Strategic Directions for Hydrogen Delivery Workshop Proceedings

Workshop Proceedings May 7-8, 2003 Crystal City Marriott Arlington, VA

Sponsored by U.S. Department of Energy Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Office of Hydrogen, Fuel Cells, and Infrastructure Technologies Program

Strategic Directions for Hydrogen Delivery Workshop i May 2003

Table of Contents

INTRODUCTION ...... 1

BACKGROUND...... 1 DOE Hydrogen Fuel Initiative ...... 1 The Challenge: Building a National Hydrogen Delivery Infrastructure ...... 1 OHFCIT Delivery Program Area ...... 2

OPENING PLENARY PRESENTATIONS...... 3

FACILITATED BREAKOUT SESSION RESULTS...... 3

FACILITATED BREAKOUT SESSION RESULTS...... 4 Gaseous Hydrogen Delivery Breakout Results ...... 7 Liquid Hydrogen Delivery Breakout Results ...... 14 Solid and Liquid Carriers Breakout Results...... 19 Bulk Hydrogen Storage Breakout Results...... 29

APPENDICES A: Workshop Agenda ...... A-1 B: Plenary Presentations...... B-1 C: Breakout Group Summary Presentations...... C-1 D: Final List of Participants ...... D-1

Strategic Directions for Hydrogen Delivery Workshop ii May 2003

Table of Contents

List of Exhibits and Tables

Exhibit 1. Summary of Top-Priority R&D Needs in Hydrogen Delivery ...... 5 Exhibit 2. Common Themes...... 6

Table 1. Gaseous Hydrogen Delivery: Technical Barriers/Problems ...... 8 Table 2. Gaseous Hydrogen Delivery: R&D Needed to Overcome The Barriers ...... 9 Table 3. Gaseous Hydrogen Delivery: Analysis of Top Priority R&D Needs ...... 10 Table 4. Liquid Hydrogen Delivery: Technical Barriers/Problems ...... 15 Table 5. Liquid Hydrogen Delivery: R&D Needed to Overcome the Barriers...... 16 Table 6. Liquid Hydrogen Delivery: Analysis of Top Priority R&D Needs ...... 17 Table 7. Example Solid and Liquid Carriers ...... 20 Table 8. Solid and Liquid Carriers: Technical Barriers/Problems ...... 21 Table 9. Solid and Liquid Carriers: R&D Needed to Overcome the Barriers ...... 23 Table 10. Solid and Liquid Carriers: Analysis of Top-Priority R&D Needs...... 25 Table 11. Bulk Hydrogen Storage: Technical Barriers/Problems...... 30 Table 12. Bulk Hydrogen Storage: R&D Needed to Overcome the Barriers ...... 32 Table 13. Bulk Hydrogen Storage: Analysis of Top Priority RD&D Needs ...... 33

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Introduction On May 7-8, 2003, more than 60 executives representing industrial gas companies, petroleum and natural gas companies, equipment suppliers, national laboratories and other research organizations, consulting/engineering firms, academia, and federal agencies met at the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Strategic Directions for Hydrogen Delivery Workshop. The Workshop was sponsored by the DOE, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Office of the Hydrogen, Fuel Cells, and Infrastructure Technologies Program (OHFCIT). Participants met in small groups to discuss the key challenges and issues to be addressed in developing a safe, affordable national hydrogen delivery infrastructure, and the R&D and other activities needed to address these barriers. Four facilitated breakout groups were convened to address technology needs in different areas: Gaseous Hydrogen Delivery, Liquid Hydrogen Delivery, Solid and Liquid Hydrogen Carriers, and Bulk Hydrogen Storage. The results of the Workshop, summarized in this report, will be used to help structure the OHFCIT Program’s hydrogen delivery R&D priorities and strategic directions. The report will also be provided to other interested federal stakeholders, including DOE’s Office of Fossil Energy and the Basic Energy Sciences Program; the Department of Transportation; the National Science Foundation; and the Environmental Protection Government coordination of this huge undertaking will help resolve one of the Agency. difficulties associated with the development of a commercially viable hydrogen fuel cell Background vehicle....Which comes first, the vehicle or the infrastructure of manufacturing plants, DOE Hydrogen Fuel Initiative distribution and storage networks, and convenient service stations needed to support In his January 28, 2003, State of the Union address, President Bush expressed a goal of it?...[The Department will work with all reversing America’s growing dependence on foreign oil by developing commercially- stakeholders] to develop both the vehicle and viable hydrogen-powered fuel cells to power automobiles, homes, and businesses with the infrastructure in parallel--and by so no pollution or greenhouse gases. The President’s new Hydrogen Fuel Initiative doing, advance a commercialization decision proposes to provide more than $1.2 billion in funding over the next five years to by 15 years, from 2030 to 2015. develop the technologies and infrastructure necessary to achieve this goal. By — Energy Secretary Abraham combining an accelerated R&D schedule on hydrogen fuel with the ongoing 2004 DOE Budget Submission FreedomCAR Initiative, the President hopes to enable a commercialization decision on February 3, 2003 hydrogen-powered fuel cell technologies by the year 2015 -- about 15 years ahead of previous projections.

The Challenge: Building a National Hydrogen Delivery Infrastructure Hydrogen delivery -- the transportation of hydrogen from the point of production to the point of use (including handling and storing the hydrogen at refueling stations or stationary power facilities) -- is a major unsolved piece of the hydrogen infrastructure puzzle.

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Current delivery systems must be significantly expanded in order to supply hydrogen to all regions of the country. Delivery systems will need to support both distributed and central hydrogen production facilities, since both types of production are likely to be used in an emerging hydrogen economy. Delivery by pipelines, gaseous truck, cryogenic liquid trucks and novel solid or liquid carriers are all options for hydrogen transport. Pipelines currently appear to be the best long term solution for delivering large quantities of hydrogen, but other cost-effective types of delivery systems will be needed as well. Special situations must be considered, such as delivery to remote or low-density population areas. Storage needs and costs within the delivery infrastructure must also be addressed.

The 2010 goal for the cost of delivered hydrogen — including production plus final delivery costs — is $1.50/kg (untaxed, at the pump). This means that the current cost of hydrogen delivery and off-board storage technologies must be significantly lowered. Recent estimates of the cost of long distance transport and handling of hydrogen from the point of production to the refueling unit range from $1.50 to $8.00/kg, depending on the distance and the method. The energy efficiency of delivery also needs to be improved. Current hydrogen compression and liquefaction technologies are too energy intensive.

OHFCIT Delivery Program Area OHFCIT Hydrogen Delivery The Department of Energy’s Office of Hydrogen, Fuel Cells and Infrastructure Program Objectives Technologies Program is launching a focused research and development (R&D) effort on hydrogen delivery, to begin with a set of competitively awarded R&D projects in Understand Infrastructure Trade-offs and Options: by 2006, define a cost-effective fiscal year 2004. and energy-efficient hydrogen fuel delivery infrastructure for the introduction and long- The goal of the OHFCIT hydrogen delivery program area is to: term use of hydrogen for transportation and stationary power. Develop hydrogen fuel delivery technologies that enable the introduction Cost Reduction: and long-term viability of hydrogen as an energy carrier for transportation and stationary power. by 2010: reduce the cost of hydrogen fuel delivery from central/semi-central production facilities to the gate of The program will focus on meeting the objectives shown in the box by conducting refueling stations and other end users to collaborative R&D with industry, national laboratories and universities. <$0.70/kg by 2010: reduce the cost of hydrogen The following sections of this report summarize the proceedings of the Strategic movement and handling within refueling stations and stationary power facilities to Directions for Hydrogen Delivery Workshop, including the opening plenary session an end-use device to <$0.60 presentations, common themes, and detailed breakout group results. by 2015: reduce the total cost of hydrogen fuel delivery from the point of production to the end-use device to <$1.00/kg

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Opening Plenary Presentations As shown in the agenda in Appendix A, the meeting opened with an overview of the U.S. Department of Energy’s Office of Hydrogen, Fuel Cells and Infrastructure Technologies Program. Four plenary presenters followed with summaries of the status of current and potential hydrogen delivery systems. The presentations, shown below, are provided as Appendix B.

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Facilitated Breakout Session Results Participants spent the bulk of the meeting in facilitated breakout sessions that focused on technology-based solutions to future market, technical, and regulatory challenges faced in developing a safe, affordable national hydrogen delivery infrastructure. Four breakout sessions were convened to address technology needs in the following areas:

Gaseous Hydrogen Delivery: Development of new dedicated hydrogen pipelines; the possible use of existing natural gas pipelines for pure hydrogen or mixtures of hydrogen and natural gas; compression; reliability and safety; etc. Liquid Hydrogen Delivery: Development of large scale and small scale liquefaction technology, liquid transport issues, etc. Solid and Liquid Hydrogen Carriers: Development of more novel solid and liquid carriers such as hydrides, carbon nano-materials, hydrogen solvents, and other possible ideas. Bulk Hydrogen Storage: Bulk hydrogen and/or hydrogen/carrier storage needs within the delivery infrastructure at terminals, other surge capacity needs, as well as at the point of production and at the point of use at refueling stations and stationary power facilities.

Exhibit 1 provides a summary of the top-priority R&D needs for hydrogen delivery identified in each breakout group and Exhibit 2 shows the common themes that emerged during discussions. More detailed results are provided in the following sections and in Appendix C, which shows the summary presentations prepared by each breakout group for discussion during the closing plenary session. A complete list of the workshop participants is provided in Appendix D.

