisive factors for plant distribution. technicians before spending much Palestine Jour. Rot., Rehovot Ser., money for “shotgun” mixtures. 7: 41-52, tabs., illus., biblio. 1949.- HOLT, E. C. AND R. C. POTTS. Yield and The intensity and frequency of occur- adaptability of some cool season rence of extreme climatic conditions grasses at the Brazos River Field have important influences on the Laboratory, 1948-1949. Tex. Agr. distribution of plants near the borders Expt. Sta. Progress Report 1205,3 pp. of their range. December 1949. COUPLAND, R. T. Ecology of mixed HUBBARD,WM. A., Results of studies of prairie in Canada. Nebr. U. Abs. crested wheatgrass. Scientific Agri. Doct. Diss.10: 31-38. 1949. 29(8) : 385-395, illus., tabs., biblio. DOUGLAS, LYNN H. The bunchgrass August 1949. fetish. Amer. Catt)le Prod. 31(10) : 9, KNOWLES, R. P. AND W. J. WHITE. The 10, 32, 33, illus. March 1950.-Climax performance of southern strains of bunchgrasses are poor range plants. brome grass in western Canada. Sci. They must be “babied” or they are Agri. 29(9): 437-450, tabs., biblio. readily eliminated. They are poor or September 1949.-Southern strains worthless in the fall or winter.’ They produced as much forage but less seed are not used in reseeding programs, than northern strains when both were which makes another case against tested in western Canada. them. “Range ecologists have never MARKS, JOHN BRADY. Vegetation and ceased to marvel at the apparent soil relations in the lower Colorado contradiction in nature of the climax Desert. Ecology 31(2) : 176-193. April bunchgrass being replaced by a better 1950. CURRENTLITERATURE 329
MILLIN, RICHARD B. Observations on STARK, R. H., A. L. HAFENRICHTER,AND sagebrush succession. Natl.’ Woolgr. W. A. Moss. Ada.ptation of grasses 60(4): 19, 37., biblio. April 1950.- for soil and water conservation at high Big sagebrush may be crowded out by altitudes. Agron. Jour. 42(3) : 124-127, grass (especially western wheatgrass) tabs., biblio. March 1950.-Experi- under cert,ain conditions. ments were conducted on abandoned NORRIS, J. J. Effect of rodents, rabbits, wheat land at the Tetonia Branch and cattle on two vegetation types in Station of the Idaho Agricultural semidesert range land. N. Mex. Agri. Experiment Station. Eleven species Expt. Sta. Bull. 353, 23 pp., biblio. were tested. Big bluegrass, pubescent January 1950. wheatgrass, smooth bromegrass, Fair- PLUMMER, A. P. AND J. M. FENLEY. way crested wheatgrass and inter- Seasonal periods for planting grasses mediate wheatgrass were found best in the subalpine zone of central Utah. for restoring organic matter to the U. S. For. Serv., Intermountain soils. Sherman big bluegrass produced Forest and Range Expt. Sta., Ogden, the highest total yield and greatest Utah, Research Paper No. 18. Feb- increase in soil organic matter. Other ruary 1950.-Best seasons of planting, conclusions. listed in order of greatest success, are SULLIVAN,J. T. ANDV. G. SPRAGUE.The as follows: late spring, early summer, effect of temperature on the growth early spring, late fall, late summer, and and composition of the stubble and early fall. Seedlings from fall plant- roots of perennial ryegrass. Plant ings were damaged by frost heaving Physiol. 24(4) : 706-719. 1949.- and other effects of winter. Perennial ryegrass plants were clipped RECHENTIIIN, C. A. Range grasses. at a height of 1.5 inches above the Cattleman 36(7): 94, 95., illus. De- surface of the soil and allowed to cember 1949.-The first in a series of recover under controlled environ- articles on important range grasses. ment)al conditions. This article is an introduction to the U S. DEPT. OF AGRIC. LIBRARY, series and discusses range grasses in ALBUQUERQUE BRANCH. Intermedi- general. ate wheat-grass (Agropyron inter- RECHENTHIN,C. A. Range grasses. Cool medium): a selected list of references. season grasses-wildryes, wheat- 2 pp., typewritten. Photoprints may grasses, Texas bluegrass, Texas be ordered. January 1950. wintergrass, sleepygrass, fescuegrass, WARE, GEORGE H. AND WM. T. PEN- smooth brome, melic grass. Cattle- FOUND. The vegetation of the lower man 36(11): 73-77, illus. April 1950. levels of t,he South Canadian River in RECHENTHIN,C. A. Range grasses-the central Oklahoma. Ecology 30(4) : lovegrasses. Cattleman 36 (12) : 24, 478-484, illus. 1949. 26, 28, 30, 32, illus. May 1950.- WEAVER, J. E. AND R. W. DARLAND. Lovegrasses are becoming increasingly Soil-root relationships of certain na- more important in the Southwest. tive grasses in various soil types. RECHEKTHIN,C. A. Range grasses-the Ecol. Monographs 19(4) : 303-338, dropseeds are important in the South- illus., tabs., biblio. October 1949.- west. Cattleman 37(l): 26, 28, 30, 32, The soil monolith method of studying 34, 36, illus. June 1950. grass roots was used to get informa- 330 CURRENTLITERATURE
tion on root relationships in various fescue. S. C. Agric. Expt. Sta. Clem- prairie soils. son. Ext. Cir. No. 345, 14 pp., illus. WESTLAND PASTURE JOURNAL. What December 1949. about palatability? Westland Pasture ZOBELL, R. S. AND B. W. SILCOCK, Jour. l(2), table. May 1950.-De- Another Russian invades U. S. Natl. scribes factors influencing palata- Woolgr. 60(4): 22, illus. April 1950.- bility and the importance of palata- Halogeton, a poisonous weed intro- bility. Lists relative palatability duced from Russia, has been reported ratings for 46 common forage species. in Nevada, Utah, Idaho and Wyoming. WOODLE,H. A. AND E. C. TURNER. Tall It is spreading fast.
RANGE AND PASTURE MANAGEMENT: Management plans, surveys, utilization, maintenance
AAMODT, 0. S. AND D. A. SAVAGE. on Oak Creek range in Utah. Jour. Cereal, forage, and range problems For. 48(6): 410-415. Figs., tabs., and possibilities in Alaska. USDA biblio. June 1950.-Cattle grazed on A.R.A. Misc. Pub. 700, Report on about 52 percent and deer about 92 Exploratory Investigations of Agri- percent of the experimental plots cultural Problems of Alaska, p. 87- established in this study, indicating 124, illus. 1949. that steep slopes restricted the move- BEAR, FIRMAN E. et al. Hunger signs in ments of deer less than cattle. Wide crops. Amer. Sot. of Agron. & Natl. differences were observed in use of Fertilizer Assoc. 390 pp., revised various forage types by both deer edition. 1949. and cattle. In general, areas heavily BRASINGTON,J. J. Forest grazing in south used by cattle were also heavily Alabama and west Florida. Forest used by deer. Cattle were responsible Farmer g(3): 8. December 1949. for depletion of grass on the more DOTZENKO, ALEX AND GILBERT H. accessible areas while deer damaged AHLGREN. Response of alfalfa in an browse plants. alfalfa-bromegrass mixture to various MILES, W. H. Better ranch manage- cutting treatments. Agron. Jour. ment . Farm and Ranch 68 (12) : 20-21. 42(5): 246-247, biblio. May 1950.- December 1949 .-Includes range man- Cutting earlier than l/10 bloom re- agement. * duced the yield of alfalfa in an PHINNEY, T. D. How grazing capacity alfalfa-bromegrass mixture. of mountain range lands is affected by FRANDSEN,W. R. Effect of systems of range condition and usability. Jour. grazing on livestock production. U. S. Forestry 48: 106-107. February 1950. Soil Conserv. Serv. Pacific Coast PITTMAN, D. W. AND R. F. NIELSON. Region, Portland, Oregon. 1949. Mountain meadows respond to proper HALEY, J. E. The heraldry of the range; management. Farm and Home Sci. some southwestern’ brands. Panhandle (Utah Sta.) 11: lo-11,21. March 1950. Plains Historical Sot., Canyon, Tex. ROHLF, J. A. Ideas from the Wests’ 35 pp., illus. 1949. best cattlemen. Farm Jour. 73(12): JUL_4NDE:R,ODELL AND W. LESLIE ROB- 34-35. December 1949.--Pasture and INETTE. Deer and cattle relationships range management. CURRENTLITERATURE 331
SAVAGE, D. A. AND MCILVAIN, E. H. WHITE, W. T. Erosion on mountain Grazing and related range manage- pastures in Italy. Soil Conserv. 15(10) : ment studies on the Southern Plains 230-232, illus. May 1950.-Erosion is. experimental range. Woodward Sta- very common on Italian mountain tion mimeo. Prog. Rept., 7 pp. Wood- pastures, especially on the dry mea- ward, Okla. 1949. dow and grass-timber meadow types. SMITH, LLOYD F. Timber density im- The wet meadow type is generally portant factor in forest grazing. Mis- less eroded. Suggested remedial prac- sissippi Farm Research 12(12) : 6, 8, tices include : application of good illus. December 1949.-Density of grazing practices, action to build up timber stand was the most important organic matter, reseeding of certain influence on forage production in long areas, development of water, and leaf pine stands at McNeill, Missis- frequent shifting of night corrals. sippi. WHITFIELD,C. J. ET AL. Grazing studies U. S. FOREST SERVICE. Questions and on the Amarillo Conservation Ex- answers about grazing on national periment Station, 1943-49. Tex. Agri. forests. U. S. Dept. of Agri. AB Expt. Sta., College Station, Texas. # 9, 18 pp. 1949.-Forest Service Bull. No. 717, 21 pp., illus. Decem- grazing policies on national forests. ber 1949.
RANGE IMPROVEMENT:Natural and artijicial revegetation, noxious plant control, mechanical improvements
ALLEN, C. E. Preliminary. analysis of dent and insect repellents, plant two types of seed pellets. (Abs.) stimulants, fertilizers, and pH buffers Cola.-Wyo. Acad. Sci. J. 4: 44-45. were added to assist the seed tlo November 1949. germinate and the seedling to grow. ALLEN, C. E. A comparison of two types To date, seedings made with pel- of crested wheatgrass (Agropyron letized seed have not been as success- cristatum) pellets. Assoc. Off. Seed ful as check seedings made with naked Anal. Proc. 39: 73-74. 1949. seed. Only the clay pellets have been BARNARD, D. M. An evaluation of pellet widely planted in field trials and seeding as it applies to range land. results with these have been markedly Wyo. Range Mangt. 21, 6 pp., (Ab- unsuccessful. In tests it was found stract of MS thesis.) March 1950.- that crested wheatgrass dropped from Range forage plant seeds have been a germination of 86 percent before variously coated with clay, a mixture pelleting to 14.7 percent afterward. of glue, feldspar and fly ash, colloidal Pellets do not penetrate the soil on montmorillonite, calcium carbonate, unprepared seedbeds, such as most gelatin capsules, powdered sugar, and ranges present. other materials, in an attempt to BARNES, 0. K. Dryland pastures and increase individual seed weight and their establishment. Wyo. Range thus improve distribution charac- &Iangt. 18, 3 pp. December 1949. teristics of the small, light seeds. BEATH, 0. A. Death stalks the range. Special ingredients such as bird, ro- Rec. Stockman, Am. Ed. (1950) 60 332 CURRENTLITERATURE
(52) : 56, 57, 78. December 1949.- Some effects of herbicides on pasture Discusses poisonous plants. and on grazing livestock. Mich. Agri. BLAISDELL, J. P. Effect,s of controlled Expt. Sta.. Quar. Bul. Vol. 32(3): burning on bitterbrush on the Upper 378-385. February 1950. Snake River plains. U. S. Forest HAGEN, C. D. Intermediate wheatgrass Service, Intermountain Forest & (Agropyron) battles the drought- Range Exp. Sta., Ogden, Utah, Re- and wins. West. Livestock 35(7): search Paper No. 20, 3 pp. April 87, 95. February 1950. 1950. HARRIS, G. A. Brush problem on Ferry CALDWELL, THOMAS AND JOSEPH F. County grazing lands. (Abs.) North- PECHANEC.The brushland plow. U. S. west Sci. 24: 33. February 1950. Forest Service, Pacific Northwest HINTZ, H. L. Range program will be For. & Range Expt. Sta. Research expanded ; brush burning averages Note No. 64, Portland, Oregon. Illus., $1.75 per acre; good start has been drawing. May 1950.-The brushland made in returning overgrown land plow is a disk type plow, with pairs to useful production. Calif. Wool of disks independently sprung, which Grower 36(7): 4. February 1950. allows the implement to pass over HOLTAN, H. N. Sealing farm ponds. obstructions with a minimum of Age Engineering 31(3) : 125-130. breakage. It is designed for use on March 1950. rocky, brush-covered range. LAMBERT, D. W. ET AL. Devitalization ELAM, F. L. From sage brush (Artemisia) of cereal and weed seeds by high to pasture. West. Livestock J. 28(11): frequency. Agron. Jour. 42(6): 304- 34, 46, 48, 50. January 1950. 306. Figs., illus. June 1950.-The ELWELL, H. M., AND M. B. Cox. Brush authors attempted to kill weed seeds control research at the Red Plains contaminating cereal grains, without Conservation Experiment Station; harming the germinative powers of progress report, 1950. Okla. Agri. the grains. This was done by exposing Expt. Sta. Mimeo. C. M-192, 7 pp. weed and grain seeds to high fre- February 1950. quency radio waves. However, both GALVIN, P. J. Brush and the reconquest weed and grain seeds were killed in of Texas. Tex. Livestock J. g(3): 4, the frequency ranges tested. This 31-32. March 1950. method may have application in GARDNER, J. L. Effects of thirty years range weed control after it has been of protection from grazing in desert developed further. grassland. Ecol. 31(l) : 44-50, tabs., MCILVAIN, E. H., D. A. SAVAGE,LESLIE illus., biblio. January 1950.-Obser- E. JOHNSON AND D. E. HOWELL. vations made near Silver City, N. Grazing, feeding, and other range Mex. indicate that protection from improvement studies on the Southern grazing since 1918 has increased grass Plains experimental range. Woodward density 110 percent, but changed Station mimeo. Prog. Rept., 20 pp. species composition very little on the 1949. upland type. Gullies are healing un- PAYNE, G. Big sagebrush-to spray or der protection. not to spray. Mont. Woolgr. 24(4): GRIGSBY, B. H. AND E. D. FARWELL. 10-l 1. April 1950. CURRENTLITERATURE 333
SAVAGE, D. A. Research points way to soils can be reclaimed through leach- range and crop improvement,. Cat- ing, through use of chemicals, or tleman 36(6): 85-89. 1949. through use of alkali-tolerant plants. SHAU,’ WARREN C. An efficient sprayer Leaching cost $3.49 an acre in a Utah for application of chemical sprays to experiment ; increased returns were experimental plots. Agron. Jour. 42(3) : from $15.87 to $38.51 per acre (de- 158160, illus. March 1950.-A small, pending on soil type) above the cost two-wheeled, push-cart type sprayer. of treatment. STONE, E. C. AND J. HOLT. A rapid WHITNEY, 12. S., ROBERT GARDNERAND method of separating seed of chamise D. W. ROBERTSON.The effectiveness (Adenostoma fasciculatum) from the of manure and commercial fertilizer duff. Ecol. 31(l) : 149, illus. January in restoring the productivity of sub- 1950. soils exposed by leveling. Agron. WAGNER, JOE A. AND CLARENCE P. ,Jour. 42(5): 239-245, illus., tabs., KINKOR. Will pellet seeding work? biblio. May 1950.-Both manure and Am. For. 56(5): 25, 44, 45, illus. commercial fertilizers were effective May 1950.-Range reseeding on in restoring almost normal yields of southwest Indian reservations (90,000 corn, sugar beets, and spring wheat acres) was not successful without in a very short time. High rates of preparation of seed bed. Rodent repellants added to pellets were not application were used. Principal limit- effective. Unpelleted seed gave ap- ing elements in the soil studied were proximately the same results as pel- nitrogen and phosphate. leted seed. YOUNG,V. A., ET. AL. Recent develop- WHITE, ALLENRY L. Reclaiming saline ments in the chemical control of brush and alkali soils by leaching. West- on Texas ranges. Tex. Agri. EJxpt . land Pasture Jour. l(2): illus., tabs., Sta., College Station, Bull. n-0. 721, biblio. May 1950.-Saline and alkali 18 pp., map. March 1950.
RANGE INFLUENCES:Forests, watershed protection, wildlife, recreation
CHEPIL, W. S. The relation of wind RICHTIE, A. B. Soil texture in relation to erosion to some physical soil character- erosion. So. Austral. Dept. Agr. Jour. istics. Minn. U. Sum. Ph. 19. Theses 53: 135-136. October 1949. 3: 36-41. 1949. WADE, OTIS. Soil temperatures, weather FHANK, BERNARD AND ANTIEONYNET- conditions, and emergence of ground BOY. The mirage of river basin de- squirrels from hibernation. Jour. velopment. Am. Forests 56(3): 18- Mammology 31(2) : 1588161,’ fig., 20, 42-44, 46, illus. JMarch 1950.- biblio. May 1950.Frozen soil pre- River basin developments have not sents a barrier through which ground accomplished their full purpose.. More squirrels cannot dig their way. Great attention must be given land manage- importance is assigned this factor in ment above the costly dams before explaining the fact that ground squir- the “mirage” will become a reality. rel emergence dates vary so widely. 334 CURRENTLITERATURE
RANGE AND LIVESTOCKECONOMICS : Land utilization, public land administration, cost of production, coordination of range and ranch
AMER. NATL. LIVESTOCK Assoc. ests 56(4) : 17, 37, 41. April 1950.- Roundup of cattle facts and figures. The Bureau of Land Management 112 pp. Denver 2, Colo. 1950.-Up- should be transferred into the Forest to-date statistics, useful in prepara- Service. tion of speeches or magazine articles. SAUNDERSON,M. H. Western range land JENNINGS,R. D. Consumption of feed use and conservation problems. J. by livestock, 1909-47. Bureau of Farm Econ. 31: 985-97. November Agri. Economics, 105 pp., illus. Circ. 1949.-Discusses the western range 836. 1949.-Types and amounts of by regions, and tells how deterioration feed consumed by different kinds of is influencing ranch economics in livestock are given for this period. each region. “Most important, among KRAL, LESLIE G. AND CHARLES GREEN- the economic influences I would rate LEE. How beef cattle fit in the farm the considerable lag between ecologic business. Cattleman 37(l) : 24, 50, and economic trends, for most of the illus. June 1950.Problems of feed- main range types; the wide produc- ing beef cattle on Iowa farms for tion swings of an arid region and the profit. tendency to base financial structure LOOMER,C. W. AND V. WEBSTER JOHN- on the favorable periods; the problem SON. Group tenure in administration of land tenure in good management, of public lands. Bureau of Agri. especially for the private lands.” Econ. 51 pp. Circ. $29. 1949.-Land- This paper is followed by discussions lord-tenant relations with the govern- presented by William N. Anderson ment with respect to use of public and H. R. Hochmuth. grazing lands are discussed. SAUNDERSON,M. H. Land use on the MCCORMICK, ROBERT L. L. Unification western watershed. Farm Policy of federally-owned lands. Amer. For- Forum 3(3): 23-25. March 1950.
RANGE LIVESTOCKMANAGEMENT: Production, feeding, marketing, history
ANONYMOUS. Diseases of dogs. Natl. DAHLQUIST, N. AND J. F. SCHINAGL. Woolgr. 60(7): 16, 17, 27-29, illus. Scientific research reveals vitamin A May 1950.-Material abridged from combats lamb loss. West. Farm Life 1942 Yearbook of Agriculture, “Keep- 52(3): 38,51. February 1, 1950. ing Livestock Healthy.” DAMERON, W. H. ET AL. Texas Ram- ANONYMOUS. Proposed foot-and-mouth bouillet ram experiment. Natl. disease research laboratory. Cattle- Woolgr. 60(4): 15-16, 39, illus., bib- man 37(l): 90-93. June 1950.-A lio. April 1950.-“Ninety-six regis- description of plans for the proj.ect, tered Rambouillet rams, representing its safeguards and services to increase 14 stud sire groups, were studied for the security of the U. S. from foot- body weight, daily gain, grease wool and-mouth disease as issued by the production, clean wool production, U. S. Bureau of Animal Industry. staple length, spinning count, face CURRENTLITERATURE 335
covering, body conformation and skin a herd dog. Natl. Woolgr. 60(7): 14, folds.” Most of these factors were 15, 26, illus. May 1950. found to be heritable. SLEN, S. B. The relationship of clean JORDAN, R. M. Rations for wintering fleece weight to fibre thickness. Scien- breeding ewes. S. Dak. Agr. Expt. tific Agri. 29(9): 595-598, tabs., Sta. B. 399, 7 pp. February 1950. biblio. December 1949.-In the wool MARSH, HADLEIGH. Infectious diseases tested, it was found that as the fibres of sheep in Australia. Natl. Woolgr. became coarser, there was a definite 60(4): 20, 21, illus. April 1950.- trend toward increased clean weights. Discusses the following sheep diseases However, the relationship was not which occur in Australia : Entero- found to be significant within narrow toxemia, black disease, blackleg, sore- ranges of fibre thickness. mouth in lambs, stiff lambs, foot- SOWDEN,F. ,J. AND W. A. DELONG. The rot, infection in dipping vats, and lignin fractions of the feces of rumi- others. nants. Sci. Agri. 29(g): 418-423, figs., MARSH, HADLEIGH. Fine-wool Merinos tabs., biblio. Sept. 1949.-Methods in Australia. Natl. Woolgr. 60(5): of estimating lignin content of feces 13, illus. May 1950.-80 percent of of rumintants were tested. all sheep in Australia are *Merinos, SOWDEN,F. J., AND W. A. DELONG. In- developed almost solely from the vestigations on the lignin fractions of standpoint of wool production. Three pasture herbage and of the feces of general types of Merinos are recog- ruminants, 1. The lignin fraction of nized; the fine-wools, the medium- pasture herbage. Sci. Agri. 29(9): wools, and the strong-wools. This 409-417, figs., tabs., biblio. Septem- article describes the fine wools. ber 1949.-Methods of estimating’ MARSI-I, HADLEIGH. Australian breeds lignin content of pasture herbage were of sheep. Nat. Woolgr. 60(6): 18-19, tested. illus. June 1950.-Second of three TERRILL, CLAIR E. More lambs from articles. Describes medium- and open-faced ewes. Natl.’ Woolgr. 60(6) : strong-wool Merinos. 15, 34, illus. June 1950.-In a test of NATIONAL R,ESEARCHCOUNCIL. Recom- Rambouillet sheep at Dubois, Idaho, mended nutrient allowances for sheep. “Open-faced ewes excelled those with National Research Council, Washing- covered faces in every phase of lamb ton 25, D. C. Recommended Nutrient Allowances for Domestic Animals production including percent of ewes No. 5. 50 cents. August 1949. lambing, percent of lambs born of REESE, H. H. Bow to select a sound ewes lambing, percent of live lambs horse. USDA Farmers’ Bull. 779, of lambs born, percent of lambs slightly rev., 22 pp. December 1949. weaned of live lambs born, and aver- SAVAGE, D. A. Self feeding of salt-meal age weaning weight .” mixtures to range cattle. U.S. Southern Us S. SOIL CONSERVATIONSERVICE. Salt Great Plains Station, Woodward, range livestock properly. U. S. Soil Oklahoma, mimeo. rept., 4 pp. (Also Conservation Serv. Pacific Coast Re- published under similar title in Tex. gion, Portland. 2 pp. November Livestock J. g(3): 32-35) 1950. 1949. SCHUESSLER, RAYMOND. How to train VAN HORN, J. L., ET AL. Nutritional 336 CURRENT LITERATURE
requirements of ewes wintered under remained green t,hroughout the fall, range conditions. Mont. Woolgr. 24 winter and spring seasons and seemed (2): 12, 18. February 1950. to provide sufficient carotene to WATKINS, W. E. AND ,J. H. KNOX. The maintain proper vitamin A levels in relation of carotene content of range beef cows. forage to the vitamin A requirement WILLIAMS, S. B., ET. AL. Supplemental of breeding cows., Jour. Animal Sci. feeding of pregnant ewes. Sci. Agri. 9(l): 23-29, tabs., figs., biblio. Feb- 30(l) : l-l 1, tabs., biblio. January ruary 1950.-On southern New Mex- 1950.-Legume hay gave more satis- ice ranges, vitamin A deficiency in factory results than did non-legume beef cows might occur only in case of hay. Addition of vitamin A supple- prolonged drought or extremely ab- ment did not bring about any signif- normal conditions. Certain plants icant improvement. NEWS AND NOTES
LAND @VNERSEIIP CARRIFS A as it does for the prevention of any PUBLIC RESPONSIBILITY obvious hazard to public safety, public A two-line decision handed down by health and human life. the United States Supreme Court affirms Forests are much more than a source a principle of vast importance to our of material wealth. They are indispensable countrys’ security and progress. The safeguards to’ soil and water and, there- ruling simply upheld the const,itutionality fore, to agriculture, industry and the of a law enacted by the State of Washing- entire structure of civilized living.- ton to conserve its forest resources, a law Editorial, Atlanta Journal. based upon the premise that land owner- ship involves a trusteeship for the com- NAVAJO SI~EEP IMPROVEMENTE~XTENDED mon weal. TO GUATEMALA The states’ Supreme Court, in the course of a memorable opinion, declared: The U. S. Department of Agriculture “We do not think a state is required has set up a cooperative project with the to stand idly by while its natural re- Ministry of Agriculture of Guatemala to sources are depleted. High authority improve breeding and management of supports our view. Edmund Burke once native sheep whose long coarse wool is said that a great unwritten compact important to the Indian handicrafts of existed between the dead, the living and that country. the unborn. We leave to the unborn a Animal husbandmen in charge of the colossal financial debt, perhaps inescap- work expect to apply the 14 yea.rs of able, but, incurred nonetheless in our time experience gained by the Departments and for our immediate benefit. Such an of Agriculture and Interior in improving inviolate compact requires that we leave similar sheep of Navajo Indians in south- to the unborn something more than debts western United States. The Guatemalan and depleted natural resources . . . Surely, project is one of a number in which this where natural resources can be utilized Department is participating, under its and at the same time perpetuated for program of technical cooperation in future generations, what has been called agriculture with foreign countries. constitutional‘ morality ’ requires that The sheep improvement work is being we do so.” carried out under the direction of Guate- This decision, now endorsed by the malas’ cooperative agricultural station of nations’ highest tribunal, is noteworthy which Rolland C. Lorenz is director. Dr. . . . for its application to the field of forest Robert I,. Squibb is in charge of the sheep conservation. How far can government project. Both U.S.D.A. scientists are go in protecting a natural resource without stationed in Guatemala. which our prosperity and eventually our As an early step in getting the project civilization would be lost? The logical started, the station has imported four answer is, it can go as far for this purpose high-quality cross-bred rams from the 337 338 NEWS AND NOTES
Southwestern Range and Sheep Breeding TRUMAN DISCUSSES FLOOD CONTROL ACT Laboratory, Fort Wingate, New Mexico, In identical letters dated May 19, a cooperative research agency of the 1950, to the Departments of Agriculture, Bureau of Animal Industry of the Depart- the Army, Commerce, and Interior, ment of Agriculture and the Indian and to the Federal Power Commission, Service of the Department of the Interior. and to the Federal Security Agency, These animals incorporate characteris- President Truman discussed the River tics of native Navajo sheep, mixed with and Harbor and Flood Control Act of selected lines of Lincoln, Cot,swold, Cor- 1950. riedale, and Romney. They are represen- tative of the improved stock emerging “The procedure authorized by the Act is in from breeding developments at Fort lieu of a special study commission included in earlier versions of the bill, which would have Wingate, where work is aimed at increas- been preferable. It is significant, however, that ing yield and quality’ of wool from sheep for the first time there is specifically recognized of the Navajo Indians of Arizona, New in legislation of this type the need for a broad- Mexico, and Utah. Like the Indians of scale study of the multiple uses of the land and Guatemala, the Navajos are recognized water resources of a river basin. It is essential that the Executive agencies organize their for their hand-weaving ability, and they efforts to realize, as far as possible under share a similar problem of obtaining existing law, the potentialities of the broad- enough long coarse wools for their looms. scale, integrated resources study for the Ar- The Navajo and Guatemalan sheep are kansas-white and Red River Basins authorized similar in that both are descended from (in the Act). . . .” -Natural Resources Com- mittee. stock brought to the Americas by early Spaniards.-From Office of Foreign Agri- cultural Relations. U.S.D.A. COLORADO RANGE CONDITIONS Field conditions up unt,il the last few J. Byron Wilson of McKinley, Wyo- days (July 21) have been a repetition ming received an honorary doctor of laws quite parallel to our drouth year of 1934. degree at June commencement exercises The entire sout,heastern section of our of the University of Wyoming. Mr. Wil- state, according to the reports of field son has served more than 30 years as men, rangers, and livestock men, has secretary of the Wyoming Wool Growers ’ been in a most critical condition so far Association and has been a tireless worker as concerns range and range feeds. It for the advancement of the wool growing has been necessary for many of our industry in Wyoming and the nation. people in this section to reduce their He was one of the leaders who secured herds, others have sold outright, and a the Wyoming Truth in Fabric Law, goodly number have shipped their stock which became the pattern for the Na- to adjacent sections of the state or into tional Wool Labeling Act of 1940. He western Kansas. In such instances where helped organize the Wyoming Wool Kansas pastures are utilized, it is re- Marketing Association and in founding ported that wheat lands, due to weather the American Wool Council, an organiza- conditions, will produce better pasture tion in which the sheepmen, manufac- and forage than grain crops. turers and the merchants all work to- A late start of feed is definitely cur- gether. Mr. Wilson is a member of this tailing overall carrying capacity of ranges Societ,y and the Wyoming Section. in the central eastern and northeastern NEWS AND NOTES 339 sections. High altitude ranges are nearly will stand and yet keep the trend up- normal. Having just returned from along ward. the Colorado-Utah border I am in no The small one-fourth to one acre plots position to brag about the appearances which several land managing agencies of our winter range. Unless sufficient have are helpful but they fall far short, seasonal moisture is our good fortune of furnishing all the useful information there will definitely be a shortage, par- that can be had. As soon as small pro- ticularly in the desert and semi-desert tected plots within areas of depletion areas.-J. L). Hart, Colorado Game and begin to gain in vegetative cover, they Fish Commission. attract rodents, birds, and insects to an extent that materially retards full recovery. There also is usually a much heavier population of field mice and a A PLEA FOR MORE AKD LARGER RANGE concentration of use by birds. This DEMONSTIXATIONPLOTS excessive use by rabbits, mice, and birds Realistic range management is handi- results from the “slim pickings” in the capped by the honest differences in judg- way of food on the more severely de- ment between people having responsi- pleted adjacent land. bility for use and management of land. Protected plots of from 50 to 200 or This is more generally true as between more acres are much more satisfactory range users and officials of land manag- than smaller plots (Fig. l), These larger ing agencies, but there are often differ- plots can be placed so as to take in a ences between professional range manag- greater variety of slopes, exposures,X soils, ers themselves. In my humble opinion, and other situations. The larger areas most of us have our sights set too low, are affected much less by disturbing out- so fa,r as the objective of, opt,imum re- side influences. One important advantage source conditions are concerned. The of the larger dnits is that after vegetative reason is that our appraisals of conditions recovery is definitely and substantially are relative and are based too much on on its way they can be stocked with comparison with conditions which for grazing animals. The stocking should be several decades we have been seeing ad1 on a sufficiently conservative basis so around us. Few people now living have that vegetative gains will be continued. seen really good land conditions. Any- Representatives of public land manag- thing that will help develop positive facts ing agencies have many tough and as to potentials of the land should be difficult problems. Too often a job that welcomed by all concerned. In my ex- starts out with analysis of range and perience, fenced protected plots have land resource conditions turns into dis- been most helpful guides. By follow-up agreement and controversy. The consider- observations over several years they re- ations of conditions and trend become veal what the conditions can be as to eclipsed by human differences in judg- plant density, composition, vigor, growth ment. The differences are usually widest and yield, mulch cover, water absorbing where the problem is one of repair of capacity of the soil, soil temperatures and damaged land resources rather than other related factors. These plots also maintenance management of conditions indicate how much time is required to already satisfactory. For these reasons bring about substantial resource repairs; it is imperative that both public land and, finally, how much grazing use they managers and users be as nearly right 340 NEWS AND NOTES
in their analysis of conditions and pre- is developrd as to what, degree of grazing scribed remedial treatment as is humanly use t,hey will stand and yet keep the possible. We nrrd wer.v deprndahle guide trrnd opvard. that can be had. In my opinion, the most Thne is a definite self educational reliable evidpnw we can have is inside value in largr range plots. l‘ hey’ true up large fencvd p&e&d plots. I base this our conceptions, make us more realistic, statement on personal experience with and give us a measure of needed eon- R dozen or more plots, each forty acres or fidenre. They we ronrinring to the larger. Thrir value incrrasw with age. public and create a faith in our objective.
