An Analysis of Conditional Sentences in Barack Obama's Speech. Saragi

An Analysis of Conditional Sentences in Barack Obama’s speech.

Saragi, Nima

Abstract

This research studies about the Types of Conditional Sentences found in six speeches of Barack Obama. The four types of conditional sentences were analyzed based the theory of Jeremy Harmer and Hester Lott (2004). The types are conditional sentence type 0, conditional sentence type 1, conditional sentence type 2, and conditional sentence type 3. The objectives of this research are to find out what types are used in the six speeches and what type is commonly used. In doing this research, the writer used Qualitative Descriptive Design to analyze the data. The data of this thesis are the speeches of a president. The data were taken from the famous speeches of Barack Obama and the writer limited them on six most famous speeches, they are address to the people of Kenya Speech, address to representatives of the African union speech, Post summit of Americas press conference speech, Statement on historic nuclear agreement with iran speech, Obama gives a speech about the iran nuclear deal speech and Southeast Asian youth initiative fellows address speech. The finding of this research shows that 3 (three) types were found in the speeches and 1 (one) type was not found. From the six speeches, the writer found 6 (six) sentences in address to the people of Kenya Speech, 10 (ten) sentences in the address to representatives of the African union Speech, 4 (four) sentences in the post-summit of Americas press conference speech, 7 (seven) sentences in the statement on historic nuclear agreement with Iran speech, 7 (seven) sentences in the Obama gives a speech about the Iran nuclear deal speech, and 18 (eighteen) sentences in the Southeast Asian youth initiative fellows address speech. So the total is 52 (fifty two) sentences that contain the Conditional Sentences. There are 30 (thirty) sentences of conditional sentence type 0, 18 (eighteen) sentences of conditional sentence type 1, and 4 (four) sentences of conditional sentence type 2. The type that was not found is conditional sentence type 3. The most dominant type that is commonly used in the Barack Obama’s speeches is conditional sentence type 0. Keywords : Conditional sentences , Obama’s speech

1.1 The Background of the Study

In learning English, in addition to be able to master the four language skills, they are: listening, speaking, reading and writing, we also need to be able to master the components of English such as: phonology, morphology, vocabulary, pronunciation, etc. In English, there is also grammar or structure which is different from other languages, such as Indonesian language. As an English learner, it is very important to know English grammar clearly, so people can understand English well. According to George Yule in his book The Study of Language (fourth Edition) 2010, Grammar is the process describing the structure of phrases and sentences in such a way that we account for all the grammatical sequences in a language and rule out all the ungrammatical sequences. There are many things that are discussed in English Grammar but this writing focuses on conditional sentences. Conditional sentences are sentences expressing factual implications, or hypothetical situations and their consequences. For Indonesian students, it seems difficult to understand conditional sentences, because this is contrast with the usage of verb form in Indonesian language. In Indonesian language, there is no difference in usage of conditional sentences, while in English; the usage of different types of conditional sentences vii

will make the different understanding and condition results. In English, there is change in verb form between Conditional Sentences type I, Conditional Sentence type II and Conditional Sentences type III. This change, of course, would make the English learners find some difficulties to understand English Conditional Sentence. Then, those difficulties make the English learners use Conditional Sentence rarely. Nowadays, many people listen speech that they wants to know who is a speaker and what the speaker’s mean by the speech. They do not know implicit meaning in each sentence. Thatis reason I interested choose it to analyses conditional sentence in speech. The title of the research is“An Analysis of Conditional Sentences in Barack Obama’s speech”.

The objectives of the study are: to find out what types of conditional sentences that is used in Barack \ Obama’s speech, to find out what is the most dominant type of conditional sentence found in Barack \ Obama’s speech. The significances of this writing are: to enrich readers knowledge about the conditional sentences, for the students, this thesis will give more knowledge as the basic information of the data to conduct the further study, the result of this research can be used by the lecturers as the additional materials that they can give to the students when they discuss the same material.

Meaning of sentence

According to George Davidson, in his book Phrases, Clauses, and Sentences (2003)sentence is a group of words that is used to say something, to ask something, or to tell somebody to do something.A sentence should give enough information to the person hearing it or reading it for them to form a complete idea in their mind of the message that is being communicated o them.

According to Howard Sargeant in his book Basic English Grammar (2007) sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought. Sentences always have a subject and a verb.Beside that according to Gerald Nelson in his book English An Essential Grammar (2002) sentence isany sequence of words which begins with a capital letter and ends with a full stop (period), a question mark or an exclamation mark.

Sentences are at the top of the grammatical hierarchy, so they are often the largest unit to be considered in a grammar book. According to Evelyn P. Altenberg and Robert M. Vago there are four the functions of sentence they are: Declarative is sentences that make a statement, Interrogatives is sentences that ask a question, Imperatives is sentences that give a command, and Exclamation is sentences that express strong emotions.

Types of Sentence

There are four types of sentence According to George Davidson in his book Phrases, Clauses, and Sentences (2003) they are: Simple Sentence, Compound Sentence, Complex Sentence and Compound-Complex Sentence. vii

1. Simple Sentence is a sentence in which there is no co-ordination or subordination of clauses. A simple sentence consists of one single clause that is one subject and one verb phrase. A simple sentence may include a vocative or an exclamation.

Examples:

1) I like him. 2) Can I help you, Madam? 3) Samuel goes to school every day. 4) Gosh, that’s amazing!