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EXHIBIT 1. SUMMARY OF TOP-PRIORITY R&D NEEDS IN HYDROGEN DELIVERY

Gaseous Hydrogen Liquid Hydrogen Solid and Liquid Hydrogen Bulk Hydrogen Delivery Delivery Carriers Storage Develop inexpensive new materials Conduct fundamental scientific Conduct comparative systems Develop manufacturing to allow hydrogen transmission in research on innovative liquefaction analysis (point of production to point technologies for high pressure large-diameter, high-pressure technologies of consumption) of delivery system hydrogen storage vessels in large pipelines without embrittlement, Investigate innovative liquid options and alternatives numbers of units and at low unit corrosion, leakage, etc. hydrogen storage concepts Conduct R&D to identify, discover, cost Develop in-line coating/lining Investigate potential for improved and utilize the optimum reversible Develop inexpensive solid materials materials for use in existing ortho-para conversion technologies liquid phase hydrogen carriers for low pressure hydrogen storage, pipelines (to lower refrigeration requirements) Conduct fundamental R&D on recognizing that weight and footprint are not critical design Develop safe, durable automated Develop advanced alloys and carbon nanostructures for storing welding and/or innovative methods hydrogen parameters for bulk storage as they manufacturing technologies for heat are for on-board storage for joining pipes at low cost exchangers Develop methods/materials to Develop and test effective hydrogen increase the weight percent of metal Develop new materials for hydrogen Develop integrated refrigeration and containers that satisfactorily gas odorant that will not hurt fuel power generation systems hydrides and possibly optimize cell them for slurry delivery address hydrogen’s unique leakage Develop additives that could raise and embrittlement properties Develop innovative, low-cost leak Use computational and analytical the liquefaction temperature and Develop low cost “smart” sensors detection (tracers, micromaterials, separate as liquid tools to evaluate hydrogen carriers microsensors, etc.) (storage capacity and reaction for hydrogen detection, including heats) further research on possible Develop compressors with odorants improved reliability and efficiency to Investigate low cost, efficient, minimize need for redundant irreversible hydride regeneration Develop robust systems analysis systems coupled with hydrogen manufacture and modeling capabilities for evaluating alternative scenarios and Conduct membrane science R&D applications for bulk storage, with for improved hydrogen/natural gas the first step being the creation of a separation simple spreadsheet analysis tool for Develop hydrogen infrastructure analysis of appropriate RD&D system models and studies to targets for bulk hydrogen storage analyze different hydrogen Conduct investigation of geologic production and distribution network storage technologies and models of options and scenarios, with the the physical behavior of hydrogen in ultimate goal being a realistic, multi- various types of underground energy, self-assembled distribution geologic formations network model Develop codes and standards for handling hydrogen

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EXHIBIT 2. COMMON THEMES

♦ Delivery Targets: Performance targets for delivery ♦ Need for Improved Materials of Construction: The systems should clearly describe all assumptions, and should use of hydrogen presents special material challenges in be based on thorough analysis that includes industry review. almost all aspects of the delivery system. Fundamental and Generic delivery targets will not be particularly useful in applied research is needed to develop low-cost new and/or measuring R&D progress for a particular technology, since improved materials for building a hydrogen delivery the targets will vary greatly depending on the technology infrastructure. Material needs include: (e.g., bulk storage materials and containers require different Materials that will not become embrittled when targets; location, size, throughput, and maximum allowable exposed to hydrogen pressure of a hydrogen pipeline will greatly affect cost; Materials that can transmit or store hydrogen for carrier-specific targets are needed for solid and liquid long periods of time without corroding or leaking carriers). hydrogen (under both high- and low-pressure conditions) ♦ Need for Comparative Analysis of Infrastructure Materials that will resist wear and reliably Options and Tradeoffs: Options and tradeoffs for perform in harsh operating conditions (e.g., in hydrogen/carrier delivery from central and semi-central compressors, heat exchangers, cryogenic production to the point of use at refueling stations and other operating environments) end uses for the introduction and long-term use of hydrogen are not well understood. Delivery options must be assessed ♦ Need for Hydrogen Leak Detection Technologies in the context of a total system – i.e., the surrounding and Odorants: The ability to detect hydrogen leaks is production, storage, and conversion infrastructure. Safety essential from a public safety standpoint since hydrogen gas and risk of various options should be included as a part of the itself is odorless and burns with no visible flame. Attempts comparative analysis. Analysis is a critical near-term need to odorize hydrogen gas have so far been unsuccessful since for understanding the advantages and disadvantages of the the hydrogen molecule is so much smaller than any odorant various options, and for quickly eliminating dead ends and yet to be developed and escapes a system well ahead of the preventing false starts. Comparative systems models and odorant. It is possible that public acceptance of hydrogen as analysis is important to guide research and investment efforts an energy carrier will require odorization (or equivalent), so not only for the ultimate hydrogen delivery infrastructure, but this should be a priority research activity. Leak detection also for the most appropriate infrastructure to be used during technologies (e.g., smart sensors, microsensors, tracers, etc.) the transition period as hydrogen is introduced as a mainstay are also needed to monitor the delivery system status, and energy carrier. could be used as a substitute for odorization.

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Gaseous Hydrogen Delivery Breakout Results Hydrogen delivery by gas pipeline is currently the lowest cost delivery option at high volumes, and is likely to play a key role in distributing Participants: Gaseous Hydrogen Delivery hydrogen in a future hydrogen economy. Few dedicated hydrogen pipelines exist—those that do are built to transmit hydrogen as a chemical feedstock NAME ORGANIZATION for commercial use, and they are not adequate to broadly distribute hydrogen Belinda Aber ChevronTexaco to serve hydrogen fuel cell vehicles. There are a number of technical Mark Ackiewicz TMS, Inccorporated barriers to gaseous hydrogen delivery, as shown in Table 1, below. Raymond Anderson Idaho National Energy Engineering Laboratory The characteristics of a future hydrogen pipeline infrastructure will depend Greg Baehr Praxair, Inc. on the hydrogen production infrastructure, the balance between central and Jim Campbell* Air Liquide Process & Construction distributed production facilities, and how pipelines compare to other Steve Cohen Teledyne Energy Systems delivery options. The size of the pipelines that are needed, the number and Maria Curry-Nkansah BP size of compressors that are needed, and a host of other factors will be Rod Dyck National Transportation Safety Board affected by the nature of the overall production, storage, and delivery Steve Folga Argonne National Laboratory system. Christopher Freitas DOE/Office of Fossil Energy David Greene Oak Ridge National Laboratory Hydrogen pipelines will be required to distribute large volumes of hydrogen Michael Manning Praxair, Inc. James Merritt DOT/Research & Special Programs over long distances, which will require larger-diameter, higher-pressure Administration pipelines. Metal embrittlement becomes a major problem at hydrogen Paul Scott ISE Research pressures greater than 700psi, so development of low-cost materials that do Allen Spivey Gas Technology Institute not embrittle will be essential. Simpler, more reliable compressors will also Steve Thomas Sandia National Laboratories be needed to reduce the cost of compression and reduce the need for Michele Touvelle ExxonMobil redundant systems. During the transition phase, gas pipeline systems that * Session Chair and Presenter can deliver a mixture of hydrogen and natural gas may play a role, which will require effective gas separation technologies. Safety concerns will FACILITATOR: Shawna McQueen, Energetics, Incorporated require that cost-effective leak detection technologies (including an odorant, if possible) be developed and tested. Because construction and welding accounts for the majority of pipeline capital costs, technologies to automate or lower the cost of pipeline joining and welding in the field (which is currently a time- and labor-intensive manual effort) are needed. A summary of the top-priority R&D needs is provided in Exhibit 1; a more detailed list of RD&D needs for gaseous hydrogen delivery is provided in Tables 2 and 3.

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Gaseous Hydrogen Delivery TABLE 1. TECHNICAL BARRIERS/PROBLEMS = CRITICAL BARRIER

PIPELINE MAINTENANCE AND SYSTEM PIPELINE PIPELINE PIPELINE COMPRESSION INSTITUTIONAL OPERATION ISSUES MATERIALS CONSTRUCTION SAFETY BARRIERS (ECONOMIC, POLITICAL) Lack of affordable, effective leak Do not understand how Lack of understanding Lack of cost- Insufficient The need for multiple Lack of detection equipment much storage will of material science effective (fast, safety compressors (due incentives impact overall issues with respect reliable, assurance to downtime to build Lack of advanced real-time hydrogen cost targets to hydrogen gas inexpensive) procedures/ problems) adds a infrastruct hydrogen metering technology Better understanding of embrittlement and new pipeline standards in lot to pipeline ure non-technical issues enhanced fatigue welding place costs Need for reliable, durable, cost- around pipeline costs cracking on technology Lack of effective Lack of effective monitoring and and ways to address pipelines (fusion, auto, odorant for − Improve public diagnostic equipment Need better ways to etc.) hydrogen durability and understand Lack of cost-effective, better accomplish distributed Lack of less costly distribution reliability of ing of risks performing inspection technology reforming hydrogen − Welding, pipelines compressors to and distribution piping joining, etc. benefits of costs are minimize need − e.g., smart pig systems Lack of cost effective materials too high Lack of visible for redundant hydrogen Do not fully understand impacts of small-scale hydrogen Lack of pipe flame systems energy hydrogen on meters, fittings, production units that − Resistant to liners that seal Simpler mechanical systems gaskets, etc. could be in lieu of corrosion well and are Lack of compression (public pipelines − Low permability cost-effective experience mechanisms are education) Do not understand effect of pressure − Problem: operating needed cycling and directional changes Need better metric/target permeation of Lack of cost pipelines at on pipeline reliability definitions higher hydrogen effective valve pressure through plastic technology Do not fully understand pipeline Lack of understanding of pipelines metallurgy at operating pressures potential transport of High Materials costs too >700 PSIG hydrogen/ natural gas concentration high − For existing pipelines mixtures or multiple areas (HCAs) gas transport Unknown: best pipe may not be − Embrittlement not issue <700 quality (carbon psig Need for a systems defined approach content) for moving appropriately Need for better gas separation hydrogen for hydrogen techniques pipelines − Hythane − Odorants

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Gaseous Hydrogen Delivery TABLE 2. R&D NEEDED TO OVERCOME THE BARRIERS ι = TOP PRIORITY, = HIGH PRIORITY, U MEDIUM PRIORITY