Q In-summary, the factual information -F. Let Kirby, Forester. U. S. Forest whichlprotected’ plot,s-particularly the Service, Denver, Colorado. larger ones-produce includes: (1) What 4 period of protection is required to get resource repairs starled on damaged lands. (2) We eventually find out what The annual conserration field day on the optimum conditions of vegetation D.C.O. Wilson Ranch near Fort NIcKa- density. plant vigor, and soil stability ritt was attended hy some 225 ranchrrs cadhe. (3) The forage yield from healthy and range conservationists. The day was land and vigorous plant,s as compared to sponsored hy Wilson in cooperation with yield from sick plants on starved land the Eldorado Divide SCD. is revealed. (4) By stocking the plots The days activities included a harhe- after recovery is well started, informat,ion cue lunch, a demonstration by the SCS NEWS AND NOTES 341 rain making machine used t,o check under the supervision of Dr. V. A. Young infiltration rates, and a tour over Wil- and Dr. 0. E. Sperry of the Range and sons’ Ranch. Short talks were made by Forestry Department, A & M College Dave Foster, Ben Osborn, and E. B. of Texas. They listened to class work and Keng, of SCS, and Dr. V. A. Young from to field demonstrations over this period Texas A & M. Bill Roundtree, Work of three weeks, also studied basic ecology Unit Conservationist at Eldordo, did and agrostology, and visited many a good job as lMaster of Ceremonies.- ranches. On these ranches they reviewed Harold F. Heady. the management program that had been followed and discussed in each case ways and means of improving range manage- WHICH END OF THE GRASS IS THE merit.-Harold F. Heady. BEST FEED & Whether the tip or oldest part of a grass blade is higher in feeding value than WATER CONSERVATION the tender yellow young growth next to “In thinking about food, let us start the stem or crown bud is a disputed point. with the one essential ingredient: water. The grass grows upward from the bud, In thinking about soil conservation, let hence the youngest part is nearest the us start with the element which is the bud. Generally, the cow gathers both greatest friend or the most ruthless foe parts when she grazes. of soil formation: water. And in thinking Chemical analysis of little bluestem about water, let us start, not at the tap shows that crude protein is highest in or at the river-mouth, but away back the leaf tips and potassium is highest in where the flow begins, on the mountain the new growth. Calcium content< is about tops and hillsides. . . . the same for both ends of the leaf. Phos- “Conserving water natures’ way is no phorus content is variable, indicating a mean objective. To unriddle the subtle freer movement of phosphorus within aspects of the soil-water-plant-animal the’ plant. complex offers the natural science an The percent of phosphorus is progres- exciting cooperative adventure. To per- sively lower from flower to basal stem suade men of the wisdom of coopera,tion at flowering time. When the grass blooms, and forward-looking, slighting their im- phosphorus is scarified by the remainder mediate good for the good of all, is an of the plant to further flowering and objective worthy of the best in the social seed development. After seed develop- sciences. To deal wisely with the varying ment, much of the plants’ phosphorus is needs of agriculture and industry in the transferred to the roots and stored t,o present and for the future: that is a start grass growth the next spring.- challenge to governments worthy of the fi1. F. Wichman, Soil Conservation Serv- best that is in them.“-Excerpt from ice, Fort Worth, Texas. Monthly Letter of the Royal Bank of Canada, March 195O.--in Outdoor News Bulletin. TEXAS ANNUAL R.ANGE SCI~OOLHELD The annual range school for county agents and vocational agricultural teach- SUPERIOR SERVICE AWARD ers in Texas was successfully held June Reed W. Bailey, Director of the Inter- 24 to Julv.. 14. The groun of 29 men were mountain Forest Experiment Station of 342 NEWS AND NOTES the U. S. Forest Service, received the headquarters, Knoxville. The agenda Superior Service Award at the annual included a proposal to adopt “A platform presentation of the U. S. Department of and suggested plan of action for the scien- Agriculture Honor Awards in Washing- tific use and development of natural ton, D. C., May 25. Ihe’ award was resources.” given for creative thinking and dynamic leadership in research in watershed man- GREAT PLAINS SOILS agement, especially in the fields of range B. T. Shaw, deputy administrator of land rehabilitation and flood and erosion the Agricultural Research Administra- control. tion, said recently, while discussing soil 4& fertility in the Great Plains and future MICI-IIGANSCHOOL OF NATURAL “Dust Bowl” possibilities at a Secretarys’ RESO~JR~ES staff conference, that no system of farm- The worlds’ first School of Natural ing there in use would maintain soil fer- Resources will be established at the Uni- tility and there was none on the drawing versity of Michigan in the fall. President boards. Soils cropped continuously to Alexander G. Ruthven announced that wheat have lost a quarter of their organic it will expand the activities of the present matter, to small grains and fallow 35 School of Forestry and Conservation percent, and to row crops or row crops which it will replace. “Through the new and fallow one-half. The soil holds its own school, teaching and research will be while in grass but goes downhill each widened to consider everything which time it is plowed for a crop. The stubble- nature had placed on, under and over the mulch system halts wind and water earth in their relation to man.” Conserva- erosion losses but not the decline in tion eduction will occupy an important organic matter-nor does plowing under place in the new school under provision green manure crops. of a ten-year $100,000 grant from the Until about a decade ago this loss in Charles Lathrop Pack Forestry Founda- organic matter had little influence on tion of which Randolph G. Pack, of yields for there was still sufficient soil New York City, is president. fertility to balance the available moisture The grant provides for an additional supply. Moisture supply is still the main faculty member, the Pack Professor of factor, but soil fertility is now limiting Conservation, who will develop compre- yields of most crops in years of above- hensive graduate and undergraduate pro- average rainfall and of some crops, like grams in the conservation of natural re- grass seed, in all years. What we have sources along much broader lines than learned about the use of fertilizers in those traditionally followed in the train- humid regions and under irrigation is of the forester, wildlife manager or other not applicable in the Great Plains. We other specialists. Dr. Stanley A. Cain, now have hopes of working our way out of this in charge of botanical research at the dilemma but the road is long and the Cranbrook Institute of Science has been research budget is limited.-USDA Em- appointed to this position. ployee News Bulletin, May 22, 1950.
NATURAL RESOURCES COUNCIL MEETING SOILS AND WILDLIFE IN MISSOURI The Natural Resources Council of In animal husbandry, it has been America scheduled a meeting October 2 repeatedly shown that with the applica- and 3 at the Tennessee Valley Authority tion of lime, phosphate and other fertili- NEWS AND NOTES 343 zers, response by animals has been shown : Alaska, even north of the Arctic Circle. (a) by their choice in grazing of the Grasses occur sparingly in the vast treated soils first; (b) by their greater stretches of sedge-dominated tundra in gains or young animal growth on forages northern and northwestern districts, be- from fert,ilized soils; and (c) by better coming successively thicker and more reproduction on treated soils. thrifty from the Arctic Circle southward With the evidence we have at hand on and from higher to lower elevations. Na- various wild forms including the rabbit, tive grasses make quick growth and ma- (also raccoon, muskrat, opossum, and ture early, but they deteriorate rapidly squirrel), the response to fertilized soils with the advance of the growing season. appears to be much the same as domestic Cutting or pasturing the native grasses livestock. In making practical applica- year after year quickly depletes the tion of these facts, it is possible to in- stand. Overgrazing kills all the plants crease population levels and quality of and starts wind and water erosion of the game species by raising fertility levels of soil. the land, providing other habitat condi- The grasses grow surprisingly fast, tions are not allowed to deteriorate. tall, and vigorously on nearly all open These and similar evidences of the areas of well-drained or partially drained effect of soil upon game populations and soils, but a dense covering of other vege- quality indicate the desirability of a tation often insulates and holds the per- deeper perspective regarding the in- manent ice layer or cold soil zone near tricacies of land-wildlife relationship. the surface and retards grass develop- We are becoming increasingly aware of ment. what good nutrition means to humans, EfFicient use of the ranges and tame domestic animals and plants-and wild pastures of Alaska depends upon the animals are no exception. ’ As studies development and preservation bf ade- continue to disclose facts, the knowledge quate winter feed supplies. This is the will eventually form an even more sub- principal problem confronting the live- stantial basis for the statement, “As our stock producer. It can be solved best soil goes, so goes wildlife. “--Bill T. through the use of trench silos, but much Crawford in Journal of Wildlife Manage- needs to be learned about the combination ment April 1950. of forage crops that gives the highest yield and most nutritive silage.--from WILDLIFE CONFERENCE Report on Exploratory Investigations of The Wildlife Management Institute Agricultural Problems of Alaska (IJSDA has called for papers for presentation at Misc. Pub. No. 700). the Sixteenth North American Wildlife Conference, which will be held next SCIENCE FOUNDATION March 5, 6, and 7, in Milwaukees’ Hotel Schroeder. The program is being planned The President has signed the bill es- around the general theme “What is wild- tablishing a National Science Founda- life worth to you?” The deadline ’ for tion. The Director of the Foundation, to acceptance is November 15. be appointed by the President with the advice and consent of the Senate, is + responsible to the President. A board of FOI~AGE RESOURCES OF ALASKA 24 members, eminent in basic science, Native grasses and many other range medical science, engineering, agriculture, forage plants are widely distributed in education, or public affairs, is also to be 344 NEWS AND NOTES appointed by the President wiiifh the ad- that term he enlisted in the 10th En- vice and consent of the Senate. Authori- gineers, a forestry unit. He served 18 zation is for the appropriation of 15 mil- months overseas with the 10th and t/he lion dollars annually. 20th Engineers, returning to the United Functions of the Foundation will be to States in 1919. support basic research through contracts, Following his discharge from the Army, grants, or fellowships; to evaluate the he took a position with the U. S. Forest Federal research program; and to act Service. He did range research and ad- as a central clearing house on scientific ministrative work for the’ Forest Service personnel. It will have four major di- in New Mexico, Arizona, and Utah’ until visions-medical research; mathematical, October 1933, when he joined ,the Mon- physical, and engineering science; bi- tana State University faculty as associate ological science ; and scientific personnel. professor of range management. While there he also was in charge of several + range research project,s. IN XIEMORIAM Coming to Fort Collins in 1936 he Enoch W. Nelson, member of the Colo- established a grazing and range manage- rado A. & M. College Forestry faculty ment department in the Experiment since 1936, died June 25. He had been in station. lhat’ department was later ex- failing health for some time but had panded into a teaching and research finished the spring term at the college department in the forestry division. His and on June 13 attended a forestry- major field was range and pasture man- range field day. agement. He was the author of many A native of Iowa, he spent his boyhood articles based on research work he had at Lincoln, Nebraska. He received a done in range management and the bachelors’ degree in forestry from the rehabilitation of abandoned crop lands. University of Nebraska in 1913 and two His publications include a U.S.D.A. years later a masters’ degree in plant technical bulletin on the influence of ecology. He was appointed an assistant precipitation and grazing upon black in experimental agronomy at the Uni- grama grass range, and co-authorship versity for the 1916-17 term while he of a Station bulletin on restoring Colo- studied for a doctorate. At the end of rados’ range and abandoned crop land. WITH THE SECTIONS
ARIZONA Fred Lavin of the Southwestern Forest Over 60 int,erested people attended and Range Experiment Station, Joe the joint meeting of the Arizona Section Wagner of the U. S. Indian Service and of the American Society of Range Man- A. L. Brown of the University of Arizona. agement and the Interagency Range The panel on “Range Condition” was and Livestock Committee held at the made up of C. E. McDuff, U. S. Forest Fort Valley Experimental Forest near Service, Administration, J. F. Arnold, Flagstaff June 13 and 14. U. S. Forest Service, Research, J. S. The technical field of the range man- McCorkle, Soil Conservation Service and agement agencies included the Forest R. R. Humphrey, University of Arizona. Service, Bureau of Land Management, June 14 was devoted to an all day field Agricultural Extension Service, the Soil trip to observe reseeding and management Conserva,tion Service, the University of practices and problems. Arizona, the . Indian Service, the State This stimulating meeting indicated Land Department and the Game De- how the local sections can provide the partment. A dozen or more ranchers or common ground upon which the technical commercial stockmen attended and four workers and the practicing range and from financial fields. stock men can meet, and thus further The morning session on June 13 in- the aims of the parent Society. The cluded five principal addresses dealing Arizona Farmer-Ranchman which covered with important range problems : “R.ange the two-day meeting had this to say about problems of a northern Arizona ranch”, the spirit, aims, and accomplishments of John Babbitt, President of the Arizona the meeting so excellently planned by Cattle Growers Associabion; “How far R. R. Humphrey, chairman of the Sec- will the cow dollar stretch”, John ~Mc- tion and University of Arizona range ecol- Lernon, Agricultural Advisor, Bank of ogist : Arizona ; “Effects of fire on perennial “Generally speaking, associations and grasses of the ponderosa pine woods”, their inevitable conventions and meet- Harold Weaver, Area Forester, U. S. ings waste more valuable time for people Indian Service; “Estimating perennial than any other activity in which they grass utilization on semidesert cattle might indulge. ranges by percentage of ungrszed plants”, “We have t,o have organized groups %Iack Roach, Southwestern Forest and representing special interests, I admit, Range Experiment Station; “Big game but why cant’ all of them be as produc- problems in the southwest”, 0. N: Ar- tive, as interesting and as valuable to rington, State Game and Fish Commis- the membership as the Arizona Section sion. of the America,n Society of Range Man- The afternoon was given over to two agement proved itself to be at its Flag- panel discussions. “Range Improvement” staff meeting June 13-14? was discussed by G. E. Glendening and “It was nothing short of amazing the 345 346 WITH THE SECTIONS amount of down-to-earth practical in- Vernon F. VanCleve. Faculty Advisor formation the officers and committees is Albert L. Brown, Department of of the Arizona Section managed to cram Botany and Range Ecology, who is also into the two-day session-information Chairman of the Local Sections Commit- every cowman in the State needs to have, tee of the Society. and all aimed directly for the cowman. Sure, there were many Forest Service, Soil Conservation Service and Extension COLORADO Service men there, but from the beginning By the time the October issue of the . it was obvious that they were taking Journal comes off the press this Section their hair down to give commercial will have had its second annual summer stockmen the best answers they have to meeting at the Manitou Experimental the knottiest problems of the range. Forest,. Members of the society will meet “This was the first meeting of the at the Experimental Station, out of Wood- Society in Arizona since its organization land Park, Colorado, and enjoy a tour early this spring, which explains why of various studies and demonstrations. there were not more commercial stock- On Sunday morning, August 27, we are men on hand. Apparently they just looking forward to a trip of nearby water- havent’ heard of the Society yet,, or have shed areas under guidance of Forest put off joining on the theory that it was Supervisor McKennan. just another body of graybeards getting There is no reason to expect other than set to chew the same old cud. When the a good attendance in the face of the in- commercial men who were there spread structive and enlightening program that the news of what went on at the meeting has been made available to us. there will surely be a flood of applications At the present time we are proud to for membership. . . . report that we are rapidly approaching “In some ways the field trip was the the 150 membership mark for the Colo- most valuable part of the meeting, for rado Section. We do report this with pride, it was during the trip and the stops that because considering the geographical ranchers put the test of practicality to area of the state and the necessity for us the talks the experts had given the day to cross the Continental Divide to meet before. . . . with each other on such occasions, it “We recommend that every range speaks high of the keen interest of the stockman in the Stat#e join the Arizona members both on the east and west Section, American Societ,y of Range slopes of the state,--J. D. Hurt, Secre- Management now and plan to attend tary. the next meeting without fail.”
President Savage sent to the Board of NORTHWEST Directors on May 1 a request for approval The first summer meeting and tour of of a student chapter at the University of this Section was set for August 18 and Arizona. Officers of the student group 19. The committee, of which Joe Oliver are: Chairman A. Mark McKinney ; was chairman, planned a programthat Vice-Chairman Lawrence E. Perry; Sec- would be of interest to everyone concerned retary-Treasurer Richard Oxnam. Coun- with forage and livestock production. cilmen: H. H. Metzger, John R. Moser, The tour was to include pasture Thomas ru.’ Johnson, William I,. Hunt, studies : spring, summer forest range WITH THE SECTIONS 347 allotment, and late fall-aftermath; SOUTH DAKOTA grouping for fall and winter feeding; A request for approval of a South calf percent-weights; gunbarrel fire and Dakota Section was made July 10 by reseeding. President Savage to the Board of Di- The second dsy was to see work demon- rectors. This group has been an active strated at Squaw Butte Experiment subsection of the Northern Great Plains Station: field work on sagebrush removal, Section and has expanded to the point chemical treatment-operation of Texas where they felt just)ified in asking for brush cutter, forage utilization and in- formal recognition as a Local Section. ventory, the corrals and grass nursery. The same officers that it had as a sub- section will continue to serve the new Section. A plant identification contest for boys The program adopted by the Section is included in future plans. C. E. Poulton was as follows: Two botany field trips, heads the project committee. the preparation of a herbarium that will The annual meeting of the Section is be available for reference to all interested to be held at Yakima, Washington, agencies, a tour for the study of range November 13 and 14. John Chohlis is management problems, and an annual chairman of the arrangements committee, meeting for conducting the business of . and Dr. A. L. Hafenrichter, chairman the section. of the program committee. We were fortunate on May 19 of this 4 year, in having in the area, Fred Renner, former President of the Society; Herb NORTHERKINTERNATIONALMOUNTAIN Schwan of the Forest Service at Denver; Another big step for furthering range and Dr. E. J. Dyksterhuis, Chief of the management was taken April 29 when Range Management Division of the Soil this Section was formally organized at Conservation Service at Lincoln, Ne- Helena, Montana. The Section will braska. A dinner meeting was arranged devote itself to furthering understanding for at Custer, South Dakota. Thirty-two of range land-management problems, men were present and spent a very en- especially in the northern mountain joyable evening in discussing range prob- area. 26 members participated in the lems and experience.--Henry P. Holx- meeting, despite an unseasonal snow- man, Vice-Chairman. storm which blocked several roads. 4 One general meeting and one field meeting is planned for each year. The TEXAS field meeting was scheduled for early This section hopes to have a meeting September at Waterton Park, Alberta, later on in the summer at which technical and was to include a trip over ranges in papers and discussions will be held.- the Alberta National Forest. Harold F. Heady, Chairman SOCIETY BUSINESS
CATUDIDATES’ FOR OFFICERS 1951 earned his B.S., M.S., and Ph.D. at Ne- braska, Johns Hopkins, and George Wash- Chairman IS. IV. Allred and his nomi- ington Universities. In 1907, the newly nating committee report the following fine organized Range Research Branch of the roster of candidates for officers for the U. S. Forest Service assigned him to the Wallowa Forest, Oregon. In 1912 he became Society of Range Management for 1951. director of the first range research station A biographical sketch of each candidate of the Forest Service, the Great Basin, in is included. Utah. In 1922 he accepted a professorship of range management and ecology at the PRESIDENT University of California, Berkeley, where he Daniel A. Fulton, Ismay, Montana still is. He authored three texts on range Arthur W. Sampson, Berkeley, California management (a fourth now in press), and M. W. Talbot, Berkeley, California many bulletins and scientific papers. In 1948 he was a representative at the Pan VICE-PRESIDENT American Scientific Conference, Denver, and Waldo R. Frandsen, Portland, Oregon in 1949 at the United Nations, Lake Success. L. A. Stoddart, Logan, Utah He belongs to several scientific societies and is a life member of the American Society of TREASURER Range Management.
Floyd D. Larson, Billings, Montana M. W. Talbot, Berkeley, California C. Kenneth Pearse, Tucson, Arizona Associate Director, California Forest and COUNCIL MEMBERS (2) Range Experiment Station, and in charge of A. P. Atkins, Guymon, Oklahoma its division of range research since 1931. A. L. Hafenrichter, Portland, Oregon Conducting and directing research on im- Radf ord Hall, Denver, Colorado provement and management of range and E. R. Jackman, Corvallis, Oregon other wild lands. Born 1889 and reared on Bruce Orcutt, Miles City, Montana livestock and grain farm in western Missouri. Worked on cow ranch in western CANDIDATES FOR PRESIDENT Colorado. Forestry degree, University of Missouri, 1913. Grazing reconnaissance, Daniel A. F&on, Ismay, Montana range studies and inspection, Southwestern Charter member, life member, past council- District, Forest Service, 1913-1917. Lieut . , man, American Society of Range Manage- field artillery, 1918. In charge, 1919-1923, ment. Born 1904 and life to date spent on a range surveys in the southwest, and co- ranch in southeastern Montana. Active in operative studies with stockmen on range Montana Stockgrowers Association and forage plants, water supplies, salting, and Montana Woolgrowers Association. Chair- grazing capacity. In charge, weed investi- man, Montana Grass Conservation Com- gations of U. S., 1924-1930, Bureau of Plant mission. Occupation and hobby, range Industry, Washington; field work in 29 management. Collects books on art and lore States. Author of numerous publications on of western livestock trade. range ecology, range forage plants, princi- ples of judging range and water shed con- Arthur W. Sampson, Berkeley, California ditions, efficient range utilization, and co- Better known as “Sammy”, one of the ordination of grazing with other land uses. “elder statesmen” of range management, Vice President of Society, 1950. 348 SOCIETY BUSINESS 349
CANDIDATES FOR VICE-PRESIDENT southwest and Northern Great Plains. One- Waldo R. Frandsen, Portland, Oregon half year as assistant in regional office at Reared on a sheep and cattle ranch in Rapid City, S. D One-half year as project manager at Pine Ridge, S. D.; One and one- Eastern Utah. Graduated from the Utah half years as area range conservationist at State Agriculture College in 1932, majoring Billings, Montana. Bureau of Land Man- in Animal Husbandry and range manage- agement: Seven and one-half years, Chief, ment. After death of father was manager of Branch Soil and Moisture Conservation, his ranch from March 1932 until May 1935. Joined the Soil Conservation Service May Billings, Montana. 12, 1935. Served as range conservationist in C. Kenneth Pearse, Tucson, Arizona both field and regional offices. Author of Spent all of his working life in range and numerous articles on range conservation. wild land research. Received bachelors de- At present, Zone Conservationist at large, working on range conservation problems in gree in Plant Ecology from the University Region 7, Soil Conservation Service (Oregon, of Chicago in 1930 and his masters degree in Washington, Idaho, Nevada, California and Plant Physiology from the same institution . Hawaii) since April 1946. in 1932. Received a permanent appointment wit>h the Intermountain Forest and Range L. A. Stoddart, Logan, Utah Experiment Station of the U. S. Forest Born and reared on the plains of South- Service in 1930. His first assignment dealt eastern Colorado, received the Bachelors’ with determining the influences of plant and Masters’ Degrees in Range Manage- cover, grazing, and climate on erosion and ment at the Colorado A. and M. and the streamflow of the Boise river watershed in Doctors’ degree in Plant Ecology and Soils southeastern Idaho. From 1938 to 1943 he at the University of Nebraska. Was range was in charge of range reseeding studies in specialist in the regional office of the Soil Utah, Nevada, and Southern Idaho, and Conservation Service in the state of Wash- helped develop information on which ex- ington and came from there to Utah as head tensive reseeding operations have since been of the Range Management Department and based. He was made Assistant Chief of the Range Ecologist for the experiment station. Division of Range Research of the Forest Author of a number of articles and bulletins Service in Washington in 1943. Since July on range; also senior author of the book 1948 he has been Chief of the Division of “Range Management”. Has been on the Range Research of the Southwestern Forest editorial board for the Ecological Society and Range Experiment Station, Tucson, and the Society of American Foresters and Arizona. the first Journal Committee for the Range CANDIDATES FOR COUNCIL MEMBERS Society; was a councilman when the Society (Two to be elected) was founded. Is currently a member of the Agricultural Board of the National Re- A P. Atkins, Guymon, Oklahoma search Council and a member of the Ameri- Early life was spent in Flint Hill section of can Society of Animal Production. Kansas. Was graduated from Kansas State College at Manhattan in 1924, with major CANDIDATES FOR TREASURER in animal husbandry. Spent 26 years ranch- Floyd 1). Larson, Billings, Montana ing in the Kansas Flint Hills and Oklahoma Raised on a ranch in central Utah. B.A. and Texas Panhandle. Has been active in degree from Brigham Young University, furthering conservation on farms and with a major in music and a minor in ranges in Oklahoma for many years. Is English, followed by a B.S. degree from president of the State Association of Soil Utah State Agricultural College, with a Conservation Districts in Oklahoma. Is the major in Range Management and a minor in author of a number of articles on conser- forestry. Experience : Forest Service : 3 vation and development of farm and ranch seasons construction crew and fire guard at resources. Pinedale, Wyoming and one season as CCC foreman. One season timber reconnaissance, A. L. Hafenrichter, Portland, Oregon Springerville, New Mexico. Soil Conserva- Chief, Regional Nursery Division, Soil Con- tion Service: Three years range surveys in servation Service, Swan Island, Portland, 350 SOCIETY BUSINESS
Oregon. Ph.D.--Illinois, 1926. Investigator, goal of the Committee is given on page Carnegie Institution of Washington, Di- 163 of the April 1950 issue of the Journal. vision of Ecology 1926-1929 ; Assistant, Agri- -A. L. Hafenrichter, Chairman, Planning cultural Experiment Station, State College of Washington, 1929-1933 (lorage crops, and Activities Committee. crop ecology) ; Soil Conservation Service, U.S.D.A., 1933 to date. For details see: American Men of Science R.U.S. Publica- RE~VINDER- ESSAY CONTEST tions include reports on study of native and Dont’ forget to inform and interest exotic grasses and legumes for use in soil college students in the student essay and water conservation; adaptation, culture, contest. Papers must be in by November use and management of grasslands. 15. See the a,nnouncement of the contest Radford Hall, Denver, Colorado on page 272 of the July 1950 Journal. Born in Trenton, Nebraska; spent boyhood * in Nebraska, Utah, and Colorado. Graduate of University of Colorado. Worked for Swift 1951 ANNUAL MEETING and Company for some time, then was em- Youd’ better stsrt planning now to ployed by the Record Stockman, Denver acttend the annual meeting of the Society Livestock paper. After that was secretary which will be held in Billings, Montana, of Colorado Hereford Breeders Association. For the past five years has served as Assist- January 23-26, 1951. Be sure to leave tant Executive Secretary of the American some of your vacation time until’ then, National Livestock Association, Denver, arrange with a neighbor to do your Colorado. Is author of many articles dealing chores, and take your wife along to en- with livestock interests. joy the activities planned for the ladies. E R. Jackman, Corvallis, Oregon M. W. Talbot is chairman of the Pro- Born in 1894 in Stillwater, Minnesota. Lived gram Committee and Albin D. Molohon in Montana, Oregon and southern Cali- chairman of the Local Arrangements fornia. Farmed in Montana and eastern Committee. The program was approach- Oregon. Graduated from Montana State ing semi-final form as this issue of the College and Oregon State College, B.S. in Journal went to press. The meeting will Agronomy. For 26 years, Extension Spe- cialist in farm crops in Oregon. Is author of feature specific subjects, as follows: numerous articles and bulletins that deal First Day: Forenoon-Greeting by the with grassland improvement. Has worked Governor of Montana ; President Savages’ with local and state leaders in developing address, and business session. Afternoon. certified seed business in Oregon. -Special range problems of the North- Bruce Orcutt, Miles City, Montana ern Rocky Mountain and Great Plains Rancher, public speaker, poet, and official Regions. needler at annual meetings of American Second Day: Forenoon-Big game prob- Society of Range Management. lems of range lands. Afternoon-Range management in western Canada. Evening -Banquet. COMMITTEEASKS SUGGESTIONS Third Day: Forenoon-Recent signifi- The American Society of Range Man- cant developments in management and agement is canvassing its membership for‘ research. Afternoon-How to obtain suggestions that will make it possible faster progress in range management on for the Society to be of maximum effec- the ground. tive service. This is the job of the Plan- Fourth Day: Weather permitting-a ning and Activities Committee. We would trip to the Miles City range and livestock be most! grateful to have your ideas. The experimental areas. SOCIETYBUSINESS 351
BOARD OF DIRECTORSMEETS IN DENVER Student dues were increased from $2.50 A highly successful business meeting to $3.00 arinually in order to have them was held August 4 and 5. The meeting was self supporting. For similar reasons, it was characterized by rolled up sleeves, inde- decided no reduction could be made in an- pendent and democratic expression of nual dues of international members of the opinion, and much enthusiasm. Society. The Society will publish six issues of the The library of the Utah State Agricul- Journal in 1951. tural College was chosen as a central de- The Board recommended that the re- pository of Society literature. Members vised By-Laws, soon to be submitted to a who wish to store, or avail themselves of membership vote, include (1) provisions Society literature may use these facilities. for a permanent Executive-Secretary, and Excerpts of all actions taken by the (2) abolishment of the offices of Treasurer Board will be printed in the January 1951 and Secretary on January 1, 1952. Journal.--E. H. McIZvain, Secretary.