2. Compound Sentence is a sentence that consists of two or more co-ordinate clauses. The co- ordinate clauses in a compound sentence may not all be linked by a conjunction (most commonly and, or, and but) ; there may be no conjunction between any of the clauses. Examples: 1) She gave him some money, and he let her go. 2) The computer did not work, so my task do not finish. 3) I was hungry, So she bought some food for me. 3. Complex Sentence is a sentence that consist of one main clause and one or more subordinate clauses. Examples: 1) I left you because I didn’t want to hurt you. 2) She didn’t come to my party because I didn’t invite her. 3) After they finished studying, they went to the cinema. 4. Compound-Complex Sentence is a sentence that consists of two or more main clauses and at least one subordinate clause. Examples: 1) He will meet her and tell that he love her. 2) John went to the bakery shop, and he bought a cake to Jane, because it was her birthday. 3) I like swimming, but I don’t have any times to go, and I don’t have any friends to go with.

Meaning of Conditional Sentences According to Jeremy Harmer and Hester Lott in their book “Grammar” (2004) Conditional sentences we use when we want to say that something is the consequences of. Examples: 1) If it rains, I will not go to cinema “If it rains” is the if-clause. “I will not go the cinema” is the main clause. 2) If they tell us they want it, we’ll have to give it to them “If they tell us they want it” is the if-clause. “We’ll have to give it to them” is the main clause. 3) If I had million dollars, I’d give a lot to charity. “If I had million dollars” is the if-clause. “I’d give a lot to charity” is the main clause. vii

4) If I had had time, I would have gone to see him. “If I had had time” is the if-clause. “I would have gone to see him” is the main clause. 5) If she had opened it, they would have escaped. “If she had opened it” is the if-clause. “They would have escaped” is the main clause.

Type 0: Cause and Effect The Zero conditional sentence is a structure for talking about things that are generally true all the time. A zero conditional sentence consits of two clauses, an “if” clause and a main clause. (note that most zero conditional sentences will mean the same thing if “when” is used instead of “if”) . The pattern : The Formula is : If + S + V, S + V 1. The dogs run away if, we leave the door open. 2. If I bring some food, I give it to you. 3. If she gets some money, she buys a book in the market. 4. If he gets there before me, ask him to wait. 5. If my mother cooks in the morning, I bring my breakfast to school. The function of zero conditional is used to make statements about the real world, and often refers to general truths, such as scientific facts. In these sentences, the time is now or always and the situation is real and possible.

Type I: Future – Possible Conditional The fist conditional sentence (also called conditional type I) is a structure used for talking about possibilities in the present or in the future. The pattern of the sentence can be seen as following: If clause : If + S + VI (present tense) Main clause : S + will + present conditional Example : 1. If Julia comes this evening, we can go to the cinema. 2. We may go to the see terminator 3 if it’s not sold out. 3. If I lose my job I will emigrate. 4. She’ll marry him if he asks her. The function of first conditional refers to a possible condition and its probable result. These sentences are based on facts, and they are used to make statement about the real world, and about particular situations. We often use such sentences to give warnings. In type I conditional sentences, the time is the present or future and the situation is real.

Type II: Present Unreal Conditional

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The second conditional ( also called conditional ype II) this kind of conditional sentence describes a situation which does not exist or is unreal ( not true or not possible). The past tense of the verb is used in the if clause in these sentences, and the modal such as; would, should, could, and might are used in the main clause. This if clause is called as a subjunctive. The pattern of the sentences can be seen as in the following : If clause : If + S + V2

Main clause : S + would/should/could + ...... (Present conditional)

Example :

1) If it rained tomorrow, I would sleep all day. Fact: It doesn’t rain tomorrow so I don’t sleep all day. 2) If James studied hard, he would pass the exam. Fact: James doesn’t study hard, so he doesn’t pass the exam. 3) If my father did not go to abroad, we would have a party. Fact: My father goes to abroad, so we don’t have a party. 4) If Inka could speak in English, she would go to America. Fact: Inka can’t speak in English, so she doesn’t go to America. 5) If John did not go to the school, his mother would get angry. Fact: John goes to the school, so his mother is not angry.

The function of second conditional refers to an unlikely or hypothetical condition and its probable result. These sentences are not based on the actual situation. In type II conditional sentences, the time is now or any time and the situation is hypothetical.

Type III: Past Unreal Conditional The third conditional (also called conditional type III) is a structure used for talking about unreal situation in the past. The third conditional is used to talk about things which did not happen in the past. The pattern of the sentence can be seen as in the following : If clause : If + S + had + V3 Main clause : S + would/should/could + have + V3 ( perfect conditional tense)

Example :

1) If you had spoken English, she would have understood. Fact: You didn’t speak English so she didn’t understand. 2) If you have remembered to invite me, I would have attended your party. Fact: You didn’t remember to invite me so I didn’t attend your party. 3) If she had taken the bus, she would have arrived on time. Fact: She didn’t take the bus so she didn’t arrived on time. 4) If I had not study hard, I would not have passed my exams. vii

Fact: I studied hard so I passed my exams.

The function of third conditional refers to an impossible condition in the past and its probable result in the past. These sentences are truly hypothetical and unreal, because it is now too late for the condition or its result to exist. There is always some implication of regret with type III conditional sentences. The reality is the opposite of, or contrary to, what the sentence expresses. In type III conditional sentences, the time is the past and the situation is hypothetical.

There are 3 functions of language in conditional sentence, namely :

1. Type 0 ; to express expectation is expressed by the use of if conditional. 2. Type I ; to promise is expressed by the use of if conditional. 3. Type II ;to express supposition is exposed by the use of conditional in past sentence. 4. Type III ; to expressby the use of conditional in past perfect tense.

Meaning of Speech Speech is something that is spoken; an utterance, remark, or declaration: We waited for some speech that would indicate her true feelings.Speech is researched in terms of the speech production and speech perception of the sounds used in vocal language. Barack Obama’s Biography Barack Obama was born on August 4, 1961 in Honolulu, Hawaii. Obama is a graduate of Columbia University and Harvard Law School, where he served as president of the Harvard Law Review. He was a community organizer in Chicago before earning his law degree. He worked as a civil rights attorney and taught constitutional law at University of Chicago Law School from 1992 to 2004. He served three terms representing the 13th District in the Illinois Senate from 1997 to 2004, running unsuccessfully for the United States House of Representatives in 2000.

