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“SAGEBRUSH” BREWER's SPARROW Spizella Breweri Breweri

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“SAGEBRUSH” BREWER's SPARROW Spizella Breweri Breweri “SAGEBRUSH” BREWER’S SPARROW Spizella breweri breweri Original1 prepared by Martin Gebauer Species Information brown with darker borders and the bill is dusky above and slightly paler below. Upperparts are buffy Taxonomy brown and streaked with black, and the rump is buffy brown and may be lightly streaked. The tail is The Brewer’s Sparrow is in the genus Spizella, dark brown and narrowly edged with grey and lacks although its relationship within the genus remains the whiter outer tail coverts of the Vesper Sparrow uncertain (Rotenberry et al. 1999). Five other (Pooecetes gramineus). Underparts are dull white sparrow species in North America are included in with the breast and sides lightly washed with greyish the genus: American Tree Sparrow (S. arborea), buff (Godfrey 1986; NGS 1999). Field Sparrow (S. pusilla), Chipping Sparrow (S. passerina), Clay-colored Sparrow (S. pallida), and Distribution Black-chinned Sparrow (S. atrogularis) (NGS 1999). Global Two subspecies of Brewer’s Sparrow are currently The Brewer’s Sparrow is restricted to North America, recognized, S. breweri breweri (Sagebrush Brewer’s breeding from the southern Interior of British Sparrow) and S. breweri taverneri (Timberline Columbia, southeastern Alberta and southwestern Brewer’s Sparrow). Spizella breweri breweri breeds in Saskatchewan, south through Washington, Oregon, lowland and upland sagebrush habitats of British and California, east of the Cascades, throughout Columbia primarily within the Great Basin region in most of Montana, Nevada, Utah, Wyoming, and the south Okanagan and Similkameen valleys, but northern Arizona and east to include portions of may occur as far north as the Chilcotin River. In Colorado, North Dakota, South Dakota, and British Columbia, S. breweri taverneri is reported to Nebraska. Sporadic breeding has been reported in breed in subalpine shrubs, and does not apparently Kansas, Oklahoma, and the Texas Panhandle breed south of the Canada–U.S. border (Godfrey (Rotenberry et al. 1999). 1986; Cannings 1998; Rotenberry et al. 1999). Some authors consider these two subspecies to be separate The Sagebrush Brewer’s Sparrow winters from species (Sibley and Monroe 1990; Klicka et al. 1999). southeastern California to western Texas south Unless otherwise noted, this account refers to the throughout Baja California and Sonora, the Pacific breweri subspecies. Lowlands of northern and central Mexico, and the highlands of west-central Mexico to Guanajuato Description (Howell and Webb 1995; Rotenberry et al. 1999; Campbell et al. 2001). There is currently no infor- The Brewer’s Sparrow is one of the most plainly mation on how the two subspecies are distributed on marked sparrows. It bears a strong resemblance to wintering grounds (Rotenberry et al. 1999). the Clay-colored Sparrow, although the facial markings are much less distinct. The Brewer’s British Columbia Sparrow can be further distinguished by a brown The Sagebrush Brewer’s Sparrow breeds in the crown with fine black streaks and the absence of the extreme southern portions of the southern Interior clear pale central strip of the Clay-colored Sparrow. west of the Okanagan River, from the Marron Valley The Brewer’s Sparrow also features a whitish eye ring and greyish-white eyebrow. The ear patch is pale 1 Volume 1 account prepared by L. Hartman. 1 Accounts and Measures for Managing Identified Wildlife – Accounts V. 2004 1 2 Accounts and Measures for Managing Identified Wildlife – Accounts V. 2004 south to Kilpoola Lake near the International Idaho had a diet consisting of a wide range of Boundary (Campbell et al. 2001). Brewer’s Sparrows arthropod orders including Lepidoptera, Araneae, have also been reported and may occasionally breed Hemiptera, and Homoptera (Petersen and Best in several other interior locations including Vernon, 1986). During the breeding season, Brewer’s Sparrow Kamloops, Ashcroft, the Chilcotin River, and Riske are primarily insectivorous. Creek (Campbell et al. 2001). During the breeding season, Brewer’s Sparrows Forest region and districts forage throughout the day, although mornings and Southern Interior: 100 Mile House (possible), late evening before sunset tend to be more active Central Cariboo, Kamloops, Okanagan Shuswap times. Seeds are picked up from the ground and only occasionally are birds observed gleaning seeds Ecoprovinces and ecosections directly from plants (Rotenberry et al. 1999). Birds CEI: FRB (possibly) will occasionally fly up and catch insects on the wing SIM: EKT (Rotenberry et al. 1999). SOI: OKR, SOB, NOB suspected in THB and NTU Reproduction Biogeoclimatic units Dates for 251 clutches in British Columbia ranged BG: xh1, suspected in xh2, possible in xh3, xw, from 12 May to 18 July, with 52% recorded between xw1, 4 June and 30 June (Campbell et al. 2001). Dates of IDF: dk1, dk1a, dm1, dm2, xh1, xh1a, xh2, xh2a