PIPELINE PIPELINE ODORANTS AND LEAK ADVANCED HYDROGEN/ ECONOMIC/SYSTEMS FIELD REGULATORY/ MATERIALS TECHNOLOGY DETECTION COMPRESSORS NATURAL GAS STUDIES OR MODELS DEMONSTRATIONS NON- ιιι ιιι SEPARATION ιιιιιιι TECHNICAL Develop new Develop Develop and test odorant Develop lower Conduct Conduct system Conduct field Develop materials (steels?) automated that can be detected by cost; more membrane analysis tradeoff demonstra- codes and to allow high welding most noses, is low durable science study UU tion of standards pressure and/or cost, will stay compression R&D - Supply/demand hydrogen for safe transmission innovative entrained, and does not technologies/ UU - System cost separation handling without methods for hurt fuel cell techniques UU - System using existing of embrittlement, etc. joining UUUUUUU UUU Conduct reliability natural gas hydrogen UUUUU pipes at low − Correlated with Develop adsorption Conduct analysis of pipeline (fire) U cost (lower hydrogen diffusivity electrochemical science the “must have” infrastructure UUU Conduct research on Cheap, new material cost, safe, hydrogen R&D conditions for ιUU UUUU flame visibility that allows for high durable, compressors economic Fund demonstra- U chemicals that do not pressure and does etc.) UUUUU viability tion facilities poison fuel cells not embrittle, e.g., ιιUUU Fund R&D Analyses must U Conduct analysis to polyethylene U partnership consider how, − In city with determine whether fleets UUUU Develop/test between where, and how odorant is really − With odorant − Plastics in general non- compressor much hydrogen removal − Polymers (not mechanical required U designers/ will be produced steel) − Micro-sensor UU metering alternatives? manufacturers relative to where Develop in-line technologies − Is there an odorant that and fuel consumed coating/lining UU will work with suppliers Regional study of hydrogen? Develop Develop simpler exiting pipelines, materials for use in Develop innovative, low- method for compressors including water existing pipelines cost technologies for delivering (e.g., guided or oil pipelines UUUU detecting leaks in multiple rotor, linear for hydrogen Develop improved hydrogen pipelines gases compressors) transport understanding of UUUUU through co- Develop Assess viability of hydrogen U embrittlement axial − Tracers electrically natural gas UUUU pipelines − Micromaterials driven safety systems UU − Microsensors membrane when hydrogen − Cheap compressors is introduced − Instead of odorant

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Gaseous Hydrogen Delivery TABLE 3. ANALYSIS OF TOP PRIORITY R&D NEEDS

R&D NEED TECHNICAL ELEMENTS TIMEFRAME R&D IMPACTS POTENTIAL PARTNERS Identified as a top Critical technical elements or milestones Time from start of R&D to Impacts (0-5 scale) of this R&D on hydrogen Potential partners for this priority identified as a part of this R&D activity commercial application delivery Cost (C), Safety (S), Reliability (R), R&D activity of results Energy Efficiency (E)

C S R E

Leak Detection and Odorants

Leak Detection Identify candidates suitable as tracers 3-8 years 2.5 4.5 4.4 • Instrumentation industry during hydrogen transport • Research labs/institutes Identify candidates suitable as innovative (NIST, etc.) leak detection technologies (e.g., • National laboratories microsensors, micromaterials, satellite • Universities imagery, aircraft mounted Develop innovative leak detection technologies and tracers Field demonstration of innovative leak detection technologies and tracers

Odorant Identify candidates suitable for hydrogen 3-8 years 2.5 4.5 4.0 • Industrial gas companies leak detection • National laboratories Identify candidates suitable for hydrogen • Universities flame detection • Research labs/institutes Compare candidates with respect to cost, human threshold, flow characteristics, and impact on fuel cell operation, and with respect to toxicity, flammability, and environmental impact Field demonstration of odorants for hydrogen transport

Pipeline Materials

Need for Find or develop new/advanced polymers 3-5 years, new 4.5 4.0 4.8 2.0 • Government alternatives impermeable to hydrogen and test materials • Industry to steel such against a standard 3-5 years, standard (federal gov’t funding with as advanced development industry cost share) plastics and other polymers

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C S R E

Inexpensive, Develop alternative materials and test >5 years 4.0 2.5 5.0 0.5 • National laboratories new material against a standard • Universities that allows May need to develop new material • Industry consort for high standard for alternative pipeline (federal gov’t funding with pressure and material industry cost share) does not embrittle

Develop in-line Identify and test lining materials that 3-5 years, product 4.5 4.0 4.8 2.0 • Industry coating/lining improve operating integrity of existing 0-3 years standard • Government materials for pipe (federal gov’t funding with use in industry cost share) existing pipelines

Develop new Greater than 24-inch diameter pipe 0-3 years 4.0 4.6 2.0 0 • Industry materials Capable of handling gas at higher than • State/Federal regulatory (steels?) to 700 psig agencies allow high Test alloys for resistance to hydrogen pressure embrittlement transmission without embrittlement, etc.

Pipeline Technologies

Develop Survey present state of welding and 0-3 years 1.0 3.5 2.5 0.5 • Government labs automated fusion technology (e.g., electrical • McDermot welding fusion and acoustic sensor/robotics) • Siapen and/or Select most viable approaches for R&D • Existing manufacturers innovative Design and test prototype methods for joining pipes at low cost (and safe, durable, etc.)

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C S R E

Test existing Test existing devices to ensure accuracy 0-3 years 2.5 0.5 3.6 0.1 • Gas producers non- in transmission and distribution • Daniel (gas meters mechanical (orifice, ultra sound, vortex) producers) metering − Follow NBS standards • Gas Research Institute Publish results (government agency)

Co-axial Design, build and test prototype 0-5 years 0.5 1.0 1.1 0.2 • Energy providers pipelines − 2-3 miles • National laboratories − Bury below ground − Pass 2 gases − Check for leaks at each end Demonstrate/manufacture co-axial pipeline

Advanced Compression Technologies

Need for Higher efficiency electrical drives Linear compressors: 4.0 1.5 3.0 2.5 • Joint effort between industry, compressors Reduce mechanical losses 5-10 years 4.0 1.5 3.5 1.0 government, and equipment with Improve volumetric efficiency Guided rotor suppliers improved Improved/reduced use of valves compressors: 1.0 3.5 4.5 4.8 reliability and Simpler compressor design 3-8 years efficiency Minimize dynamic parts and seals Electrochemical Reduce exposure to contamination of compressors: hydrogen (i.e., from oil) 5-10 years

Need for Develop materials to allow use of 2-10 years 3.5 3.0 4.0 3.5 • Joint effort between industry, improved centrifugal compressors for high purity government, and equipment materials of hydrogen compression suppliers construction Improve on hydride based compression Improve rider bands, piston rings, bearings and other wearing parts Improve cost of electrochemical compressor technology Eliminate use of expensive materials currently used in high pressure hydrogen compression

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C S R E

Economic/System Studies or Models

Need to develop Develop economic device models to 0-3 years 5.0 2.5 3.5 • Energy suppliers realistic represent cost, conversion efficiency, • Automotive manufacturers hydrogen energy/mass balance • National laboratories infrastructure Develop energy demand/source scenarios 0-3 years • Universities system to define future assumptions by models and geography and time studies to Produce hand-selected distribution 0-3 years evaluate and network scenarios (based on best compare judgments of modelers) different Develop self-assembled distribution 0-3 years hydrogen network models that provide production automated strategy-scoping and capabilities, optimized on economics, distribution reliability, etc. (requires new network computational science) options and Develop realistic, multi-energy, self- 3-8 years scenarios assembled distribution network models (add electric power, natural gas, etc.)

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Liquid Hydrogen Delivery Breakout Results Hydrogen liquefaction is costly and energy intensive. However, liquid hydrogen delivery by truck or pipeline is likely to be a necessary part of the Participants: hydrogen delivery infrastructure, especially during the introduction period Liquid Hydrogen Delivery and in situations where lower volumes of hydrogen are needed. Key barriers include limitations to refrigeration technology, the high capital cost NAME ORGANIZATION of liquefaction systems compared to the demand for liquid hydrogen, lack of Rodney Anderson National Energy Technology Laboratory Pete Devlin U.S. DOE, OHFCIT technologies to manage/reduce boil-off, and lack of low-cost materials for Ray Drnevich Praxair, Inc. low-temperature systems, as shown in Table 4 Karl Jonietz Los Alamos National Laboratory

Carl Landahl Argonne National Laboratory Dramatic improvements in technology will be required for liquefaction to Stephen Lasher TIAX meet the cost goals for delivered hydrogen. Fundamental research is needed Michael McGowan BOC Gases to investigate innovative hydrogen liquefaction and liquid hydrogen storage Elizabeth Pfeiffer BMW of North America technologies. Research is needed on two, parallel paths: 1) evolutionary James Ragland Aramco Services Company improvements to existing liquefaction technologies in order to meet nearer- Matthew Ringer National Renewable Energy Laboratory term needs for liquid hydrogen, and 2) investigation of potential Prentiss Searles American Petroleum Institute breakthrough technologies that can lead to entirely new concepts and step- Brad Smith Shell Hydrogen change improvements in liquid hydrogen technology. Research on advanced * Session Chair and Presenter materials and additives and improved, integrated power and refrigeration systems are a few of the priority research needs for evolutionary technology FACILITATOR: Keith Jamison, Incorporated improvements. A summary of the top-priority research needs is provided in Exhibit 1; Tables 5 and 6 show a more comprehensive set of R&D needs for liquid hydrogen delivery.