His mother, Stanley Ann Dunham, born in Wichita, Kansas, was of mostly English ancestry. His father was a Luo from Nyang’omaKogelo, Kenya. Obama's parents met in 1960 in a Russian class at the University of Hawaii at Manoa, where his father was a foreign student on scholarship. The couple married in Wailuku on Maui on February 2, 1961, and separated when, in late August 1961, Obama's mother moved with their newborn son to attend the University of Washington in Seattle for one year. In the meantime, Obama’s completed his undergraduate economics degree in Hawaii in June 1962, then left to attend graduate school at Harvard University on a scholarship.

Obama's parents divorced in March 1964. Obama Sr. returned to Kenya in 1964 where he remarried; he visited Barack in Hawaii only once, in 1971. He died in an automobile accident in 1982, his son being 21 years old at that time. In 1963, Dunham met Lolo Soetoro, an Indonesian East–West Center graduate student in geography at the University of Hawaii, and the couple was married on Molokai on March 15, 1965. After two one-year vii

extensions of his J-1 visa, Lolo returned to Indonesia in 1966, followed sixteen months later by his wife and stepson in 1967, with the family initially living in a MentengDalam neighborhood in the Tebet sub district of south Jakarta, then from 1970 in a wealthier neighborhood in the Mentengsubdistrict of central Jakarta.

2.8 Conceptual Framework

Meaning of Conditional Sentences

Sentences

Types of Sentences :

1. Simple Sentence Function of language in Conditional Sentences : 2. Compound Sentence 3. Complex Sentence

1. Type 0 : to express expectation is expressed by 4. Compound – Complex Sentence the use of if conditional. 2. Type 1 : to promise is expressed by the use of if conditional. Meaning of Speech as found in Obama’s speech 3. Type 2 : to expressed supposition is exposed by type of conditional sentences the use of conditional in past sentence. 4. Type 3 : to express by the use of conditional in past perfect tense. Barack Obama’s Speech :

1. Address to the People of Kenya, 26 July 2015. 2. Address to Representatives of the African Union, 28 July 2015. 3. Post Summit of Americas Press Conference, 11 April 2015. vii 4. Statement on Historic Nuclear Agreement with Iran, 2 April 2015. 5. Obama gives a speech about the Iran nuclear deal, 5 August 2015. 6. Southeast Asian Youth Initiative Fellows Address, 1 June 2015.

2. Research Method

Research Design This research deals with the types of conditional sentence which exist in Obama’s speech. In this research the writer will analyse the data which has been collected from the source. The writer use descriptive theory to conduct the research, namely mixed method. John W. Creswell (2003: 21) stated that there are three (3) approaches of analyzing data, they are as follows: 1. A quantitative approach is one in which the investigatory primarily uses postpositive claims for developing knowledge (i.e., cause and effect thinking, reduction to specific variables and hypotheses and questions, use of measurement and observation, and the test of theories), employs strategies of inquiry such as experiments and surveys, and collect data on predetermined instruments that yield statistics data. 2. A qualitative approach is one in which the inquirer often makes knowledge claims based primarily on constructivist perspectives (i.e., the multiple meanings of individual experiences meanings socially and historically constructed, with an intent of developing a theory or pattern) or advocacy/participatory perspectives (i.e., political, issue-oriented, collaborative, or change oriented) or both. It also sues strategies of inquiry such as narratives, phenomenology’s, ethnographies, grounded theory studies, or case studies. The researcher collects open-ended, emerging data with the primary intent of developing themes from the data. 3. Finally, a mixed methods approach is one in which the researcher tends to base knowledge claims on pragmatic grounds (e.g., consequence-oriented, problem- centered, and pluralistic). It employs strategies of inquiry that involve collecting data either simultaneously or sequentially to best understand research problem. The data collection also involves gathering both numeric information (e.g., on instruments) as well as text information (e.g., on interviews) so that the final database represents both quantitative and qualitative information. Descriptive research is used to describe characteristics of a population or phenomenon being studied. It does not answer questions about how/when/why the characteristics occurred. Rather it addresses the "what" question (What are the characteristics of the population or situation being studied?) (Wikipedia). In this research, the writer gets the information about what kind of conditional sentence which is used in Obama’s speech”. The data that the writer used in this research is in the form of sentence. Data and Data Resources vii

The data of this research are the statements that are found in speech of Obama. The statements are in the form of sentences, namely conditional sentences.There are six Obama’s speeches, they are:

1. Address to the People of Kenya, 26 July 2015. 2. Address to Representatives of the African Union, 28 July 2015. 3. Post Summit of Americas Press Conference, 11 April 2015. 4. Statement on Historic Nuclear Agreement with Iran, 2 April 2015. 5. Obama gives a speech about the Iran nuclear deal, 5 August 2015. 6. Southeast Asian Youth Initiative Fellows Address, 1 June 2015. . To analyze the data, the writer did some steps, namely: 1. Reading every speech from internet. 2. Finding the conditional sentences. 3. Analyzing the conditional sentences and determine what type of conditional sentences in Obama’s speech. 4. Determiningwhat type of conditional sentence that is the most commonly used in Obama’s speech.\

4.. The Data Analysis As it was written the previous chapter, the data was taken from Barack Obama’s speech. They are;Address to the People of Kenya,26 July 2015. Address to Representatives of the African Union, 28 July 2015.Post Summit of Americas Press Conference, 11 April 2015.Statement on Historic Nuclear Agreement with Iran, 2 April 2015. Obama gives a speech about the Iran nuclear deal, 5 August 2015. And Southeast Asian Youth Initiative Fellows Address, 1 June 2015, White House, Washington, D.C.