SURPLUS ACRES The long-expected adjustments from the wartime pattern of agricultural production are on in earnest in 1950. The announced allotment programsfor the 1950season call for about 12 million fewer acres in wheat than were planted in 1949; about 11 million fewer acres in corn in the commercial areas; and considerably fewer acres of cotton. Other war-expanded crops such as rice, peanuts, flaxseed, and potatoes have been or are faced with reductions. Altogether these reductions total some 30 million acres and may involve millions more during the next few years. These “surplus” acres represent a major unbalance in our agricultural plant. What to do with them is one of the major problems facing farmers. For the bulk of the 30 to 35 million “surplus” acres in prospect, the answer seems to be largely more hay and pasture to produce milk and beef.-Carl P. Heisig in The Agricultural Situation (USDA) May 1950. Membership List as of July 1, 1950
Membership Classes ABERCROMBIE, FRANK, SCS, Box 1055, Tucu- (C) Charter mari, N. Mex. (L) Life ADAMS, FRED D., (R) Ellensburg, Wash. ADAMS, JAMES R., PMA. LaFeria, Tex. (CL) Charter and Life ADAMS, LOWELL, FWS, NRM. Missoula, Mont. (S) Student AICHER, L. C., Kans. Agri. Exper. Sta., Hays, Abbreviations Kans. AKIN, MELVIN J., (C) SCS, Buffalo, So. Dak. (R)-Rancher AKINS, S. S., PMA, 59 So. Aberdeen St., Arling- States ton, Va. ES-Extension Service ALBEE, LESLIE R., (C) SCS, Box 1671 Rapid AES-Agricultural Exp. Sta. City, S. Dak. FGD-State Fish and Game Dept. or ALBERTSON, ALBERT, (C) FS, Fed. Bldg., Cedar Commission City, Utah FD-State Forestry Dept. or Commission ALBERTSON, F. W., (C) Bot. Dept., Ft. Hays Federal Kans. St. Col., Hays, Kans. U. S. Department of Agriculture ALLRED, B. W., (C) SCS, Box 1898, Ft. Worth BAI-Bur. of Animal Industry 1, Tex. BPISAE-Bur. of Plant Industry, Soils ALLRED, J. PRATT, (C) BLM, Fillmore, Utah & Agricultural Engineering ALLRED, WARREN J., (C) Box 335, Cheyenne, FHA-Farmers Home Administration wyo. FS-Forest Service ALT, BERNARD W., (S) 65 Carbon St., Missoula, Forest and Range Exp. Station Mont. CAL-California AMUNDSON, ALFRED, (S) 21 Cascade, Missoula, CS-Central States Mont. INT-Intermountain ANCHORDOGUY,RAYMOND, (R) Red Bluff, Calif. NRM-Northern Rocky Mt. ANDERSON, CLARKE A., (C) FS, Denver 2, PNW-Pacific Northwest Cola. RM-Rocky Mt. ANDERSON, DANIEL G., 2822 Seneca St., Tuc- SE-Southeastern son, Ariz. SS-Southern ANDERSON, DARWIN, (C) SCS, Box 1348, Albu- SW-Southwestern PMA-Production and Marketing Ad- querque, N. Mex. ministration ANDERSON, E. WM., (C) SCS, 703 N.W. Ellis SCS-Soil Conservation Service Ave., Pendleton,‘ Ore. U. S. Dept. of the Interior ANDERSON, KENNETH, (R) Halsey, Neb. BLM-Bur. of Land Management ’ ANDERSON, KLING L., (C) Dept. of Agron., BR-Bur . of Reclamation Kans. St. Col., Manhattan, Kans. FWS-Fish and Wildlife Service ANDERSON, MALCOLM, Box 2384, No. Dak. GS-Geological Survey Agri. Exp. Sta., Fargo, N. Dak. IND-Bur . of Indian Affairs ANDERSON, NELSON C., ES, Heppner, Ore. NPS-National Park Service ANDERSON, TRUMAN C., SCS, Bozeman, Mont. ANDERSON, W. JAMES, BLM, Washington 25, A D. C. AAKER, RALPH, (S) County Agent Off. Supe- ANDERSON, WM. N., BLM, Box 659, Salt Lake rior, Mont. City, Utah AAMODT, 0. S., (C) BPI, Plant Ind. Sta., Belts- ANDERWALD, FRANK R., (C) Rge. &For. Dept., ville, Md. A & M Col., Box 41, Fresno, Tex. ABBOTT, EDWIN B., FS, Box 119, Pendleton, ANDREWS, JAMES S., (C) BLM, Box 545, Wor- Ore. land, Wyo. ABBOTT, F. DEWITT, (C) SCS, 410 So. 41st St., ANTONICH, JOHN M., Anaconda Florist, 111 E. Lincoln, Neb. Park Ave., Anaconda, Mont.
352 MEMBERSHIP LIST 353
ANTRIM, H. STANLEY, (R) Box 267, Stevens- BARRETT, HONORABLE FRANK A., House of ville, Mont. Rep., Washington, D. C. APPLEMAN, ROBERT W., SCS, Kiowa, Colo. BARRETT, J. L. (R) Cascade, Mont. ARES, EUGENE T., FS, Cal. Univ. of Calif., BARTON, ORVILLE CLARK, JR., (C) FS, 9450 Berkeley, Calif. Buena Vista Dr., Phoenix, Ariz. ARMER, FRANK C., Valley Natl.’ Bank, Phoe- BARTRUFF, J. HARTLEY, (S) 800 So. 11th St., nix, Ariz. Laramie, Wyo. ARMER, WALTER D., (C) ES, Univ. of Ariz., BARTRUFF, JOHN E., SCS, Box 966, Laramie, Tucson, Ariz. wyo. ARNASON, ALLAN T., (C) PMA, Hutton Bldg., BATES, KYLE C., (C) PMA, 1424 Front Ave., Spokane, Wash. Coeur dAlene,’ Idaho ARNOLD, HARLAN G., (S) Dept. of Rge. Mgt., BAUGH, FRED R., FS, Boise Natl. For., Boise, Colo. A & M Col., Ft. Collins, Colo. Idaho ARNOLD, JOSEPH F., FS, SW, Box 951, Tucson, BAUMAN, RICHARD H., BLM, 1245 No. 29th St., Ariz. Billings, Mont. ARRINGTON, 0. N., (C) FGD, 1602 W. Jefferson, BAUMANN, EDGAR F., SCS, Box 84, Johnson Phoenix, Ariz. City, Tex. ARTZ, JOHN, FS, Ft. Howes Ranger %a., Ash- BAUMGARTNER, JOHN, JR., (R) 560 6th St., land, Mont. Hollister, Cal. ASHLEY, JAMES F., FWS, Swan Island, Port- BEALL, CAPT. CARL F., (C) IND, Qtrs. 2684-G, land, Ore. Ft. Geo. G. Meade, Md. ATKINS, A. P., (R) Box 270, Guymon, Tex. BEATY, W. R. C., Box 1146, Westwood, Cal. ATWOOD, GEO. S., SCS, Elkhart, Kans. BECKLEY, MAURICE S., ES, P.O. Bldg., San AUSTIN, WAYNE W., SCS, 2934 Shasta Rd., Jose, Cal. Berkeley 8, Calif. BECKLEY, WALLACE, (R) Evans, Wash. AYERS, T. L., PMA, 4529 Butterworth PI., BECKMAN, JAMES H., FS, DuBois, Wyo. N.W., Washington 16, D.C. BEED, WATSON E., FWS, Ft. Peck, Mont. BEEDON, 0. L., FS, Box 43, Baker, Ore. B BEETLE, ALAN A., (CL) Dept. Agron., Univ. of Wyo., Laramie, Wyo. BABBITT, JOHN G., (R) Box 85, Flagstaff, Ariz. BEHNEY, C. A., (S) Univ. of Wyo., Laramie, BAILEY, L. D., FS, Enterprise, Ore. wyo. BAILEY, REED W., (C) FS, INT, Ogden, Utah BEIDERMAN, HENRY, Editor, The Cattleman, BAIRD, MATT, (R) Ruby Star Ranch, Tucson, Ft. Worth, Tex. Ariz. BELL, ARTHUR L., JR., SCS, Granbury, Tex. BAKARICH, PAGE, (S) 2613 E. 21st St., Tucson, BELL, H. M., (C) SCS, Box 2898, Ft. Worth, Ariz. Tex. BAKER, F. S., Sch. For., Univ. of Calif., BELL, RAYMOND, JR., (R) Ranchos De Cananea, Berkeley, Calif. Apartado Postal No. 126, Cananea, Sonora, BAKER, MARVEL L., (C) AES, Univ. of Neb., Mex. Lincoln, Neb. BELL, SHELDON A., (C) SCS, Lakeport, Cal. BAKER, ROY J., (R) Cove, Ore. BELMONTE, ANTHONY R., SCS, Box 683, Teha- BALL, DURWOOD E., (S) Box 2736, Col. Sta., chapi, Cal. Tex. BEMENT, ROBERT E., SCS, Mancos, Col. BALL, ELDON E., (C) FS, Prineville, Ore. BENNETT, C. A., FS, Enterprise, Ore. BANGLE, EDWARD C., (S) 825 Cleveland St., BENNETT, JACK, (S) RFD-l, Deer Lodge, Mont. Missoula, Mont. BENNETT, RUSSELL E., So. Dak. Weed Bd., BARNARD, DONALD MACY, 2333 E. C St,, Tor- Courthouse, Rapid City, So. Dak. rington, Wyo. BENTLEY, J. R., (CL) FS, CAL, Box 245, Berke- BARNARD, T. G., St. Land Bd., Cap. Bldg., ley, Cal. Salem, Ore. BERGSCHEIDER, HENRY E., SCS, Box 636, Hays, BARNES, CHARLES C., (S) 202 So. Russell, Kans. Ames, Iowa BERNER, LESTER M., FWS, 212 Main St., BARNES, OSCAR K., (C) SCS, Univ. of Wyo., Rapid City, So. Dak. Laramie, Wyo. BERNHARD, LLOYD L., FS, Twisp, Wash. BARNUM, FRANK, (R) Miles City, Mont. BERNS, JOHN, Peabody, Kans. 354 MEMBERSHIP LIST
BERRY, A. E., FS, Dale, Ore. BONDY, EARL J., SCS, Sublette, Kans. BERRYMAN, JACK H., FGD, Atlas Bldg., Salt BOOKER, EDWARD C., BLM, Box 917, Boise, Lake City, Utah Idaho BETTS, FLOYD E., ES, Gunnison, Colo. BORDSEN, CHARLES, SCS, Wibaux, Mont. BETZ, ELMER C., SCS, 240 W. Chestnut, Junc- BORN, DARROL, (S) Dept. Rge. Mgt., Univ. of tion City, Kans. Wyo., Laramie, Wyo. BEVER, WENDELL, FWS, Custer, So. Dak. BOSTICK, VERNON B., FS, Albuquerque, N. BEYDLER, JAMES A., (S) Dept. Rge. Mgt., Mex. Univ. of Wyo., Laramie, Wyo. BOULTON, OWEN E., (R) Silt, Colo. BICKLE, A. W., (R) Ismay, Mont. BOWEN, CARVER, (R) Glennville, Cal. BICKLE, DAVID, (R) Plevna, Mont. BOYD, A. T., Sec.-Treas. Medora Grazing Asso., BIERWAGEN, M. E., (R) Milesville, So. Dak. Medora, N. Dak. BILLINGS, W. D., (C) Dept. Biol., Box 9005, BOYKIN, CALVIN C., SCS, Box 592, Sterling Univ. of Nev., Reno, Nev. City, Tex. BILLUPS, JOHN S., (S) 5321 Reiger Ave., Dallas, BOYLE, ROBERT V., (C) SCS, Box 1348, Albu- Tex. querque, N. Mex. BILYEU, JESSE, SCS, Box 839, Scottsbluff, Neb. BRADFORD, HAROLD W., (C) SCS, Box 235, BISHOP, DAVID R., (S) Rge. Mgt., Dept. of An. Mancos, Colo. Hus., Corvallis, Ore. O.S.C., BRADLEY, GEO. E., (C) PMA, Washington 25, BISHOP, NEIL F., PMA, 1126 Moro, Manhat- D. C. tan, Kans. BRADSHAW, JOHN R. J., SCS, Box 1348, Albu- BISHOP, ROBERT D., (S) Dept. Rge. Mgt., querque, N. Mex. Colo. A & M Col., Ft. Collins, Colo. BRANSON, F. A., (S) Bessey Hall, Univ. of BISWELL, HAROLD H., (CL) Sch. of For., Neb., Lincoln, Neb. Forestry Bldg., Univ. of Calif., Berkeley, BRANSON, LESTER R., (C) PMA, Manhattan, Calif. Kans. BIZEAU, ELWOOD G., (S) Idaho Coop. Wildlife BRATTON, A. T., SCS, Sterling City, Tex. Res. Unit., Univ. of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho BRAUD, JOSEPH, SCS, Box 584, Mandan, No. BJORNSEN, ROBT. L., FS,’ Bly, Ore. Dak. BLACK, JOHN W., (R) Hinsdale, Mont. BREDEMEIER, L. F., SCS, Box 51, Valentine, BLAIR, BYRON O., FS, Box 951, Tucson, Ariz. BLAIR, RAY F., SCS, 1413 E. Bannock, Boise, Neb. Idaho BREMNER, ALEX H., (R) Republic, Wash. BLAISDELL, JAMES P., (C) FS, U. S. Sheep Exp. BRENNER, JACK, (R) Brant, Mont. Sta., Dubois, Idaho BREWSTER, BURTON B., (C) (R) Birney, Mont. BLEAK, ALVIN T., FS, INT, Ephraim, Utah BRIDGE, MAX W., (C) BLM, Box 665, Rawlings, BLEL)SOE, R. I., (R) Marfa, Tex. wyo. BLOMDAHL, ALBERT E., (C) SCS, P.O. Annex, BRIDGES, J. O., (C) FS, Rt. 1, Box 1424, Las Wenatchee, Wash. Cruces, N. Mex. BLOUCH, ROGER M., (S) 4377 Xavier St., Den- BRIERLEY, TOM E., (C) FS, Lamoille, Nev. ver 12, Colo. BRIGGS, C. R., PMA, 2018 N. Troy St., Arling- BLUNT, FLOYD M., Wyo. FGD, 700 So. 9th, ton, Va. Laramie, Wyo. BRIGGS, ROBERT W., (R) Box 1981, San An- BLY, DALE, (R) Bluestem, Wash. tonio, Tex. BOCK, CYRUS E., SCS, Box 215, Sidney, Mont. BRINK, B. W., ES, Huffman Lane, Rt. 1, Boze- BODENSTEIN, ALEXANDER G., SCS, Box 1170, man, Mont. Ely, Nev. BRINK, VERNON C., Univ, of B. C., Vancouver, BOHNING, JOI-IN W., FS, Box 119, Pendleton, B. C., Canada Ore. BRITTON, MERLE R., SCS, Box 664, Post, Tex. BOHOSKEY, A. R., (R) Yakima Sheep Co., Box BROOKS, L. R., (C) BLM, Box 391, Lander, 1512, Yakima, Wash. wyo. BOHRER, ZENE, JR., (S) Rge. Mgt., Univ. of BROOKS, WM. H. III, 758 No. Bush, Ukiah, Wyo., Laramie, Wyo. Calif. BOLLE, ARNOLD W., SCS, Okanogan, Wash. BROUGH, ELMO A., FS, Cedarville, Calif. BOLLES, LAURENS C., SCS, 22 Los Arboles, BROUGH, WARREN D., (S) 810 Flint St., Lara- Albuquerque, N. Mex. mie, Wyo. MEMBERSHIP LIST 355
BROWN, ALBERT L., Dept. Bot. & Rge. Eco.,l BURT, GORDON, SCS, Okanogan, Wash. Univ. of Ariz., Tucson, Ariz. BURT, JOHN E., JR., FD, Cap. Bldg., Salt Lake BROWN, DUDLEY T., (C) SCS, Ekalaka, Mont. City, Utah. BROWN, E. READE, FGD, Box 17, Elma, Wash. BURZLAFF, D. F., (S) Univ. of Wyo., Laramie, BROWN, EVERT L., (C) BLM, Box 419, Mont- wyo. rose, Colo. BUSBY, PHILLIP, (R) 4 B Ranch, Ada, Okla. BROWN, GROVER F., (C) SCS, Washington 25, BUSH, JERRY P., SCS,’ Laramie, Wyo. D. C. BUSH, ROCHE D., SCS, Bieber, Cal. BROWN, H. LEO, (C) SCS, Ashland, Kans. BUSHEY, RUSSELL M., FGD, Box 138, Canby, BROWN, H. RAY, (C) SCS, Osborn, Kans. Cal. BROWN, HERMAN, (S) Sch. For., Utah St. Buss, PAUL A., (C) IND, San Carlos Agency, Agri. Col., Logan, Utah San Carlos, Ariz. BROWN, KEITH S., (R) Box 364, Tucson-No- BUTCHER, JOHN E., (S) 622 S. Black, Bozeman, gales Star Rt., Tucson, Ariz. Mont. BROWN, LLOYD W., (R) Republic, Wash. BUTLER, JAMES J., FS,’ INT, Ogden, Utah BROWN, PAUL H., (R) Rt. 1, Howard, Kans. BUTLER, JOHN C., BLM, 1730 W. Clarendon BROWN, ROBERT R., (S) Dept. Rge. Mgt., Ave., Phoenix, Ariz. Colo. A & M Col., Ft. Collins, Colo. BUXTON, DALE J., (C) BLM, 42 MacArthur, BRUCE, LLOYD W., BLM, New Customhouse, Billings, Mont. Denver 2, Colo. BUZAN, MARTIN W., 507 Heard Bldg., Phoenix, BRUCE, R. L., ES, 422 W. 6th, No. Platte, Neb. Ariz. BRUNER, W. E., Biol. Dept., St. Teachers Col., Kearney , Neb. C BRUNNER, JAMES R., (C) SCS, Box 1226, Mona- CALDWELL, E. L., JR., 3204 Agnes St., Corpus hans, Tex. Christi, Tex. BRYAN, HUGH M., (C) BLM, Fed. Bldg., Salt CALDWELL, E. L., SR., 3204 Agnes St., Corpus Lake City, Utah Christi, Tex. BUCHANAN, M. L., No. Dak. Agri. Col., Fargo, CALDWELL, F. C., E. L. Caldwell & Sons, N. Dak. 3204 Agnes St., Corpus Christi, Tex. BUCHMEIER, ROY H., (S) 2 Silver-Bow St., CALDWELL, LEW, (R) Jemez Springs, N. Mex. Missoula, Mont. CALLANTINE, ELLIS J., (S) Dept. An. Ind. & BUDD, JOE L., Big Piney, Wyo. Rge. Mgt., Mont. St. Col., Bozeman, Mont. BUECHNER, HELMUT K., St. Col. of Wash., CAMERON, M. A., JR., Pacific Gas & Elec. Co., Pullman, Wash. 245 Market St., San Francisco 6, Calif. BUNCH, CLARENCE E., SCS, Geary, Okla. CAMPBELL, FRANK C., (S) Dept. An. Ind. & BURBACK, HAROLD J., (C) BLM, Box 659, Salt Rge. Mgt., Mont. St. Col., Bozeman, Mont. Lake City 9, Utah CAMPBELL, GLENN D., SCS, Bridgeport, Neb. BURCHARD, WM. J., (S) Box 363, Univ. Sta., CAMPBELL, J. A., (C) Dept. Lands & Mines, Moscow, Idaho Edmonton, Alberta, Canada BURDICK, MERRITT D., (C) SCS, Scobey, Mont. CAMPBELL, J. B., (C) Dominion Exp. Sta., BURGESS, R. D., FS, Baker, Ore. Swift Current, Sask., Canada BURKE, MELVIN H., (C) FS, Box4137, Portland CAMPBELL, OMAR, (S) Box 26, Willis Sweet 8, Ore. Hall, Univ. of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho BURKITT, WM. H., Mont. St. Col., Bozeman, Mont. CAMPBELL, R. S., (C) FS, SS, Fed. Office Bldg., BURNS, ROBERT H., (S) Univ. of Wyo., Lara- New Orleans 12, La. mie, Wyo. CAMPBELL, Ross L., (S) Gardner, Colo. BURNSTAD, BASIL B., PMA, Box 223, Heppner, CAMPBELL, THOMAS E., BLM, Box 713, Burns, Ore. Ore. BURR, RICHARD D., 114 5th St., San Antonio CAMPBELL, WM. W., (C) BLM, Box 995, Craig, 2, Tex. Cola. BURROWS, ALAN GEO., (S) Ste. 59 Community CANTERBURY, CLARENCE, (C) SCS, Box 767, Apt., Saskatoon, Sask., Canada Canon City, Colo. BURROWS, GLENN, (R) Box 1295, Sante Fe, CARDWELL, WALTER W., JR., Agron. Dept., N. Mex. Univ. of Houston, Houston, Tex. BURROWS, WM. H., (S) Dept. An. Ind. & Rge. CARDWELL, WALTER W ., SR., The Luling Foun- Mgt., Mont. St. Col., Bozeman, Mont. dation, Luling, Tex. 356 MEMBERSHIP LIST
CARLSON, NORMAN K., (C) SCS, Kaunakakai, CLARK, IRA, (C) SCS, Box 228, Preston, Idaho Molokai, T. H. CLARK, NOEL F., PMA, 1521 Hillside Dr., CAROCCI-BUZI, VINCENZO, y0 Institute Bo- Reno, Nev. tanico delluniversita’ di Roma, Rome, CLARK, R. R., y0 BoDine & Clark Lvstk. Italy Comm. Agency, No. Portland, Ore. CARPENTER, F. R., (R) Hayden, Colo. CLARK, RAYMOND S., SCS, Liberal, Kans. CARROLL, DON I., (R) Grand Oaks Ranch, CLARK, V. I., SCS, Hot Springs, So. Dak. Tehachapi, Calif. CLASSEN, JOHN P., JR., (S) Rt. 3, Box 211, San CARSTENS, C. W., 2356 Stanislaus St ., Fresno, Antonio 2, Tex. Calif. CLASSEN, JOHN P., SR., (R) R.R. 3, Box 211, CARTER, LOGAN S., Soil Sci. Dept., Cal. St. San Antonio, Tex. Poly. Col., San Luis Obispo, Calif. CLAWSON, MARION, (C) BLM, 5660 Interior CARTER, MERIL G., (C) SCS, Gen. Del., Ft. Bldg., Washington 25, D. C. Stockton, Tex. CLEGG, HOWARD, (C) (R) 25 So. 1st E., Tooele, CARTWRIGHT, L. S., (R) Townsend, Mont. Utah CASEBEER, ROBERT P., FGD, 1114 Penn. Coeur CLEMENS, ROGER, BR, 931 Saginaw St., Fresno, d ’ Alene, Idaho Cal. CASSADY, JOHN T., (C) FS, SS, P.O. Box 1192, CLEMENS, ROGER W. C., BLM, 1116 Pearl St., Alexandria, La. Alameda, Cal. CASSIDY, HUGH O., (C) FS, Springerville, CLEVELAND, RICHARD E., (S) Box 161, Ekalaka, Ariz. Mont. CAUDILL, ROBERT L., JR., (S) 115 Mesa St., CLEVENGER, L. L., SCS,’ Box 356, Kaunakakai, Vet. Village, Ft. Collins, Colo. Molokai, T. H. CAVIN, WM. C., 1309 W. Latham, Phoenix, CLIFF, ED. P., (C) FS, P.O. Bldg., Denver, Ariz. Cola. CHALMERS, KENNETH, SCS, Ft. Collins, Colo. CLIFF, OLIVER, FS, Pendleton, Ore. CHANDLER, WM. H., ES, Court House, Wray, CLIFT, HARLAND B., (R) Rt. 1. Selah, Wash. Cola. CLOSE, VERNON, (R) Box 96, Miles City, Mont. CHAPLINE, W. R., (C) FS, Washington 25, D. C. CLOUSTON, JOHN G., (C) FS, Box 119, Pendle- CHAPPELL, JAMES E., (S) Box 4597, College ton, Ore. Sta., Tex. CLYDE, DON, (R) 350 So. Main St., Heber City, CHARLTON, GLENN C., FS, LaGrande, Ore. Utah CHATELAIN, ED. F., FWS, Box 280, Anchorage, COBB, NORMAN B., FS, SW, Box 951, Tucson, Alaska Ariz. CHENEY, HOWARD V., SCS,’ Gove, Kans. COBLE, HAROLD N., (R) Rt. 1, Howard, Kans. CHESSMORE, ROY A., Agron. Dept., Okla. A COFFIELD, H. A., (R) Coffield-Gearhart Co., & M Col., Stillwater, Okla. Box 455, Marfa, Tex. CHILDRESS, DAN L., FS, Cuba, N. Mex. COGGINS, CLYDE A., (S) Sch. For., Univ. of CHILSON, ERNEST W., (R) Meteor Crater Cal., Berkeley, Calif. Ranch, Box 190, Winslow, Ariz. COLBERT, FRANCIS T., y0 West. Farm Mgt., CHISHOLM, F. A., ES, Agri. Bldg., Univ. of 409 Security Bldg., Phoenix, Ariz. Wyo., Laramie, Wyo. COLBY, STAN, Box 31, Wellington, Utah CHOHLIS, G. JOHN, (C) SCS, Yakima, Wash. COLE, RALPH S., (C) SC’S, Box491, Miami, Tex. CHRISTENSEN, MERVIN J., St. Tax Comm., St. COLEMAN, SAM H., (C) SCS, Junction, Tex. House, Boise, Idaho COLLINGS, RALPH W., (S) Sch. For., Univ. of CHRISTIANSEN, ROLAND J., BLM, 2451 LeConte Calif., Berkeley, Calif. Av., Berkeley, Cal. COLLINS, DUANE F., (C) SCS, Box 671, Elko, CHRISTY, MARSHALL, (R) 35 W. 12th St., Nev. Tempe, Ariz . COLLINS, FLOYD, ES, Belle Fourche, So. Dak. CHURCHILL, CAPT. ETHAN D., (C) 1500-3&h COLLINS, WILKIE, JR., SCS, 2100 Harrison St., St. S.E., Washington 20, D. C. Lincoln, Neb. CHURCHILL, FRANCIS M., (S) 1322 Bradley, COLLINSWORTH, LEE W., SCS, Box 29, Cotton- Laramie, Wyo. wood Falls, Kans. CLARIN, OSCAR M., PMA, Fargo, No. Dak. COLT, WM. F., (C) BLM, Box 209, Grand Junc- CLARK, C. L., FS, John Day, Ore. tion, Colo. CLARK, DONALD I., (S) Univ. of Ariz., Tucson, COLTON, REX, (S) 14 Yellowstone St., Mis- Ariz. soula, Mont. MEMBERSHIP LIST 357
