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An Analysis of Conditional Sentences in Barack Obama's Speech. Saragi

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An Analysis of Conditional Sentences in Barack Obama's Speech. Saragi An Analysis of Conditional Sentences in Barack Obama’s speech. Saragi, Nima [email protected] Abstract This research studies about the Types of Conditional Sentences found in six speeches of Barack Obama. The four types of conditional sentences were analyzed based the theory of Jeremy Harmer and Hester Lott (2004). The types are conditional sentence type 0, conditional sentence type 1, conditional sentence type 2, and conditional sentence type 3. The objectives of this research are to find out what types are used in the six speeches and what type is commonly used. In doing this research, the writer used Qualitative Descriptive Design to analyze the data. The data of this thesis are the speeches of a president. The data were taken from the famous speeches of Barack Obama and the writer limited them on six most famous speeches, they are address to the people of Kenya Speech, address to representatives of the African union speech, Post summit of Americas press conference speech, Statement on historic nuclear agreement with iran speech, Obama gives a speech about the iran nuclear deal speech and Southeast Asian youth initiative fellows address speech. The finding of this research shows that 3 (three) types were found in the speeches and 1 (one) type was not found. From the six speeches, the writer found 6 (six) sentences in address to the people of Kenya Speech, 10 (ten) sentences in the address to representatives of the African union Speech, 4 (four) sentences in the post-summit of Americas press conference speech, 7 (seven) sentences in the statement on historic nuclear agreement with Iran speech, 7 (seven) sentences in the Obama gives a speech about the Iran nuclear deal speech, and 18 (eighteen) sentences in the Southeast Asian youth initiative fellows address speech. So the total is 52 (fifty two) sentences that contain the Conditional Sentences. There are 30 (thirty) sentences of conditional sentence type 0, 18 (eighteen) sentences of conditional sentence type 1, and 4 (four) sentences of conditional sentence type 2. The type that was not found is conditional sentence type 3. The most dominant type that is commonly used in the Barack Obama’s speeches is conditional sentence type 0. Keywords : Conditional sentences , Obama’s speech 1.1 The Background of the Study In learning English, in addition to be able to master the four language skills, they are: listening, speaking, reading and writing, we also need to be able to master the components of English such as: phonology, morphology, vocabulary, pronunciation, etc. In English, there is also grammar or structure which is different from other languages, such as Indonesian language. As an English learner, it is very important to know English grammar clearly, so people can understand English well. According to George Yule in his book The Study of Language (fourth Edition) 2010, Grammar is the process describing the structure of phrases and sentences in such a way that we account for all the grammatical sequences in a language and rule out all the ungrammatical sequences. There are many things that are discussed in English Grammar but this writing focuses on conditional sentences. Conditional sentences are sentences expressing factual implications, or hypothetical situations and their consequences. For Indonesian students, it seems difficult to understand conditional sentences, because this is contrast with the usage of verb form in Indonesian language. In Indonesian language, there is no difference in usage of conditional sentences, while in English; the usage of different types of conditional sentences vii will make the different understanding and condition results. In English, there is change in verb form between Conditional Sentences type I, Conditional Sentence type II and Conditional Sentences type III. This change, of course, would make the English learners find some difficulties to understand English Conditional Sentence. Then, those difficulties make the English learners use Conditional Sentence rarely. Nowadays, many people listen speech that they wants to know who is a speaker and what the speaker’s mean by the speech. They do not know implicit meaning in each sentence. Thatis reason I interested choose it to analyses conditional sentence in speech. The title of the research is“An Analysis of Conditional Sentences in Barack Obama’s speech”. The objectives of the study are: to find out what types of conditional sentences that is used in Barack \ Obama’s speech, to find out what is the most dominant type of conditional sentence found in Barack \ Obama’s speech. The significances of this writing are: to enrich readers knowledge about the conditional sentences, for the students, this thesis will give more knowledge as the basic information of the data to conduct the further study, the result of this research can be used by the lecturers as the additional materials that they can give to the students when they discuss the same material. Meaning of sentence According to George Davidson, in his book Phrases, Clauses, and Sentences (2003)sentence is a group of words that is used to say something, to ask something, or to tell somebody to do something.A sentence should give enough information to the person hearing it or reading it for them to form a complete idea in their mind of the message that is being communicated o them. According to Howard Sargeant in his book Basic English Grammar (2007) sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought. Sentences always have a subject and a verb.Beside that according to Gerald Nelson in his book English An Essential Grammar (2002) sentence isany sequence of words which begins with a capital letter and ends with a full stop (period), a question mark or an exclamation mark. Sentences are at the top of the grammatical hierarchy, so they are often the largest unit to be considered in a grammar book. According to Evelyn P. Altenberg and Robert M. Vago there are four the functions of sentence they are: Declarative is sentences that make a statement, Interrogatives is sentences that ask a question, Imperatives is sentences that give a command, and Exclamation is sentences that express strong emotions. Types of Sentence There are four types of sentence According to George Davidson in his book Phrases, Clauses, and Sentences (2003) they are: Simple Sentence, Compound Sentence, Complex Sentence and Compound-Complex Sentence. vii 1. Simple Sentence is a sentence in which there is no co-ordination or subordination of clauses. A simple sentence consists of one single clause that is one subject and one verb phrase. A simple sentence may include a vocative or an exclamation. Examples: 1) I like him. 2) Can I help you, Madam? 3) Samuel goes to school every day. 4) Gosh, that’s amazing! 2. Compound Sentence is a sentence that consists of two or more co-ordinate clauses. The co- ordinate clauses in a compound sentence may not all be linked by a conjunction (most commonly and, or, and but) ; there may be no conjunction between any of the clauses. Examples: 1) She gave him some money, and he let her go. 2) The computer did not work, so my task do not finish. 3) I was hungry, So she bought some food for me. 3. Complex Sentence is a sentence that consist of one main clause and one or more subordinate clauses. Examples: 1) I left you because I didn’t want to hurt you. 2) She didn’t come to my party because I didn’t invite her. 3) After they finished studying, they went to the cinema. 4. Compound-Complex Sentence is a sentence that consists of two or more main clauses and at least one subordinate clause. Examples: 1) He will meet her and tell that he love her. 2) John went to the bakery shop, and he bought a cake to Jane, because it was her birthday. 3) I like swimming, but I don’t have any times to go, and I don’t have any friends to go with. Meaning of Conditional Sentences According to Jeremy Harmer and Hester Lott in their book “Grammar” (2004) Conditional sentences we use when we want to say that something is the consequences of. Examples: 1) If it rains, I will not go to cinema “If it rains” is the if-clause. “I will not go the cinema” is the main clause. 2) If they tell us they want it, we’ll have to give it to them “If they tell us they want it” is the if-clause. “We’ll have to give it to them” is the main clause. 3) If I had million dollars, I’d give a lot to charity. “If I had million dollars” is the if-clause. “I’d give a lot to charity” is the main clause. vii 4) If I had had time, I would have gone to see him. “If I had had time” is the if-clause. “I would have gone to see him” is the main clause. 5) If she had opened it, they would have escaped. “If she had opened it” is the if-clause. “They would have escaped” is the main clause. Type 0: Cause and Effect The Zero conditional sentence is a structure for talking about things that are generally true all the time. A zero conditional sentence consits of two clauses, an “if” clause and a main clause. (note that most zero conditional sentences will mean the same thing if “when” is used instead of “if”) . The pattern : The Formula is : If + S + V, S + V 1. The dogs run away if, we leave the door open. 2. If I bring some food, I give it to you.
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