No. Obama’s Speech Duration / Minutes Date 1. Address to the People of Kenya 41 : 45 26 July 2015 2. Address to Representatives of the 45 : 23 28 July 2015 African Union 3. Post Summit of Americas Press 37 :28 11 April 2015 Conference 4. Statement on Historic Nuclear 49 : 47 2 April 2015 Agreement with Iran 5. Obama gives a speech about the Iran 55 : 28 5 August Nuclear deal 2015 6. Southeast Asian Youth Initiative 58 : 37 1 June 2015 Fellows Address

No. Sentences Speech 1. If you make one person happy, somebody else is unhappy. Speech 1

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2. If electricity is going to one neighborhood because they’re well- Speech 1 connected, and not another neighborhood, that’s going to limit development of the country as a whole. 3. If someone in public office is taking a cut that they don't deserve, Speech 1 that’s taking away from those who are paying their fair share. 4. If you have a team and you don't let half of the team play. Speech 1 5. If you educate girls, they grow up to be moms. Speech 1 6. So Kenya will not succeed if it treats women and girls as second- Speech 1 class citizens. 7. If it’s sometimes uncomfortable -- even when it’s sometimes Speech 2 directed toward our friends 8. If we truly believe that Africans are equal in dignity, then Speech 2 Africans have an equal right to freedoms. 9. If I ran I could win. Speech 2 10. If that's true, then that leader has failed to truly build their nation. Speech 2 11. And your country is better off if you have new blood and new Speech 2 ideas. 12. If African governments and international partners step up with Speech 2 strong support, we can transform how we work together to promote security and peace in Africa.

13. If we sacrifice liberty in the name of security, we risk losing both. Speech 2 14. If they do not, I believe the international. Speech 2 15. If you want your country to grow and succeed, you have to Speech 2 empower your women. 16. If you want to empower more women, America will be your Speech 2 partner. 17. If we’re able to actually get what was discussed in the political Speech 3 framework, it’s absolutely the right thing to do. 18. I’m confident that she will be very clear about her vision for the Speech 3 country moving forward, if she announces. 19. If she decides to run and she makes an announcement, she’s going Speech 3 to have some strong messages to deliver. 20. If, on the other hand, it does, then I will strongly argue. Speech 3 21. If this framework leads to a final, comprehensive deal, it will Speech 4 make our country. 22. If Iran cheats, the world will know it. Speech 4 23. If we see something suspicious, we will inspect it. Speech 4

24. If Iran violates the deal, sanctions can be snapped back into Speech 4 place. 25. If they try to cheat -- and I, or future Presidents, will have Speech 4 vii

preserved all of the options that are currently available to deal with it. 26. If Iran complies with its international obligations, then it can fully Speech 4 rejoin the community of nations, thereby fulfilling the extraordinary talent and aspirations of the Iranian people. 27. If, in fact, Prime Minister Netanyahu is looking for the most Speech 4 effective way to ensure Iran doesn’t get a nuclear weapon, this is the best option. 28. If you repeat these arguments long enough, they can get some Speech 5 traction. 29. If there is a reason for inspecting a suspicious undeclared site Speech 5 anywhere in Iran, inspectors will get that access even if Iran objects. 30. If Iran cheats, we can catch them. Speech 5 31. If Iran lives up to its commitments, it will gain access to roughly Speech 5 $56 billion of its own money. 32. If Iran does not abide by this deal, it's possible that we don't have Speech 5 an alternative. 33. If Iran violates this deal, we will have ample ability to respond. Speech 5 34. If Congress kills this deal, we will lose more than just constraints Speech 5 on Iran's nuclear deal or the sanctions we have painstakingly built. 35. If they’re wrong -- have a right to say what they think. Speech 6 36. If we get this right and completed in the next few months, to be Speech 6 able to ensure that the United States and ASEAN countries that already have a massive amount of trade. 37. If everybody is operating at a higher level then we’re all Speech 6 competing on an even playing field, and over time that will result in more growth and more development in ASEAN countries. 38. If, in fact, that we see some other natural tragedy that all the Speech 6 countries assets can be brought to bear. 39. If you start a business, you can feel confident that you don’t have Speech 6 to pay 100 bribes and you don’t have to hire somebody’s son, and that you can make a profit. 40. If there’s a foreign investor, that they can invest and be treated Speech 6 fairly. 41. If businesses were started or investors came in, they knew that Speech 6 they could find a very skilled workforce. 42. If you have those three things, then people will invest. Speech 6 43. If you were a Rohingya, which country would you prefer to live Speech 6 with and why? 44. If I were a Rohingya, I would want to stay where I was born. Speech 6 45. The children are less educated, if you’re not teaching the moms. Speech 6 46. If you do those two things, you’re not guaranteed success but at Speech 6

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least you’re not guaranteed failure. 47. Because if they're successful, then the team is successful. Speech 6 48. So you're not a good leader if you don't want somebody who is Speech 6 smarter than you because you think, oh, well, maybe they’ll shine more than you do. Then you're not a very good leader because your team won’t succeed. 49. If you're doing that, then you're a good leader. Speech 6 50. If you do that and people recognize that you care about them Speech 6 being successful, then they’ll work harder. 51. If you start losing that approach and suddenly conflicts arise and Speech 6 claims are made based on how big the country is or how powerful its navy is instead of based on law, then I think Asia will be less prosperous and the Pacific region will be less prosperous. 52. If, in fact, their claims are legitimate, people will recognize them. Speech 6

Table 4.1 Address to the People of Kenya,26 July 2015 (speech 1).