CONARD, ELVERNE C., (C) Agron. Dept., Univ. CRADDOCK, GEO. W., FS, INT, Ogden, Utah of Neb., Lincoln, Neb. CRAFTS, A. S., (C) Bot. Div., Col. of Agri., CONGER, CARL C., SCS, Box 88, Burlington, Davis, Calif. Kans. CRAMER, ARTHUR, FS, P.O. Bldg., Denver, CONNELLEY, HOY C., PMA, St. Col., N. Mex. Cola. CONNER, V. J., SCS, Box 600, Miles City, CRAN, J. GORDON, (S) 819 N. Euclid Ave., Tuc- Mont. son, Ariz. CONNOLLY, A. J., (R) Maupin, Ore. CRANE, BASIL K., (C) FS, 210 W. 2nd St., Reno, CONRAD, KENNETH, (R) Wray, Colo. Nev. CONWAY, E. H., BLM, Price, Utah CRANE, J. V., (C) PMA, Ashland, Kans. COOK, CLYDE J., (C) IND, West. Shoshone CRAWFORD, ROBT. G., SCS,’ Victoria, Tex. Agency, Owyhee, Nev. CRAY, L. E., Sec.-Treas. Chase County Cattle- COOK, C. WAYNE, (C) Sch. For., Utah St. mens ASSO., Cottonwood Falls, Kans. Agri. Col., Logan, Utah CRIGER, A. L., (R) Box 326, Howard, Kans. COONEY, ROBERT F., (C) FGD, Helena, Mont. CRONEMILLER, FRED P., FS, 630 Sansome St., COOPER, DUAHNE W., (S) Rge. Mgt., Dept. of San Francisco, Calif. An. Hus., Ore. St. Col., Corvallis, Ore. CROSS, DOUGLAS A., BLM, Box 710, Canon COOPER, HAROLD W., (C) SCS, Worland, Wyo. City, Colo. COOPER, HORACE G., FS, Naches, Wash. CULLEY, MATT J., (C) FS, Box 56-B, Sahuarita, COOPERRIDER, BILL K., FS, Clayton, Idaho Ariz. COPPLE, ROBERT F., (C) BLM, Suzanville, CUMMING, KENDALL J., (S) Box 121, Star Rt., Cal. Nogales, Ariz. COPPOCK, KENNETH R., Sec. West. Stock- CURTIS, DAVID A., (S) 415 Cal. St., Santa Cruz, growers Assoc., 28 Michael Bldg., Calgary, Cal. Alberta, Canada CURTIS, DOYLE R., SCS, Stanford, Mont. CORAY, MAX S., SCS,’ Box 545, Lovell, Wyo. CURTIS, K. M., BLM, Alamosa, Colo. CORNELIUS, DONALD R., (C) FS, CAL., Univ. CURTISS, FRANK C., FS, Dillon, Mont. of Calif., Berkeley, Calif. CUSKER, ORLAN J., SCS, Circle, Mont. CORNELL, F. R., SCS, Malta, Mont. COSPER, P. M., FGD, Box 122, Payson, Ariz. D COSTELLO BROS., (R) Imlay, So. Dak. DAHL, HAROLD A., FS, Union, Ore. COSTELLO, DAVID F., (C) FS, RM, Ft. Collins, DALE, ED. E., JR., (S) Bot. Dept., Univ. of Cola. Neb., Lincoln, Neb. COTTAM, WALTER P., Univ. of Utah, Salt Lake DALE, STERLE E., (C) SCS, Box 267, Hysham, City, Utah MONT. COTTER, JAMES F., (S) Jumbo Hall, Mont. St. DALKE, PAUL D., FWS, Idaho Coop. Wildlife Univ., Missoula, Mont. Res. Unit., Univ. of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho COUGHLIN, LOUIS E., (C) FS, Box 971, Lara- DALTON, ADRIAN E., (S) Sch. For., Utah St. mie, Wyo. Agri. Col., Logan, Utah COUGHRAN, JOE A., JR., SCS, Box 65, Tilden, DALTON, PATRICK D., (S) Sch. For., Utah St. Tex. Agri. Col., Logan, Utah COUPLAND, ROBERT THOMAS, Univ. of Sask., DAMERON, JACOB T., (S) Box 563, Col. SC, Saskatoon, Sask., Canada Tex. COUR, RUSSELL F., PMA, 1122 Moro St., Man- DANIEL, T. W., (C) Sch. For., Utah St. Agri. hattan, Kans. Col., Logan, Utah COWAN, E. KARL, Std. Agri. Chemicals Inc., DARHAM, JACK, SCS, Box 115, Laurel, Mont. Interlaken, N. Y. DARLAND, R. W., (C) Dept. Biol., Univ. of Cox, DONALD E., (C) FS, Boise Natl. For., Minn., Duluth 5, Minn. Emmett, Idaho DARLING, CHAS., FS, Winthrop, Wash. Cox, ED. D., (C) BLM, 1245 No. 29th St. DARROW, ROBT. A., (C) Rge. & For. Dept., Billings, Mont. A & M Col., Col. Sta., Tex. Cox, ELBERT L., (C) FS, 375 N. Main, Rich- (C) FGD, Ferry Bldg., field, Utah DASMANN, WM. P., Cox, HALLIE L., (S) Sch. For., Utah St. Agri. San Francisco, Calif. Col., Logan, Utah DAVENPORT, LESTER V., (C) SCS,’ BOX 1135, Cox, MILO L., Tex. Res. Found., Ft. Stockton, Klamath Falls, Ore. Tex. DAVIES, Ross D., SC& Huron, So. Dak. 358 MEMBERSHIP LIST
DAVIS, DON, SCS, Douglas, Wyo. DICKSON, W. F., SCS,’ Swan Island, Portland DAVIS, EUEL L., (S) Sch. For., Mont. St. 18, Ore. Univ., Missoula, Mont. DIETRICH, IRVINE T., ES, No. Dak. Agri. DAVIS, GEO., (S) Rge. Mgt. Dept., Univ. of Col., Fargo, N. Dak. Wyo., Laramie, Wyo. DILLARD, J. D., (C) BLM, Price, Utah DAVIS, RAY J., Bot. Dept., Idaho St. Col., DOBBAS, ARTHUR B., Cal. Farm Bur., 2223 Pocatello, Idaho. Fulton St., Berkeley, Calif. DAVIS, ROY M., SCS, Box 671 Garfield, Em- DODD, J. W., (R) Tygh Valley, Ore. poria, Kans. DODGE, CALVERT R., (S) 4747 N. Magnolia, DAVIS, WATERS S., JR., (R) League City, Tex. Chicago, Ill. DAVIS, WM. B., A & M Col., Dept. of Wildlife DODGE, DAROLD A., SCS, Box 671, Emporia, Mgt., Box 254, Col. Sta., Tex. Kans. DAWSON, ARYLES H., (C) SCS, Box 202, San DODGE, J. MARVIN, FS, McCall, Idaho Marcos, Tex. DODGE, ROBT. H., (C) SCS, Box 436, Greens- DAY, BEN, (R) Valleys’ End Ranch, Gold Hill, burg, Kans. Ore. DOLGARN, DOUGLAS, (R) Meade, Kans. DAY, E. VANCE, IND, 804 No. 29th St., Billings, DOLL, E. H., SCS, Box 713, Lincoln, Neb. Mont. DOLLING, WALTER, FHA, Box 820, Casper, DAYTON, W. A., FS, Washington 25, D. C. wyo. DEBERARD, FAY, (R) Kremmling, Colo. DOLPHIN, ROBT. E., (S) Rge. Mgt. Dept., Ore. DEEN, J. LEE, (C) Sch. For & Rge. Mgt., Colo. St. Col., Corvallis, Ore. A. & M Col., Ft. Collins, Colo. DOMAN, EVERETT, (C) FS, Ephraim, Utah DEGNAN, HENRY, (R) Ashland, Kans. DONALDSON, CHAS. R., SCS,’ Box 270, Uvalde, DEINEMA, JOHN W., FS, Box 533, McCall, Tex. Idaho DORAN, CLYDE W., (C) FS, Delta, Colo. DEJULIO, 0. P., BLM, 1930 E. 47th So., Salt DORIUS, FLOYD W., (C) SCS,’ Box 446, Malad Lake City 7, Utah City, Idaho DELANO, HOWARD R., BLM, Box 236, Vale, DOUGHTY, THOMAS E., SCS, Jackson, Wyo. Ore. DOUGLAS, GORDON A., FGD, 2228-10th Ave., DEMING, MILO H., (C) BLM,, Box 659, Salt Greeley, Colo. Lake City, Utah DOUGLAS, LYNN, H., (C) 750 E. 2nd Ave., DENHAM, AVON, (C) FS, 745 So. Fla. Ave., Denver, Colo. Arlington, Va. DOUGLAS, VOLNEY MARX, (C) Consulting Ecol- DENIO, REGINALD M., (C) FS, Boxeman, Mont. ogist, 1226 E. Rose Lane, Phoenix, Ariz. DOUTHITT, F. D., (C) FS, CAL, ONeals,’ Cal. DENMAN, CHAS. E., Agron. Dept., Okla. A. & DOWD, RALPH E., Dowd Seed Co., Box 660, M. Col., Stillwater, Okla. Lakin, Kans. DENNIS, CLYDE B., SCS,’ Larned, Kans. DOWE, THOS. W., An. Hus. Dept., Univ. of DERRY, JOHN J., (C) 3717 Shell Rd., Corpus Neb., Lincoln, Neb. Christi, Tex. DREMOLSKI, L. A., (C) FS, Pocatello, Idaho DESCHAMPS, RAY, BLM, Box 1695, Albuquer- DRESSKELL, W. W., FS, Kemmerer, Wyo. que, N. Mex. DRISCOLL, RICHARD S., (S) Div. For. & Rge. DESPAIN, OWEN M., (C) FS, Nephi, Utah Mgt., Colo. A & M Col., Ft. Collins, Colo. DEUSER, JOY J., SCS, Fed. Bldg., Lincoln, DRISSEN, JOHN P., IND, Cheyenne Agency, Neb. S. Dak. DEYOE, CARROL F., FAO, 1201 Conn. Ave., DUDLEY, TOM, (C) BLM, 7123 Main, Miles N.W., Washington 6, D. C. City, Mont. DJAZ, NICO, (R) King Ranch, Kingville, Tex. DUGAN, WM. L., SCS, Box 229, Pecos, Tex. DIBBERN, JOHN C., (C) An. Hus. Dept., Univ. DUNCKLEE, JOHN, (S) Box 2472, Tucson, Arie. of Ariz., Tucson, Ariz. DUNN, JOHN C., (S) Dept. Graz. & Rge. Mgt., DICK, AL., (R) Clarkston, Wash. Colo. A & M Col., Ft. Collins, Colo. DICKISON, FRED F., NPS, 3960 Curtis, Omaha, DUSENBURY, ROBT., (S) 2125 England Ave., Neb. R B 3, Missoula, Mont. DICKSON, GEO. A., SCS,’ Box 810, Buffalo, DUTTON, W. L., (CL) FS, 2651-16th St. N.W., wyo. Washington 9, D. C. DICKSON, NEWELL D., (C) West. Wash. Exp. DYKSTERHUIS, E. J., (C) SCS, Box 713, Lincoln Sta., Cinebar, Wash. 1, Neb. MEMBERSHIP LIST 359
E FAVRE, C. E., (C) FS,’ Saviers Bldg., Reno, Nev. EBNET, JOHN M., (S) 629 So. Broadway, Re- FAWCETT, H. K., (R) Del Rio, Tex. dondo Beach, Cal. FEINBLUM, MELVIN, (S) Jumbo Hall, Mont. St. EDER, CHAS., (R) Oroville, Wash. Univ., Missoula, Mont. EDGMOND, M. M., JR., SCS, 423 2nd St. W., FELKNER, RONALD P., SCS, Box 671, Emporia, Roundup, Mont. Kans. EDMONDSON, THOS. L., SCS, Lampassas, Tex. FENLEY, JOHN M., (C) FS, INT, Paradise EDWARDS, BRYANT, (R) Henrietta, Tex. Valley, Nev. EDWARDS, D. CURTIS, JR., (S) Box 4041, A & FENNER, RALPH L., St. Div. For., Sacramento, M Col., Col. Sta., Tex. Calif. EDWARDS, VERNE J., FS, Townsend, Mont. FERBER, ARTHUR E., (C) SCS, Box 176, Man- ELLIOTT, JOHN R., (S) Box 832, Gunnison, dan, No. Dak. Cola. FERGERSON, WALTER M., SCS, 405 Main St ., ELLISON, LINCOLN, (C) FS,’ INT, Ogden, Utah LaGrande, Ore. ELLISON, W. D., 2620 Woodley Pl. N.W., Wash- FERGUSON, CHAS, W., JR., (S) 1245 E. Speed- ington 8, D. C. way, Tucson, Ariz. ELLSWORTH, PAUL E., SCS, Quemado, N. Mex. FERGUSON, EARL H., (S) Box 1271, Brady, ELWELL, HARRY M., SCS, Guthrie, Okla. Tex. EMINGER, CARL F., SCS, Laredo, Tex. FERGUSON, WALTER C., (C) (R) Box 44, Chey- EMRICK, WALTER E., ES, River Rt. Box 3 C, enne, Wyo. . Madera, Cal. FERNWOOD, GRAIL O., Travelers Ins. Co., 952 ENGLE, HOWARD H., BLM, Box 1990, Las Fulton, Fresno Bldg., Fresno, Cal. Vegas, Nev. FERRIS, Ross E., (S) Box L, Wickenburg, ENGLE, TED A., (R) Box 103, Kremmling, Ariz. Cola. FIELD, DONALD F., IND, 804 No. 29th St., ENGLEMAN, JACK E., SCS, Box 652, Woodward, Billings, Mont. Okla. FILLMORE, WALTER J., FD, Custer, S. Dak. ENGLER, GEO. E., FS, Townsend, Mont. FINLEY, WM. BARCLAY, (S) Colo. A & M Col., ENSMINGER, M. E., (C) 301 Veterinary Bldg., Dept. Rge. Mgt., Ft. Collins, Colo. Pullman, Wash. FISH, RALPH M., (C) SCS, Box 3, Norwood, ERICKSON, A. S., (C) SCS, Deerlddge, Mont. Cola. ESP, LEONARD, (R) Big Timber, Mont. FISHER, C. E., Agri. Exp. Sub. Sta. #7, Spur, ETCHART, GENE, (R) Box 429, Glasgow, Mont. Tex. EVANKO, ANTHONY B., FS, NRM, Missoula, FLASTED, E. J., (R) Baker, Mont. Mont. FLETCHER, JACK M., SCS, Box 36, Pearsall, EVANS, JEROME, (C) 1515 N llth, Boise, Idaho Tex. EVANS, PAUL, SCS, Box 611, McCook, Neb. FLETCHER, JIM, (R) Rt. 1, Selah, Wash. EVERSON, A. C., 1424 E. 5th St., Tucson, Ariz. FLOCK, K. D., (C) FS, Santa Fe, N. Mex. EWAN, L. E., FS,’ Box 140, Bozeman, Mont. FLOOK, DONALD R., (S) Sch. For., Utah St. EWING, CARL M., (C) FS, Pendleton, Ore. Agri. Col., Logan, Utah FLOYD, J. WHITNEY, Sch. For., Utah St. Agri. F Col., Logan, Utah FALLINI, JOE T., BLM, Box 1140, Fed. Bldg., FLY, CLAUDE L., SCS, Agron. Dept., Kans. St. Idaho Falls, Idaho Cal., Manhattan, Kans. FALLIS, WILLARD, FS, 2004 Poplar, Helena, FONTE, CARLTON S., (C) SCS, Box 899, Grand Mont. Junction, Colo. FALLMAN, JOHN A., FS, Great Falls, Mont. FORD, KENNETH D., F. H. Peavey & Co., 809 FALLON, LELAND E., BLM, Malta, Mont. Grain Exchange, Minneapolis 15, Minn. FANCHER, BILL, (R) Tonasket, Wash. FORD, R. E., ES, Colo. A & M Col., Ft. Collins, FARMER, SAYERS S., Pres. Tex. Sheep & Goat Cola. Raisers’ Assoc., San Angelo, Tex. FOREHAND, EARL RAY, (S) Box 977, Carlsbad, FARRELL, WM. K., ES, Canyon City, Ore. N. Mex. FAUTIN, REED W., (C) Dept. Zool. & Phy., FOREHAND, ROY, (C) PMA, Carlsbad, N. Mex. Univ. of Wyo., Laramie, Wyo. FORSLING, CLARENCE L., U.S.D.I., Box 737, FAVER, FRED, FGD, Buckeye, Ariz. Albuquerque, N. Mex. 360 MEMBERSHIP LIST
FORSMAN, JOHN S., (C) FS, Martinsdale, Mont. GEISS, GORDAN D., (S) Dept. An. Ind. & FOSHER, DANN A., (S) Box 825, Laramie, Wyo. Rge. Mgt., Mont. St. Col., Bozeman, Mont. FOSTER, DAVID H., SCS, Box 199, San Antonio GESSEL, STANLEY P., Col. For., Univ. of Wash., 6, Tex. Seattle 5, Wash. Fox, MORLEY E., (R) Sedona, Ariz. GIBSON, JOSEPH A., (S) Dept. Rge. Mgt., Colo. FRANDSEN, ODELL,’ A., (S) 211 S. 2nd E. Price A & M Col., Ft. Collins, Colo. Utah GIESEKER, L. F., AES, Mont. St. Col., Boze- FRANDSEN, WALDO R., (C) SCS, Swan Island, man! Mont. Portland 18, Ore. GILBERT, DOUGLAS L., (S) Dept. Rge. Mgt., FRAZIER, CHAS. L., PMA, Washington 25, Colo. A & M Col., Ft. Collins, Colo. D. C. GILBERT, PAUL F., FGD, Rt. 3, Box 28B, FRAZIER, WM. E., (S) 221 Chinook St., Livings- Montrose, Colo. ton, Mont. GILES, J. KENT, BLM Box 659, Salt Lake City, FREEMAN, JOHN D., (C) SCS,’ Fed. Bldg., Utah Prescott, Ariz . GILLIS, ROGER, (R) Del Rio, Tex. FRENCH, NORMAN H., BLM, Miles City, Mont. GILMAN, JAMES H., (C) FGD, Birds Landing, FRESHOUR, GENE C., (S) St. Ignatius, Mont. Calif. FREWING, D. K., FS, Prineville, Ore. GLENDENING, CEO. E., (C) FS,’ SW, Box 951, FRIEDRICH, C. ALLAN, (C) FS, NRM, Missoula, Tucson, Ariz. Mont. GODDARD, W. R., (R) Box 7073, Dallas, Tex. FRISCHKNECKT, CARL, ES, Utah St. Agri. Col., GOLDMARK, JOHNATHAN E., (R) Star Route, Logan, Utah Okanogan, Wash. FRISCHKNECHT, NEIL C., FS, INT, Ephraim, GOOD, LLOYD R., SCS, Box 712, Dickinson, N. Utah Dak. FRITZ, A. WATSON, (R) Box 1417, Miami, Ariz. GOODDING, LESLIE N., Ft. Hauchuca, Ariz. FRY, BERT, PhtA, Ashland, Kans. GOODWIN, DUWAYNE L., (C) 15-C So. Farrway, FUELLEMAN, ROBT. F., (C) Agron. Dept. Univ. Pullman, Wash. of Ill., Urbana, Ill. GOULD, FRANK W., (C) Museum Bldg., A & FULTON, DANIEL A., (CL) (R) Ismay, Mont. M Col., Col. Sta., Tex. GOULD, JAMES G., (C) SCS, Box 42, Claren- Lr don, Tex. GALBRAITH, ALLAN W., (C) IND, Colville GOULD, JOHN W., (R) Hess Ranch, Marathon, Indian Agency, Nespelem, Wash. Tex. GALT, HENRY D., (S) Box 1650, Col. Sta., Tex. GOULD, WALTER L., (C) SCS, Box 3001, Sara- GALT, M. H., (C) BLM, Vale, Ore. toga, Wyo. GAMBLE, H. L., SCS, Box 386, Osage City, GRADY, WILTON M., SCS, Williston, N. Dak. Kans. GRAESSER, ALFRED R., FS, Dillon, Mont. GARDNER, JAMES LINTON, (C) SCS, Box 127, GRAHAM, CHAS. A., (C) FS,’ CAL, Box 245, St. College, N. Mex. Berkeley, Cal. GARFOOT, FLOYD A., SCS, Chadron, Neb. GRANDE, A. C., (R) Lennep, Mont. GARLITZ, HERBERT L., SCS, Box 61, Bal- GRAVES, WALTER L., FS, Albuquerque, N. morhea, Tex. Mex. GARNER, LAWRENCE H., (C) FS, Malta, Idaho GRAVES, WILLARD D., SCS, 246 Linden St., GARRISON, E. S., CUBA, NEW MEXICO. Ft. Collins, Colo. GARRISON, GEO. A., (C) FS, Box 778, La GRAY, DAVID B., FGD, 1409 Cornell Ave., Grande, Ore. Yakima, Wash. GARTNER, ROBT., (S) Dept. Rge. Mgt., Univ. GRAY, J. L., B.C. Dept. of Agri., 515 Columbia of Wyo., Laramie, Wyo. St., Kamloops, B. C. Canada GATHERUM, GORDON E., (S) Sch. For., Utah GRAY, WARREN J., (C) BLM, 238 Fed. Bldg., St. Agri. Col., Logan, Utah Grand Junction, Colo. GAUFIN, D. M., FGD, Rm. 500, Atlas Bldg., GREELEY, ARTHUR W ., FS, Susanville, Cal. Salt Lake City, Utah GREEN, EVERETT C., PMA, 2717 Ridenbaugh, GEARREALD, J. N., SCS, Box 231, Hamilton, Boise, Idaho Tex. GREEN, GLEN W., (S) Box 501, Col. Sta. Tex. GEIS, ANTHONY F., (S) 6451 Bellaire Ave., GREEN, LISLE R., (C) FS, CAL, ONeals,’ Cal. No. Hollywood, Cal. GREEN, MAX C., FS, Castle Dale, Utah MEMBERSHIP LIST 361
GREEN, TOMMY F., (S) A & M Col., Col. Sta., HALLER, FREDERICK B., (C) FS, Bozeman, Tex. Mont. GREENFIELD, FRED., SCS, Box 272, Harring- HALLS, LOWELL K., FS, SE, Tifton, Ga. ton, Wash. HAM, CARL, ES, S. Dak. St. Col., Rapid City, GREENHALGH, C. M., 1230 E. 1st St., So., Salt S. Dak. Lake City 2, Utah HAM, ERNEST B., (R) PM.4, Piedmont, S. Dak. GREENLAND, RICHARDS, (C) BLM, Box 602, HAMILTON, LOUIS P., &XX, 2215 E. 4th St., Richfield, Utah Tucson, Ariz. GREENSLET, E. R., (C) BLM, 100 Old Mint HAMN/IARBACK,MARVIN D., (S) 712 Myrtle St., Bldg., San Fran. 3, Cal. Missoula, Mont. GREFFENIUS, R. J., (C) FS, Steamboat Springs, HAMMOND, BOYD S., BLM, Box 729, Elko, Nev. Cola. HAMMOND, FRANK KELLY, (S) Box 1104, Cortez GREGORY, WALTER J., ES, Craig, Colo. Cola. GREST, EDWARD G., SCS, Washington 25, D. C. HANDY, HARLEY M., (C) SCS, 61 W 3rd St. GRINESTAFF, GEO., (S) Big Piney, Wyo. No., Malad City, Ida. GRUENHAGEN, ERNST H., SCS, Wall, S. Dak. HANSEN, A. K., BLM, Nephi, Utah GRUETER, WM. J., (S) Box 533, Bellevue, Wash. HANSEN, ALFRED, (R) Fruitdale, S. Dak. GUENTHER, WM. J., (S) 427 Hamilton PI., Ann HANSEN, J. DELOY, FS, Pocatello, Idaho Arbor, Mich. HANSEN, W. L., FS, Ogden, Utah GUERRERO, ELIAS J., SCS, Box N, Rio Grande HANSEN, WALTER W., Dept. Bot. & Plant City, Tex. Path., Okla. A & M Col., Stillwater, Okla. GUILBERT, H. R., (C) Col. of Agri., Davis, HANSMEIER, M. P., ES, Mont. St. Col., Boze- Cal. man, Mont. GUNDERSEN, ARDEN B., (C) FS, Fed. Bldg., HANSON, ED. D., (S) 313 S. 6th St., Bozeman, Missoula, Mont. Mont. GUNZEL, LOUIS L., NPS, Glacier Natl. Park, HANSON, HERBERT C., Dept. Biol., Catholic Polebridge, Mont. Univ. of Amer., Washington 17, D. C. GUTERMUTH, C. R., Wildlife Mgt. Inst., In- HANSON, W. R., (CL) East. Rockies For. Cons. vestment Bldg., Washington 5, D. C. Bd., 515 Public Bldg., Calgary, Alberta, GUTZMAN, WILSON C., (C) IND, Uintah & Canada Ouray Agency., Ft. Duchesne, Utah HARBISON, D. E., SCS, DeBeque, Colo. GUYMON, DEAN, (S) Blanding, Utah HARBOUGH, El S., (R) PMA, Protection, Kans. GYBERG, FRANK, (R) Cornville, Aria. HARDIN, JOHN G., SCS, Box 205, San Marcos, Tex. H HARLAN, JACK R., (C) BPISAE, U.S. Field HAFENRICHTER, A. L., SCS, Swan Island, Port- Sta., Woodward, Okla. land 18, Ore. HARRAL, FRED S., SCS, Pampa, Tex. HAGEN, HERBERT L., (S) 212 So. 4th St., Santa HARRELL, WM. B., (S) 1021 S. Wilson, Boze- Paula, Cal. man, Mont. HAGUE, LLOYD A., (C) FS, Payette Natl., For., HARRINGTON, DOUGLAS G., (C) IND, Navajo McCall, Idaho Service, Kayenta, Ariz. HAHN, LEO, (R) y0 Prineville Land & Lvstk. HARRIS, GRANT A., (C) FS,’ NRM, 157 S. How- Co., Antelope, Ore. ard, Spokane 8 Wash. HALE, JESSE W., (S) 125 N. Sherwood, Ft. Col- HARRIS, HARVEY L., (R) Box 671, Sterling, lins, Colo. Cola. HALES, DOYLE C., (C) SCS,’ 60 So. Main, HARRIS, ROBT. W., (C) FS, PNW, Box 778, Tooele, Utah LaGrande, Ore. HALEY, FLOYD, ES, Hot Springs, S. Dak. HARRYMAN, H. D., FS, Prineville, Ore. HALL, HUGH D., (S) Box 976, Sweetwater, Tex. HALL, J. ELLIOTT, BLM, 1245 No. 69th ,St., HART, GEO. H., (C) Veterinary Bldg., Univ. of Billings, Mont. Cal., Davis, Cal. HALL, JACK L., SCS, Palisade, Colo. HART, JOHN D., FGD, 1530 Sherman St., Den- HALL, RADFORD S., Amer. Natl. Lvstk Assoc., ver 5, Colo. 515 Cooper Bldg., Denver 2, Colo. HARTE, HOUSTON, (R) Montecita Dr., San HALL, THOMAS R., SCS, Craig, Colo. Angelo, Tex. HALL, WADE, FS, Enterprise, Ore. HARTLEY, BOB, (R) Vinita, Okla. 362 MEMBERSHIP LIST
HARTRICK, G. E., SCS,223 So. Jefferson, Iola, HENSLEY, ARTHUR L., FGD, 149 Valley View Kans. Dr., Independence, Cal. HARTUNG, RALPH M., SCS, Box 713, Lincoln, HERBERT, JOHN M., FS, 4212 Van Buren St. Neb. W., Hyattsville, Md. HARVEY, GLEN W., (S) Paisley, Ore. HEREFORD, A. A., Dept. Lands & Waters, HASE, CECIL L., (C) BLM, 1209 Clark Dr., Maycroft P.O., Alberta, Canada Billings, Mont. HERMANSEN, ROYCE D., SCS, Elko, Nev. HASKELL, HORACE S.,*(C) Sch. For., Utah St. HERVEY, DONALD F., (C) Div. For. & Rge. Agri. Col., Logan, Utah Mgt ., Ft. Collins, Colo. HASLAM, BYRON E., (C) 2288 Fulton St., HERWIG, GORDON C., (S) Dept. Agri. Econ., Berkeley, Cal. Mont. St. Col., Bozeman, Mont. HATCH, CLYDE A., (R) Hatch Bros. Co., Woods HEWARD, ROBT. E., (S) Rge. Mgt. Dept., Cross, Utah Univ. of Wyo., Laramie, Wyo. HAUMONT, THOS. W., (S) Box 282, Vale, Ore. HEWITT, C. R., (S) Rt. 4, Box 677, San An- HAUPT, HAROLD F., (S) FS., Box 162, Idaho tonio 1, Tex. City, Idaho HEYNEMAN, JOHN M., (S), Dept. Rge. Mgt., HAYDEN, ADA (Miss), (C)Dept. Bot., Iowa St. Univ. of Wyo., Laramie, Wyo. Col., Ames, Iowa. HEYWOOD, BEN. B., (C) SCS,’ Duchesne, Utah HAYS, ROBT. S., (C) FS, Alturas, Cal. HIATT, WALLACE E., (R) Broken Arrow Ranch, HAYSE, NATHAN B., (R) Mullinville, Kans. JACKSON, Wyo. HAZELTINE, BEN, FWS, Ft. Peck Game Rge., HIBBARD, HENRY S., (R) Helena, Mont. Ft. Peck, Mont. HIGBY, REED, (R) Skyview Ranch, Encamp- HAZELTINE, JOHN, (S) 1501 E. 1st St., Tucson, ment, Wyo. Ariz. HIGGINS, DEAN L., SCS, Broken Bow, Neb. HEADY, HAROLD F., (C) Dept. Rge. & For., HIGGINS, PAT., (R) 434 Garrity Rd., San An- A & M Cal., Col. Sta., Tex. tonio, Tex. HEARRELL, DAVE C. JR., SCS, Box 161, Fal- HIGH VALLEY RANCH, (R) Ellensburg, Wash. furrias, Tex. HILL, A. G. G., Commonwealth Bur. of Past. HEATON, GORDON L., NPS, Garland, Utah & Field Crops, Penglais, Aberystwyth, HEATON, PHILIP L., FS, Box 971, Laramie, Great Britain wyo. HILL, C. R., SCS, P.O. Box 511, ONeill,’ Neb. HILL, ED. B., (C) BLM, Fed. Bldg., Box 391, HEDRICK, DONALD W., (S) Box 5428, Col. Sta., Lander, Wyo. Tex. HILL, J. A., AES, Col. of Agri., Univ. of Wyo., HEERWAGEN, ARNOLD, (C) SCS, Raton, N. Laramie, Wyo. Mex. HILL, KENNETH E., (S) “C” Cavalry, Col. Sta., HEGGIE, T. L., (C) SCS, Box 1348, Albu- Tex. querque, N. Mex. HILL, PETE, (R) Powderville, Mont. HEIDE, CEO. W., (R) Circle, Mont. HILL, RALPH R., FS, P.O. Bldg., Denver 2, HEIDENREICH, VERNON T., SCS, Box 26, Eagle, Cola. Idaho HILLER, HUGH N., SCS, Wall, S. Dak. HEIN, M. A., (C) BPISAE, Beltsville, Md. HILPMAN, HEINZ G., SCS, Cody, Wyo. HEINTZ, OSCAR B., (C) SCS, Bickleton, Wash. HIMES, ROBT. W., SCS, Box 1109, Colo. Springs, HEIZER, W. R., (R) Box 232, Dublin, Tex. Cola. HELANDER, MELVIN, (C) IND, Ft. Hall, Ida. HIRONS, RUFUS T., BLM, Fed. Bldg., Grand HELLER, ED. E., SCS, P.O. Box 21, Douglas, Junction, Colo. wyo. HIRST, W. HAROLD, (C) BR, Salt Lake City, HELSETH, THOS P., SCS,’ Pendleton, Ore. Utah HEMPHILL, ERNEST C., SCS, Spruce St., Clay- HITCH, H. C. JR., (R) Guymon, Okla. ton, N. Mex. HLEBICHUK, STEVE F., (C) PMA, 524-21st St., HENDERSON, CARL F., FS,’ Box 1140, Grand Bismarck, N. Dak. Junction, Colo. HOAGLAND, DARRELL W., (C) Jetmore, Kans. HENDRON, HAROLD H., (C) FS, Beaverhead HOCHMUTH, HAROLD R., (C) BAE, Utah St. Natl. For., Dillon, Mont. Agri. Col., Logan, Utah HENRIQUES, DOUGLAS E., (C) BLM, Box 659, HOCKENSMITH, ROY D., SCS, Washington 25, Salt Lake City 9, Utah D. C. MEMBERSHIP LIST 363
