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University of Florida Thesis Or Dissertation Formatting République Algérienne Démocratique et Populaire Ministère de l'Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche Scientifique Université d'Oran 1 « Ahmed Ben Bella » Faculté de Médecine Département de Médecine THESE DE DOCTORAT EN SCIENCES MEDICALES Dr ADDAD BENALI Biochimie IDENTIFICATION ET CARACTERISATION BIOCHIMIQUE ET SEQUENCAGE DES MOTIFS GLYCANNIQUES DES GLYCOPROTEINES DES CELLULES TUMORALES PAR SPECTROMETRIE DE MASSE ET LEURS IMPLICATIONS DANS LA MIGRATION CELLULAIRE Soutenue publiquement le 19 Décembre 2018 Président de jury Pr L. GRIENE Faculté de Médecine d'Alger. Membres Pr. M. HARIZI Faculté de Médecine de Sidi Bel Abbes. Pr. O. ABOU Faculté de Médecine Oran. Directrice de thèse Pr. N. BENMANSOUR MERAD BOUDIA Faculté de Médecine de Tlemcen. Année 2018 A la mémoire de mon père, A ma mère et mes frères et sœurs, A mon épouse Sarah, et mes enfants Ikhlas et Ameur Pour votre amour, votre soutien, votre confiance et votre patience. Remerciements Je veux tout d’abord remercier le Pr BENMANSOUR MERAD BOUDIA Nadia d'avoir accepté de diriger ma thèse après la disparition tragique de mon chef de service de Biochimie et directrice de thèse la défunte Pr BENHARRAT Sabria. Vous avez toujours été présente pour me permettre de surmonter les difficultés. Pour tout cela, veuillez trouver l'expression de ma gratitude et de mon profond respect. Je tiens à transmettre mon plus profond respect et ma plus sincère reconnaissance au Pr GRIENE Lakhdar pour m’avoir fait l’honneur de présider le jury de ma thèse. Je transmets également ma plus sincère gratitude aux Pr HARIZI Mohamed et Pr ABOU Omar, de leur expertise de qualité et pour m’avoir fait l’honneur d’être les rapporteurs de ma thèse. Je veux également remercier le Pr Michel RIGAU et l’équipe de Biochimie et genetique moleculaire du CHU Limoge pour m’avoir si chaleureusement accueilli et soutenu tout au long de ma formation à l'étranger. Je veux également remercier l’ensemble du personnel médicale et paramédicale du laboratoire de Biochimie CHU Oran et toute personnes ayant contribuées de près ou de loin à l’élaboration et à la concrétisation de cette thèse. TABLE DES MATIERES TABLE DES MATIERES .............................................................................................................. 4 LISTE DES TABLEAUX ............................................................................................................... 9 LISTES DES FIGURES .............................................................................................................. 11 LISTE DES ABREVIATIONS ..................................................................................................... 15 INTRODUCTION GENERALE .................................................................................................. 17 1. Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 18 2. Objectifs .................................................................................................................................... 20 2.1 Objectif principal ............................................................................................................ 20 2.2 Objectifs secondaires ...................................................................................................... 20 2.3 Hypothèse de travail ....................................................................................................... 20 EXPOSE BIBLIOGRAPHIQUE ................................................................................................. 22 1. Les glucides et glycoconjugués ................................................................................................. 23 1.2 Relations structure-fonction ............................................................................................. 24 1.3 La glycosylation cellulaire ............................................................................................... 25 1.4 La glycopathologie ........................................................................................................... 25 1.5 Les glycoconjugués .......................................................................................................... 27 1.5.1 Les glycoprotéines ................................................................................................. 28 1.5.2 Les différents types de glycosylation ..................................................................... 29 1.5.2.1 La N-glycosylation ...................................................................................... 29 1.5.2.2 La O-glycosylation ...................................................................................... 30 1.5.2.3 La C-glycosylation ...................................................................................... 32 1.6 Structures des chaînes glycanniques des glycoprotéines ................................................. 33 1.6.1 Structure des N-glycannes ...................................................................................... 33 1.6.2 Structure des O-glycannes de type mucine ............................................................ 36 1.6.3 Structure des glycannes des glycolipides ........................................................... 38 1.7 Fonctions des glycannes des glycoprotéines ................................................................ 39 2. Biosynthèse des glycoprotéines .............................................................................................. 41 4 3. Catabolisme des glycoprotéines ............................................................................................. 44 3.1 Dégradation des N-glycosylprotéines .............................................................................. 46 3.2 Dégradation des O-glycosylprotéines .............................................................................. 47 4. Les enzymes de la glycosylation ............................................................................................. 48 4.1 Les glycosidases ............................................................................................................... 48 4.2 Les glycosyltransférases ................................................................................................... 48 4.3 La fucosylation ................................................................................................................. 50 4.3.1Le Fucose et son rôle biologique ............................................................................ 50 4.3.2 Les fucosyltransférases .......................................................................................... 51 4.4 La sialylation .................................................................................................................... 52 4.4.1 Les acides sialiques et leurs rôles biologiques ....................................................... 52 4.4.3 Les sialyltransférases ............................................................................................. 54 4.4.4 Les sialidases .......................................................................................................... 55 5. Glycoconjugués et cancers ...................................................................................................... 55 6. Les oligosaccharides des glycoprotéines et la migration cellulaire ..................................... 58 6.1 Les Intégrines comme récepteurs de matrice extracellulaire ........................................... 59 6.2 Structure des intégrines .................................................................................................... 60 6.3 Intégrines dans le Cancer humain .................................................................................... 61 6.4 Intégrines et migration cellulaire. ..................................................................................... 61 6.5 Participation de l'intégrine α3β1 à la motilité de cellules................................................. 62 7. Méthodes d’analyses des monosaccharides et glycoprotéines ............................................ 64 7.1 Détermination de la composition centésimale en monosaccharides par méthodes colorimétriques ................................................................................................................... 64 7.1.1 Dosage des oses neutres et acides uroniques ......................................................... 64 7.1.1.1 Dosage des monosaccharides neutres ...................................................... 65 7.1.1.2 Dosage des acides uroniques .................................................................... 65 7.1.2 Dosage des osamines .............................................................................................. 65 7.1.3 Dosage des acides sialiques ................................................................................. 65 7.1.3.1 Dosage des acides sialiques conjugués ..................................................... 65 7.1.3.2 Dosage des acides sialiques libres ............................................................ 66 5 7.2 Purification des glycoprotéines ........................................................................................ 66 7.2.1 Méthodes de relargage ........................................................................................... 66 7.2.2 Méthodes chromatographique par immunoaffinité ................................................ 67 7.3 Préparation de glycopeptides membranaires
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