No. Sentences 1. If you make one person happy, somebody else is unhappy. 2. If electricity is going to one neighborhood because they’re well-connected, and not another neighborhood, that’s going to limit development of the country as a whole. 3. If someone in public office is taking a cut that they don't deserve, that’s taking away from those who are paying their fair share. 4. If you have a team and you don't let half of the team play. 5. If you educate girls, they grow up to be moms. 6. So Kenya will not succeed if it treats women and girls as second-class citizens.

Table 4.2 Address to Representatives of the African Union, 28 July 2015 (speech 2)

1. If it’s sometimes uncomfortable -- even when it’s sometimes directed toward our friends 2. If we truly believe that Africans are equal in dignity, then Africans have an equal right to freedoms. 3. If I ran I could win. 4. If that's true, then that leader has failed to truly build their nation. 5. And your country is better off if you have new blood and new ideas. 6. If African governments and international partners step up with strong support, we

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can transform how we work together to promote security and peace in Africa.

7. If we sacrifice liberty in the name of security, we risk losing both. 8. If they do not, I believe the international. 9. If you want your country to grow and succeed, you have to empower your women. 10. If you want to empower more women, America will be your partner.

Table 4.3 Summit of Americas Press Conference, 11 April 2015 (speech 3)

1. If we’re able to actually get what was discussed in the political framework, it’s absolutely the right thing to do. 2. I’m confident that she will be very clear about her vision for the country moving forward, if she announces. 3. If she decides to run and she makes an announcement, she’s going to have some strong messages to deliver. 4. If, on the other hand, it does, then I will strongly argue.

Table 4.4 Statement on Historic Nuclear Agreement with Iran, 2 April 2015 (speech 4).

1. If this framework leads to a final, comprehensive deal, it will make our country. 2. If Iran cheats, the world will know it. 3. If we see something suspicious, we will inspect it.

4. If Iran violates the deal, sanctions can be snapped back into place. 5. If they try to cheat -- and I, or future Presidents, will have preserved all of the options that are currently available to deal with it. 6. If Iran complies with its international obligations, then it can fully rejoin the community of nations, thereby fulfilling the extraordinary talent and aspirations of the Iranian people. 7. If, in fact, Prime Minister Netanyahu is looking for the most effective way to ensure Iran doesn’t get a nuclear weapon, this is the best option.

Table 4.5 Obama gives a speech about the Iran nuclear deal, 5 August 2015 (speech 5)

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1. If you repeat these arguments long enough, they can get some traction. 2. If there is a reason for inspecting a suspicious undeclared site anywhere in Iran, inspectors will get that access even if Iran objects. 3. If Iran cheats, we can catch them. 4. If Iran lives up to its commitments, it will gain access to roughly $56 billion of its own money. 5. If Iran does not abide by this deal, it's possible that we don't have an alternative. 6. If Iran violates this deal, we will have ample ability to respond. If Congress kills this deal, we will lose more than just constraints on Iran's nuclear 7. deal or the sanctions we have painstakingly built.

Table 4.6 Southeast Asian Youth Initiative Fellows Address, 1 June 2015 (speech 6)

1. If they’re wrong -- have a right to say what they think. 2. If we get this right and completed in the next few months, to be able to ensure that the United States and ASEAN countries that already have a massive amount of trade. 3. If everybody is operating at a higher level then we’re all competing on an even playing field, and over time that will result in more growth and more development in ASEAN countries. 4. If, in fact, that we see some other natural tragedy that all the countries assets can be brought to bear. 5. If you start a business, you can feel confident that you don’t have to pay 100 bribes and you don’t have to hire somebody’s son, and that you can make a profit. 6. If there’s a foreign investor, that they can invest and be treated fairly. 7. If businesses were started or investors came in, they knew that they could find a very skilled workforce. 8. If you have those three things, then people will invest. 9. If you were a Rohingya, which country would you prefer to live with and why? 10. If I were a Rohingya, I would want to stay where I was born. 11. The children are less educated, if you’re not teaching the moms. 12. If you do those two things, you’re not guaranteed success but at least you’re not guaranteed failure. 13. Because if they're successful, then the team is successful. 14. So you're not a good leader if you don't want somebody who is smarter than you because you think, oh, well, maybe they’ll shine more than you do. Then you're not a very good leader because your team won’t succeed. 15. If you're doing that, then you're a good leader. 16. If you do that and people recognize that you care about them being successful, then they’ll work harder. 17. If you start losing that approach and suddenly conflicts arise and claims are made vii

based on how big the country is or how powerful its navy is instead of based on law, then I think Asia will be less prosperous and the Pacific region will be less prosperous. 18. If, in fact, their claims are legitimate, people will recognize them.

4.2 The Data Analysis The data has been classified into each type of the conditional sentence. The writer took and analyzed the speech. The data analyzed were classified into 4 types, namely : a) if conditional sentence type 0, b) if conditional sentence type 1, c) if conditional sentence type 2, d) and conditional sentence type 3.

4.2.1 Conditional Sentence Type 0 If conditional sentence type 0 is to explain what the subject does, and then there is the result, so if it is not done according to the statement surely there is the effect to the cause. It does not depend on time, it means whenever the subject does something, there the effect can be seen. 1. If you make one person happy, somebody else is unhappy. (speech 1) Analysis: If you make one person happy, somebody else is unhappy. IF + S + V S + V 2. If someone in public office is taking a cut that they don't deserve, that’s taking away from those who are paying their fair share. (speech 1) Analysis: If someone in public office is taking cut that they don’t deserve, that’s taking away IF + S + V from those who are paying their fair share. S + V 3. If you have a team and you don't let half of the team play. (speech 1) Analysis: If you have a team and you don’t let half of the team play. IF + S + V S + V 4. If we truly believe that Africans are equal in dignity, then Africans have an equal right to freedoms. (speech 2) Analysis: If we truly believe that Africans are equal in dignity, then Africans have an equal right IF+S+ V, S+ V to freedoms. 5. And your country is better off if you have new blood and new ideas. (speech 2) Analysis: And your country is better off if you have new blood and new ideas. S + V IF+S+V vii