HODDER, RICHARD L., FGD, Helena, Mont. HOUSER, ROY D., (S) Dept. An. Ind. & Rge. HODGES, ELMER M., (C) AES, Rge. Cattle Mgt., Mont. St. Col., Bozeman, Mont. Exp. Sta., Ona, Fla. HOUSLEY, RAYMOND M., (S) Dept. Rge. Mgt., HODGSON, C. W., (C) AES, Univ. of Idaho, Colo. A & M Col., Ft. Collins, Colo. Moscow, Idaho HOUSTON, REAGAN, Pres., Alamo Natl. Bank, HOELKE, ROY, FS, Covelo, Cal. San Antonio 6, Tex. HOFF, EUGENE R., ES, Baker, Mont. HOVEL, ROBT. E., SCS,’ Mission, Tex. HOFFMAN, GARLYN O., ES, Box 337, Sterling HOWARD, FRED, (R) Strong City, Kans. City, Tex. HOWARD, MARK R., PMA, 853-3rd Ave. W., HOFFMAN, REUBEN, Dept. Sch. & Pub. Lands, Twin Falls, Idaho Custer, S. Dak. HOWARD, PAUL L., IND, Crow Creek Agency, HOFFMAN, WM. J., (R) Box 116, Montrose, Ft. Thompson, S. Dak. Cola. HOU~ARD,WALTER E., (C) Div. Zool., Univ. of HOHNGREN, DAVID, (R) Tremonton, Utah Cal., Davis, Calif. HOLCOMB, GEORGE N., (R) Richland, Ore. HUBBARD, W. A., Dominion Rge. Exp. Sta., HOLDING, ARTHUR L., (C) SCS,’ Box 299, Long- Manyberries, Alberta, Canada view, Wash. HUBBER, DON., (S) Trailer 72, Mont. St. Col., HOLE, C. DOUGLAS, (C) SCS, Carson Bldg., Bozeman, Mont. Lewiston, Idaho HUBBERT, FARRIS JR., (S) 478 E. 7th W., Logan, HOLLAND, RALPH, (R) 1428 Kearney St., Lara- Utah mie, Wyo. HUFFMAN, WARD T., (C) BAI, 446 Fed. Bldg., HOLLAND, RICHARD J., (S) Victory Heights, Salt Lake City 1, Utah Box 9013, Univ. P.O., Reno, Nev. HUGHES, RALPH H., FS, SE, Box 354, Plymouth, HOLMGREN, DELBERT, (R) Bear River City, N.C. Utah HULL, A. C., JR., (C) FS, RM, Ft. Collins, HOLMGREN, RALPH C., (C) FS, INT, Box 1839, Cola. Boise, Ida. HURIPHREY, ELLIOTT, (R) 344 E. Mitchell Dr., HOLSCHER, CLARK E.; (C) FS,’ PNW, Box 778, Phoenix, Ariz. LaGrande, Ore. HUMPHREY, NYLIS L., (S) Sch. For., Utah St. HOLZMAN, HENRY P., ES, Rapid City, S. Dak. Agri. Col., Logan, Utah HONN, KEITH, (R) Endicott, Wash. HUMPHREY, R. R., (C) Univ. of Aria., Tucson, HOOD, JOHN J., Box 5071, A & M Col. Col. Sta., Ariz. Tex. HUMPHREYS, L. P., (R) Osage City, Kans. HOPKINS, HAROLD, Bot. Dept., Ft. Hays Kans. HUNT, H. L., (R) Mercantile Nat. Bank Bldg., St. Col., Hays, Kans. Dallas, Tex. HOPKINS, WALT, (C) FS, SS, Box 1192, Alex- HUNT, LYNN W., (S) 819 No. Euclid Ave., Tuc- andria, La. son, Ariz. HORMAY, AUGUST L., (C) FS, CAL, Box 245, HUNTER, DON ., (R) Sunset Valley Ranch, Berkeley 4, Cal. Greenough, Mont. HORNE, PURLEY, (R) Alta Vista, Kans. HUNTER, ELMER D., BLM, 326 Stapleton Bldg., HORRIGAN, LEO E., (R) Horrigan Farms, Box Billings, Mont. 448, Prosser, Wash. HUNTER, GILBERT N., FGD, 1530 Sherman, HORTON, LOWELL E., (S) Iowa Sta. Col., Ames, Denver, Colo. Iowa HOSAKA, ED. Y ., (C) ES, Univ. of Hawaii, HURD, MYRON A., SCS, Claremore, Okla. Honolulu, Hawaii HURD, RICHARD M., (C) FS, 5068 6th Pl. N.E., HOTCHKISS, 0. D., (R) Burns, Ore. Wash. 17, D. C. HOUGHTON, CHAS. WM., (S) 2634 N. Haskell HURST, WM. D., (C) FS, Box 270, Logan, Utah Dr., Tucson, Ariz. HURTT, LEON C., (C) FS, NRM, Missoula, HOUGHTON, HALEY F., (C), SCS, P.O. Box 12, Mont. Ely, Nev. HURWITZ, BURT L., (C) FS, White Sulphur HOUGHTON, WARREN B., BLM, Fed. Bldg., Springs, Mont. Salt Lake City, Utah HUTCHINGS, SELAR S., (C) FS, INT, Milford, HOUGHLAND, L. L., FS, Colville, Wash. Utah HOUSE, E. E., (C) BLM, Dist. Land Off ., Box HYDER, DONALD N., (C) BLM, Box 833 Burns, 207, Salt Lake City, Utah Ore. 364 MEMBERSHIP LIST
I JOHNSON, LESLIE E., BAI, G. H. Hall, Univ. IHDE JR.,S. G., (R) PMA, Ashland, Kans. of Neb., Lincoln 1, Neb. INDRA, ORVILLE, SCS, Box 134, Stapleton, JOHNSON, LESLIE E., SCS, P.O. Box 995, Neb. Liberal, Kans. INGVASON, P. A., Gen. Del., Las Cruces, N. JOHNSON, OTIS JOHN, IND, Yakima Ind. Res- Mex. ervation, Toppenish, Wash. INSKEEP, J. J., ES, Fed. Bldg., Ore. City, Ore. JOHNSON, RAY G., ES, Mont. St. Col., Boze- IVERSON, FLOYD, FS, Box 4137, Portland, Ore. man, Mont.
T J JOHNSON,ROBT. E., (S) Rge. Mgt. Dept., Univ. JACKMAN, E. R., (C) ES, Agri. Bldg., Ore. St. of Wyo., Laramie, Wyo. Col., Corvallis, Ore. JOHNSON, ROY A., SCS, White Salmon, Wash. JACOBS, JAMES L., FS, Fed. Bldg., Richfield, JOHNSON, VON J., BLM, Box 480, Anchorage, Utah Alaska JACOBSON, J. GARVIN, (R) Alexander, N. Dak. JOHNSON, V. W., ES, 229, S.W. lst., Pendleton, JACOBSON, L. A., SCS, 519 W. Pine, Junction Ore. City, Kans. JOHNSON,WALLACE M., (C) FS, RM, Woodland JACOBY, W. E., SCS, Box 870, Brady, Tex. Park, Colo. JACQUOT, HAROLD, (R) Flying Y Ranch, Hal- JOHNSTON, A., (C) Dept. Agri. Exp. Sta., sey, Neb. Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada JAMESON, DONALD A., (S) Col. A & M Col., JOLLEY, SIDNEY W., SCS,’ 708 No. Adams, San Dept. Rge. Mgt., Ft. Collins, Colo. Angelo, Tex. JANSSON, J. ROBT., (C) FS, Helena, Mont. JONES. A. E., (C) SCS, Washington 25, D. C. JARVIS, JACK L., (S) Box 5141, Col. Sta., Tex. JONES, EARL N., SCS, Box 438, Kalispell, JELLISON, ARTHUR J., (C) IND, Pine Ridge, Mont. S. Dak. JONES, GARDINER F., FGD, Box 211, Rt. 2, JENKINS, PAUL M., SCS, Box 99, Montrose, Elma, Wash. Cola. JONES, GI.EN R., (C) (R) Deep Springs Ranch, JENSEN, CYRIL L., BLM, 811 Conn. Ave., Rock Deep Springs, Calif. Springs, Wyo. JONES, HERBERT I., SCS, Box 112, Littleton, JENSEN, HAROLD J., (C) SCS, Box 472, Sterling Cola. City, Tex. JONES, HORACE E., BLM, 308 Stapleton Bldg., JENSEN, PETER N., (S) 710 W. Prescott, Salina, Billings, Mont. Kans. JONES, IDWAL, SCS, Box 223, Pierre, S. Dak. JENSEN, RALPH, (C) FS, Fairfield, Idaho JONES, LLOYD E., BAE, 3329 So. Wakefield St., JENSON, DEWANE E., (C) BLM, Court House, Arlington, Vs. Brigham City, Utah JONES, RALPH O., (R) 410 W. Liberty, Weiser, JERNIGAN, ROY A., BLM, Rt. 1. Box 285, Idaho Roswell, N. Mex. JORGENSEN, C. GLEN, (C) FS, 1130 N. E. 48th., JESS, ORVAL, FS,’ Naches, Wash. Portland 13, Ore. JETLEY, MARTIN A., (S) Sch. For., Utah St. JORGENSEN, ROLF B., (C) FS, Riggins, Idaho Agri. Col., Logan, Utah JORIS, LAWRENCE F., SCS, Box 218, Oshkosh, JOHNSEN, THOS. N., (S) 227 E. Elm St., Tuc- Neb.
son, Ariz . JOSENDAL, HAROLD, (R) Box 896, Casper, Wyo. JOHNSON, C. E., (R) Doyleville, Colo. JOSLYN, GORDON E., 748 Yellowstone Ave., JOHNSON, DONALD I., SCS, Box 551, Riverton, Billings, Mont. wyo. JOY, C. A., (C) FS, 630 Sansome St., San Fran- JOHNSON,ERIC A., (C) SCS, 7804 Aberdeen Rd., cisco, Cal. Bethesda 14, Md. JULANDER, ODELL, (C) FS, INT, Ogden, Utah JOHNSON, EVERETT E., Laramie High Sch., Laramie, Wyo. K JOHNSON, FRED W., (C) FS, Missoula, Mont. KALITOWSKI, C. L., (C), FS, Jackson, Mont. JOHNSOP~,GEO. W., ES, Colville, Wash. KALLAS, JACK, (S) 706 Marshall, Laramie, Wyo. JOHNSON, HENRY A., (C) BPISAE, So. Miss. KALMBACXI, EDWIN R., (C) FWS, 546 Custom- Branch Sta., Poplarville, Miss. house, Denver 2, Colo. JOHNSON, JOE C., SCS, 2110 Pearl St., Austin KAMMLADE, WM. G., AES, 110 Stock Pavilion, 61, Tex. Univ. of Ill., Urbana, Ill. MEMBERSHIP LIST 365
KANE, ROBT. L., (S) 3013 Madison St., Boise, KINGSBERY, H. T., PMA, Santa Anna, Tex. Idaho KINNAMAN, DALE H., (C) BLM, Monticello, KANSKY, GEO. W., (C) FS, Twisp, Wash. Utah KARN, WORTHINGTON F., (C) SCS, Timpas, KINNARD, RAY D., (C) SCS, Box 269, Bartles- Cola. ville, Okla. KARY, MARCUS A., (S) Sch. For., Utah St. KIRBY, F. LEE, (C) FS, Denver 2, Colo. Agri. Col., Logan, Utah KIRK, JESSE L., BLM, Ely, Nev. KAY, LAMAR, SCS, 1605 College Ave., Lubbock, KIRK, W. G., (C) AES, Rge. Cattle Exp. Sta., Tex. Ona, Fla. KEEVAN, MICHAEL, (S) 830 No. Wilson Ave., KIRK, W. M., Kirk Prod., 915 Pierce, Amarillo, Tucson, Ariz. Tex. KEGEL, A. C., ES, Box 509, Miles City, Mont. KIRK, W. T., AES, Agri. Bldg., Univ. of Wyo., KEHMEIER, NORMAN F., (S) 618 W. Olive, Ft. Laramie, Wyo. Collins, Colo. KISSINGER, NELAND A. JR., (S) Rge. Mgt. KEIL, NOLAN F., (C) BLM, Lewistown, Mont. Dept., Colo. A &M Col., Ft. Collins, Colo. KEITH, JOHN A., BLM, Shoshone, Idaho KLAHN, AUSTIN E., SCS, Dalhart, Tex. KELLER, WESLEY, (C) BPISAE, Utah St. Agri. KLEBSCH, DONALD, AES, Sturgis, S. Dak. Cal., Logan, Utah KLEMMEDSON, JAMES O., SCS, Box 87, Monte KELLY, JAMES BENNETT, (S) Box 4061, Col. Vista, Colo. Sta., Tex. KLIPPLE, GRAYDON E., (C) FS, RM, Ft. Col- KELSO, WM. K., (S) Dept. Rge. Mgt., Colo. lins, Colo. A & M Col., Ft. Collins, Colo. KLOMP, GERARD J., FS, INT, Ogden, Utah KENG, ED. B., SCS,’ Sonora, Tex. KNAPP, BRADFORD JR., BAI, US Rge. Lvstk. KENNEDY, C. M., (R) Gateway, Ore. Exp. Sta., Miles City, Mont. KENNEDY, FRED H., (C) FS, Box 4137, Port- KNITTLE, FRANK, (S) Rge. Mgt. Dept., Univ. land, Ore. of Wyo., Laramie, Wyo. KENT, HARRY E., (R) White Swan, Wash. KONE, SAM L., (R), 324 W. French Pl., San KEOGH, JAMES E. JR., BLM, El Toyonal Rd., Antonio 1, Tex. Orinda, Calif. KOURY, SAM A., SCS, Ashland, Kans. KERR, GERALD M., (C) BLM, Rm. 5546 Int. KOZACHYN, JOHN, (S) Sch. For., Utah St. Agri. Bldg., Wash. 25, D. C. Cal., Logan, Utah KESSLER, FRANK B., Kans. Agri. Exp. Sta., KRAUS, HERMAN A., (S) 32 E. St., Bozeman, Ft. Hays Branch, Hays, Kans. Mont. KESSLER, WAYNE, SCS, Box 1119, Douglas, KRAUSE, PAUL A., (C) IND, Uintah & Ouray Ariz. Agency, Ft. Duchesne, Utah KEZER, ALVIN, (R) 515 Remington, Ft. Collins, KREUTZER, ED. M., IND, Consolidated Ute Cola. Agency, Ignacio, Colo. KIELEY, E. M., (R) Avon, Mont. KRUEGER, W. C., SCS, Custer, S. Dak. KIKER, LELAND W. (S) Box 4223, Col. Sta., KRUGER, FRED S., SCS, Box 407, Iola, Kans. Tex. KUCERA, JOHN M., (C) FS, Box 901, Lakeview, KILLOUGH, JOHN R., BLM, Gen. Del., Grey- Ore. bull, Wyo. KUEHNER, ROY C., (C) FS, Mt. City, Nev. KILLPACK, ELLIOTT, (C) SCS, Box 511, Price, KULISH, LEONARD F., Gen. Del., Lander, Wyo. Utah KUTZLEB, CHAS. A., (C) FS, Idaho Springs, KILPATRICK, H. ill., (S) A & M Col., Dept. Cola. Rge. Mgt., Col. Sta. Tex. L KIMBALL, THOS. L., FGD, Cap. Bldg., Phoe- nix, Ariz. LAMBERT, CLYDE, (C) FS, Altonah, Utah KIMSEY, DWIGHT W., (S) 214 E. 29th St., LANCASTER, JAMES W., FS, Loa, Utah Cheyenne, Wyo. LANDERS, JOHN D., (C) SCS, Box 117, San KIMZEY, FRANK, (S) Univ. of Wyo., Dept. fige. Saba, Tex. Mgt., Laramie, Wyo. LANDERS, LELAND R., AES, Gillette Substa- KING, ART, (C) (R) C orridale Ranch, Box 905, tion, Gillette, Wyo. Cheyenne, Wyo. LANDERS, ROGER Q., (R) Menard, Tex. KING, HAROLD, (S) Colo. A & M Col., Dept. LANE, GLEN A., SCS, Hill City, Kans. Rge. Mgt., Ft. Collins, Colo. LANE, KENNETH, (S) Rge. Mgt. Dept., Univ. KING, J. H., (R) Box 968, Laramie, Wyo. of Wyo., Laramie, Wyo. 366 MEMBERSHIP LIST
LANG, ROBT. L., Dept. Agron., Univ. of Wyo., LEWIS, JAZZES K., (S) Dept. An. Ind., Mont. Laramie, Wyo. St. Col., Bozeman, Mont. LANGENDORF, JOSEPH P., SCS, Box 61, Glen- LEWIS, MONT E., (C) FS, Ephraim, Utah dive, Mont. LEWIS, R. D., (C) AES, Tex. A & M Col., Col. LANGFORD, LARKIN H., AES, Box 115, Dickin- Sta., Tex. son, No. Dak. LEWIS, RALPH O., SCS, 1645 Pawnee, Lincoln LARSEN, CARL, AES, Cottonwood, S. Dak. 2, Neb. LARSEN, HANS, (S) Rge. Mgt. Dept., Univ. of LIEVENS, JOSEPH J., (S) Col. A & M Col., So. Wyo., Laramie, Wyo. Hall, Ft. Collins, Colo. LARSEN, JAMES C., Pinedale, Wyo. LILLIBRIDGE, ROY, (R) Fairfield, No. Dak. LARSON, FLOYD D., (C) BLM, 326 Stapleton LINDGREN, LAWRENCE, PMA, 1122 Moro, Man- Bldg., Billings, Mont. hattan, Kans. LARSON, L. WAINE, (C) BR, Ephrata, Wash. LINNE, JAZZESM., 1049 W. 13th, Medford, Ore. LASSEN, ROBT. W., FGD, Ferry Bldg., San LIPPERT, ROBT. D., SCS, Meade, Kans. Francisco, Calif. LIPSCOMB, WYATT D. JR., SCS, Box 482, Sny- LATER, WENDELL C., IND. Klamath Agency, der, Tex. Klamath Falls, Ore. LISTER, PAUL B., SCS, 366 So. 11th E., Salt LAUDE, HORTON M., Div. Agron., Univ. of Cal., Lake City, Utah Davis, Calif. LITTLE, SAM, (R) Gunnison, Colo. LAVIN, FRED, (C) FS, SW, Box 951, Tucson, LOCEY, CARROLL, (R) Ironside, Ore. Ariz. LOCKBAUM, ROBT. F., (S) 533 W. 80th St., LAWRENCE, MARK E., (C) BLM, Box 702, Vale, Los Angeles 44, Cal. Oreg. LODGE, ROBT. W., (S) Sch. For., Univ. of LAWSON, HARRY C. JR., SCS, Box 381, Eldo- Idaho, Moscow, Idaho rado, Tex. LOFGREN, ELMER, y0 J. Neils Lumber Co., LAWSON, LOUIE L., FGD, 8830 N. Ariz. Canal, Klickitat, Wash. Phoenix, Ariz. LOGAN, JOHN C., Central Supply Co. Bran- LEAVITT, KENT, Milbrook, N. Y. stetter Airport, Rt. 3, Box 1142 B., Sacra- LEBERSKI, W., (S) Sch. For., Utah St. Agri. mento, Cal. Col., Logan, Utah LOMMASSON, T. (C) FS, Missoula, Mont. LEE, FLOYD W., (R) Box 421,, Albuquerque, LONG, R. A., (R) Fort Rock, Ore. N. Mex. LONGHURST, WM. M., Museum Vert. Zool., LEECH, IVAN, (R) Amherst, Colo. Univ. of Cal., Berkeley, Cal. LEFFLER, GUSTIN V., Pittsburg & Midway LOOKBAUM, R. F., (S) Utah State Agr. Col., Coal Mining Co. RR 62, Scammon, Kans. Logan, Ut#ah LEFTWICH, F. D., FS, Great Falls, Mont. LORD, PHILIP B., (C) FS, Susanville, Cal. LEHMAN, AMER., (R) Wray, Colo. LORING, J. MALCOLM, FS, Box 767, Okanogan, LEITHEAD, HORACE L., (C) SCS, Box 185, Wash. Marfa, Tex. LOVE, L. D., (C) FS, RM, Ft. Collins, Colo. LEMMON, PAUL, SCS, Swan Island, Portland, LOVE, R. MERTON, Univ. of Cal., Davis, Ore. Calif. LEMON, PAUL C., (C) St. Col., Albany, N. Y. LOVVORN, R. L., BPISAE, Beltsville, Md. LENINGTON, VON D., (R) Ft. Benton, Mont. LOWE, CLYDE T., (C) SCS, Box 340, Cedar LENZIE, FRANK B., (R) Paterson, Wash. City, Utah LEONARD, ALBERTK., (S) Rge. Mgt., Dept. An. LOWRIE, ROBT. D., FDG, 4021 Grand Ave., Hus., Ore. St. Col., Corvallis, Ore. Phoenix, Ariz. LEONARD, OLIVER A., AES, Bot. Div., Univ. LUER, ELMER E., FS, 610 So. 7th, Bozeman, of Cal., Davis, Calif. Mont. LEOPOLD, A. STARKER, (C) Museum Vert . Zoo1 ., LUKER, CYRIL, SCS, Broadway & Central, Univ. of Cal., Berkeley, Calif. Box 1348, Albuquerque, N. Mex. LEPLEY, E. R., FS, Custer, So. Dak. LULL, HOWARD W., FS, Box 43, Norris, Tenn. LESUEUR, HAROLD E., BLM, Lander, Wyo. LUNA, LAMAR, (R) Box 605, Ft. Sumner, N. LETHERT, ROBT. E., (R) Triangle V Ranch, Mex. Almeria, Neb. LUCHER, ARTHUR A., IND, Jicarilla Agency, LEVINESS, ED. A., (S) 2621 E. 3rd St., Tucson, Dulce, N. Mex. Ariz. LYMAN, &AS. W., (R) Burdette, Kans. MEMBERSHIP LIST 367
LYNDE, FRED C., Corps of Eng. 16 W. Apache, MCLERNON, JOHN, Box 1007, Prescott, Ariz. Tulsa, Okla MCCLEAN, ALASTAIR, (C) Dominion Exp. Sta., LYNGHOLM, DONAVON, (S) Sidney, Neb. Box 340, Kamloops, B. C. Canada MCLEOD, C. A., Sam Houston St. Teachers MC Cal., Huntsville, Tex. MCQUIDDY, FRANCIS C., (R) Oasis Ranch, Hig- MCARTHUR, JAMES A. B., Box 268, Col. Sta., gins, Tex. Tex. MCVEE, CURTIS V., (S) Dept. An. Ind. & MCCABE, A. J., PMA, Cottonwood Falls, Kans. Rge. Mgt., Mont. St. Col., Bozeman, Mont. MCCABE, ARCHIE, (C) SCS, Box 72, Pagosa MCVEY, PHILLIP B., (S) Dept. Rge. Mgt., Springs, Colo. Univ. of Nev., Reno, Nev. MCCABE, ROBT. A., AES, 424 Univ. Farm Place, MCWILLIAMS, JESSE L., SCS, Box 176, Mandan Madison, Wis. N. Dak. MCCAIN, RANDAL, AES, Box 464, Sonora, Cal. M MCCLINTOCK, L. A., (R) 809 N. W. Despain Ave., Pendleton, Ore. MABEY, STEWART., Lower Farm. Thornfalcon MCCLURE, J. R., (R) Gage, Okla. Taunton, Somerset, England MCCLUSKEY, JOHN B., (S) FS, Pierce, Idaho MACDONALD, M. ALLAN, Box 340, Dominion MCCLYMONDS, A. E., SCS, Box 713, P. 0. Rge., Exp. Sta., Kamloops, B. C. Canada Bldg., Lincoln Neb. MACDOUGAL, JOHN, (S) 1034 Beech St., Mis- MCCONNELL, MACK, (C) SCS, Box 270, Denton, soula, Mont. Tex. MACGREGOR LAND & LIVESTOCK Co., (R) MCCONNELL, 0. E., SCS, Box 713, Lincoln, Hooper, Wash. Neb. MACKAY & MACKAY RANCH, (R) Ismay, Mont. MCCORKLE, J. S., (C) SCS, Box 1348, Albu- MADSON, B. A., Dept. Agron., Univ. of Cal., querque, N. Mex. Davis, Cal. MCCORKLE, WILL D., SCS, Box 398, Wray, MAGEE, DUANE J., (S) 5 Silverbow, Missoula, Cola. Mont. MCCORMACK, A. V., PMA, 3700 Manor Rd., MAJOR, JACK, FS,’ INT, Ogden, Utah Chevy Chase, Md. MALENCIK, WM. J., BLM, Meeker, Colo. MCCULLAH, H. V., ES, Kremmling, Colo. MANEE, JAMES S., (S) Dept. Rge. Mgt., Univ. MCCULLY, WAYNE G., (C) Dept. Rge. & For., of Wyo., Laramie, Wyo. A & M Col., Col. Sta., Tex. MANLEY, GEO., (S) Dept. Rge. Mgt., Univ. of MCDONALD, DAVID R., (S) FS, Stevensville, Wyo., Laramie, Wyo. Mont. MANSFIELD, JACK, (R) Alamosa Ranch, Vega, MCDONALD, JOHN E., (C) FS, John Day, Ore. Tex. MCDOUGAL, J. N., SCS, Box XX, Steamboat MANWARING, H. L., 514 N. Oak St., Falls Springs, Colo. Church, Va. MCDOWELL, HARLEY M., Idaho St. Tax Comm., MARION, HOMER W., SCS, Lower Lake, Calif. Box 2161, Boise, Idaho MARKHAM, BEN S., (C) BLM, Box 659, Salt MCELDERY, RICHARD D., (S) 12 Chauteau, Lake City 9, Ut,ah Missoula, Mont. MARKHAM, MURLE J., FS, Box 524, Brigham MCELFRESH, RICHARD J., FS, Ashland, Mont. City, Utah MCELROY, THOS. C., (R) RFD -2, Vale, Ore. MARSH V. LEE., %/$ Creole Petroleum Corp., MCFARLAND, JAMES C., (S) 819 N. Euclid Apartado 889, Caracas, Venezuela, S. A. Ave., Tucson, Ariz. MARSHALL, C. G., SCS,’ Box 1348, Albuquerque, MCGINNIES, WM. C., (C) FS, RM, Ft. Collins, N. Mex. Cola. MARTIN, HUGH E., FS, Custer, S. Dak. MCGINNIES, WM. J. (C) FS,’ INT, Milford, MARTIN, JAMES D., (R) PMA, Eskridge, Kans. Utah MARTIN, J. ARTHUR, SCS, Box 1617, Rapid MCILVAIN, E. H., (C) BPISAE, U. S. Field City, S. Dak. Sta. Woodword, Okla. MARTIN, RALPH, (S) Collendale D 4, Syracuse MCKINNEY, MARK, (S) Univ. of Ariz. Col. of Univ., Syracuse, N. Y. Agric., Tucson, Ariz. MARTIN, S. CLARK, (C) FS, CS, Rm. 102, MCKINSTRY, NEAL P., SCS, Briggsdale, Colo. Bldg. T-7, Univ. of MO., Columbia, MO. MCLAUGHLIN, J. Ross, (C) SCS, Deer Trail, MARTINEAU, BRYANT S., BLM, 1203 No. 25th Cola. St., Boise, Idaho 368 MEMBERSHIP LIST