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Liquid Hydrogen Delivery TABLE 4. TECHNICAL BARRIERS/PROBLEMS = CRITICAL BARRIER

LIQUEFACTION PROCESS LIQUID DELIVERY AND SAFETY MARKET REGULATORY POLICY METROLOGY/ TECHNOLOGY MANAGEMENT QUALITY ASSURANCE Refrigeration Boil-off Safety issues Lack distributed, Codes and standards Lack Lack low-cost technologies management/ detection of alternative incentives to impurity reduction hydrogen leaks markets for − Siting prime sensors – public safety hydrogen − Dispensing demand Liquefaction primary − Safety energy use reduction − Storage tanks (cheap, reliable, − International (e.g., Metering − Station etc.) harminization hydrogen in – bottoming, − On-board Number of liquid magnetic refrig. − How to dispose deliveries per Slow diffuse codes and (5-10%) hydrogen High cost of Odorization station to match standards creation natural gas) − How to process especially measure Expansion turbine materials for low with assumed liquid flow efficiency and cost temperature − Liquid plant size fire and insurance hydrogen systems − Market study − Gaseous − Differences in Compression hydrogen federal and efficiency (and Insulation Flame visibility state/local associated energy efficiency of Lack low-cost seal standards/ codes penalty) storage tanks analyzers Data to support liquid Refueler to vehicle hydrogen siting Low-cost heat interface/commu (codes and exchange nication standards) and Efficient and safe safety Improved heat dispenses/ Lack standard recovery dispensing specifications for a Delivery at required hydrogen Ortho/para conversion pressure commodity -will efficiency there be one? − Quality demand in Natural gas engine application prime mover (fit to hydrogen compressors)

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Liquid Hydrogen Delivery TABLE 5. R&D NEEDED TO OVERCOME THE BARRIERS ι = TOP PRIORITY, = HIGH PRIORITY, U = MEDIUM PRIORITY

LIQUID DELIVERY AND MANAGEMENT LIQUEFACTION PROCESS TECHNOLOGY SAFETY REGULATORY MARKET

Develop innovative liquid hydrogen storage concepts Fund fundamental science on Develop remote Conduct R&D Investigate UUU innovative liquefaction hydrogen leak to provide new end- Develop portable, low cost hydrogen reliquefier technologies, including novel detector answers to use UU compression technologies code issues applica- − And/or for direct gas to liquid refueling at station ιιιιιιιιU Develop sold-state U tions for Develop advanced cryogenic storage materials Develop new ortho-para conversion hydrogen sensors Develop hydrogen technologies UU dispensing (white − Withstand embrittlement Develop hydrogen technology paper − Improve seals/gaskets − Alternatives odorants studies) Gain better understanding of cryogenic insulators incorporating − At higher temperatures? − Are they needed weights and UU Develop integrated refrigeration and in vehicles? measures Investigate Develop mobile vehicle boil-off containment/use devices power generation systems − Will odorant leak? U impact of UU Ensure tie-in with ιUUU 700 bar Investigate higher pressure liquid delivery options energy Develop alloys for heat exchangers on UU infrastructure/secu UUUU existing Evaluate other uses for liquid hydrogen – refrigeration duel rity Develop additives that could raise market use the liquefaction temperature and U UUUU separate as liquid Investigate Develop efficient high pressure liquid hydrogen pumps for ιUUU economic vehicle fueling Develop micro-channel heat and UUU exchangers for small-scale plants technical Dewar (min. boil-off) storage tank design improvements UUU feasibility Investigate mixed refrigerants of using Develop low cost advanced technology insulating materials U hythane UU Investigate multimedia liquefaction Investigate small liquid hydrogen trailer for multiple, small nanotube/ liquid/gaseous methods deliveries – (similar to milk runs) UUU UU Develop incremental compressor Investigate dispensing nozzle improvement to make more improvements economical Develop membrane or other U separation device for improving Investigate low cost liquid hydrogen “drop-off” trailers hydrogen purification (swappable)

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Liquid Hydrogen Delivery TABLE 6. ANALYSIS OF TOP PRIORITY R&D NEEDS

R&D Needs Technical Elements TimeFrame R&D Impacts Potential Partners Identified as a top priority Critical technical elements or Time from start of R&D to Impacts (0-5 scale) of this R&D on Potential partners for this milestones identified as a part of this commercial application of results hydrogen delivery Cost (C), Safety (S), R&D activity R&D activity Reliability (R), Energy Efficiency (E) C S R E

Develop additives that Solubilities 7+ years 5 5 5 • Universities could raise the Chemical issues • National Laboratories liquefaction Phase behavior • Chemical process temperature and End user impacts industry separate as liquid • Specialty chemical manufacturers

Integrated refrigeration Evaluate integration Modification of existing 2 2 2 2 • Universities and power generation opportunities for small and technologies = 4 years • National Laboratories systems large plants • Tech developers Investigate conventional Novel tech = >7 years 4 4 4 4 • R&D organizations integration and novel low • Industry gas grade waste companies

Develop alloys for heat Assess energy efficiency vs. Go/no-go = 4 years 2.5 N/A 1 5 • Universities exchangers (and cost develop possible Implement = 7+ years • Industry manufacturing solution set • National laboratories techniques) Test new materials – develop engineered solutions

New orthopara Assess energy efficiency Go/no-go = 4 years 5 NA 3 5 • National laboratories conversion properties Implement = 7+ years • Universities with technologies Test catalysts for best industry assisting in temperature process problem definition Target LN2 temperature Innovative liquid Materials For codes, standards, and 3 3 3 3 • Tank manufacturers hydrogen storage Designs evolutionary improvements • Liquid hydrogen concepts Load factors to existing technology: 3-7 distributors Logistics years Peak shaving For new technology: 7+ years Codes, standards, regulations Systems approach

Strategic Directions for Hydrogen Delivery Workshop 17 May 2003

Fundamental science on Estimate refrigeration state of Modification of existing 2 2 2 2 • Universities innovative the art (cost, efficiency, other technologies = 4 years • National laboratories liquefaction benefits and limitations) • Technology technologies Investigate fundamental Novel technologies = >7 years 4 4 4 4 developers hydrogen properties/ • R&D organizations interactions • Industrial gas Evaluate non-conventional companies technologies

Strategic Directions for Hydrogen Delivery Workshop 18 May 2003

Solid and Liquid Carriers Breakout Results The use of solid or liquid hydrogen carriers that can release hydrogen Participants: without significant processing operations are possible transport/delivery Solid and Liquid Carriers options. As Table 7 shows, there are a variety of potential hydrogen carriers under investigation, all of which are in different stages of NAME ORGANIZATION development. Current solid and liquid hydrogen transport technologies John Anderson TMS have high costs, and/or insufficient energy density, and/or poor hydrogen Gene Berry Lawrence Livermore National Lab release and regeneration. The particular barriers facing the development of Stephen Chalupa ChevronTexaco solid and liquid carriers are carrier-specific: Table 8 includes a list of Max Clausen Pacific Northwest National Lab some of the key technical barriers to the development of the main options Terry Copeland Millennium Cell Inc. being investigated today. Donald Hardesty Sandia National Lab J. Stephen Herring Idaho National Energy/Eng. Lab Current hydrogen carrier technologies require step change improvements Theodore Motyka* DOE/Savannah River to meet cost goals. Completely new concepts and technologies may also Guido Pez Air Products & Chemicals be discovered along fundamental research paths. In order to help focus Gerry Runte Gas Technology Institute R&D efforts, comparative systems analysis of all hydrogen delivery Edward Schmetz U.S. Department of Energy options and alternatives (from point of production to point of hydrogen Richard Smith National Science Foundation consumption) are an essential near-term need. Top-priority R&D needs Peter Teagan Tiax for carriers are summarized in Exhibit 1 and displayed in more detail in Brian Turk RTI Tables 9 and 10 below. R&D needs are identified for a variety of carriers, * Session Chair and Presenter including reversible liquid carriers, metal hydrides, irreversible FACILITATOR: Ross Brindle, Energetics, Incorporated (regenerable and non-regenerable) chemical carriers, nanotubes and other carbon structures, as well as for overall systems analysis and computational and analytical tools.

Strategic Directions for Hydrogen Delivery Workshop 19 May 2003

TABLE 7. EXAMPLE SOLID AND LIQUID CARRIERS

EXAMPLE TWO-WAY STAGE OF Two-Way Process CARRIERS PROCESS DEVELOPMENT indicates a return Methanol/ethanol No 3 stream for hydrogen carriers is required Ammonia No 3 with this carrier system Reversible liquids (decalin/naphthalene) Yes 2+ Fischer-Tropsch liquids No 2+ Stage of Development: Glass microspheres Yes 1+ 1 = R&D stage Carbon Nanotubes Yes 1 2 = Demonstration, scale- up, early development Hydride solids (chemical) Yes 2 stage Hydride solution chemical Yes 2 3 = Commercial stage (still requires Hydride solid (metal, reversible) Yes 2+ development) Hydride slurry Yes 1

Strategic Directions for Hydrogen Delivery Workshop 20 May 2003

Solid and Liquid Carriers TABLE 8. TECHNICAL BARRIERS (1 OF 2) = CRITICAL BARRIER

OVERARCHING BARRIERS 2-WAY SYSTEM REVERSIBLE METAL HYDRIDE HYDRIDE SLURRY IRREVERSIBLE HYDRIDES BARRIERS SOLIDS AND HYDRIDE SOLUTIONS Lack of comprehensive systems analysis for Long-term (multi- High weight per kg Possible safety barriers Regeneration processes comparison of carrier options and alternatives cycle) purity of hydrogen (chemistry and efficiency for carrier agents dependent) chemical hydride solids Safety in vehicle accidents (build-up of Limited understand of the High cost and weight and solutions contaminants) physical and chemical R&D costs for Rate of charge or discharge of carrier Added handling kinetics and role of developing new and dopants/ catalysts in materials Key Strengths Hydrogen carrier materials must require infrastructure metal hydrides High storage capacity Key Strengths costs for return Easy generation of comparable or lower energy than the hydrogen Slurries could be piped streams High cost of metal hydrides hydrogen they transport on lifecycle basis using existing infrastructure Carbon-containing liquid carriers must be better Metal hydrides must use Possible safety benefits carriers than fuels only abundant, cheap raw materials (e.g., not Hydrogen carriers must be superior to liquid lithium) hydrogen Energy penalty for lifecycle hydrogen delivery Hydrogen absorbents under pressure must store using metal hydrides more hydrogen than the volume of gas they Possible safety (dispersal, displace pyrophoricity) and/or life Low volumetric hydrogen content per unit of cycle issues associated carrier with metal hydrides Potential high cost of carriers compared to liquid fuel transport Key Strengths By-products released to environment could be High volumetric storage potential barriers capacity Uncertainty regarding R&D expense required for They are known, relatively carriers early in development (e.g., nanotubes, safe, and possibly energy hydride slurries) - left to marketplace? efficient