6. If that's true, then that leader has failed to truly build their nation. (speech 2) Analysis: If that's true, then that leader has failed to truly build their nation. IF+S+V, S + V 7. If we’re able to actually get what was discussed in the political framework, it’s absolutely the right thing to do. (speech 3) Analysis: If we’re able to actually get what was discussed in the political framework, IF+S+V, it’sabsolutely the right thing to do. S+V 8. If she decides to run and she makes an announcement, she’s going to have some strong messages to deliver. (speech 3) Analysis: If she decides to run and she makes an announcement, she’s going to have IF+S+ V, S+V somestrong messages to deliver. 9. Ifin fact Prime Minister Netanyahu is looking for the most effective way to ensure Iran doesn’t get a nuclear weapon, this is the best option. (speech 4) Analysis: If, in fact, Prime Minister Netanyahu is looking for the most effective way IF + S + V, To ensure Iran doesn’t get a nuclear weapon, this is the best option. S+V 10. If Iran violates the deal, sanctions can be snapped back into place.(speech 4) Analysis: If Iran violates the deal, sanctions can be snapped back into place. IF+S+ V, S + V 11. If you repeat these arguments long enough, they can get some traction. (speech 5) Analysis: If you repeat these arguments long enough, they can get some traction IF+S+ V, S+ V 12. If Iran cheats, we can catch them. (speech 5) Analysis: If Iran cheats, we can catch them IF+S+ V, S+ V 13. If Iran does not abide by this deal, it's possible that we don't have an alternative. (speech 5) Analysis: If Iran does not abide by this deal, it's possible that we don't have an IF+S+ V, S+V alternative. 14. If they’re wrong -- have a right to say what they think. (speech 6) Analysis: vii

If they’re wrong -- have a right to say what they think. IF+S+V, S+V 15. If you start a business, you can feel confident that you don’t have to pay 100 bribes and you don’t have to hire somebody’s son. Analysis: If you start a business, you can feel confident that you don’t have IF+S+V, S+ V to pay 100 bribes and you don’t have to hire somebody’s son. 16. If there’s a foreign investor, that they can invest and be treated fairly. Analysis: If there’s a foreign investor, that they can invest and be treated fairly. IF+S+V, S+ V 17. The children are less educated, if you’re not teaching the moms. Analysis: The children are less educated, if you’re not teaching the moms. S+ V IF+S+V Conditional Sentence Type 1 The conditional sentence type 1 is to see the conditions or situation so the promise will be done if the condition is fulfilled, so the result needs time to happen but if it is fulfilled by the subject then there is the effect to the cause. 1. So Kenya will not succeed if it treats women and girls as second-class citizens. (speech 1) Analysis: So Kenya will not succeed if it treats women and girls as second-class S+ WILL+ VIF+S+V citizens. 2. If you want to empower more women, America will be your partner. (speech 2) Analysis: If you want to empower more women, America will be your partner. IF+S+ V, S+ WILL+V 3. If on the other hand it does, then I will strongly argue. (speech 3) Analysis: If on the other hand it does, then I will strongly argue. IF+ S+V, S+WILL+ V 4. If this framework leads to a final, comprehensive deal, it will make our country. (speech 4) Analysis: If this framework leads to a final, comprehensive deal, it will make our IF+ S+V, S+WILL+V country. 5. If Iran cheats, the world will know it. (speech 4) Analysis: If Iran cheats, the world will know it. IF+S+V, S+ WILL+V vii

6. If we see something suspicious, we will inspect it. (speech 4) Analysis: If we see something suspicious, we will inspect it. IF+S+V, S+WILL+V 7. If they try to cheat -- and I, or future Presidents, will have preserved all of the options that are currently available to deal with it. (speech 4) Analysis: If they try to cheat -- and I, or future Presidentswill have preserved all of IF+S+ V, S+ WILL+V the options that are currently available to deal with it. 8. If there is a reason for inspecting a suspicious undeclared site anywhere in Iran, inspectors will get that access even if Iran objects. (speech 5) Analysis: If there is a reason for inspecting a suspicious undeclared site anywhere in IF + S+ V, Iran inspectors will get that access even if Iran objects. S+ WILL+V 9. If Iran lives up to its commitments, it will gain access to roughly $56 billion of its own money. (speech 5) Analysis: If Iran lives up to its commitments, it will gain access to roughly $56 IF+S+V, S+WILL+ V billion of its own money. 10. If Iran violates this deal, we will have ample ability to respond. (speech 5) Analysis: If Iran violates this deal, we will have ample ability to respond. IF+S+V, S+WILL+V 11. If Congress kills this deal, we will lose more than just constraints on Iran's nuclear deal or the sanctions we have painstakingly built. (speech 5) Analysis: If Congress kills this deal, we will lose more than just constraints on Iran's IF+S+ V, S+WILL+V Nuclear deal or the sanctions we have painstakingly built. Conditional Sentence Type 2 – Present Unreal Conditional

Conditional sentence type 2 used in the IF clause is the past tense. This kind of conditional sentence describes a situation which does not exist or is unreal ( not true or not possible) in the present or the future tense. 1. If businesses were started or investors came in, they knew that they could find a very skilled workforce. (speech 6) Analysis: If businesses were started or investors came in, they knew that they could IF+ S+ V2, S+Could+V Find a very skilled workforce. vii

2. If you were a Rohingya, which country would you prefer to live with and why? (speech 6) Analysis: If you were a Rohingya, which country would you prefer to live with IF+S+V2, S+ Would+ V and why? 3. If I were a Rohingya, I would want to stay where I was born. (speech 6) Analysis: If I were a Rohingya, I would want to stay where I was born. IF+S+V2, S+Would+ V 4. If I ran, I could win. (speech 2) Analysis: If I ran, I could win IF+S+V2, S+Could+V

Classification of Types Conditional Sentences in each Barack Obama’s speeches.