MARTINEZ, J. PAUL, FS, El Rito, N. Mex. MILL, FREDERIC L., SCS, Silver City, N. Mex. MARTIN-SI\~ITH Co., 1725 Alamo Natl. Bldg., MILLER, BEN., Clevenger Realty Co., 917 San Antonio 5, Tex. Encanto Dr. S. W., Phoenix, Ariz. MASON, ED. H., FS, BOX 567, P. 0. Bldg., Ft. MILLER, CHAS. A., (S) Rge. Mgt. Dept., Univ. Collins, Colo. of Wyo., Laramie, Wyo. MASON, LAMAR R., (C) SCS, 446 Center, MILLER, C. KEITH, SCS, Box 123, Worland, Evanston, Wyo. wyo. MASSING, DANIEL G., (C) FS, Box 494, Stan- MILLER, H. DONALD, (C) FS, Dufur, Ore. ford, Mont. MILLER, JOHN C., (C) FS, Grand Junction, MATHEWS, WM. L., BLM, Box 460, Burley, Cola. Idaho MILLER, LAWRENCE D., Lenox Oil Co., Box MATHISON, WM. L., (R) Kremmling, Colo. 1867, Okmulgee, Okla. MATTOX, JAMES E., (C) BLM,Shoshone,‘ Idaho MILLER, MILTON D., (C) ES, Box 335, Orland, MATTSON, PAUL, (S) y0 H. C. Van Horn, Rt. 1, Cal. Lyons, Tex. MILLER, PHILIP S., FS, Custer, S. Dak. MAUGHAN, KENNETH O., FS, Kamas, Utah MILLER, WARREN G., SCS, Box 127, Hayden, MAW, ED. C., FS, Dubois, Idaho Cola. MAXSON, JOHN S., (R) 606 Republic Bank MILLER, W. B., IND, Box 106, Burkeville, Bldg, Dallas 1, Tex. Tex. MAYHOFFER, WM. H., SCS, Box 162, Simla, MILLIN, RICHARD B., (C) IND, Carson Ind. Cola. Agency, Stewart, Nev. MAYKO, R. W., SCS, Pendleton, Ore. MILLS, ED. E., (C) SCS, P. 0. Bldg., Canon MAZZETTA, A. J., FS, Taos, N. Mex. City, Colo. MEACHAM, GEO. A., PMA, Emmett, Idaho MILLS, VAN C., (S) RFD. 6, Athens, Tex. MEANS, G. HARLAND, SCS, Box 1617, Rapid MINOW, JOHN T., (S) 15 Dawson, Missoula, City, S. Dak. Mont. MEDFORD, RULON L., (C) SCS, Tonasket, MINTER, BRIAN E., (S) Sch. For., Univ. of Wash. Cal., Berkeley, Cal. MEENEN, FRIEDRICH E., (C) Ft. Hays Exp. MITCHELL, GLENN E., FS,’ Box 4127, Portland, Sta., Hays, Kans. Ore. MEGASON, JACK E., (S) Box 1799, Col. Sta., MITCHELL, RAYMOND O., (R) Crescent Ranch, Tex. Hayden, Ariz. MEIK, ELDON E., FS,‘ Box 428, Red Lodge, MOATS, JOHN E., SCS, Okanogan, Wash. Mont. MOCK, H. BYRON, (C) BLM, Fed. Bldg., Salt MEINERS, WM. R., SCS, 1005 So. 5th Dayton, Lake City, Utah Wash. MOELLER, THEO. L., PMA, 415 S. 1st St., MELIERGARD, L., (R) RFD 1, Ellensburg, Phoenix, Ariz. Wash. MOIR, A. D., (C) FS, Box 1163, Helena, Mont. MELLO, CLARENCE E., (S) Box 41, Pinole, Cal. MOLLIN, F. E., Amer. Natl. Lvstk. Assn., MENEFEE, CLYDE A., SCS,’ Box 64, Mount- 515 Cooper Bldg., Denver 2, Colo. ainair, N. Mex. MOLLISON, A. W., IND, Box 390, Billings, MEREWETHER, FREMONT W., (C) BLM, Swan Mont. Island, Portland 18, Ore. MOLOHON, ALVIN D. (C) BLM, 1245 N. 29th MERRILL, B. B., FS, Tepee Ranger Sta., St., Billings, Mont. Dewey, S. Dak. MOLOKAI RANCH LTD., (R) Box 70, Kauna- MERRILL, LEO B., (C) AES, Sub-Sta. 14, kakai, Molokai, T. H. Sonora, Tex. MONROE, JAMES W., SCS, Box 361, Yorktown, MERRILL, LOUIS P., SCS, Box 1898, Ft. Worth, Tex. Tex. MONROE, ROBT. E., (S) 817 W. Harrison, Boze- MERRYFIELD, LEROY A., BLM, 1517 E. 21st man, Mont. St ., Cheyenne, Wyo. MONTGOMERY, R. J., SCS,’ Box 660, Bismark, METLEN, ROBT. W., Rt. 1, Nez Perce, Idaho METZGER, H. HERBERT, Box 484, Cottonwood, No. Dak. BAriz. MOOMAW, JAMES CURTIS, (S) Sch. For., Univ. MEYER, RAYMOND W., SCS, Goldendale, Wash. of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho MILES, ARTHUR D., (R) Lazy A M Ranch, MOOMAW, LEROY, AES, Dickinson Exp. Sta., Livingston, Mont. Dickinson, N. Dak. MEMBERSHIP LIST 369
MOON, GARETH C., FDG, Custer St. Park N Office, Hermosa, S. Dak. NADEAU, LEON R., (C) BLM, Swan Island MOORE, EUGENE A., (S) FS, Idaho Springs, Adm. Bldg., Portland, 18, Ore. Cola. NAGY, JOE II., (S), Box 5499 Col. Sta., Tex. MOORE, DOE C., (C) SCS, Box 46, Mineral NARAMORE, ROBT. S., (S) Sch. For. Univ. of Wells, Tex. Cal., Berkeley, Cal. MOORE, RAYMOND MILTON, (S) Dept. Rge. NATIONS, WALTER W., IND, 515 Delemar Dr., & For., A & M Col., Col. Sta., Tex. Albuquerque, N. Mex. MOOREFIELD, JAMES if., SCS, Box 88, Howard, NAVE, J. C., FS, Albuquerque, N. Mex. Kans. NAVON, DAVID, (S) 814 Magnolia Ave., Mo- MORGAN, JOHN F. III., y0 Beall Abstract Co., desto, Calif. Sweetwater, Tex. NAYLOR, DALE C., (C) BLM, Fed. Bldg., MORGAN, L. T., BLM, 225 P. 0. Bldg., Pueblo, Vernal, Utah Cola. NEASE, FELTON R., (C) 131 Charlotte Hall, MORGAN, R. E., (C) BLM, 1245 29th St., Oak Ridge, Tenn. Billings, Mont. NEACE, WINSTON, (R) Winona, Wash. MORGAN, REX J., BLM, 315 Fed. Bldg., Salt NELSON, BEN, (C) FS, 104 No. 5th St., Phoenix, Ariz. Lake City, Utah NELSON, E. M., ES, Wasco, Co. The Dalles, MOROD, EMILE, (R) Hooper, Wash. Ore. MORRIS, MELVIN S., (C) Mont. St. Univ., NELSON, HOWARD S., (C) Apartado No. 45, Missoula, Mont. Barcelona, Venezuela, So. America MORRIS, 0. W., FWS, 567 Fed. Bldg., Salt NELSON, JOHN C., SCS, Woodward, Okla. Lake City, Utah. NELSON, N. TALMAGE, BLM, Anchorage, MORRISON, JACK H., (S) 19 A Polo Village, Alaska Tucson, Ariz . NEWELL, EUGENE, BLM 1650 No. 23rd St., MORTENSEN, A. E., SCS, 121 N. Adams, Coun- Phoenix, Ariz. cil Grove, Kans. NEWLUN, JESSE J., SCS,’ Goldendale, Wash. MORTON, A. D., (S) 414 So. Lincoln, Moscow, NEWMAN, KELSO P., BLM, Box 659, Salt Lake Idaho City, Utah. MORTON, GLENN C., (R) 616 Mont. Bldg., NICHOLAS, SHERYL A., SCS, Box 407, No. Lewistown, Mont. Platte, Neb. MOSER, JOHN R., (S) 115 So. Bryant Ave., NIELSON, AVERIL B., (C) Hqs. Sixth Army Tucson, Ariz. Presidio of San Fran., Cal. MOTT, BRUCE T., (R) 411 So. Custer Ave., NIELSON, ROBERT D., (C) BLM, Billings, Miles City, Mont. Mont. MUCHMORE, ALBERT F., FS, Wise River, Mont. NIVEN, DONALD E., (S) 315 So. Bozeman, MUEGGLER, WALTER F., U. S. Sheep Exp. Bozeman, Mont. Sta., Dubois, Idaho NIXON, WALTER M., SCS, Box 1898, Ft. Worth, MUELLER, GLENN H., (C) SCS, Box 1138, Tex. Malta, Mont. NOBLE, CLARK RALPH, (S) Apt 6A No. Main MUIR, JOSEPH, (C) ES, St. Col. of Wash., Village, Moscow, Idaho Pullman, Wash. NOBLE, MYRVIN E., (C) BLM, Cedar City, MURCHIE, ARCHIE A., FS, Ely, Nev. Utah MURIE, ADOLPH, (C) NPS, McKinley Park, NOKES, HERALD S., (S) L.D.S. House, Moscow, Alaska Idaho MURPHY, ALFRED H., ES, Box 1009, Eureka, NOONEN, M. E., (R) Kremmling, Colo. NORD, EAMOR C., SCS, Box 960, Las Vegas, MURKY; CHAS. P (R) Walden Cola. N. Mex. MURPHY: FRANCIS E., (R) Flying ’ V Ranch, NORDWALL, DAVID S., FS, Box 971, Laramie, Hermosa, S. Dak. wyo. MURRAY, IRVIN PAT., (C) FS, Kanab, Utah NORRIS, JOHNATHAN J., (C) Box 516, St. Col., MURRAY, WM. E., (C) FS,’ INT, Ogden, Utah N. Mex. MYERS, ROBT. M., SCS, Chamberlain, S. Dak. NORRIS, KEITH E., BLM, Fed. Bldg., Vernal, MYERS, W. M., BPISAE, Beltsville, Md. Utah 370 - MEMBERSHIP LIST
0 PASE, CHAS. PIERCE, (S) 4043 Fla. St., San Diego 4, Cal. OBLENESS,’ GEO. V., (R) PMA, Ashland, Kans. PASSEY, HOWARD B., SCS,’ Box 26, Coalville, OEDEKOVEN, CHAS. R., (S) Box 564, Gillette, Utah Wyo. PATTENGALE, PAUL S., ES, Court House, Hol- OGLE, CLAYTON E., (S) Townsend, Mont. lister, Cal. OHLENBUSCH, WM., (R) Essar Ranch, San PATTERSON, C. D., SCS, Ft. Pierre, S. Dak. Antonio, Tex. PATTERSON, RICHARD H., (S) Ft. Collins, Colo. OLDLAND, GERALD., (R) Rio Blanco, Colo. PATTON, ED. B., (R) Star Rt., Payette, Idaho OLIVER, JAMES, (R) Albion, Mont. PAXTON, CHESTER, (R) Thedford, Neb. OLIVER, JOE, (R) John Day, Ore. PAYNE, GENE F., (C) Mont. St. Col., Bozeman, OLMSTED, CHAS. E., (C) Dept. Bot., Univ. of Mont. Chicago, Chicago 37, Ill. PEARSE, C. KENNETH, (C) FS, SW, Box 951, OLSEN, C. J., FS, Ogden, Utah Tucson, Ariz. OLSEN, FOYER, FS, Boise, Idaho PEARSON, BENNETT O., FS, San Francisco, OLSON, HARRY., (R) Rex Rt., Laramie, Wyo. Calif. OLSON, LEONARD J., SCS, Rt. 1, Box 2, Mills, PEARSON, H. W., BLM, Box 1695, Albuquerque, N. Mex. N. Mex. OMODT., HARLAN F., (S) 32 Custer, Missoula, PECHANEC, J. F., (C) FS, NW, U. S. Court Mont. House, Portland, Ore. OOSTING, HENRY J., Dept. Bot., Duke Univ., PECK, JAMES A., (C) SCS, Simla, Colo. Durham, N. C. PECK, L. O., (C) FS, Gallatin Gateway, Mont. ORCUTT, BRUCE, (C) (R) Beaverslide Ranch, PECK, R. B., (C) Western Ranching Service, Miles City, Mont. Box 1335, Dalhart, Tex. ORCUTT, PAUL, ES, Mont. St. Col., Bozeman, PEDERSON, RUDY J., (C) SCS, Victoria, Tex. Mont. PENCE, THOS. F., (R) Star Rt., Payette, OROURKE,’ JOSEPH F., FS, Box 567, Ft. Col- Idaho lins, Colo. PENDRAY, W. C., For. Service, Victoria, B. C. OSBORN, BEN O., (C) SCS, Box 992, San Angelo, Canada Tex. PENFOUND, WM. T., Univ. of Okla., Norman, OSMUNDSON, HOWARD B., SCS, Jordan, Mont. Okla. OSTERLI, VICTOR P., ES, Univ. of Cal. Col. PERRY, DONALD, (S) 437 Divine Ave., Casper, Agri., Davis, Calif. wyo. OTIS, MERRIL A., SCS, Box 545, Estancia, N. PERRY, LAWRENCE E., (S) 819 No. Euclid Ave., Mex. Tucson, Ariz. OTLEY, HENRY, (R) Diamond, Ore. PETELER, CHAS. R., BLM, Rt. 2, Vigilante OXNAM, HERBERT R., (S) 2002 E. 9th St., Trail, Billings, Mont. Tucson, Ariz. PETERS, H. F., Dominion Rge. Exp. Sta., Manyberries, Alberta, Canada P PETERSON, ERVIN O., SCS, Ogallala, Neb. PETERSON, ROALD A., (C) FS, NRM, Missoula, PADGETT, KENNETH, (S) Dept. An Ind. & Mont. Rge. Mgt., Mont. St. Col., Bozeman, Mont. PETERSON, ROBT. R., SCS, Riverton, Wyo. PAINTER, W. H., (R) Meade, Kans. PETERSON, SEELY J., (R) Ferron, Utah PALMER, J. EARL, (C) BLM, Fed. Bldg., PETERSON, VIRGIL C., (C) USDA Off. Foreign Salt Lake City, Utah Agri. Rel., Servicio Tecnico Agricola, Blue- PALMER, MARCELLUS, (C) Land Util. Con- sultant, 625 Judge Bldg., Salt Lake City, fields, Nicaragua Utah PETRIE, RICHARD H., (S) Dept. Rge. Mgt., PARK BARRY C., (C) FS, Box 1118, Billings, Colo. A & M Col., Ft. Collins, Colo. Mont. PEVELER, RAY., (S) Box 4457, Col. Sta., Tex. PARK, ROBT. H., (C) FS, Municipal Bldg., PFARR, DUWAYNE, (S) Dept. Rge. Mgt., Univ. Price, Utah of Wyo., Laramie, Wyo. PARKER, KENNETH W., (C) FS, SW, Box 951, PHILLIPS, FLOYD H., IND, Bldg. 34, Swan Tucson, Ariz. Island, Portland 18, Ore. PARRY, CONWAY E., BLM, Price, Utah PHILLIPS, H. M., Editor, Sheep & Goat Raisers PARSONS, GLENN B., FS, Heppner, Ore. Magazine, Cactus Hotel, San Angelo, Tex, MEMBERSHIP LIST 371
PHILLIPS, RALPH J., (S) Vets Dorm #l, Lara- PRICE, J. BOYD, (C) SCS, Box 115, County mie, Wyo. Court House, Gooding, Idaho. PHILLIPS, T. A., (C) FS, Circleville, Utah PRICE, RAYMOND, (C) FS, SW, Box 951, Tucson, PHILLIPS, WALTER S., (C) Dept. Bot. & Rge. Ariz. Ecol., Univ. of Ariz., Tucson, Ariz. PRICE, ROBT. DALE, (R) Reading, Kans. PICKEN, R. L., (R) Tonasket, Wash. PRICE, WM. L., (C) FS, Elko, Nev. PICKENS, E. J., SCS, Alpine, Tex. PRICHARD, LEONARD A., FS, Pinedale, Ariz. PICKETT, ROBERT C., Agron. Dept. Kans. PROCTOR, CEO. R., Box 136, Taos, N. Mex. St. Cal., Manhattan, Kans. PRYOR, JONES W., 75 Vets Village, Ft. Collins, PICKRELL, K. P., Pres. Ariz. Wool Growers, Cola. Rt. 12, Box 412, Phoenix, Ariz. PUCKETT, M. C., (R) Box 517, Ft. Stockton, PIEMEISEL, ROBT. L., BPSIAE, Box 826, Twin Tex. Falls, Idaho PUCKETT, VERNON, (R) Roy, Mont. PIERSON, ED., BLM, Box 1695, Alburquerque, PYLE, E. M. III., (R) Kingsdown, Kans. N. Mex. PILGERAM, CLINTON R., IND, Crow Agency, Q Mont. QUALLS, CARTER P., Box 927, Jacob Lake, PIPAT+ LEO K., SCS, Box 416, Forsyth, Mont. Ariz. PIPER, FRANK C., PMA, Box 313, St. Anthony, QUAYLE, W. L., AES, Univ. of Wyo., Laramie, Idaho wyo. PITRAT, CHAS., (S) Dept. Rge. Mgt., Utah QUESENBERRY, J. R., BAI, U. S. Rge. Lvstk. St. Agri, Col., Logan, Utah Exp. Sta., Miles City, Mont. PLATT, KENNETH B., (C) BLM, Swan Island, QUICK, WALTER J. JR., Press0 La Direzione Portland 18 Ore. delle Foreste, Minister0 dell ’ Agricoltura, PLUMMER, A. PERRY., (CL) FS, INT, Ephraim, Roma, Italia Utah POLK, DAVID B., SCS, Box 527, Mason, Tex. R POLK, R. BROOKS., Dept. For., Univ. of MO., Columbia, MO. RABB, JOE C., FDG, Box 94, Wells, Nev. POOI,, WALTER E., FS,‘ Cody, Wyo. RADER, LYNN, FS, 630 Sansome St., San Fran- PORTER, IVAN R., SCS, Box 12, Lewis, Colo. cisco, Calif. POST, JULIUS J., SCS, 304 N. Mills St., Bowie, RAESIDE, JAMES D., New Zealand Embassy Tex. 19 Observatory Circle, Wash. D. C. POTTER, HOWARD L., PMA, Box 596, New Ply- RAGAN, WM. L., (R) Townsend, Mont. mouth, Idaho RALSTON, F. A., ES, Mont. St. Cal., Bozeman, POTTER, LOREN D., (C) N. Dak. St. Col., Mont. Fargo, N. Dak. RANDALL, E. A., (R) Ashland, Kans. POTTS, ROBT. H., SCS, Rt. 1, Box 409, Las RANKIN, MARION N., (R) PMA, Ashland, Vegas, N. Mex. Kans. POUGH, RICHARD H., Amer. Museum Nat. RANTS, CHAS. L., (C) PMA, 210 Old Court Hist., Central Park W. at 79th St., N. Y. House, Yakima, Wash. RAPP, ALBERT J. JR., 1133 Oxford Rd., Bur- 24, N. Y. lingame, Cal. POULSON, TENNIS A., FS,’ Rt. 1, Box 502, Oren, RASMUSSEN, LEROY H., (C) SCS, Box 126, Utah Tensleep, Wyo. POULTON, CHAS. E., (C) Dept. An. Hus., RAUZI, FRANK., (S) Dept. Rge. Mgt., Univ. of Ore. St. Col., Corvallis, Ore. Wyo., Laramie, Wyo. POWELL, D. L., (S) Box 4123, Co1 Sta., Tex. RECHENTHIN, C. C., SCS, 1229 Woodland, Ft. POWERS, ALBERT H., (R) 955 S. 5th St., Coos Worth 4, Tex. Bay, Ore. RECTOR, S. M., (C) FS, Box 901, Alturas, Cal. POWERS, GORDON L., (C) SCS, U. S. Field REDD, JOE., (R) Norwood, Colo. Sta., Box 271, Woodward, Okla. REED CLYDE C., SCS, Mankato, Kans. POZARNSKY, THOS. H., SCS, Winner, S. Dak. REED, JOHN FREDERICK, (C) Bot. Dept., Univ. PRA-SISTO, VICTOR J., SCS, Meeker, Colo. of Wyo., Laramie, Wyo. PRATT, FREDERICK J., (C) PMA, 515 S. W. REED, M. J., (C) FS,’ NRM, Box 157, Miles 10th Ave., Portland 5, Ore. City, Mont. PRICE, HAROLD H., FS, INT, Ogden, Utah REEVES, ED., SCS, Box 966, Laramie, Wyo. 372 MEMBERSHIP LIST
REID, ELBERT H., (C) FS, 9611 Bristol Ave., ROBERTSON, Jos. H., (C) Rm. 1023 Agri. Silver Springs, Md. Bldg., Reno, Nev. REID, MILTON W., BLM, 1701 So. Taylor St., ROBINSON, F. E. M., (R) Pincher Creek, Al- Arlington, Va. berta, Canada RENNARD, TOM, PMA, 345 E. 2nd St., Box ROBINSON, JOHN P., (C) IND, Poplar, Mont. 1211, Casper, Wyo. ROBINSON, MAX E., (C) Branch Agri. Col., RENNER, F. G. (CL) SCS, Wash. 25, D. C. Cedar City, Utah REYNOLDS, HUDSON G., FS, SW, Box 951, ROCKWELL, Honorable ROBT. F., (R) U. S. Rep- Tucson, Arix . resentative, Paonia, Colo. RHODES, ROBT. T., (C) Rge. & For. Dept., RODGERS, DONALD E., IND, Pine Ridge, S. Fat. Ex. Box 24, Col. Sts. Tex. Dak. RICE, BEN F., (C) FS, Glenwood Spgs, Colo. ROGAN, NATHAN L., FDG, Genl. Del., Lakeport, RICE, GRAHAM C., IND, Rosebud Indian Calif. Agency, Rosebud, S. Dak. ROGER, ALAN, (R) Walking T Ranch, Ellens- RICE, QUINCE., PMA, Box 1539, Boise, Idaho burg, Wash. RICH, LOWELL R., FS, SE, Box 951, Tucson, ROGER, Q. L., (R) Menard, Tex. Ariz. ROGERS, GLENN E., FDG, Little Hills Game RICHARDSON, LEONARD, Box 132, Iraan, Tex. Exp. Sta., Meeker, Colo. RICHES, HARRY L., ES, 302 McClaine St., ROGERS, GRANT P., BLM, Craig, Colo. Silverton, Ore. ROHLF, JOHN A., Farm Journal, 6321 W. 66 RICHMAN, VAL B., BLM, Box 659, Salt Lake Terrace, Overland Park, Kans. City 9, Utah ROHWER, MONTE, BLM, P. 0. Bldg., Carson RICHMOND, J. L., SCS,’ Fort Stockton, Tex. City, Nev. RICHWINE, LYMAN L., (C) FS, Spencer, Idaho. ROHWER, AUGUST ’ C., (C) FS Elko, Nev. RIDDLE, A. E., (R) Bedrock, Colo. ROHWER, AUGUST L., BLM, Box 633, Carson RIDINGS, ROBERT N., (S) 21 Vet Village, Ft. City, Nev. Collins, Colo. ROGLER, GEO. A., (C) BPISAE, U. S. Field RIEGEL, ANDREW, (C) Bot. Dept., Ft. Hays, Sta., Mandan, N. Dak. Kans. St. Col., Hays, Kans. ROGLER, WAYNE, (R) Matfield Green, Kans. RINARD, JOHN E., Box 178, Payette, Ida. ROSETTA, NOEL E., BLM, 329 Gale St., Rock RIORDAN, FRANCIS A., (C) BLM, Box 1695, Springs, Wyo. Albuquerque, N. Mex. Ross, ROBT. L., (C) (S) Box 22, Conrad, Mont. RIORDAN, LAURENCE E., (C) FDG, 1530 Sher- ROTH, ARTHUR H., JR., (C) (R) Bar B. Co., man St., Denver, Colo. Wisdom, Mont. RIPPERTON, JOHN C., (C) AES, Box 18, Hon- ROUNDY, ROBT. A., (C) PMA, 222 SW. Temple, olulu, T. H. Salt Lake City, Utah RIVENS, DAVID G., SCS,’ Fed. Bldg., Miles ROYLANCE, RICHARD, SCS, Kemmerer, Wyo. City, Mont. RUBY, ELLIS S., (S) Rge. & For Dept., A & ROACH, MACK E., FS, SW, Box 951, Tucson, M Col., Col. Sta., Tex. Ariz. RUDDER, HENRY, JR., BLM, Datil, N. Mex. ROARK, C. M., Roggen, Colo. RUDOLPH, ROSSER A., (C) IND, Washington 25, ROATH, HARLEY W., ES, Forsyth, Mont. D. C. ROBERTSON, BEN, (R) Box 373, Emporia, Kans. RUEHL, L. T., (R) Wash. Trust Bldg., Spokane, Wash. ROBERTSON, DONALD R., (S) Dept. Rge. Mgt. RUMMELL, ROBT. S., (C) FS, PNW, Box 811, Colo. A & M. Col., Ft. Collins, Colo. Wenatchee, Wash. ROBBINS L. J., Agri. & Mineral Develop. Dept., RUMSEY, WALTER B., (S) R.F.D., Garfield, Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul & Pac. Kans. RR. 736 Union Sta., Chicago, 6 Ill. RUNYON, H. EVERETT, (C) SCS, Box 229, ROBINSON, F. E. M., (R) Alberta Ranch, Marysville, Kans. Pincher Creek, Alberta, Canada . RUNYON, NOEW R., SCS, Box 537, Atwood, ROBERTS, PAUL H., (C) FS, Missoula, Mont. Kans. ROBERTS, WILLIAM B., (S) Dept. Rge. Mgt., RUSSEL, GEO. B., (R) RR-l, Box 157, Vale, Colo. A & M Col., Ft. Collins, Colo. Ore. ROBERTSON, A. SUG., (R) Slaton, Tex. RUSSELL, LOWELL H., (S) 33VPH, Ann Arbor, ROBERTSON, J. H., Park Commissioner, Lara- Mich. mie, Wyo. RUSSIFF, JOHN N., BLM, Malta, Mont. MEMBERSHIP LIST 373
RUTTER, R. L., (R) Ellensburg, Wash. SCHULZ, RONALD R., FS, Box 176, Wisdom, RYAN, MAURICE L., Box 693, Clarkdale, Ariz. Mont. SCHUMACHER, CHAS. M., (C) SCS, Halsey, S Neb. SCHULYER, ALBERT E., (C) FS, Fortine, Mont. SAARNI, ROY W., FS,’ 630 Sansome St., San SCHWAN, H. E., FS, P. 0. Bldg., Denver 2, Francisco, Cal. Cola. SACCHI, GIULIO, Forestry Corps, Ministry of SCHWENDIMAN, JOHN L., SCS, Box 448, Pull- Agri., Rome, Italy man, Wash. SAFFRY, MILTON E., SCS, Box 869, Dodge SCHWINN, DAVID S., (C) Dixie Chemical Co., City, Kans. 2213 Prospect, Houston 4, Tex. SALINGER, HERBERT E., (S) Sch. For., Univ. SCOTT, CHAS. H., SCS, Box 324, Scottsbluff, of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho Neb. SALMON, H. M., BLM, Box 1695, Albuquerque, SCOTT, HAMILTON, (S) Box 187, Mertzon, Tex. N. Mex. SCOTT, LEE, (S) Dept. Rge. Mgt., Univ. of SALT, M. H., BLM, Vale, Oreg. Wyo., Laramie, Wyo. SALTER, R. M., BPISAE, Beltsville, Md. SEALANDER, IRVIN L., (C) SCS, Box 351, SALTER, JOE, FS, Trout Creek, Mont. Childress, Tex. SAMPSON, A. W., (CL) Forestry Bldg., Univ. SEELY, CHESLEY P., (C) BLM, Swan Island, of Calif ., Berkeley, Calif. Portland, Ore. SANDBERG, ERNEST H., SCS,’ Box 855, Boze- SEIDENSTICKER, ELMER R., Burnet, Tex. man, Mont. SELT+ 0. E., Ga. Agri. Exp. Sta., Experiment, SANDVIG, E. D., FS, Denver, Colo. Ga. SAULISBERRY, CHAS. N., (S) Univ. of Nev., SELLECK, DAVID M., FDG, King City, Cal. Reno, Nev. SEMPLE, A. T., FAO, United Nations, 1201 SAUNDERS, A. DALE, Dept. Agri. Econ., Mont. Conn. Ave., N. W., Wash., D. C. St. Col., Bozeman, Mont. SENTI, ANDREW J., (S) Kline, Colo. SAUNDERSON, MONT H., FS, P. 0. Bldg. Den- SETZLER, RUDY, ES, Republic, Wash. ver 2, Colo. SEVERTSON, HARRY LOUIS, (S) FS, Ennis, SAVAGE, D. A., (C) BPISAE, U. S. So. Great Mont. Plains Fld. Sta., Woodwar& Okla. SEYFANG, JOHN II., (S) Rge. Mgt. Dept., SAWYER, W. A., (C) BLM, Squaw Butte- Univ. of Wyo., Laramie, Wyo. Harney Exp. Sta., Burns, Ore. SHANNON, WM. R., (S) Dept. Rge. & For., SCALONE, ANTHONY F., Farmers Crop Ser., A & M Col., Co1 Sta., Tex. Boise City, Okla. SHARP, LEE A., Sch. For., Univ. of Idaho, SCHAAD, R. W., ES, P. 0. Bldg., LaGrande, Moscow, Idaho. Ore. SHATTAUER, FRED, (R) Hutchison Sugar Co., SCHADECK, EDWARD, P. 0. Box 783, Dixon, Naalehu, Hawaii, T. H. Cal. SHEETS, EARL W., Dept. An. Hus., Univ. of SCHAERTL, RICHARD L., BLM, 456 Kans. Ave., Nev., Reno, Nev. Bend, Ore. SHELDON, MARCUS K., SCS,’ Box 81, Agate, SCHAFER, CHAS. J., (S) Bot. Dept., N. Dak. Cola. Agri. Col., Fargo, N. Dak. SHELLEY, WM. D., SCS, Baker, Mont. SCHAFFER, ELVIN R., (R) Cecil, Ore. SHEPARD, COLA W., (R) Colony Ranches, SCHERBEL, PAUL N., SCS,’ Big Piney, Wyo. Colony, Wyo. SCHIPULL, W. L., FS, Washington 25, D. C. SHEPHERD, HAROLD R., FDG, 1621-18th St., S~HMAUTZ, JACK E., FDG, Box 352, Libby, Denver, Colo. Mont. SHEPHERD, WELDON O., (C) FS,’ SE, Box 252, SCHRAMM, CHAS. H., IND, Blackfeet Agency, Browning, Mont. Asheville, N. C. SCHMUTZ, ERVIN M., (C) SCS, Box 248, Cana- SHERMAN, JOHN I., SCS, Box 1898, Ft. Worth dian, Tex. 5, Tex. SCHROEDER, CLEO H., (S) Polson, Mont. SHILLINGBURG, F. C., SCS, Box 158, Sweet- SCHROEDER, V. J., FS, Box 857, Williams, water, Tex. Ariz. SHIPMAN LTD., W. H., (R) Box 807, Hilo, SCHULTZ, ARNOLD, Sch. For., Univ. of Cal., Hawaii, T. H. Berkeley 4, Cal. SHIPP, ROBT. D., SCS, Box 574, Mason, Tex. 374 MEMBERSHIP LIST
