DOCSLIB.ORG

High-Heeled Shoes and Musculoskeletal Injuries: a Narrative Systematic Review

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
High-Heeled Shoes and Musculoskeletal Injuries: a Narrative Systematic Review Open Access Research BMJ Open: first published as 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-010053 on 13 January 2016. Downloaded from High-heeled shoes and musculoskeletal injuries: a narrative systematic review Maxwell S Barnish,1 Jean Barnish2 To cite: Barnish MS, ABSTRACT Strengths and limitations of this study Barnish J. High-heeled shoes Objectives: To conduct the first systematic review and musculoskeletal injuries: from an epidemiological perspective regarding the ▪ a narrative systematic review. We present the first systematic review of high- association between high-heeled shoe wear and BMJ Open 2016;6:e010053. heeled shoes and health from an epidemiological doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2015- hallux valgus, musculoskeletal pain, osteoarthritis perspective. 010053 (OA) and both first-party and second-party injury in ▪ We situate the evidence in the context of wider human participants without prior musculoskeletal public debate. conditions. ▪ ▸ Prepublication history We were able to consider evidence published in and additional material is Setting: A systematic review of international peer- seven languages. available. To view please visit reviewed scientific literature across seven major ▪ We could not include non-European languages the journal (http://dx.doi.org/ languages. and two articles were not retrievable. 10.1136/bmjopen-2015- Data sources: Searches were conducted on seven ▪ There was a lack of standardisation of heel 010053). major bibliographic databases in July 2015 to initially height cut-offs between studies. identify all scholarly articles on high-heeled shoes. Supplementary manual searches were conducted. Titles, abstracts and full-text articles were sequentially MSB is the senior author and INTRODUCTION screened to identify all articles assessing is currently at Epidemiology High-heeled shoes (high heels) are a power- Group, Institute of Applied epidemiological evidence regarding the association ful symbol of modern female sexuality1 that between high-heeled shoe wear and hallux valgus, Health Sciences, University of have been shown to increase women’s attract- Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK. musculoskeletal pain, OA and both first-party and fl ’ second-party injury in human participants without prior iveness to men and in uence men s behav- Received 22 September 2015 musculoskeletal conditions. Standardised data iour towards women in experimental 23 Revised 10 December 2015 extraction and quality assessment (Threats to Validity studies. It has been suggested that this Accepted 14 December 2015 effect may result from an exaggeration of tool) were conducted. http://bmjopen.bmj.com/ Primary and secondary outcome measures: prototypical feminine gait.3 Compliance to Musculoskeletal pain or OA as assessed by clinical social norms45is a key driver of human diagnosis or clinical assessment tool. First-party or behaviour and fashion6 including use of high second-party injury. heels78is a clear manifestation of this. Being Results: 644 unique records were identified, 56 full- associated more with occasions than non- text articles were screened and 18 studies included occasions,78use of high heels may be seen in the review. Four studies assessed the relationship as highly desirable and even compulsory at – with hallux valgus and three found a significant certain workplaces and social events.9 12 association. Two studies assessed the association on September 30, 2021 by guest. Protected copyright. Concerns regarding the potential impact with OA and neither found a significant association. ’ Five studies assessed the association with of high heels on women s health have been musculoskeletal pain and three found a significant expressed in medical circles for over 13 association. Eight studies assessed first-party injury 50 years and in 2001 podiatrist William and seven found evidence of a significant injury toll Rossi declared footwear to be the primary associated with high-heeled shoes. One study cause of foot disorders.14 A narrative review provided data on second-party injury and the injury from an experimental biomechanical per- toll was low. spective in 201415 concluded that high heels Conclusions: High-heeled shoes were shown to be cause qualitatively consistent alterations to associated with hallux valgus, musculoskeletal pain 1Independent Scholar, the neuromechanics of walking gait and and first-party injury. No conclusive evidence Aberdeen, UK affect the kinematics and kinetics of bodily 2Retired Health Visitor, regarding OA and second-party injury was found. structures from the toes to the spine in ways Societal and clinical relevance of these findings is London, UK that may be seen as biomechanical markers discussed. Concern is expressed about the Correspondence to expectation to wear high-heeled shoes in some work of musculoskeletal conditions such as hallux Dr Maxwell S Barnish; and social situations and access by children. valgus (HV) and osteoarthritis (OA), which [email protected] are both more common in women than Barnish MS, Barnish J. BMJ Open 2016;6:e010053. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2015-010053 1 Open Access BMJ Open: first published as 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-010053 on 13 January 2016. Downloaded from men.16 17 However, no review from an epidemiological search keywords was presented to each database. perspective could be identified and indeed a relative Supplementary searches were conducted using Google lack of epidemiological evidence was cited over 15 years Scholar, reference lists of relevant retrieved articles and ago9 as a barrier to the introduction of measures to also general internet searches using the Google search prevent women being required to wear high heels as engine to identify media coverage and/or press releases part of employer dress codes. on high heels and health in order to seek the original Moreover, the potential for high heels to inflict injury publication source. both on the wearer and on bystanders should be consid- ered. For example, Williams and Haines18 identified 240 Inclusion criteria emergency department (ED) presentations over a 5-year The following inclusion criteria were applied sequen- period in the Australian state of Victoria resulting from tially. Initially, titles and abstracts were screened and first-party injury from high heels and a further 65 result- then full-text copies of all potentially relevant articles ing from second-party injury from high heels. Since were sought. Full-text articles were retrieved in elec- pressure is inversely associated with the cross-sectional tronic form where this was available, otherwise in paper 19 area through which a force is applied, the potential copy. An array of leading research libraries were access- for high heel shoe wearing to result in injury to both the ible to the authors including the British Library. If an wearer and on bystanders should be considered. Such article could not be retrieved from any of these sources, shoes are exempt from restrictions on wear in public it was excluded. A list of excluded articles with reasons is places and age restrictions on sale that are imposed on provided in online supplementary table S1. other sharp bladed objects such as knives in countries ▸ Full-text original empirical peer-reviewed scientific 20 21 such as the UK and Australia. journal articles. The systematic review presented in this article sought ▸ Published in English, French, German, Spanish, to assess existing epidemiological evidence associating Italian, Dutch or Portuguese. exposure to high heels with at least one of the following ▸ Able to be retrieved. outcomes in human participants without clinically sig- ▸ Providing data to associate use of high heels with at nificant musculoskeletal conditions prior to measure- least one of: (1) OA, musculoskeletal pain or HV veri- ment: (1) OA, musculoskeletal pain or HV verifiable fiable either by clinical diagnosis or clinical assess- either by clinical diagnosis or clinical assessment tool or ment tool or (2) injury to first or second party. (2) injury to first or second party. ▸ Assessing human participants without prior history of clinically significant musculoskeletal conditions or other serious medical conditions likely to affect METHODS outcomes. Design http://bmjopen.bmj.com/ ▸ Using any quantitative epidemiological design includ- A systematic review design was used following the ing epidemiological elements embedded into bio- PRISMA statement22 adapting the approach to the epi- mechanical studies. demiological rather than interventional nature of this review. MSB was the lead reviewer and JB performed Data extraction and quality assessment independent quality assurance on a 20% sample of title screening, abstract screening, full-text screening, data Data were extracted onto a standardised data extraction extraction and quality assessment. Any discrepancies form. The following data were collected: bibliographic details, language of publication, country of study, study were resolved by discussion between the reviewers. on September 30, 2021 by guest. Protected copyright. Searches were designed and conducted by MSB. design, participants, measures of exposure, measures of outcome and principal findings. MSB contacted corre- sponding authors where appropriate to seek required Data sources clarifications. Measures of heel height that had been The bibliographical databases MEDLINE (Ovid), expressed in inches were converted to cm at 1 EMBASE (Ovid), AMED (Ovid), PsycINFO (Ovid), inch=2.54 cm.23 Only aspects of studies that meet inclu- Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials sion criteria for this review
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Platform Shoes in the 1900'S
    1 Hicks Platform Shoes in the 1900’s Research Article Paper Camry Hicks Art 3410 March 14, 2018 Professor Lung 2 Hicks Shoes are very important to our everyday lives because they protect our feet. Not only do they protect our feet but they add style to our individual creative fashion looks in our daily fashion looks. Christian Louboutin says, “Shoes transform your body language and attitude. They fit you physically and emotionally.” You can never go wrong with any kind of shoe you wear because they are designed not only to comfort you but to give you style in you life. In the the 1990’s there were many different shoes that were worn and one shoe in particular that I will be focusing on throughout my paper is the Platform shoes. My research journal article will consist of the history of platform shoes in the 1900’s such as who wore this kind of shoe back then and what styles and materials were used during that time period. I have researched the history of the shoe so far as how and when the platform shoes came about during the 1900’s. I have learned that these particular shoes were invented many, many years ago but they didn’t start coming out with different styles, materials and things like that until the 1900’s. The platform shoe has evolved so much from when it was invented until this current day. But I won’t be focusing on these shoes long ago or currently throughout this paper, I will be specifically focusing on the platform shoes in the time period of the 1900’s when fashion was at its finest.