Strategic Directions for Hydrogen Delivery Workshop 21 May 2003

Solid and Liquid Carriers TABLE 8. TECHNICAL BARRIERS (2 OF 2) = CRITICAL BARRIER

METHANOL, ETHANOL, ETC. FISCHER-TROPSCH AMMONIA REVERSIBLE CHEMICAL CARBON NANOTUBES GLASS MICROSPHERES LIQUIDS LIQUID HYDROGEN CARRIERS (E.G., DECALIN) Toxicity Lack of understanding High (>300oC) Decomposition Novel approaches like Low hydrogen Water affinity of which F-T decomposition temperature of decalin carbon nanotubes interaction energy Greenhouse gas liquids make the temperature to hydrogen is too high require extensive (UH) emissions best hydrogen Safety (300oC) R&D Requires a two-way Currently based on fossil carriers Odor system with return fuels Toxicity − Continued nanotube streams Cost considerations 90% of NH comes research Low energy density Carbon-based systems 3 Key Strength − Novel solid carriers Carbon-based systems have energy from natural gas High hydrogen carrying − Transition from lab (losses) have separation and requirements for and 30% is capacity with no to bulk mfg purity issues both formation and imported carbon emission Hydrogen interaction Key Strength Carbon-based systems conversion Materials issues for problems energy UH needs to Safety have energy Carbon-based systems larger scale use Safe be increased from 4 requirements for both have separation and due to caustic Can use existing to 6-8 kcal/mole formation and purity issues nature of NH3 infrastructure conversion Equipment to extract Hydrogen density in Equipment to extract hydrogen is Key Strength carbon nanotubes is hydrogen is complex complex Carbonless hydrogen not fully understood Carbon sequestration carrier Key Strengths at end use Manufacturing cost Well-understood and and energy required prevalent material Key Strengths High hydrogen content Easily transported Key Strengths liquid material Potential for using today’s lightweight infrastructure adsorbent No water affinity Purely physical process High hydrogen content

Strategic Directions for Hydrogen Delivery Workshop 22 May 2003

Solid and Liquid Carriers TABLE 9. R&D NEEDED TO OVERCOME THE BARRIERS ι = TOP PRIORITY, = HIGH PRIORITY, U MEDIUM PRIORITY

ANALYSIS REVERSIBLE LIQUID REVERSIBLE HYDRIDES COMPUTATIONAL AND IRREVERSIBLE NANOTUBES AND IRREVERSIBLE, NON- CARRIERS ANALYTICAL TOOLS REGENERATION OTHER CARBON REGENERABLE STRUCTURES CARRIERS Conduct comprehensive Identify, discover, Increase weight Use computational Couple irreversible Conduct fundamental Study optimal benchmarking and utilize the percentage of and analytical hydride research on carbon Fischer-Tropsch comparison analysis optimum hydrogen on tools to evaluate regeneration with nanostructures liquids for ιιιιιUUUUU reversible liquid- hydrides and introduction of hydrogen (including single hydrogen genera- U phase a hydrogen hydride slurries liquid hydrogen production wall nanotubes) tion at dis-tributed − Life cycle energy, carriers UUUU carriers ιιU for storing generation sites cost, and safety from point of production to ιιιιUU U UUUUU Investigate new low- hydrogen ιU point of consumption − “Liquid hydrides” Research on U cost, regenerable UU Demonstrate and − Develop systems − Low-UH improved charge Develop reliable − Consider new − Organic chemical confirm that analysis tools for and discharge methods to processes materials existing petroleum scenario, risk, and Relative evaluation synthesis, pathway comparison of liquid carriers kinetics measure hydrogen characterization pipeline systems of alternative delivery versus other UUU storage capacities Conduct basic hydrogen can be used in systems and and reaction heats research on adsorption methanol and components including delivery methods measurements technology, safety, UUUUU of new carrier efficient and guiding ethanol service economics, and policy U options (e.g., irreversible computational UU chemistry Conduct system Investigate nanotubes, hydride − Modeling to efficiency of liquid − engineering of microspheres) regeneration determine and hydrogen carrier integrated delivery UU UUU verify if any options with production, − Reliable carbon structures storage, and delivery laboratory achieve storage capacity densities of ιUUUUU measures practical interest − Integrate delivery with − Production scale- − Single-wall closing the carbon up issues carbon nanotubes cycle with a higher − Define and minimize affinity for the integrated cycle hydrogen energy cost throughout entire hydrogen pathway Perform an analysis on the benefit, cost, safety, etc. of slurry vs. solid hydride UUUUUU (6)

Strategic Directions for Hydrogen Delivery Workshop 23 May 2003

ANALYSIS REVERSIBLE LIQUID REVERSIBLE HYDRIDES COMPUTATIONAL AND IRREVERSIBLE NANOTUBES AND IRREVERSIBLE, NON- CARRIERS ANALYTICAL TOOLS REGENERATION OTHER CARBON REGENERABLE STRUCTURES CARRIERS Relative economic study of “ideal” reversible liquid hydrogen carrier UUUUUUUU UU Evaluate small scale on- site reforming of something other than methane U − Technical issues − Cost

Strategic Directions for Hydrogen Delivery Workshop 24 May 2003

Solid and Liquid Carriers TABLE 10. ANALYSIS OF TOP-PRIORITY R&D NEEDS

Investigate low- Using NaBO2 NaBH4 as a 2004-06: Basic research on Cost 2.8 4.8 3.5 2.3 • Borax suppliers cost, efficient model, though that particular reactions − Reduce by 10- • Current hydrogen irreversible hydride hydride may not be final 100x 2005-07: Bench-scale process Safety suppliers regeneration choice development − Liquid, room • Industrial chemical coupled with Regeneration reaction is the temperature, companies with similar atmospheric hydrogen missing link 2006-08: Pilot plant carrier, low electrochemical manufacture Potential routes: flammability capabilities − Thermochemical Reliability • Auto companies − Electrochemical − Simple gen- − High-T (600C) system, low • Fuel cell manufacturers − Low-T (50-250C) capital cost, on- • Traditional suppliers of − Multi-step board − Concentrate on most difficult Energy Efficiency hydride for other step − 3x reduction in purposes energy input meets 2010 hydrogen density goals (10%) Conduct R&D Effective liquid phase hydrogen Current: Decalin Naphthelene 3.5 4.5 2.0 4.5 • Universities towards the delivery at moderate/low 2005: Identify 5-10 serious • National laboratories identification pressure and temperature potential candidates • Industry (energy/ discovery and with potential to use current 2010: multiple candidates enter chem.) infrastructure and technology utilization of the pilot-scale demo • Research institutes optimum reversible Material election/screening − Reaction energy for hydrogen liquid hydrogen addition removal carriers − Kinetics − Catalysis − Energy density − Practicality − Safety − Disposal/benign − Temperature/press − Stability − Cost

Strategic Directions for Hydrogen Delivery Workshop 25 May 2003

R&D PRIORITIES TECHNICAL ELEMENTS TIMEFRAME AND MILESTONES R&D IMPACTS R&D IMPACTS POTENTIAL PARTNERS Identified as a top Critical technical elements or Time from start of R&D to commercial Impacts (0-5 scale) of Potential partners for this priority milestones identified as a part of this application of results this R&D on hydrogen R&D activity R&D activity delivery Cost (C), Safety (S), Reliability (R), Energy Efficiency (E) C S R E Conduct Analysis must be on point of 2003: Begin benchmarking study Safety 2.5 4 1 2 • National laboratories benchmarking production to point of − Prioritize some • Industry comparison study consumption basis early 2004: Identify high-level technical work of delivery methods issues and compile draft − Begin developing • Universities Use systems analysis and mitigation and impact on engineering to focus on document overall system − Develop integration impacts of delivery element late 2004: peer review draft, education Selection of novel on overall system revise outreach hydrogen performance Cost Safety – Risk assessment 2005: publish study − Focus on short delivery systems term safe and and their cost risk ranking prioritization practical – and efficiency of risks understand long goals should be Life Cycle – Include both term issues based on their energy efficiency and total Reliability impact on the costs and emissions (waste − Focus on entire hydrogen recycle) transition option system in issues system

comparison to wide benchmark or Energy Efficiency alternative − Relates to cost systems and emission Conduct R&D to Continue ongoing development 2004: go/no-go on preliminary 3 5 3 4 • National laboratories increase wt% of of complex hydrides as analysis • Universities metal hydrides and onboard storage materials Perform a preliminary technical 2003: Bench-scale verification • Research institutes possibly optimize and economic analysis to • Industry them for slurry determine feasibility and 2011: Pilot-scale validation delivery advantages of applying these materials to slurry/solution delivery Perform bench-scale tests to demonstrate proof of concept and then to optimize material performance Perform pilot-scale engineering demonstration as hydrogen delivery system

Strategic Directions for Hydrogen Delivery Workshop 26 May 2003

R&D PRIORITIES TECHNICAL ELEMENTS TIMEFRAME AND MILESTONES R&D IMPACTS R&D IMPACTS POTENTIAL PARTNERS Identified as a top Critical technical elements or Time from start of R&D to commercial Impacts (0-5 scale) of Potential partners for this priority milestones identified as a part of this application of results this R&D on hydrogen R&D activity R&D activity delivery Cost (C), Safety (S), Reliability (R), Energy Efficiency (E) C S R E Use computational Provide the computational and 10/2005: Develop quantum The computational and analytical tools analytical tools that will mechanics based guidance on the to evaluate guide the research toward computational methods for necessary hydrogen carriers finding the needed solid and modeling weak (< 10 kcal/mol) analytical (storage, capacity liquid hydrogen carriers and van der Waals-type interaction methods will and reaction heats) experimentally determine the energies. Particularly for lead to a more critical properties for their predicting the hydrogen efficient, less effective use adsorption energies on costly R&D practical hydrogen storage process for materials and carbon hydrogen nanostructure, nanotubes, etc. delivery

10/2005: Develop reliable methods for measuring the critical physical properties for hydrogen storage for solid and liquid carriers. Includes measurement of hydrogen isotherms, reaction heats and kinetics

10/2006: Complete computational models for reversible liquid and solid hydrogen carriers (e.g., decalin to naphthalene systems, carbon nanotubes hydrogen sorbents, etc.)