SHIPULL, WALTER L., FS, Washington 25, SMITH, FRANCIS, (S) Dept. Rge. Mgt., Univ. of Wyo., Laramie, Wyo. SHOE%;A~~, MAX E., (S) Sch. For., Mont. St. SMITH, FRANK J., FS, Delta, Colo. Univ., Missoula, Mont. SMITH, GRANT, (S) Dept. Rge. Mgt., Univ. of SHOLES, W. R., (C) BLM, 1245 N. 29th St., Wyo., Laramie, Wyo. Billings, Mont. SMITH, HAROLD L., SCS, Box 5, Worden, Mont. SHORT, DON L., (R) Bedora, N. Dak. SMITH, HAROLD W., (R) 506 S. St. St., Grange- SHORT, LAURENCE R., FS, NRM, Miles City, ville, Idaho Mont. SMITH, H. B., (C) FS,’ Nevada City, Calif. SHORTHILL, HAROLD C., (S) Dept. An. Ind. SMITH, JOHN C., FS, Box 601, Rawlins, Wyo. & Rge. Mgt., Mont. St. Col., Bozeman, SMITH, J. W., (R) Rt. 1, Box 13, Lancaster, Mont. Wash. SHOW, S. B., FAO, 376 Addison Ave., Palo SMITH, NED A., (C) 243 For. Bldg., Univ. of Alto, Cal. Cal., Berkeley 4, Cal. SHUMAKER, PAYTON J. Jk., Mildred, Mont. SMITH, NED R., Howard Public Sch., Howard, SHUMWAY, JACK, Powell Butte, Ore. Kans. SHUNK, ALBERT H., (C) BLM, 326 Stapleton SMITH, RALPH S. E., SCS, New England, N. Bldg., Billings, Mont. Dak. SIFTON, J. B., Travelers Ins. Co., 956 Fulton- SMITH, RICHARD O., (S) Dak. St. Col., Brook- Fresno Bldg., Fresno, Cal. ings, S. Dak. SIGGEIRSSON, EINAR I., Hringbrant 90, Reyk- SMITH, V. D., (C) IND, Box 127, Peach Springs, j avik, Iceland Ariz. SILCOCK, BURTON, W., BLM, Billings, Mont. SMOLIAK, SYLVESTER, Dominion Rge. Exp. SIMMONS, C. W., ES, Rge. & For. Dept., A Sta., Manyberries, Alberta, Canada & M Col., Col. Sta., Tex. SNELL, GEO. H., BLM, 1101 No. 28th St., SIMON, JAMES R., (C) Jackson Hole Wildlife Billings, Mont. Park, Moran, Wyo. SNIDER, ROBT. G., Conservation Foundation, SIMPERS, MORRIS B., SCS, 1802 E. C. St., 30 E. 40th St., N. Y. 16, N. Y. Torrington, Wyo. SNIFF, ELMER S., BLM, Burns, Ore. SIMPSON, ALBERT L., BLM, 100 Old Mint SNODGRASS, GEO. H., (R) Box 1130, Casper, Bldg., San Fran. 3, Cal. wyo. SIMPSON, CARL W., (C) FS, Ashland, Mont. SNYDER, HENRY E., (C) BLM, 6583 Main St., SIMPSON, MILTON C., (R) Volborg, Mont. Durango, Colo. SINGLEY, ANDREW, GS, 3057 Eaton St ., Den- SNYDER, T. JOSEPH, (C) BLM, 630 Sansome ver 14, Colo. St., San Francisco, Calif. SJOBLOM, PAUL, (S) 39 N. Grant St., Midvale, SOMERS, JOE L., Rocky Mt. Herbarium, Univ. Utah of Wyo., Laramie, Wyo. SJORGREN, CARL ANTON, (S) 402 Hickory St., SORENSEN, A. FORREST, SCS, Lemmon, S. Anaconda, Mont. Kal. SKARRA, PERRY E., IND, 615 M St., Hoquiam, SOTOLA, JERRY, Armour & Co., Union Stock Wash. Yards., Chicago 9, Ill. SMILEY, H. D., (R) 1127 Vattier, Manhattan, SOUTHWELL, B. L., (C) Ga. Coastal Plain Kans. Exp. Sta., Tifton, Ga. SMITH, A. L., Dept. An. Hus., A & M Col., Col. SPEELMAN, JAMES S., BLM, Box 2002, Miles Sta., Tex. City, Mont. SMITH, ARTHUR D., (C) Sch. For., Utah St. SPENCE, LITER E., Box 427, Kamiah, Idaho Agri. Col., Logan, Utah SPENCER, DAMON A., (C) BAI, Beltsville, Md. SMITH, BYRON A., (R) 626 Madison Ave., SPENCER, DAVID L., FWS, Kenai, Alaska Helena, Mont. SPENCER, E. B., (R) Palouse, Wash. SMITH, BYRON T., (C) SCS, Fed. Bldg., P.O. SPEROPULOS, GEO. N., (R) 330 W. Idaho St., Box 27, Ada, Okla. Weiser, Idaho SMITH, EASTBURN R., BLM, Box 35, Old SPERRY, OMER E., (C) Dept. Rge. & For., A Albuquerque, N. Mex. & M Col., Col. Sta., Tex. SMITH, ED. F., Dept. An. Hus., Kans. St. SPRAGUE, HOWARD B., Tex. Res. Foundation, Col., Manhattan, Kans. Box 43, Renner, Tex. SMITH, EDWARD, (S) Dept. Rge. Mgt., Univ. SPRINGFIELD, HARRY W., (C) FS, SW, Box of Wyo., Laramie, Wyo. 671, Las Cruces, N. Mex. MEMBERSHIP LIST 375
SPITALNY, SAM., (R) 21 W. Camelback Rd., STOKES, JAMES D., FDG, Rt. 1, Box 1534, Phoenix, Ariz. Novato, Cal. STAGGS, IRA D., Baker, Ore. STOVALL, SAM LOYD, ES, Rm. 20, P. 0. Bldg., STANFIELD, G. E., (R) 408 W. 3rd St., Weiser, Fresno, Cal. Idaho STRACHAN, T. W., ES, Kennebec, S. Dak. STANFORD, MAURICE D., SCS, Box 298, George- STRAWN, W. W., FS, Painter, Wyo. west, Tex. STREET, JAMES E., 1435 Campus Dr., Berkeley, STANLEY, ERNEST B., Dept. An. Hus., Univ. of Ariz., Tucson, Ariz. STROTGLENN’ H (R) Rhame N. Dak. STANTON, FRANK W., FGD, P. 0. Box 4136, STUART, W. J., SCS,’ Box 86, RAshville, Neb. Portland 8, Ore. STULL, E. B., (R) 109 So. Flores St,., San STANTON, JAMES W., Hardin, Mont. Antonio, Tex. STANTON, H. G., Hardin, Mont. STYSKAL, JOE J., SCS, Box 839, Scottsbluff, STARCH, ELMER., Col. of Agri., Lincoln, Neb. Neb. STARR, VIRGIL E., (C) BLM, Box 713, Burns, SUFFEL, PAUL H., (S) Box 1125, Col. &a., Tex. Ore. SULLIVAN, LESLIE J., FS, Twisp, Wash. STARRING, C. C., IND, Pine Ridge, S. Dak. SUNDELL, WALTER, H., Box 326, Ennis, Mont,. STATEN, HI W., Agron. Dept., Okla. A & M SUNDQUIST, CARL L., (C) SCS, Chewelah, Cal., Stillwater, Okla. Wash. STEED, ALVIN V., (C) SCS, 409 N. Carlisle, SURFACE, VICTOR A., SCS, Albuquerque, N. Albuquerque, N. Mex. Mex. STEED, DELBERT L., Alberta Dept. of Agri., SWANK, HARRY F., FS, P.O. Bldg., Denver 2, ES, Cardston, Alberta, Canada Cola. STEFFEN, E. H., (C) Dept. For. & Rge. Mgt., SWANSON, A. R., SCS, Box 1119, Douglas, Ariz. St. Col. of Wash., Pullman, Wash. SWEELEY, JOHN P., (S) Box 123, Sonora, Calif. STEIGER, DONALD C., (R) Devils’ Tower Here- SWIGART, VELDON, Vet,. Agri. Tng. Inst., ford Ranch, Hulett, Wyo. Mooreland, Okla. STEIN, EDWIN W., FS, Dillon, Mont. SWISHER, PAUL, Comm. of Agri., Colo. State STEIWER, W. H., (R) Fossil, Ore. Museum Bldg., Denver, Colo. STEVENS, DAVID C., (C) FS, Camp Verde, SYKES, F. J., SCS, Box 600, Salina, Kans. Ariz. SYKES, WALTER E., SCS, Fed. Bldg. Annex, STEVENSON, E. W., FS, PNW, Box 778, La- Honolulu, T. H. Grande, Ore. SYLVESTER, VERNON, (S) Sch. For., Mont. STEVENSON, JOHN A., (R) 709 Ivinson Ave., St. Univ., Missoula, Mont. Laramie, Wyo. STEWART, GEO., (C) FS, INT, Ogden, Utah T . STEWART, JAMES O., (C) FS, Logan, Utah TABER, RICHARD D., (S) Museum Vertebrate STEWART, L. F., SCS, Box 117, San Saba, Tex. Zool., Univ. of Cal., Berkeley 4, Calif. STEWART, T. GUY, ES, Co10 A & M Col., Ft. TALBOT, M. W., (C) FS,’ CAL, Forestry Bldg., Collins, Colo. Univ. of Calif., Berkeley 4, Calif. STICKLEY, VADEN GLEN, (S) Dept. Rge. Mgt., TAYLOR, BRYAN E., (S) Univ. of Idaho, Moscow, Univ. of Wyo., Laramie, Wyo. Idaho STIDHAM, HENRY, N., SCS, Box 27, Ada, Okla. TAYLOR, CAL., (C) PMA, Box 308, Springer- STILINOVICH, STEPHEN, (S) RR-l, Midvale, ville, Ariz . Utah TAYLOR, CARTER, (R) Box 2045, Ft. Worth, STILLMAN, RICHARD, (S) Col. Housing, Trailer Tex. B-19, Logan, Utah TAYLOR, PAUL K., FS, Box 803, Okanogan, STINSON, T. M., SCS, Castle Rock, Colo. Wash. STITT, R. E., AES, Mont,. St. Col., Bozeman, TAYLOR, PETER W., (C) SCS, Box 186, Shelley, Mont. Idaho STOCK, MERLIN R., FS, Albion, Idaho TAYLOR, RICHARD, (R) Rt. 2, Rapid City, STODDARD, CHAS H., Izaak Walton League, 31 S. Dak. No. State St,., Chicago 2, Ill. TAYLOR, WARD M., (R) Rt. 5, Vernon, Tex. STODDART, L. A., (C) Utah St. Agri. Col., TEDROW, MAURICE O., Medford, Ore. Logan, Utah TEIGEN, MONS L., Secy. Mont. Grass Cons. STOESZ, A. D., (C) SCS, Box 713, Lincoln, Neb. Comm., Box 475, Miles City, Mont,. 376 MEMBERSHIP LIST
TEIGEN, P. M., (R) Teigen Land & Lvstk. CO., U Teigen, Mont. UDY, JAY R., FGD, 2575 Orchard Ave., Ogden, THACKER, E. F., ES, Box 388, Prescott, Ariz. Utah THAYER, HUGH O., BLM, Court House, Prine- ULMER, WALLACE, (R) Miles City, Mont. ville, Ore. UMLAND, E. R., SCS, Fessenden, N. Dak. THOMAS, EUGENE L., (C) SCS, Box H, Morgan Hill, Cal. V THOMAS, GERALD W., (C) SCS, Box 1206, Cal. Sta., Tex. VALENTINE, K. A., (C) An. Hus. Dept., A & THOMAS, JULIAN R., (C) FS,’ Monticello, Utah M Col., St. Col., N. Mex. THOMPSON, E. LAVELLE, (C) FS, Box 217, VAN CLEAVE, P. E., SCS, Terry, Mont. McCall, Idaho VAN CLEAVE, V. F., (S) 819 No. Euclid Ave., THOMPSON, PAUL D., (R) Howard, Kans. Tucson, Ariz. THOMPSON, ROBT. C., Pinedale, Wyo. VARNER, I. M., FS, Ogden, Utah THOMPSON, ROWLAND G., BLU, Box 209, Grand VASS, A. F., Univ. of Wyo., Laramie, Wyo. Junction, Colo. VAUGHN, WM. T., BLM, Lander, Wyo. THOMPSON, THOMAS W., ES, Court House, VAUGHT, MILFORD J., (R) PMA, Box 1539, Moro, Ore. Boise, Idaho THOMPSON, WALTER, (R) PMA, Coldwater, VENRICK, JOHN W., FS, Lincoln, Mont. Kans. VERBEEK, JOHN S., (S) 419 E. Beckwith Ave., THOMSIC, MIKE F., (C) SCS, Box 535, Holly, Missoula, Mont. Cola. VISINTAINER, LOUIS, (R) Craig, Colo. THORNTON, JOSEPH F., FS, Canby, Cal. VOELZEL, GUSTAVE W., JR., 324 Cedar St., TILL, CLOIS E., FGD, 526 E. Jefferson St., San Antonio 4, Tex. Colo. Springs, Colo. VOGEL, JACOB W., (R) Winnett, Mont. TIMMONS, JAMES W., (S) 2462 LeConte Ave., VOGT, HARRY A., SCS, Twisp, Wash. Berkeley, Cal. VOGT, WM., y0 Mrs. F. B. Brown, 32 Cunning- TISDALE, E. W., (C) Univ. of Idaho, Moscow, ham Ave., Floral Park, N. Y. Idaho VOIGT, E. E., (R) Rt. 10, Box 88, San Antonio, TORGERSON, A. R., (C) FS, Fed. Bldg., Elko, Tex. Nev. VOIGT, JOHN W., Dept. Bot., So. Ill. Univ., TRAUTMAN, WALTER W., SCS, Box 584, Carbondale, Ill. Mandan, N. Dak. W TREW, THAD B., (C) SCS, Box 5277, Sonora, Tex. WAGNER, JOE A., IND, 3905 No. Harding St., TRUDEN, A. B., SCS, Box 5277, Sonora, Tex. Phoenix, Ariz. TRUE, C. W., JR., SCS,’ Lock Dr. CC, Benavides, WAGNER, R. E., (C) BPSIAE, Beltsville, Md. Tex. WAGNON, KENNETH A., (C) Col. Agri. Univ. of TRUE, LOWELL FRANCIS, (S) Union P. O., Cal., ONeal’ s,’ Cal. Univ. of Wyo., Laramie, Wyo. WAHRGREN, JOHN L., (C) FS, Troutlake, Wash. TUCKER, GERALD J., FS, Enterprise, Ore. WAITS, EDWARD A., (R) Tryon, Neb. TUCKER, LEROY S., (S) Box 654, Superior, WALDEN, V. C., (C) SCS, Dalhart, Tex. Ariz. WALDRIP, WM. J., (S) 1103 N. W. 3rd Ave., TUCKER, R. H., ES, Colo. A & M Col., Ft. Mineral Wells, Tex. Collins, Colo. WALDRON, CHAS. B., FS, John Day, Ore. TULLEY, HARLAN N., SCS, Box 434, Evanston, WALKER, ALFRED H., ES, Tex. A & M Col., wyo. Col. Sta., Tex. TURELLE, J. W., SCS,’ Box 713, Lincoln 1, Neb. WALKER, RAY, SCS, Box 390, Salt Lake City, TURNER, GEO. T., (C) FS, RM, Delta, Colo. Utah TURNER, LEWIS M., Sch. For. & Rge. .Mgt., WALLACE, STANTON, (C) FS, Genl. Del., Silver Utah St. Agri. Col., Logan, Utah City, N. Mex. TURNEY, H. W., (R) Rt. 7, Dublin, Tex. WALLMO, OLAF CHAS., Ft. Huachuca, Aria. TURPIN, R. L., FGD, State Capitol Bldg., WALTERS, CARL F., (C) PMA, Sedan, Kans. Salt Lake City, Utah WALTERS, JOEL, FS, Int, Ogden, Utah TYSK, HAROLD T., BLM, 326 Stapleton Bldg., WAMPOLE, JOHN H., (C) Neb. Game, For. & Billings, Mont. Parks Comm. Box 447. Grant. Neb. MEMBERSHIP LIST 377
WANEKA, C. C., (C) SCS, Box 1348, Albu- WETZEL, WALTER W., FS, 1685 Short St., querque, N. Mex. Berkeley, Cal. WARFORL), ROGER I.,’ (S) 3 Ravalle, Missoula, WHEELER, S. S., An. Husb. Dept., Colo. A & M Mont. Col., Ft. Collins, Colo. WARNER, S. R., Sam Houston St. Col., Hunts- WHETSELL, WM. C., SCS, Box 137, Pawhuska, ville, Tex. Okla. WARNOCK, JAMES F., JR., (S) Sch. For. Utah WHETSTONE, S. H., BLM, Box 616, Meeker, St. Agri. Col., Logan, Utah Cola. WARREN, R. V., (R) Dunning, Neb. WHITE, ALLENBY L., (C) Northrup, King & WASSER, C. H., (C) Rge. Mgt. Dept., Colo. Co., P. 0. Box 521, Berkeley, Cal. A &M Col., Ft. Collins, Colo. WHITE, CECIL A., (R) Box 267, Miles City, WATSON, NELSON F., FS, Hill City, S. Dak. Mont. WATSON, SYDNEY L., U. S. Engineers, 5210 WHITE, ERIC P., FS, 708 8th Ave., Helena, Homer St., Dallas, Tex. Mont. WATSON, WELLAND A., SCS, Box‘ 161, Fal- WHITE, WILTON T., (CL) SCS,’ Box 671, Port- furrias, Tex. land, Ore. WATSON, WM., NPS, Hot Springs, S. Dak. WHITE, WM. N., BLM, 100 Old Mint Bldg., WEATHERMAX, M. A., (R) Caliente, Cal. San Francisco., Cal. WEAVER, CLAYTON N., FS, Box 567, Ft. Collins, WHITFIELD, CHAS. R., San Ildefonso Day Sch., Cola. Sante Fe, N. Mex. WEAVER, GEO. E., (CL) PMA, 550 Elizabeth WHITFIELD, C. J., SCS, Box 2169, Amarillo, St., Ft. Collins, Colo. Tex. WEAVER, HAROLD, IND, 4100 Rhoads Circle, WHITMAN, WARREN C., (C) N. Dak. Agri. Phoenix, Ariz. Col., Fargo, N. Dak. WEAVER, J. E., (C) 121 Bessey Hall, Univ. of WHITWORTH & SONS, INC., (R) Dillon, Mont. Neb., Lincoln 8, Neb. WHYTE, R. O., Corn. Bur. Past. & Crops, WEAVER, ORMAN S., SCS, Box 48, Yakima, Agri. Res. Bldg., Aberystwyth, Wales. Wash. WIEDEMANN, F. C., (R) San Ramon, Cal. WEAVER, OTTO K., (S) Sch. For., Utah St. WIGHTMAN, MAX D., SCS, 60 So. Main, Tooele, Agri. Col., Logan, Utah Utah WEBB, EARL, (R) Toston, Mont. . WILBERT, DON E., SCS,’ 605 E. Jefferson, WEBER, A. D., Kans. St. Col., Manhattan, Riverton, Wyo. Kans. WILKINS, H. F., Mont. St. Veterinarian, 516 WEBSTER, ED. H., (S) Dept. An. Ind. & Rge. Harrison, Helena, Mont. Mgt., Mont. St. Col., Bozeman, Mont. WILLADSEN, MARIUS, (R) Granite Canyon, WEDMORE, SAM., (R) Hermosa, S. Dak. wyo. WEEKS, RUSSELL S., (R) Wells, Nev. WILLARD, C. J., AES, Ohio St. Univ., Columbus WEGELEBEN, HARRY H., 597 N. Walnut, El- 10, Ohio lensburg, Wash. WILLIAMS, CHESTER A., (R) Tie Siding, Wyo. WEIR, WM. C., An. Hus. Div., Univ. of Cal., WILLIAMS, C. M., B. C. Dept. of Agri., 525 Davis, Calif. Columbia St., Kamloops, B. C., Canada WEISS, L. A. JR., E. L. Caldwell & Sons, 3204 WILLIAMS, D. W., A & M Col., Co1 Sta., Tex. Agnes St., Corpus Christi, Tex. WILLIAMS, ERASMUS W., (C) SCS, Box 1052, WELCH, J. F., FWS, 546 Customhouse Bldg., Tucumcari, N. Mex. Denver 2, Colo. WILLIAMS, EVAN J., Encampment, Wyo. WELLS, CLYDE H., SCS, Granbury, Tex. WILLIAMS, GRANT G., FS, Provo, Utah WELLS, J. O., (R) Canadian, Tex. WILLIAMS, JOHN SIMEON, Univ. of Houston, WERSHING, HENRY F., IND, Nespelem, Wash. 5006 Calhoun Rd., Apt. 29, Houston, Tex. WESKAMP, FRANK R., (S) Sch. For., Mont. WILLIAMS, LARRY, ES, Canyon City, Ore. St. Univ., Missoula, Mont. WILLIAMS, QUENTIN, (C) SCS, Box 1431, WEST, J. W., FS, Rm. 465 Fed. Bldg., Salt Lake Pampa, Tex. City, Utah WILLIAMS, RICHARD C., (R) Tie Siding, Wyo. WEST, WAYNE W., (C) FS, Box 119, Pendleton, WILLIAMS, RICHARD P., (C) SCS, Box 295, Ore. Steele, N. Dak. WETTER, FRED, SCS, P.O. Annex, Wenatchee, WILLIAMS, ROBT. E., SCS, 623 W. 11th St., Wash. Crowley, La. 378 LIBRARIES AND INSTITUTIONS
WILLIAMS, Ross, Sch. For., Mont. St. Univ., WOOFTER, A. D., (R) Socorro, N. Mex. Missoula, Mont. WOOLFOLK, E. J., (C) FS, NRM, Missoula, WILLIAMS, THOMAS, (R) Radersburg, Mont. Mont. WILLIA~LISON,C. E., (S) Fox Park Ranger Sta., WORLEY, FLOYD, (R) PMA, Piedmont, Kans. Fox Park, Wyo. WORZELLA, W. W., (S) Dak. St. Col., Brook- WILLIAMSON, HENRY H., SCS, Box 555, Mule- ings, S. Dak. shoe, Tex. WRIGHT, J. T., FGD, Rt. 5, Box 618, Tucson, WILLSON, C. H., 3364 B, So. Wakefield, Arling- Ariz. ton, Va. WUERL, CLAYTON, (S) Sch. For., Mont. St. WILSON, DAVID G., (C) Rge. & For. Dept., Univ., Missoula, Mont. A & M Col., Co1 Sta., Tex. WYATT, F. W., S. Box 1326, Col. Sta., Tex. WILSON, H. LEO, SCS, Box 713, Lincoln Neb. Y WILSON, J. B., Wyo. Wool Growers Assoc., McKinley, Wyo. YARLETT, LEWIS L., (S) Box 4691, Col. Sta., WILSON, THOMAS I., (C) SCS, Heppner, Ore. Tex. WILTON, EUGENE W., FS, Box 3, Tres Piedras, YINGST, DONOVAN, (S) Rt. 2, Jerome, Idaho N. Mex. YOCHELSON, ALBERT, St. Land Dept., Capitol WINDER, ALBERT, Box 527, Deming, N. Mex. Annex Bldg., Phoenix, Ariz. WINDER, G. N., (R) Craig, Colo. YOUNG, DALE W., BPISAE, Box 1147, Spur, WING, W. P., Cal. Woolgrowers Assoc., 151 Tex. Mission St ., San Francisco, Calif. YOUNG, JAMES W., BLM, Box 313, Magdalena, WINKLER, ORVAL E., (C) FS, Salina, Utah N. Mex. WINN, D. SHELDON, SCS, Box 150, Ogden, YOUNG, LYLE, First Natl. Bank of Ariz., Utah Phoenix, Ariz. WIRAK, JOSEPH A., SCS, Box 533, Forsyth, YOUNG, VERNON A. (CL) Dept. Rge. & For., Mont. A & M Col., Box 24, Col. Sta., Tex. WIRTZ, R. L., E. L. Caldwell & Sons, 3304 YOUNGMAN, RAYMOND, Dom. Dept. of Agri., Agnew St., Corpus Christi, Tex. 910 McCallum Hill Bldg., Regina, Sask., WITTIG, FRED, (R) Mansfield, Wash. Canada WOLFLEY, A. DARWIN, (S) Sch. For., Utah Z St. Agri. Col., Logan, Utah WOOD, GEO. ALANSON, SCS, Pleasanton, Tex. ZACEK, JOSEPH C., S. 1025 Helen Ave., WOOD, CEO. C., (R) Star Rt., Canville, Cal. Missoula, Mont. Woon, WALDO I<., (CL) FS, 630 Sansome, San ZAPPETTINI, GEO., Dept. Rge. Mgt., Univ. of Francisco 11, Cal. Ida., Moscow, Ida. WOODARD, Ross, (R) Loomis, Wash. ZENTZ, HENRY, (R) PMA, Greensburg, Kans. WOODARI), THEODORE W., (R) Ft. Laramie, ZOBELL, REX S., BLM, 136 Lewis Ave., Bil- wyo. lings, Mont. WOO~~ARD, RAY, U. S. Rge. Exp. Sta., Miles ZORB, GORDON L., 186 Ridgeway Rd., Cin- City, Mont. cinnati 15, Ohio WOODS, ROBT. W., SCS, 505 Highland Ave., ZUMSTEIN, WM. L., (S) Univ. of Sask., Sas- Boulder, Colo. katoon, Sask., Canada
LIBRARIES &
Univ. of Cal. Library, Col. of Agri., Davis, State Cal. Abilene Christian Col., Library, Abilene, Tex. Library Div. of Fish and Game, Ferry Bldg., Ala. Polytechnic Institute, Serials Section, San Francisco 11, Cal. Main Library, Auburn, Ala. . Colo. A & M Col., Dept. of Grazing & Rge. Univ. of Ariz. Library, Tucson, Ariz. Mgt., Ft. Collins, Colo. Biological Abstracts, Univ. of Penn., 3613 Cornell Univ. Library, Col. of Agri., Ithaca, Locust St., Philadelphia 4, Penn. N. Y. Butler Univ. Library, Indianapolis 7, Ind. N. Carolina St. Col., D. H. Hill Library, Univ. of Cal., Serials Dept., General Library, Raleigh, N. C. Berkeley 4, Cal. Duke Univ. Library, Durham, N. C. LIBRaRIES AND INSTITUTIONS 370