Table 4.7 (Speech 1)

Types Of Conditional Sentences No. Sentences Type 0 Type 1 Type 2 Type 3 1. If you make one person happy, √ somebody else is unhappy. 2. If electricity is going to one √ neighborhood because they’re well- connected, and not another neighborhood, that’s going to limit development of the country as a whole. 3. If someone in public office is taking a √ cut that they don't deserve, that’s taking away from those who are paying their fair share. 4. If you have a team and you don't let √ half of the team play. 5. If you educate girls, they grow up to be √ moms. 6. So Kenya will not succeed if it treats √ women and girls as second-class citizens. Total 5 1 - -

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In this table shown the first Obama’s speech has two types of conditional sentences they are conditional sentence type 0 about 5 sentences, and conditional sentence type 1 only 1 sentence. The first speech didn’t has a conditional sentence type 2 and conditional sentence type 3.

Table 4.8 (Speech 2) No. Sentences Types of Conditional Sentences Type 0 Type 1 Type 2 Type 3 1. If it’s sometimes uncomfortable -- √ even when it’s sometimes directed toward our friends 2. If we truly believe that Africans are √ equal in dignity, then Africans have an equal right to freedoms. 3. If I ran I could win. √ 4. If that's true, then that leader has failed √ to truly build their nation. 5. And your country is better off if you √ have new blood and new ideas. 6. If African governments and √ international partners step up with strong support, we can transform how we work together to promote security and peace in Africa.

7. If we sacrifice liberty in the name of √ security, we risk losing both. 8. If they do not, I believe the √ international. 9. If you want your country to grow and √ succeed, you have to empower your women. 10. If you want to empower more women, √ America will be your partner. Total 8 1 1 - After the writer analyzed the second speech, the writer got only 3 types of conditional sentences namely ; conditional sentence type 0 has 8 sentences, conditional sentence type 1 only 1 sentence, and conditional sentence type 3 only 1 sentence. Table 4.9 (Speech 3)

Types Of Conditional Sentences No. Sentences vii

Type 0 Type 1 Type 2 Type 3 1. If we’re able to actually get what was √ discussed in the political framework, it’s absolutely the right thing to do. 2. I’m confident that she will be very √ clear about her vision for the country moving forward, if she announces. 3. If she decides to run and she makes an √ announcement, she’s going to have some strong messages to deliver. 4. If, on the other hand, it does, then I √ will strongly argue. Total 2 2 - - From this table we can see types of conditional sentences the writer got from the third speech. Conditional sentence type 0 has 2 sentences and conditional sentences type 1 has 2 sentences.

Table 4.10 (Speech 4) Types Of Conditional Sentences No. Sentence. Type 0 Type 1 Type 2 Type 3 1. If this framework leads to a final, √ comprehensive deal, it will make our country. 2. If Iran cheats, the world will know it. √ 3. If we see something suspicious, we √ will inspect it.

4. If Iran violates the deal, sanctions can √ be snapped back into place. 5. If they try to cheat -- and I, or future √ Presidents, will have preserved all of the options that are currently available to deal with it. 6. If Iran complies with its international √ obligations, then it can fully rejoin the community of nations, thereby fulfilling the extraordinary talent and aspirations of the Iranian people. 7. If, in fact, Prime Minister Netanyahu is √ looking for the most effective way to ensure Iran doesn’t get a nuclear weapon, this is the best option. Total 3 4 - - vii

In this table we can look the types of conditional sentences, after the writer analyzed the fourth speech so the writer got 2 types of conditional sentences they are, conditional sentence type 0 has 3 sentences, and conditional sentence type 1 has 4 sentences. In this speech conditional sentence type 2 and type 3 is not.

Table4.11 (Speech 5)

Types Of Conditional Sentences Sentences No. Type 0 Type 1 Type 2 Type 3 1. If you repeat these arguments long √ enough, they can get some traction. 2. If there is a reason for inspecting a √ suspicious undeclared site anywhere in Iran, inspectors will get that access even if Iran objects. 3. If Iran cheats, we can catch them. √ 4. If Iran lives up to its commitments, it √ will gain access to roughly $56 billion of its own money. 5. If Iran does not abide by this deal, it's √ possible that we don't have an alternative. 6. If Iran violates this deal, we will have √ ample ability to respond. 7. If Congress kills this deal, we will lose √ more than just constraints on Iran's nuclear deal or the sanctions we have painstakingly built. Total 3 4 - -

In this table shown that types of condirional sentences the writer got have been indentifying. Conditional sentence type 0 has 3 sentences, and conditional sentence type 1 has 4 sentences. Conditional sentence type 2 and type 3 is not.