10/2006: Establish models for defining research protocol for developing preferred solid and liquid carriers

Strategic Directions for Hydrogen Delivery Workshop 27 May 2003

R&D PRIORITIES TECHNICAL ELEMENTS TIMEFRAME AND MILESTONES R&D IMPACTS R&D IMPACTS POTENTIAL PARTNERS Identified as a top Critical technical elements or Time from start of R&D to commercial Impacts (0-5 scale) of Potential partners for this priority milestones identified as a part of this application of results this R&D on hydrogen R&D activity R&D activity delivery Cost (C), Safety (S), Reliability (R), Energy Efficiency (E) C S R E Conduct Ability to synthesize carbon 2003 – 2010: Basic research Extremely safe and 3.5 5 4.5 4 • Universities fundamental R&D nanostructures of a desired agenda, synthesis, reliable – solid • National laboratories on carbon configuration using computational science, and state • Involve gas companies nanostructures for computational science hydrogen-sorption Cost is uncertain in at an early stage storing hydrogen methods measurement work the long run including material Provide a theoretical, Efficiency synthesis, underpinning for carbon 2005 – 2010: Nanostructure potentially high characterization, nanostructures – hydrogen production methods in because of hydrogen interaction quantities needed for reversibility adsorption Conduct definitive experiments engineering testing measurement, and to measure the fundamental verification hydrogen interaction properties of the nanostructures Production techniques for viable qualities of promising materials Prototype testing for integration into a delivery system

Strategic Directions for Hydrogen Delivery Workshop 28 May 2003

Bulk Hydrogen Storage Breakout Results Bulk storage of hydrogen is a key element of the delivery infrastructure for Participants: the hydrogen economy. Like natural gas, bulk hydrogen storage can be Bulk Hydrogen Storage accomplished in large tanks or in geologic formations. As such, the footprint and weight requirements are much less restrictive for bulk storage than for NAME ORGANIZATION on-board vehicle storage. Similar to natural gas, it is expected that low cost Ron Chittim American Petroleum Institute bulk storage will be needed for efficient system operations to address daily Anthony Cugini National Energy Technology Laboratory Charles Forsberg Oak Ridge National Laboratory and seasonal swings in supply and demand. The requirements for bulk Jay Keller Sandia National Laboratories hydrogen storage systems generally fall into three broad size classes: Marty Krongold Air Liquide America, L.P. Marianne Mintz Argonne National Laboratory <50 (“tens of”) tons for on-site storage at fueling stations or George Parks ConocoPhillips distributed generation facilities Venki Ramen* Air Products & Chemicals Lixin You ChevronTexaco 50-1000 (“hundreds of”) tons for storage at terminals or depots, Bill Liss Gas Technology Institute probably located outside of major centers of hydrogen demand John Petrovick Los Alamos National Laboratory Scott Savage Air Liquide America, L.P. >1000 (“thousands of”) tons for storage on-site at major hydrogen Marvin Singer DOE/Fossil Energy production facilities or in other locations between the production Moe Khaneel Pacific Northwest National Laboratory facilities and hydrogen storage terminals or depots * Session Chair and Presenter

However, there is much uncertainty about the specific requirements for bulk FACILITATOR: Rich Scheer, Incorporated hydrogen storage systems. Much depends on how the infrastructure for the overall hydrogen economy evolves, including preferred modes of hydrogen production, transport, and end-use applications. As a result, at this early stage of hydrogen energy development, it is important to avoid rushing to “rule out” options prematurely. Multiple pathways for bulk hydrogen storage need to be considered.

Despite the uncertainties, one thing is clear: for bulk hydrogen storage to play a significant role in the hydrogen economy, the costs of doing it need to be extremely low. In the end, the costs probably need to be at least comparable to the costs of bulk storage of natural gas today. A comprehensive list of barriers to bulk hydrogen storage is shown in Table 11.

Finding ways to lower the costs of bulk hydrogen storage is one of the most important barriers to address. It is difficult to determine which bulk storage concepts to focus on for cost reduction because there is a lack of models and analysis tools for evaluating hydrogen infrastructure alternatives and pathways. For example, the technologies and techniques for lowering costs of hydrogen storage in underground caverns are far different than those for high-pressure or low-pressure tanks or vessels. Robust analysis is needed to determine the performance requirements of the bulk hydrogen storage systems under a variety of scenarios and end-use applications.

Strategic Directions for Hydrogen Delivery Workshop 29 May 2003

Bulk Hydrogen Storage TABLE 11. TECHNICAL BARRIERS/PROBLEMS

= CRITICAL BARRIER

BULK STORAGE PERFORMANCE ISSUES OF MARKET AND INSTITUTIONAL ISSUES STORAGE DEVICES AND INFRASTRUCTURE DEFINITION – ECONOMICS BULK HYDROGEN STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES PROBLEM DEFINITION

High costs of bulk Maximum pressure storage Lack of space at filling stations -- need Lack of solid phase bulk Lack of assessment of storage temperature, pressure, acceptable footprint storage (50-1000 psig) that compatibility of hydrogen and dischargeability are “robust” and can be storage to current gas − Cost/viability of Lack of codes and standards to enable cycled storage costs cavern storage? − Cheap low temperature MH − High Knowledge of hydrogen hydrogen use at filling station and on- behavior in different site generation – include safety protocols alloys Problems with storage – compression Lack of cost-effective new costs geologic formations vehicle interface materials for preventing − Improving costs − Proximity to people at filling station Lack of knowledge of cost with cushion leakage and embrittlement Knowledge of behavior of − Compatibility of hydrogen and other fuels – tradeoffs between more gases how it affects footprint and storage hydrogen in storage vs. capacity factor requirements Storage material compatibility underground containers of market production Current marketing system for gasoline, e.g., with hydrogen Storage leakage control multiple stations at a single intersection − Pressure – static and (containment) Lack of user-friendly technologies (no dynamic Lack of system optimization experts self service) analysis Leak detection Lack of low cost compression Health and environmental impacts of technology − Lack of a model to provide cost target; how much cost − Odorants various storage technologies − Sensors is available for storage in Lack of operations/ maintenance support Heat management for storage total delivered hydrogen Durability of storage infrastructure cost? technology Independent fuel suppliers jobbers − Liquid − Solid Evaporation loss for liquid − Gas hydrogen

One of the potential low cost methods is bulk storage of hydrogen in geologic formations. This is a common form of storage for natural gas, and is being considered as a method for the sequestration of carbon dioxide. However, there is little geologic information on the physical attributes of underground formations for low cost hydrogen storage. Hydrogen has different properties than natural gas and these considerations need to be taken into account.

Another potential method is the use of solid-phase materials for low-pressure bulk storage. Such materials are being researched for on- board storage of hydrogen. It is not clear that the capital and life cycle costs of these materials can be made low enough for practical

Strategic Directions for Hydrogen Delivery Workshop 30 May 2003 application in the bulk storage of hydrogen, and long-term durability and reliability are key unresolved issues. Further work needs to be done to develop solid-state materials for bulk hydrogen storage and new methods for manufacturing them on a large scale.

Public concerns about the safety of hydrogen storage need to be addressed. Low cost hydrogen sensors need to be developed. Further work needs to be done to develop odorants for hydrogen gas streams. The top-priority research needs for bulk hydrogen storage are presented in Exhibit 1. A more detailed listing of the research, development, and demonstration needs for bulk hydrogen storage is shown in Tables 12 and 13.