clutch initiation in a 4-year study in the south PP: dh2, xh1, xh1a, xh2, xh2a Okanagan ranged from 30 April to 21 July (Mahony 2003). Average size of 119 clutches ranged from one Broad ecosystem units to five eggs with 79% having three or four eggs DP, PP, SS (Campbell et al. 2001). Averages clutches of three to Elevation four eggs have also been reported by Paine (1968), Reynolds (1981), and Rotenberry and Weins (1989). In British Columbia, the Brewer’s Sparrow has been Incubation period ranges from 10 to 13 days but is observed nesting at elevations ranging primarily typically 11 days (Ehrlich et al. 1988; Rotenberry et from 340 to 750 m (Campbell et al. 2001). Breeding al. 1999). Dates for 157 broods in British Columbia behaviour has been observed at 1000 m (Mahony ranged from 26 May to 01 August (Campbell et al. 2003; Paczek 2001), and Cannings et al. (1987) have 2001). Broods observed by Mahony (2003) in the reported sightings up to 1860 m on Mount Kobau, south Okanagan ranged between 13 May and where sagebrush extends to join stands of subalpine 2 August. Sizes of 88 broods ranged from one to four fir (Abies lasiocarpa). Mahony (pers. comm.) found young with 80% having three or four young two upper elevation sites of the Sagebrush Brewer’s (Campbell et al. 2001). Young fledge from 6 to 9 days Sparrow on a high elevation plateau near Blind (Ehrlich et al. 1988; Rotenberry et al. 1999; Mahony Creek, on the north side of Mount Kobau. et al. 2002). Pairs will frequently double-brood (Rotenberry et al. 1999). In British Columbia, Life History females regularly made multiple nesting attempts Diet and foraging behaviour with 17% (n =132) females successfully fledging two broods in a season, and two females fledging three Diet consists of seeds, spiders, and insects, especially broods (Mahony et al. 2002). In Washington, 5% of caterpillars (see Rotenberry et al. 1999 and Stephens females fledged two broods per season (Mahony 1985 for details on taxa in adult diet), which are et al. 2002). gleaned from open ground between and beneath sagebrush plants (MELP 1998) and from shrub Low levels of Brown-headed Cowbird (Molothrus foliage (Dobkin 1992). Brewer’s Sparrow nestlings in ater) parasitism has been observed in Brewer’s 3 Accounts and Measures for Managing Identified Wildlife – Accounts V. 2004 3 Sparrows nesting in British Columbia (i.e., 6 of 5.86 males/100 ha at White Lake, to 9.05 males/ 154 nests) (Campbell et al. 2001), and in other areas 100 ha at Kilpoola Lake West area. Breeding densities throughout their range (Rich 1978; Friedmann and in Nevada ranged from 1.50 to 1.68 individuals/ha Kiff 1985; Rotenberry and Weins 1989; Vander between 1981 and 1983 (Medin 1992), whereas Haegen and Walker 1999, cited by Campbell et al. breeding densities in Washington ranged from 2001). In a recent study in the south Okanagan, means of 0.51 to 0.85 individuals/ha between 1988 Mahony (2003) found that only 3% of 664 nests and 1990 (Dobler et al. 1996). (~20) were parasitized by cowbirds. In Alberta, a Recent data by Mahony and Paczek (unpubl. data) relatively high level of cowbird parasitism (i.e., 13 of from the south Okanagan suggest that at least 2.6 25 nests) was reported (Biermann et al. 1987). times as many pairs may be present in an area than Most parasitized Brewer’s Sparrow nests are the number of singing males recorded on bird abandoned by adults (Friedmann and Kiff 1985; surveys indicates. Biermann et al. 1987). Of 20 parasitized nests found between 1997 and 2000 in the south Okanagan, most Movements and dispersal were abandoned or the cowbird eggs failed to hatch, The Sagebrush Brewer’s Sparrow arrives in the south and only one cowbird chick hatched and fledged Okanagan as early as the third week of April (Mahony 2003). (19 April) with numbers increasing to the last week of May (Cannings et al. 1987; Campbell et al. 2001). Site fidelity No discernible autumn movement has been noted in In southeastern Idaho, about 25% of colour-banded the south Okanagan, but reports of birds drops adult birds returned to nesting habitat used the sharply by mid-July as birds stop singing, and few previous year (Petersen and Best 1987). Adult annual birds remain after the end of August, most likely survival rates in the south Okanagan varied with young of the year (latest record on 22 September) year but averaged 47% over 3 years (Mahony 2003). (Campbell et al. 2001). A recent study of post- Only 4.2% of 495 nestlings banded in the south fledging survival and dispersal showed that once Okanagan, were resighted in the region. Of these, young Sagebrush Brewer’s Sparrows and adults had only 19% moved from natal sites to other areas finished breeding, they moved from sagebrush- within the Okanagan to breed (Mahony 2003). Of dominated breeding areas to aspen gullies and areas about 400 nestlings banded in the Great Basin area with large non-sage shrubs in the post-breeding but of the United States during a 7-year period, none pre-departure stage in July and August (Yu 2001).
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