Table 4.12 (Speech 6)

Types Of Conditional Sentences No. Sentences Type 0 Type 1 Type 2 Type 3 1. If they’re wrong -- have a right to say √

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what they think. 2. If we get this right and completed in √ the next few months, to be able to ensure that the United States and ASEAN countries that already have a massive amount of trade. 3. If everybody is operating at a higher √ level then we’re all competing on an even playing field, and over time that will result in more growth and more development in ASEAN countries. 4. If, in fact, that we see some other √ natural tragedy that all the countries assets can be brought to bear. 5. If you start a business, you can feel √ confident that you don’t have to pay 100 bribes and you don’t have to hire somebody’s son, and that you can make a profit. 6. If there’s a foreign investor, that they √ can invest and be treated fairly. 7. If businesses were started or investors √ came in, they knew that they could find a very skilled workforce. 8. If you have those three things, then √ people will invest. 9. If you were a Rohingya, which country √ would you prefer to live with and why? 10 If I were a Rohingya, I would want to √ stay where I was born. 11. The children are less educated, if √ you’re not teaching the moms. 12. If you do those two things, you’re not √ guaranteed success but at least you’re not guaranteed failure. 13. Because if they're successful, then the √ team is successful. 14. So you're not a good leader if you don't √ want somebody who is smarter than you because you think, oh, well, maybe they’ll shine more than you do. Then you're not a very good leader

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because your team won’t succeed. 15. If you're doing that, then you're a good √ leader. 16. If you do that and people recognize √ that you care about them being successful, then they’ll work harder. 17. If you start losing that approach and √ suddenly conflicts arise and claims are made based on how big the country is or how powerful its navy is instead of based on law, then I think Asia will be less prosperous and the Pacific region will be less prosperous. 18. If, in fact, their claims are legitimate, √ people will recognize them. Total 9 6 3 -

This table has 18 sentences but in this speech the writer didn’t get 4 types of conditional sentence. The writer can got 3 types only that is conditional sentence type 0 has 9 sentences, conditional sentence type 1 has 6 sentences, and conditional sentence type 2 has 3 sentences. Table 4.13The Total Data

Types of Conditional Sentences No. Speech Type 0 Type 1 Type 2 Total 1. Speech 1 5 1 - 6 2. Speech 2 8 1 1 10 3. Speech 3 2 2 - 4 4. Speech 4 3 4 - 7 5. Speech 5 3 4 - 7 6. Speech 6 9 6 3 18 Total 30 18 4 52

Table 4.14 The Percentage of of The Data Types of Conditional Sentences No. Speech Type 0 Type 1 Type 2 Total 1. Speech 1 83.33 % 16.67 % - 100 % 2. Speech 2 80.0 % 10.0 % 10.0 % 100 % 3. Speech 3 50.0 % 50.0 % - 100 % 4. Speech 4 42.86 % 57.14 % - 100 % 5. Speech 5 42.86 % 57.14 % - 100 % 6. Speech 6 50.0 % 33.33 % 16.67 % 100 %

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Table 4.15 The Percentage of The Total Data Types of Conditional Sentences Total Percentage No. 1. Type 0 30 57.70 % 2. Type 1 18 34.61 % 3. Type 2 4 7.69 % Total 52 100 %

Chart 4.1 The Total Data on Each Speech 10 9 8 7 6 Type 0 5 Type 1 4 Type 2 3 Type 3 2 1 0 Speech 1 Speech 2 Speech 3 Speech 4 Speech 5 Speech 6

Chart 4.2 The Total and Percentage of The Data

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20 Total 15 Percentage

0 Type 0 Type 1 Type 2 Type 3

After analyzing and categorizing the data into Barack Obama’s speech, the writer found 6 sentences of conditional sentence in Address to the People of Kenya speech,26 July 2015. 10 sentences of conditional sentence in Address to Representatives of the African Union speech, 28 July 2015. 4 sentences of conditional sentence in Summit of Americas Press Conference speech, 11 April 2015. 7 sentences of conditional sentence in Statement on Historic Nuclear Agreement with Iran speech, 2 April 2015. 7 sentences of conditional sentence in Obama gives a speech about the Iran nuclear deal speech, 5 August 2015. And 18 sentence of conditional sentence in Southeast Asian Youth Initiative Fellows Address speech, 1 June 2015. The writer got the percentage of types of conditional sentence in Barack Obama’s speech after doing calculation. 83.33 % Type 0, and16.67 % type 1 in Address to the People of Kenya speech,26 July 2015. 80 % type 0, 10 % type 1, and 10 % type 2 in Address to Representatives of the African Union speech, 28 July 2015. 50 % type 0 and 50 % type 1 in Summit of Americas Press Conference speech, 11 April 2015. 42.86 % type 0 and 57.14 % type 1 in Statement on Historic Nuclear Agreement with Iran speech, 2 April 2015. 42.86 % type 0 and 57.14 % type 1 in Obama gives a speech about the Iran nuclear deal speech, 5 August 2015. And 50% type 0, 33.33 % type 1 and 16.67 % type 2 in Southeast Asian Youth Initiative Fellows Address speech, 1 June 2015. It can be seen in table 4.14. 5. The Research Findings After Barack Obama’s speeches have been analyzed, the writer got the findings as reported as the following: a. Conditional sentences has four types they are conditional sentence type 0, conditional sentence type 1, conditional sentence type 2, and conditional sentence type 3. But in Barack Obama’s speech the writer got only three types of conditional sentences. There are 30 sentences type 0 of conditional sentence.

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b. There are 18 sentences the writer got of conditional sentences type 1 in Barack Obama’s speech. c. In Barack Obama’s speech the writer can got 4 sentences type 3 of conditional sentences. d. The most dominant type of conditional sentences found in Barack Obama’s speech is conditional sentences type 0. Conclusions

After the writer analyzed the data, the writer concluded the result as follows: his thesis studies about types of Conditional Sentences on Obama’s speech. The writer used six speeches, they areAddress to the People of Kenya,26 July 2015. Address to Representatives of the African Union, 28 July 2015.Post Summit of Americas Press Conference, 11 April 2015.Statement on Historic Nuclear Agreement with Iran, 2 April 2015. Obama gives a speech about the Iran nuclear deal, 5 August 2015. And Southeast Asian Youth Initiative Fellows Address, 1 June 2015, White House, Washington, D.C. The writer found three types of conditional sentences in Obama’s speeches. They are, conditional sentence type 0, type 1, type 2, and type 3 was not found. d. The most dominant type that was found is conditional sentence type 0.

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