Univ. of Fla. Libraries, Serials Dept. For., Univ. of Wyo. Library, Laramie, Wyo. Gainesville, Fla. Yale Univ. Forestry Sch. Library, 205 Prospect> Univ. of Ga. Libraries, Acquisitions Div., St., New Haven, Conn. Athens, Ga. Government IJniv. of Idaho Library, Moscow, Idaho Iowa State Col. Library, Ames, Iowa Fish & Wildlife Service Library, Rm. 2258-A, Johns Hopkins Univ., Vertebrate Ecology Div., So. Interior Bldg., Washington, D. C. Sch. of Hygiene, 615 No. Wolfe St., Balti- National Park Service, Yellowstone Park, Wyo. more 5, Md. U. S. Dept. of Agri., Cal. For. & Rge. Exp. Rans. St. College Library, Manhattan, Kans. Sta., P.O. Box 245, Berkeley 1, Cal. La. St. Univ. General Library Acquisitions U. S. Dept. of Agri. Library, San Francisco Dept., Baton Rouge 3, La. Branch, 626 Sansome St., San Francisco Univ. of Maine, Dept. of For., Orono, Maine 11, Cal. hlich. St. College Library, East Lansing, Mich. U. S. Dept. of Agri. Library, Denver Branch Univ. of Mich. General Library, Ann Arbor, Rky. Mt. Region, USFS, P.O. Bldg., Den- Mich. ver 2, Colo. Midwestern Univ., Martin Library, Wichita U. S. Dept. of Agri. Library, Ft. Collins Sta., Falls, Tex. RM, 221 Forestry Bldg., Ft. Collins, Colo. Univ. Farm Library, St. Paul, Minn. U. S. Dept. of Agri. Library, La. Branch, 1018 Miss. St. College General Library, St. College, Fed. Office Bldg., New Orleans 12, La. Miss. U. S. Dept. of Agri. Library, Box 713, Lincoln, Univ. of MO. Agri. Library, 223 Mumford Hall, Neb. Columbia, h/lo. U. S. Dept. of Agri., College of Agri. Library, Mont. Agri. Exp. Sta. Library Publications Lincoln, Neb. Dept., Bozeman, Mont. U. S. Dept. of Agri. Library, Albuquerque Mont. St. Univ. Library, Missoula, Mont. Branch, Box 1348, Albuquerque, N. Mex. IJniv. of Neb., Dept. 2214 Library Period, U. S. Dept. of Agri. Library, Portland Sta., Lincoln, Neb. PNW, Portland 5, Ore. College of Agri. Library, Lincoln 1, Neb. U. S. Dept. of Agri. FS, Box 4137, Portland Univ. of Nev., Reno, Nev. 8, Ore. N. Mex. A & hl College General Library, U. S. Dept. of Agri. FS, Library, Ogden, Utah St. Col., N. hlex. U. S. Dept. of Agri. Library, Washington 25, New York State Library, Col. of For., Syra- D. C. cuse, N. Y. U. S. Dept. of Agri., Rge. Div. SCS, Washington New York Public Library, Acquisition Div.: 25, D. C. 5th Ave. & 42nd St., N. Y. 18, N. Y. U S. Dept. of Agri., FS, Rm. 3022 So. Agri. N. Dak. Agri. Col. Library, Fargo, N. Dak. Bldg, Washington 25, D. C. Ohio State Univ. Library, Columbus 10, Ohio U S. Dept. of Int. Library, Rm. 2258, Int. Okla. A & M College Library, Stillwater, Okla. Bldg., Washington 25, I>. C. Univ. of Okla. Library, Norman, Okla. U S. Geological Survey Library, Rm. 1033, Okla. A & M College, An. Husb. Dept., Still- General Services Bldg., 18th & F St. water, Okla. N. W. Washington 25, D. C. Ore. St. College Library, Corvallis, Ore. U. S. Southern Great Plains Field Sta., Wood- Penn. State College, Forestry Reading Room, ward, Okla. For. Bldg., St. College, Penn. Private Purdue Univ. Library, Lafayette, Ind. Sul Ross State Teachers ’ College Library, Amer. Natl. Livestock Assoc., F. E. Mollin, Alpine, Tex. Ex. Secy., 555 Cooper Bldg., Denver, Colo. Tex. Agri. Exp. Sta. Library, Col. Sta., Tex. The American Society of Agronomy, L. Y. 1Jtah State Agri. College Library, Logan, Utah Monthey, Ex. Secy., 2702 Monroe St., Madi- IJniv. of Wash., Acquisitions Div., Seattle son 5, Wis. 5, Wash. The Bank of Ariz., y0 John McLernon, Pres- St. College of Wash. Library, Pullman, Wash. cott, Ariz. Univ. of Wis. General Library, 816 State St., Ariz. Farmer, 836 No. Central, Phoenix, Ariz. Madison 5, Wis. The Cattleman, Ft. Worth, Tex. Dept. of Agri. Substations, Univ. of Wyo., Idaho Wool Growers Assoc., P. 0. Box 2598, Laramie, Wyo. Boise, Idaho 380 LIBRARIES AND INSTITUTIONS
Lion Oil Co., %/o Maurice Griffin, El Dorado, Dept. of Agri. Main Library, 413 Science Ark. Service Bldg., Carling Ave., Ottawa, On- Mont. Livestock Prod_rction Credit Assoc., tario, Canada Helena, Mont. District Forester, Kamloops, B. C., Canada Mont. Stockgrowers ’ Assoc., E. 0. Phillips, District Forester, Nelson, B. C., Canada Secy., Box 1679, Helena, Mont. Division of Plant Industry, C.S.I.R.O., The Tex. Livestock Journal, Box 1469, San Antonio, Chief, P. 0. Box 109, Canberra City, Tex. A.C.T., Australia Dominion Agrostologist, Central Exp. Farm, Canadian & Foreign Ottawa, Ontario, Canada B. C. Forest Service, For. Ranger Sch. Library, Dominion Experimental Sta., Cereal Breeding Green Timbers, Forestry Sta., R. R. 5, Lab., Lethbridge, Alta., Canada New Westminister, B. C., Canada Eastern Rockies Forest Cons. Bd. Library, B. C. Forest Service Library, Parliament Calgary, Alberta, Canada Bldgs., Victoria, B. C.; Canada Greek Ministry of Agri., Div. of Forestry, Univ. of British Columbia Library, Periodicals Phillelinon St., Athens, Greece Div., Vancouver, B. C., Canada Manitoba C 0 -Operator, Q. H. Martinson, BritishField Products Ltd., The Square, Faken- Ed., Wheat Pool Bldg., 271 Main St., ham. Norfolk. Great Britain I I Winnipeg, Canada Index to Volume 3,195O
A D
Abstracts, 220 Darrow, Robert A., current literature, 83 A cost-benefit analysis of seeding abandoned Davis, Jr., Waters S., article, 178 farm land to crested wheatgrass by the Deer, feeding on browse species, 130 preparatory crop method, 190 Desert grassland, southern Arizona, shrub in- Ahlgren, Gilbert H., reviewed, 232 vasion of, 172 Airplane, reseeding the range by, 33 Dyksterhuis, E. J., review, 322 Albertson, F. W., Editorial, 275 Anderson, W. James, note, 245 E Annual meeting, 1950, 148 ’ Effects of different intensities of grazing on Arizona, shrub invasion of desert, 172 depth and quantity of roots of grasses, 100 A sand county almanac and sketches here and Effects of spring and fall grazing by sheep on there, review, 325 vegetation of the upper Snake River Plains, Atkins, A. P., article, 167 308 Elwell, Harry M., and Maurice B. Cox, article, B 46 Barnes, 0. K., article, 198 Estimating perennial grass utilization on semi- Barre, H. J., and L. L. Sammet, reviewed, 323 desert cattle ranges by precentage of un- Beath, 0. A., co-author, reviewed, 233 grazed plants, 182 Beetle, Alan A., review, 233 Extension program, range management, 29 Bloch, Don, review, 230 Extension range work in Texas, 186 Briggs, Hilton M., reviewed, 229 Brown, Albert L., article, 172 F Brush control for more grass, 46 Farm structures, review, 323 C Feeding deer on browse species during winter, 130 California, range land use, 204 Fenley, John M., article, 316 Campbell, Imogene F., review, 233 Field methods used to demonstrate range con- Campbell, R. S., review, 325 servation, 95 Campbell, R. S., and Fred A. Peevy, article, 118 Fire, grassland climax, and man, 16 Campbell, R. S., et al., Symposium, reviewed, Fisher, C. E., article, 60 42 Forage crops, review, 232 Campbell, R. S., letter, 261 Forage plants in Turkey, collecting, 213 Challenge of the Range Researcher, 277 Forest range in southern agriculture, Sympo- Chemical control of undesirable southern hard- sium, review, 42 woods, 118 Frandsen, Waldo R., article, 125 Chohlis, John, and Fred Schlots, article, 114 Fulton, Dan, review, 319 Clawson, Marion, reviewed, 228 Climax, grassland, fire, and man, 16 G Collecting forage plants in Turkey, 213 Condition and grazing capacity of wet meadows Grass and the Association of Texas soil conser- on the east slope of the Sierra Nevada vation district supervisors, 178 Mountains, 303 Grass judging contests in Canada, letter, 253 Conservation and Nevada-a tetxbook for use Grass, methods of brush control for, 46 in the public schools of Nevada, review, Grazing capacity of wet meadows in the Sierra 325 Nevada mountains, 303 Conservation ranching in the Oklahoma pan- Grazing, intensities, effects of on grass roots, handle, 167 100 Cox, Maurice B., co-author, article, 46 H Crane, Basil K., article, 303 Current and future progress of the range so- Hall, Radford S., article, 277 ciety (Presidential Address), 91 Hardwoods, undesirable southern, chemical Current Literature, 83, 133, 235, 327 control of, 118 381 382 INDEX TO VOLUME 3, 1950
Harlan, Jack R., article, 213 Opportunities for students in The American Heady, Harold F., review, 228 Society oj Range Management, Editorial, Harris, Grant A., current literature 133, 235, 275 327 Harris, Harvey L., article, 287 I ’ Helicopter, classification of range condition by, Pastures in the Italian highlands, 22 114 Paulsen, Jr., Harold A., article, 281 Hopkins, Walt., review, 321 Pays Basque forests, pollarding permits graz- Howard, Walter E., article, 291 ing, 316 I Peck, R. B., article, 299 Peevy, Fred A., co-author, article, 118 Italy, pastures in the highlands, 22 Pigs-from cave to corn belt, review, 321 J Plea for more and larger range demonstration plots, 339 Jackman, E. R., review, 324 Plots, range demonstration, plea for more and Journal Suggestions, letter, 271 larger, 339 K Pollarding-age-old practice permits grazing in Pays Basque forests, 316 Killough, John R., article, 33 Principles of field crop production, review, 324 Kirby, F. Lee, note, 339 Problems in the development of a range man- L agemgnt extension program, 29 Proceedings of the inter-American conference I,a Faver, L. H., review, 323 on conservation of renewable natural re- Land use, range, in California, 204 sources, review, 74 Leithead, Horace L., article, 95 Program, Third Annual Meeting, 79 Leonard, Warren H., co-author, reviewed, 324 Leopold, Aldo, reviewed, 325 R
M Ranching, conservation, in the Oklahoma pan - MacDonald, M. A., letter, 25.3 handle, 167 Management of reseeded ranges, 125 Ranching services : a challenge to rangemen, Management, range, extension program, 29 299 Martin, John H., and Warren H. Leonard, re- Range condition and soil site classification by viewed, 324 helicopter, 114 Mechanical treatments on Wyoming range Range conservation, field methods used to land, 198 demonstrate, 95 Meik, E. E., article, 190 Range land use in California, 204 Membership list as of July 1, 1950,352 Range society, current and future progress Mesquite problem in the southwest, 60 (Presidential Address), 91 Mesquite, velvet seedlings, mortality, 281 Ranges, reseeded, management of, 125 Missouri River Basin agricultural program, re- Regrassing, by farmers and ranchers, 287 view 319 Renner, F. G., Presidential Address, 91 Modern breeds of livestock, review, 229 Researcher, range, challenge of, 277 Mortality of velvet mesquite seedlings, 281 Reseeding research in the intermountain re- Mueggler, Walter F., article, 308 gion, 52 Reseeding t,hc range by airplane, 33 N Reynolds, Hudson G., review, 73 Roach, Mack E., article, 182 Natural Resources Council of America, 245 Itobertson, Jos. H., review, 325 New methods of brush control for more grass, Roots, grass, effects of different intensities of 46 grazing, 100 News and notes 76, 139, 245, 337 Nixon, W. M., review, 232 S 0 Sammet, T,. I,., co-auther, reviewed, 323 Oklahoma, conservation ranching in, 167 Sampson, Arthur W., review, 71, 74 Oosting, H. J., reviewed, 71 Sauer, Carl O., article, 16 INDEX TO VOLUME 3, 1950 383
Saunderson, Mont H ., and Elmer A. Starch, The western range livestock industry, review, article, 29 228 Saunderson, Mont H., reviewed, 230 Towne, Charles W., and E. N. Wentworth, re- Schlots, Fred, co-author, article, 114 viewed, 321 Seeding abandoned farm land to crested wheat Trelease, Sam F., and 0. A. Bcath, reviewed, grass, a cost-benefit analysis, 190 233 Seedings, broadcast, wildlife depredations of, Trippensee, Reuben E., reviewed, 73 291 Turkey, collecting forage plants, 213 Selenium, review, 233 Sheep, spring and fall grazing of Snake River U Plains, 308 U. S. D.A. House Dot. No. 373,1949, reviewed, Shepherd, W. O., review, 42 319 Shrub invasion of southern Arizona desert U. S. D. A. Misc. Pub. No. 654, review, 233 grassland, 172 Utilization, estimating perennial grass, 182 Smith, Arthur D., article, 130 W Society business 263, 384 Soil site classification by helicopter, 114 Walker, A. H., article, 186 Stanley, E. B., review, 229 Weaver, J. E., article, 100 Starch, Elmer A., co-author, article, 29 Wentworth, E. N., co-author, reviewed, 321 Stewart, George, article, 52 Western land and water use, review, 230 Students, opportunities for in The American Wheeler, S. S., et al., reviewed, 325 Society of Range Management, (Editorial), White, W. T., article, 22 275 White, W. T., letter, 271 Study of plant communities: An introduction Why havent’ farmers and ranchers taken to re- to plant ecology, review, 71 grassing?, 287 Suggestions for Section News, letter, 261 Wildlife depredations on broadcast seedings of burned brushlands, 291 T Wildlife management, upland game and gen- eral principles, review, 73 Texas, extension range work, 186 With the Sections, 143, 256, 345 Texas soil conservation district supervisors Wood, Waldo E., article, 204 and grass, 178 Woody-plant seed manual, review, 233 The Soil Science Society of America, Proceed- Wyoming, mechanical treatments of range ings 1948, review, 322 land, 198 JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT
OFFICIAL l PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF RANGE MANAGEMENT
VOLUME 3, 1950
Published Quarterly by
THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF RANGE MANAGEMENT THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF ’ RANGE MANAGEMENT
OB,JECTIVES To foster advancement in the science and art of grazing land management, to promote progress in the conservation and greatest sustained use of forage and soil resources, to stimulate discussion and understanding of scientific and practical range and pasture problems, to provide a medium for the exchange of ideas and facts among society members and with allied technologists, and to encourage professional improvement of its members.
OFFICERS FOR 1950
PRESIDENT: D. A. Savage, U. S. Southern Great Plains Field Station, Woodward, Oklahoma VICE-PRESIDENT: W. M. Talbot, California For. & Range Expt. Sta., Berkeley 4, California SECRETARY: E. H. Mcllvain, U. S. Southern Great Plains Field Station, Woodward, Oklahoma TREASURER: H. R.. Hochmuth, Bur. of Agri. Economics, Utah State Agri. College, Logan, Utah
BOARD OF DIRECTORS
PAST PRESIDENT: Fred G. Renner, U. S. Soil Conservation Service, Wash- ington 25, D. C.
TERMS EXPIRE 1950 Milo H. Deming, U. S. Bur. of Land Management, Salt Lake City, Utah K. W. Parker, U. S. Forest Service, Tucson, Arizona TERMS EXPIRE 1951 W. L. Dutton, U. S. Forest Service, Washington 25, D. C. A. W. Sampson, University of California, Berkeley 4, California
TERMS EXPIRE 1952 ,J. A. Campbell, Dept. of Lands and‘ Forests, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada .J. S. McCorkle, U. S. Soil Conservation Service, Albuquerque, New Mexico JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT
A QUARTERLY JOURNAL
TO FOSTER ADVANCEMENT IN THE SCIENCE AND ART +3 OF GRAZING LAND MANAGEMENT
EDITOR: R. 8. Campbell, Southern Forest Experiment Station, 1008 FederaI Office Building, New Orleans 12, Louisiana
THE EDITORIAL BOARD
TERMS EXPIRE 1950
F. W. Albertson, Fort Hays Kansas State College, Hays, Kansas Walter P. Cottam, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
. TERMS EXPIRE 1951
B. W. Allred, U. S. Soil Conservation Service, Fort Worth 1, Texas David F. Costello, Rocky Mt. For. & Range Expt. Sta., Fort C&ins, Colorado ’
TERMS EXPIRE 1952
Kenneth B. Platt, Bureau of J,and Management, Portland 18, Oregon E. W. Tisdale, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho
Subscription, $5.00 per year; for students $2.50. Single copies $1.50. Adver- tising Agent, Bell Publications, 1447 Stout Street, Denver 2, Colorado. Entered as second-class matter at the Post Office at Baltimore, Maryland. Copyright, 1950, by The American Society of Range Management. Table of Contents Volume 3,195O
~-UMBER 1, JANGARY Some Effects of the 1946-48 Drought on Ranges in Southwest Texas. Ben Osborn 1 Grassland Climax, Fire, and Man...... Carl 0. Sauer 16 Pastures in the Italian Highlands...... W. 7.’ IVhite 22 Some Problems in the Development of a Range Management Extension Program Mont H. Saunderson and Elmer A. Starch 29 Reseeding the Range by Airplane...... John R. Killough 33 The Forest Range in Southern Agriculture...... W. 0. Shepherd 42 New Methods of Brush Control for More Grass Harry M. Elwell and Maurice B. Cox 46 Reseeding Research in the Intermountain Region...... George Stewart 52 The Mesquite Problem in the Southwest...... C. E. Fisher 60 Book Reviews...... 71 News and Notes...... :...... 76 Current Literature...... Robert A. narrow 83
/ NUMBER 2, APRIL Current and Future Progress of the Range Society...... F. G. Renner 91 Field Methods Used to Demonstrate Range Conservation. . Horace L. Leithead 95 Effects of Different Intensities of Grazing on Depth and Quantity of Roots of Grasses...... _ ...... J. E. Weaver 100 Range Condition and Soil Site Classification by Helicopter John Chohlis and Fred Schlots 114 Chemical Control of Undesirable Southern Hardwoods R. S. Campbell and Fred A. Peevy 118 Management of Reseeded Ranges...... Waldo R. Frandsen 125 Feeding Deer on Browse Species during Winter...... Arthur D. Smith 130 Current Literature...... _ Grant A. Harris 133 NewsandNotes...... 139 Withthesections...... ~...... 143 Third Annual Meeting...... 148
NUMBER 3, JULY Conservation Ranching in the Oklahoma Panhandle...... A. P. Atkins 167 Shrub Invasion of Southern Arizona Desert Grassland...... Albert L. Brown 172 Grass and the Association of Texas Soil Conservation District Supervisors Waters S. Davis, Jr. 178 Estimating Perennial Grass Utilization on Semidesert Cattle Ranges by Per- centage of Ungrazed Plants...... Maclc E. Roach 182 Extension Range Work in Texas...... A. H. Walker 186 A Cost-benefit Analysis of Seeding Abandoned Farm Land to Crested Wheat- grass by the Preparatory Crop Method...... E. E. Meik 190 iv CONTENTSOF VOLUME3, l%io V
Mechanical Treatments on Wyoming Range Land ...... 0. K. Barnes 198 Range Land Use in California...... Waldo E. Wood 204 Collecting Forage Plants in Turkey...... JacJc R. Harlan 213 Abstracts ...... 220 BookReviews ...... 228 Current Literature...... Grunt A. Harris 235 News and Notes ...... 245 With the Sections ...... 256 Society Business...... 263
NUMBER 4, OCTOBER Editorial-Opportunities for Students in The American Society of Range Management...... F. W. Albertson 275 The Challenge of the Range Researcher...... Rudford S. Hull 277 Mortality of Velvet Mesquite Seedlings...... Harold A. Paulsen, Jr. 281 Why Havent’ Farmers and Ranchers Taken to Regrassing?. . . . Harvey L. Harris 287 Wildlife Depredations on Broadcast Seedings of Burned Brushlands Walter E. Howard 291 Ranching Services: a Challenge to Rangemen. . . . . , ...... R. B. Peck 299 Condition and Grazing Capacity of Wet Meadows on the East Slope of the Sierra Nevada Mountains...... Basil K. Crane 303 Effects of Spring and Fall Grazing by Sheep on Vegetation of the Upper Snake River Plains...... _ ...... Walter F. Mueggler 308 Pollarding-Age-old Practice Permits Grazing in Pays Basque Forests John M. Fenley 316 BookReviews...... 319 Current Literature...... Grunt A. Harris 327 News and Notes...... 337 With the Sections...... 345 SocietyBusiness...... 348 Membership List as of July 1, 1950...... , . . . . 352 IndextoVolume3...... 381