Strategic Directions for Hydrogen Delivery Workshop 31 May 2003

Bulk Hydrogen Storage TABLE 12. R&D NEEDED TO OVERCOME THE BARRIERS ι = TOP PRIORITY, = HIGH PRIORITY, U MEDIUM PRIORITY

ADVANCED CONCEPTS ADVANCED DEMONSTRATION AND TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES CODES AND STUDIES AND ANALYSIS MATERIALS TESTING STANDARDS Modular hydrogen storage Search for cheap Demonstration of Develop smart sensors systems Fund a robust Study footprints required for concepts (plug & play) solid materials for underground to use in leak detection program in filing stations and U low pressure storage at urban UUU developing distributed generation Develop underground (geologic) storage hydrogen fueling − Embedded building, fire, facilities storage technology for stations/address − Low cost and safety codes U ιUUU − Reliable hydrogen − Phase change standards − Rapid response and standards for Study to investigate ιUUUUU materials for UU − Safety hydrogen compatibility/viability of thermal − Odorants for hydrogen − Develop low-cost sealant for management Facility for infrastructure for current available storage hydrogen cavern storage − Effects of prototype and Fund a robust systems analysis generic public options − Adsorption in existing hydrogen component program to help define the ιιUUU UUUU formations impurities on R&D infrastructural Re-visit footprint − Robust study regarding Develop manufacturing storage testing − landscape requirement for current storage technology technology for high pressure Development of UUUUU ιUUUU joint product leak rate detection and tanks in large volume, low Determine a “critical dispensing and issues new materials − Develop an economic model storage cost with good no leak mass” of users to optimize cost of production Economic analysis for DOE-led effort to necessary to and storage − ιιιιιU and embrittlement remove/lower different storage methods − Develop a model of complex Develop low cost/high properties support a pilot barriers to UU system economics and “micro” hydrogen hydrogen − Study of current capital costs pressure/small pipelines ιιUUU evolution (production – storage for storage − Study long term economy delivery – storage and UUU DOE coordinate − Scenario analysis to define hydrogen dispensing) − “Hybrid Storage” codes and hydrogen bulk storage needs materials − Develop an easy-to-use standards UU interaction techno-economic models for Test model behavior of activities − High pressure cryo − Storage tank screening options hydrogen in various − Low temperature-high SA solids material (spreadsheet level) geologic formations suitable Develop improved/lower cost degradation by Dispensing technology for for storage compression technology hydrogen (embrittlement) different bulk storage (gas, ιUU UUUU − Characterization liquid, solid carrier) − Study the design, Rapid hydrogen loading and of permeation UUUUUU construction and economics unloading on solid state and structural − Easy to use of hydrogen dome storage properties of storage − Convenient Life cycle and system analysis materials − User-friendly UUUU − Steel for low cost UUUUUUU − Robotics for hydrogen − Full-scale “Energy/Exergy” − Thermal management and − Large scale dispensing/delivery optimization of charge and composites study of storage options discharge Faster kinetics for solid-state hydrogen storage

Strategic Directions for Hydrogen Delivery Workshop 32 May 2003

Bulk Hydrogen Storage TABLE 13. ANALYSIS OF TOP PRIORITY RD&D NEEDS

RD&D NEED TECHNICAL ELEMENTS TIMEFRAME R&D Impacts POTENTIAL PARTNERS Identified as a top priority Critical technical elements or milestones identified as a Time from start of R&D to commercial Impacts (0-5 scale) of Potential partners for this part of this R&D activity application of results this R&D on hydrogen R&D activity delivery Cost (C), Safety (S), Reliability (R), Energy Efficiency (E) C S R E Create a robust systems Continuous dependence on boundary Initial version – near-term 3 4 5 • Universities analysis and modeling constraints Continuous updating based on • Industry program to define the Infrastructure description changing boundary conditions • National “Evergreen” stakeholder-driven process R&D infrastructure and laboratories Data collection via above • Utilities scale Overall effort addresses hydrogen production, storage, delivery, purification and • City industry dispensing modeling User-friendly techno-economic model process results Develop smart sensors to Develop rapid detection capability of RD&D requirements would 0 0.5 4 5 • Instrumention use for leak detection hydrogen in ambient conditions at TBD demand near-term companies with concentrations experience Develop self-calibrating and self-validating • National sensors laboratories Cheap sensors based on “smoke” or “CO” detector concept • Universities Develop viable odorant/dopant to enhance detectability Embedded or in-place sensors/systems capable of detecting system integrity and appropriate response Develop new materials Characterize permeation and structural Mid-term 4 5 • National with good, no leak, and behavior of existing materials (currently laboratories, embrittlement used in hydrogen storage) in the presence of including hydrogen properties nanoscience centers Use techniques like combinatorial chemistry to • Industry design alloys and composites with desired properties and low cost • Universities Study long-term hydrogen interaction with • Alloy makers materials (now and existing materials – • Composite makers potential degradation) Develop welding (solid-state) and sealing techniques to eliminate leaks

Strategic Directions for Hydrogen Delivery Workshop 33 May 2003

Develop geologic storage Survey H2/He storage (<3 year) experience Regionally dependent • USGS technologies and model Evaluate other geologies (permeabilities/cycle Key cost factor • Gas Institute/ hydrogen in various rates) (<3 years) − Cheap storage in a few parts of INGAA/CGA Define areas of country with viable sites (<3 geologic formations the country/expensive elsewhere • Universities years) − Technology development to get • National Can we develop technology to prevent leaks low cost across the country (>10 years) − Geology variable laboratories Impurity control on retrieval hydrogen Chemical reaction geology/hydrogen (3-10 years)

Strategic Directions for Hydrogen Delivery Workshop 34 May 2003

APPENDIX A Strategic Directions for Hydrogen Delivery Workshop -- AGENDA

DAY ONE – May 7, 2003

8:00 am Overview of the Hydrogen, Fuel Cells, and Infrastructure Technologies’ Hydrogen Production and Delivery Program Mark Paster, U.S. DOE, Hydrogen, Fuel Cells, and Infrastructure Technologies Program 8:30 am Plenary Presentations: Status of Hydrogen Delivery Technologies and Systems Pipelines, Jim Campbell, Air Liquide America L.P. Compression and Liquefaction, Ray Dnrevich, Praxair, Inc. Solid and Liquid Carriers, Guido Pez, Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. Storage (in delivery system), Jay Keller, Sandia National Lab 10:10 am Breakout Instructions and Process Overview, Shawna McQueen, Energetics 10:35 am Four Facilitated Breakout Sessions – organized by technical topic areas: Gaseous Hydrogen Delivery Liquid Hydrogen Delivery Solid and Liquid Carriers Hydrogen Storage Solutions 12:00 pm LUNCH 1:00 pm Breakouts resume – outcomes from breakout sessions will include Goals and refined technical targets Technical challenges/barriers to achieving the goals/targets Prioritized set of research and other activities 5:00 pm ADJOURN

DAY 2 – May 8, 2003

8:30 am Breakout Groups meet to review output and develop reports (Powerpoint presentations) for Plenary group 9:30 am Breakout Groups report results to the Plenary group 11:15 am General Discussion, Closing Remarks and Next Steps 12:00 pm ADJOURN

Strategic Directions for Hydrogen Delivery Workshop A-1 May 2003

APPENDIX B Plenary Presentations

Strategic Directions for Hydrogen Delivery Workshop B-1 May 2003

APPENDIX C Breakout Group Summary Presentations

Strategic Directions for Hydrogen Delivery Workshop C-1 May 2003

APPENDIX D – Strategic Directions for Hydrogen Delivery Workshop LIST OF PARTICIPANTS

Belinda Aber Raymond Anderson Roger Ballentine 5901 South Rice Hydrogen Initiative Leader President Bellaire, TX 77401 Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Green Strategies Phone: (713) 432-6659 Laboratory 1312 18th Street, N.W. Fax: (713) 432-2002 P.O. Box 1625 Washington, DC 20036 Email: [email protected] Mail Stop 2110 Phone: (202) 293-1123 Idaho Falls, ID 83415-2110 Fax: (202) 293-1124 Mark Ackiewicz Phone: (208) 526-1623 Email: [email protected] TMS, Incorporated Fax: (208) 526-9822 Phone: Email: [email protected] Gene Berry Fax: 7000 East Avenue L-644 Email: [email protected] Rodney Anderson Livermore, CA 94550 Product Manager Phone: (925) 424-3621 John Anderson U.S. Department of Energy/NETL Fax: (925) 423-7914 Senior Associate P.O. Box 880 Email: [email protected] TMS Morgantown, WV 26507 955 L'Enfant Plaza North, S.W. Phone: (304) 285-4709 Ross Brindle Suite 1500 Fax: (304) 285-4216 Energetics, Incorporated Washington, DC 20024 Email: [email protected] 7164 Gateway Drive Phone: (202) 554-4616 Columbia, MD 21046 Fax: (202) 554-4676 Greg Baehr Phone: (410) 953-6239 Email: [email protected] Project Manager Fax: (410) 290-0377 Praxair, Incorporated Email: [email protected] 222 Pennbright Drive Houston, TX 77090 Phone: (281) 872-2138 Fax: (281) 872-2202 Email: [email protected]

Strategic Directions for Hydrogen Delivery Workshop D-1 May 2003

Jim Campbell Steven Cohen Maria Curry-Nkansah Manager, Pipeline Engineering Business Development Manager Business Development Manager Air Liquide Process and ConStreet Teledyne Energy Systems, Incorporated BP 2700 Post Oak Boulevard 10707 Gilroy Road 150 West Warrenville Road Suite 1800 Hunt Valley, MD 21031-1311 Mail Code J-7 Houston, TX 77056 Phone: (410) 891-2297 Naperville, IL 60563-8460 Phone: (713) 499-6075 Fax: (410) 771-8619 Phone: (630) 420-5832 Fax: (713) 624-8898 Email: [email protected] Fax: (630) 420-4831 Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Terry Copeland Stephen Chalupa Vice President, Product Development Peter Devlin Fuels Supply Manager Millennium Cell, Incorporated Lead Management and Program Analyst ChevronTexaco Technology Ventures 1 Industrial Way West U.S. Department of Energy 3901 Briarpark Eatontown, NJ 7724 1000 Independence Avenue, S.W. Houston, TX 77042 Phone: (732) 542-4000 Forrestal Building, EE-2H Phone: (713) 954-6978 Fax: (732) 542-4010 Washington, DC 20585 Fax: (713) 954-6979 Email: [email protected] Phone: (202) 586-4905 Email: [email protected] Fax: (202) 586-9811 Anthony Cugini Email: [email protected] Ron Chittim Focus Leader American Petroleum Institute U.S. Department of Energy/NETL Raymond Drnevich 1220 L Street, N.W. 626 Cochrans Mill Road Manager, Hydrogen Technology Washington, DC 20005 Pittsburgh, PA 15236 Praxair, Incorporated Phone: (202) 682-8176 Phone: (412) 386-6023 175 East Park Drive Fax: (202) 682-8051 Fax: (412) 386-5920 Tonawanda, NY 14150 Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Phone: (716) 879-2595 Fax: (716) 879-7091 Max Clausen Genevieve Cullen Email: [email protected] Program Manager Senior Vice President Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Green Strategies Rod Dyck P.O. Box 1970 1312 18th Street Associate Director Richland, WA 99352 Second Floor National Transportation Safety Board Phone: (301) 442-8828 Washington, DC 20036 490 L'Enfant Plaza East, S.W. Email: [email protected] Phone: (202) 293-1123 Washington, DC 20594 Fax: (202) 293-1124 Phone: (202) 314-6469 Email: [email protected] Fax: (202) 314-6482 Email: [email protected]

