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History of Database Applications Moaz Mansour (47) Wengang Yang (77) University of Rochester University of Rochester 500 Joseph C

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History of Database Applications Moaz Mansour (47) Wengang Yang (77) University of Rochester University of Rochester 500 Joseph C History of Database Applications Moaz Mansour (47) Wengang Yang (77) University of Rochester University of Rochester 500 Joseph C. Wilson Blvd., Rochester, NY 14627 500 Joseph C. Wilson Blvd., Rochester, NY 14627 +1(585)733-7670 +1(585)629-2778 [email protected] [email protected] ABSTRACT Databases and database management systems have become a very provide more sophisticated programming logic within the database essential part of today’s information systems. Most of our day-to- structure. day activities certainly include a database interaction. It starts nowadays with the newly born children who get a record number in most of the governments in our modern world. It is involved in everything after that, going to school, graduating, getting a job, 2. Database Development Timeline: running or managing a business, buying travel tickets or even getting your groceries. 2.1 The Sixties The purpose of this project is to take a look on the origins of Back to 1960’s, Cobol and with Cobol, and later Fortran, the first databases from different perspectives (1) Its development over the non-proprietary programming language has been developed. And years (2) different technologies adopted and (3) to take a look this makes it possible to create enterprise computer systems. Based forward at what the future may hold for databases. on this, two main data models were developed, which are network model by C.W.Bachman (Bachman 1965) and hierarchical model IMS (Information Management System). 1. INTRODUCTION In the late 1960’s, IBM created the very first commercial system The ancient or modern society, humans and organizations always IMS for American Airlines to help them store reservation data. have the everlasting demand to store and retrieve information and Both kinds of DBMSs (hierarchical and network) were accessible data. Long ago, simple and non-computerized database system was using Cobol, which makes it controllable to maintain and manage developed and used in hospitals, governments, and libraries, of the database, but it’s still complicated and time consuming. which some basic concepts of the design are still applied in nowadays database application. Following is the revolution 2.2 The Seventies timeline of the databases and their different types. In 1970, a totally different database model was created by Edgar F. Codd. He published his paper "A Relational Model of Data for Origins of the database go back to libraries, governmental, business Large Shared Data Banks". In the paper, Codd stated that all the and medical records before the computers were invented. And back data in a database could be represented as a tabular structure (tables to 1960’s, two main data models were developed - network model with columns and rows). In the past, database applications are CODASYL (Conference on Data System Language) and considered to search for data only by content instead of following hierarchical model IMS (Information Management System). links. The first generation of database was navigational. The relational Peter Chen, proposed a new database model in 1976, which is the database model was invented in 1970’s by E.F. Codd. whose model entity-relation model. And it serves as the foundation of many later became the standard principal of database systems. Also systems analysis and design methodologies. during that time, IBM developed the prototype system called System R. During 1980’s, it’s the time when relational system 2.3 The Eighties began to commercialized and the concept of the object-oriented In the early 1980s, research was centered on another type of database was developed. database. It’s mainly due to the demand to solve the requirement to In 1990’s, developments were more focused on the client tools such deal with large scale of data and complicated object. To accomplish as Oracle Developer and VB. When came to the 21st century, more these tasks, the database had to be able to store classes and objects interactive applications appeared and there is a growing trend to and the objects associations and methods, and the object-oriented DBMS (OODBMS) appeared. In the late 1980s several companies had invented OODBMSs (e.g. ObjectDesign, Versant). This work is to be used for class purposes at the University of Rochester as part of Databases Graduate Course. For any use beyond those covered by this note, Also, SQL has become the standard query language from then. And obtain permission by emailing [email protected] or RDBMS was beginning to be widely used in market. Not long after [email protected] the IMB PC’s coming out, more and more DB companies were built Copyright 2017 Moaz Mansour, Wengang Yang as well as the products. 2.4 The Nineties order to retrieve data. The IBM Information Management System For 1990’s, most of the progresses were made concentrating on (IMS) is one of the most widely used hierarchical databases. client tools for application development, such as PowerBuilder (Sybase), Oracle Developer, and VB (Microsoft). 3.3 Relational Model A Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) is a system The client-server model for computing served as the norm for where a relation is defined as a set of tuples represented by a table. future business analysis and decision. around the mid 1990’s after Each column in the table contains data of the same type. Business the internet emerged to the market, open source solutions came rules are implemented in this kind of database by employing online with widespread use of GCC (GNU) Complier Collection), constraints in form of Boolean expressions to provide restrictions CGI (Computer Generated Imagery), Apache, and MySQL. Online on the kinds of data to be stored. Transaction Processing (OLTP) and Online Analytic Processing (OLAP) became much more popular because of the wide Relations’ tuples are identified by unique fields called keys. The application of POS. relational database can be accessed rapidly by an index as it allows direct look-up rather than checking all tuples. st 2.5 Early 21 Century The structured query language (SQL) is the computer language that When coming to 21st century, database applications continue to deals with relational database. It is used to perform common develop. Thanks to the development of PDAs (Personal Data operations like data storage and retrieval on the database. Assistants), consolidation of vendors, transections, more and more interactive database applications have been created. And apart from The relational database deals with undefined or missing storing and retrieving data, the database application began to adopt information by a three-valued logic where test results would be more sophisticated programming language as well as more True, False or Null. The data in the relational model are represented advanced features like triggers, cascading update, and delete. This as a mathematical n-ary relation. Each row in a table represents one makes database run more consistently within tables. n-tuple of a relation and cardinality is defined as the number of tuples in a relation. A tuple of a relation is considered a set, thus there is no defined ordering in a relation. 3. Database Types: The relational model does not itself define the way in which the A database (DB) is basically grouped amount of data organized in database handles concurrent data change requests. These changes a way that allows a computer program termed the Database are handled by a transaction model. A transaction is a Management System (DBMS) may easily manage it. transformation of state which has the properties of atomicity, consistency, isolation and durability, ACID. A database management system (DBMS) is a collection of software programs that gives a user the interaction ability to store, modify 3.3.1 Structured Query Language (SQL) and extract data from a certain database. It enables the definition, The most popular and widely used database language SQL which creation, query, update and administration of databases. was initially called SEQUEL. It was designed by IBM to retrieve and manipulate data in their database. It included common There are three main categories of database management systems, operations like insert, delete, update, query, schema creation and and these are hierarchical, network and relational models. Each modification. type differs in how the DBMS organizes data internally, and this determines the speed and efficiency of data retrieval. The most common operation in SQL is the query command, also known as SFW. It is performed by the SELECT statement to 3.1 Network Model retrieve data FROM one or more tables WHERE target tuples The network model is often used for a database management satisfy certain condition. system if the relationships between the data records are defined in The Data Manipulation Language (DML) is a subset of SQL used form of a graph. The records in this form are connected together via to add, update and delete data. The Data Definition Language links and any given record may have several parent and/or (DDL) manages table and index structure. dependent records. The network model permits cycles and allows many-to-many relationships to be expressed in a simple graph-like 3.3.2 Oracle Database structure. An Oracle database is a collection of data treated as a unit, and it is General Electric’s Integrated Data Store (IDS) and the Integrated used to store and retrieve related information. It allows concurrent Database Management System (IDMS) are two significant access to the data, thus it is a multi-user environment friendly. It is examples depicting the adoption of network model in databases. a secure database as it has the ability to prevent unauthorized access to the database and it also provides smooth recovery of information 3.2 Hierarchical Model in the event of an outage.
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