Strategic Directions for Hydrogen Delivery Workshop D-2 May 2003

Steve Folga Esin Gulari Karl Jonietz Systems Engineer Acting Assistant Director, Engineering Los Alamos National Laboratory Argonne National Laboratory National Science Foundation MS D429 9700 South Cass Avenue 4201 Wilson Boulevard Los Alamos, NM 87545 Building 900, Room M05 Suite 525 Phone: (505) 667-1311 Argonne, IL 60439 Arlington, VA 22230 Fax: (505) 665-4292 Phone: (630) 252-3728 Phone: (703) 292-8300 Email: [email protected] Fax: (630) 252-6500 Fax: (703) 292-9013 Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Jay Keller Hydrogen Program Manager Charles Forsberg Donald Hardesty Sandia National Laboratories Oak Ridge National Laboratory Deputy Director P.O. Box, MS 9053 P.O. Box 2008 Sandia National Laboratories Livermore, CA 94551-0969 Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6179 7011 East Avenue Phone: (925) 294-3316 Phone: (865) 574-6783 MS9054 Fax: (925) 294-1004 Fax: (865) 574-9512 Livermore, CA 94550 Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Phone: (925) 294-2321 Fax: (925) 294-2276 Moe Khaleel Christopher Freitas Email: [email protected] Laboratory Fellow Program Manager Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Office of Fossil Energy J. Stephen Herring P.O. Box 999 U.S. Department of Energy, FE-32 Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Richland, WA 99352 1000 Independence Avenue, S.W. Laboratory Phone: (509) 375-2438 Forrestal Building, Room 3E-028 P.O. Box 1625, MS 3860 Fax: (509) 375-6605 Washington, DC 20585 Idaho Falls, ID 83415-3860 Email: [email protected] Phone: (202) 586-1657 Phone: (208) 526-9497 Fax: (202) 586-6221 Fax: (208) 526-2930 Marty Krongold Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Business Manager Air Liquide America L.P. David Greene Keith Jamison 200 Chastain Center Boulevard Corporate Research Fellow Engineer Suite 295 National Transportation Research Center Energetics, Incorporated Kennesaw, GA 30144 Oak Ridge National Laboratory 7164 Gateway Drive Phone: (678) 354-8219 2360 Cherahala Boulevard Columbia, MD 21046 Fax: (678) 354-8219 Knoxville, TN 37932 Phone: (410) 953-6201 Email: [email protected] Phone: (865) 946-1310 Fax: (410) 290-0377 Fax: (865) 946-1314 Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected]

Strategic Directions for Hydrogen Delivery Workshop D-3 May 2003

Carl Landahl Michael McGowan Marianne Mintz Argonne National Laboratory Marketing Manager, Hydrogen Energy Argonne National Laboratory 9700 South Cass Avenue BOC Gases 9700 South Cass Avenue Building 362 575 Mountain Avenue Argonne, IL 60439 Argonne, IL 60439-4815 Murray Hill, NJ 7974 Phone: (630) 252-5627 Phone: (630) 252-1762 Phone: (908) 771-1086 Fax: (630) 252-3443 Fax: (630) 252-9281 Fax: (908) 771-1903 Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Trent Molter Stephen Lasher Gilbert McGurl Senior Vice President TIAX U.S. Department of Energy Proton Energy Systems, Incorporated 15 Acorn Park P.O. Box 10940 10 Technology Drive Cambridge, MA 2140 Pittsburgh, PA 15236-0940 Wallingford, CT 6492 Phone: (617) 498-6108 Phone: (412) 386-4462 Phone: (203) 678-2185 Fax: (617) 498-7054 Fax: (412) 386-4561 Fax: (203) 949-8078 Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected]

William Liss Shawna McQueen Theodore Motyka Associate Director Energetics, Incorporated Manager, Hydrogen Technology Gas Technology Institute 7164 Gateway Drive Westinghouse Savannah River Site 1700 South Mount Prospect Road Columbia, MD 21046 Building 773-41A, 144 Des Plaines, IL 60018 Phone: (410) 290-0370 x235 Aiken, SC 29808 Phone: (847) 768-0753 Fax: (410) 290-0377 Phone: (803) 725-0772 Fax: (847) 768-0501 Email: [email protected] Fax: (803) 725-4553 Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] James Merritt Michael Manning Research and Development Program Manager George Parks Development Associate U.S. Department of Transportation Research Associate Praxair, Incorporated RSPA/OPS ConocoPhillips 175 East Park Drive 793 Countrybriar Lane 356 PL BTC Tonawanda, NY 14151 Denver, CO 80129 Bartlesville, OK 74004 Phone: (716) 879-2987 Phone: (303) 683-3117 Phone: (918) 661-7780 Fax: (716) 879-7030 Fax: (303) 346-9192 Fax: (918) 662-1097 Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected]

Strategic Directions for Hydrogen Delivery Workshop D-4 May 2003

Mark Paster James Ragland Gerry Runte General Engineer Director, ERG Gas Technology Institute U.S. Department of Energy Aramco Services Company 1700 South Mount Prospect 1000 Independence Avenue, S.W. 1667 K Street, N.W. Des Plaines, IL 60018 Forrestal Building, EE-2H Suite 1200 Phone: (847) 768-0730 Washington, DC 20585 Washington, DC 20006 Email: [email protected] Phone: (202) 586-2821 Phone: (202) 223-7750 Email: [email protected] Fax: (202) 223-7756 Scott Savage Email: [email protected] Manager, Zone Production John Petrovic Air Liquide America L.P. Laboratory Fellow Venki Raman 2700 Post Oak Boulevard Los Alamos National Laboratory Project Director Suite 1800 U.S. Department of Energy Air Products and Chemicals, Incorporated Houston, TX 77056 Forrestal Building, EE-2H 7201 Hamilton Boulevard Phone: (713) 624-8265 1000 Independence Avenue, S.W. Allentown, PA 18195 Fax: (713) 624-8262 Washington, DC 20585 Phone: (610) 481-8336 Email: [email protected] Phone: (202) 586-8058 Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Edward Schmetz Rich Scheer Portfolio Manager Guido Pez Vice President U.S. Department of Energy Chief Scientist Energetics, Incorporated 19901 Germantown Road Air Products and Chemicals, Incorporated 901 D Street Germantown, MD 20874 7201 Hamilton Boulevard Suite 100 Phone: (301) 977-3581 Allentown, PA 18195-1501 Washington, DC 20024 Fax: (301) 903-2238 Phone: (610) 481-4271 Phone: (202) 479-2748 Email: [email protected] Fax: (610) 481 7719 Fax: (202) 479-0229 Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Paul Scott ISE Research Elizabeth Pfeiffer Matthew Ringer 7345 Mission Gorge Road Environmental Compliance Manager Chemical Engineer/Analyst San Diego, CA 92120 BMW of North America National Renewable Energy Laboratory Phone: (619) 287-8785, Ext. 140 1 BMW Plaza 1617 Cole Boulevard Email: [email protected] Montvale, NJ 7645 MS 1613 Phone: (201) 573-2194 Golden, CO 80401 Prentiss Searles Fax: (201) 782-0764 Phone: (303) 275-3703 American Petroleum Institute Email: [email protected] Fax: (303) 275-2905 1220 L Street Email: [email protected] Washington, DC 20005 Phone: (202) 682-8227 Fax: (202) 682-8051 Email: [email protected]

Strategic Directions for Hydrogen Delivery Workshop D-5 May 2003

Marvin Singer Peter Teagan Lixin You Senior Advisor, Applied Energy Programs TIAX Senior Scientist/Engineer Office of Science 15 Acorn Park ChevronTexaco U.S. Department of Energy Cambridge, MA 2140 100 Cummings Park 1000 Independence Avenue, S.W. Phone: (617) 498-6054 Woburn, MA 1801 Washington, DC 20585 Fax: (617) 498-7054 Phone: (781) 932-8080, Ext. 132 Phone: (202) 586-4336 Email: [email protected] Fax: (781) 932-8181 Fax: (202) 586-8054 Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Steve Thomas Manager, Computational Science Brad Smith Sandia National Laboratories Project Manager P.O. Box 969 Shell Hydrogen Livermore, CA 94551-0969 777 Walker Street Phone: (925) 294-2954 TSP-2110 Fax: (925) 294 1200 Houston, TX 77002 Email: [email protected] Phone: (713) 241-3239 Fax: (713) 241-3240 Michele Touvelle Email: [email protected] Planning Advisor ExxonMobil Richard Smith 3225 Gallows Road Program Director Fairfax, VA 22037 National Science Foundation Phone: (703) 846-7179 4201 Wilson Boulevard Fax: (703) 846-6181 Room 525 Email: [email protected] Arlington, VA 22230 Phone: (703) 292-8371 Brian Turk Fax: (703) 292-9054 Research Chemical Engineer Email: [email protected] RTI 3040 Cornwallis Road Allen Spivey P.O. Box 12194 Manager Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2194 Mechanical Engineering and Field Operations Phone: (919) 541-8024 Distribution Operations Technology Fax: (919) 541-8000 Gas Technology Institute Email: [email protected] 1700 South Mount Prospect Road Des Plaines, IL 60018-1804 Phone: (847) 768-0867 Fax: (847) 768-0569 Email: [email protected]

Strategic Directions for Hydrogen Delivery Workshop D-6 May 2003