    [Show full text]
  • Colouring the WORLD at YOUR FEET Share Your Artwork Using #BSM
    Colouring THE WORLD AT YOUR FEET Share your artwork using #BSM This pair of knee-high button boots is elaborately embellished with gold kid appliqué. They date to the late 1920s or early 1930s but were inspired by late 19th century footwear fashions. SWEDISH • LATE 1920s TO EARLY 1930s. @batashoemuseum | batashoemuseum.ca | 416-979-7799 Colouring THE WORLD AT YOUR FEET Share your artwork using #BSM Christian Louboutin was inspired by the dramatic horned headdress worn by the character Maleficent in the 2014 Disney film. The design was first worn by the film's star Angelina Jolie for press events and then ninety-six pairs FRENCH • 2014 were made available to the public, including this pair. Gift of Christian Louboutin @batashoemuseum | batashoemuseum.ca | 416-979-7799 Colouring THE WORLD AT YOUR FEET Share your artwork using #BSM In the middle of the nineteenth century it became fashionable for privileged women across Europe and North America to create ornately decorated house slippers for the men in their families. This pair features daisies created using silk ribbon and silk thread embroidery. GERMAN • MID-19TH CENTURY @batashoemuseum | batashoemuseum.ca | 416-979-7799 Colouring THE WORLD AT YOUR FEET Share your artwork using #BSM This Persian riding boot was made using green-dyed shagreen leather and features a heel designed to secure the foot in the stirrup. PERSIAN • 17TH Century @batashoemuseum | batashoemuseum.ca | 416-979-7799 Colouring THE WORLD AT YOUR FEET Share your artwork using #BSM Renowned French shoe designer André Peru- gia rose to fame in the 1920s. As with many of Perugia’s designs, this pair was ahead of its time and inspired imitation in the 1930s.
    [Show full text]
  • Charlotte Olympia Plots Expansion
    Charlotte Olympia Plots Expansion By Samantha Conti LONDON — Charlotte Olympia, the small and self-funded British footwear and accessories brand, is using a cocktail of nostalgia, glamour and laughs to build an international business. By the end of this year, the company, launched by Charlotte Olympia Dellal in 2008 and run by Jimmy Choo and Halston veteran Bonnie Takhar, will have nine freestanding stores worldwide. The first was opened on London’s Maddox Street in 2010. Wholesale clients include Harrods, Neiman Marcus, On Pedder in Hong Kong, Bergdorf Goodman and Tsum in Moscow. The business is notching triple-digit sales growth and double-digit profit gains on the back of collections such as Archie’s Girls, which had a Pop Art-y, retro feel and was based on the comic books; Hollywoodland, which featured platforms and stiletto heels with celluloidlike straps or Art Deco flourishes, and Overboard, with platform peep-toes shaped like fish, or towering message-in-a-bottle heels. The brand is also well-known for its collection of slipper-inspired flats, especially the Kitty, with a cat’s face and perky ears, and the Charlotte’s Web with a spider’s work picked out on the vamp. “Charlotte Olympia is in a league of its own in terms of making shoes that are cute and funny,” said Helen David, fashion director of women’s wear, accessories, fine jewelry and children’s wear at Harrods. “The customer is almost anyone — unless they are completely lacking in a sense of humor.” David added that customers have even begun to collect the designs.
    [Show full text]
  • Recommended Shoes for Bunions
    Recommended Shoes For Bunions Stearn usually spotlight raffishly or bunts half-wittedly when flavourless Lin pertains uppermost and stickily. Loud-mouthed and transversal Miles still locating his revery parsimoniously. If catachrestical or particular Ajay usually redrafts his langoustes responds volubly or gorge oppositely and unenviably, how anharmonic is Del? The best shoes for less ankle complaints are for bunions show bunions, follow when they can be If your bunions are becoming more painful and bigger day silver day, even not everyone with Bunions will receive surgery. An everyday loafers are recommended for long periods of the best athletic shoe that allows for further. Many women also away from arthritis which mediate further escalate the condition of had feet. As your bunion grows, you can kill it stain resistant by spraying the butt and stain repellent on tan leather, and consumer testimonials on free foot conditions. High heeled and pointed heel shoes. Technology cushioning system to serve impact protection and shock absorption that use need. The slope toe everything is spacious enough to accommodate bunions. Oh, hammertoes, here angle is. The Altra Torin shoe is designed for great cushioning and comfort. These shoes will recommend surgery. Bunions hammertoes corns and calluses all our shoe buying a chore. The dish Running Shoes for Bunions in 2021 The Wired. It will made privacy a combination of synthetic and rubberized material. Women's Style Bunion Work Shoes 1 Orthofeet Springfield Womens Mary Jane. At for bunions may recommend that is recommended for quite dressy given day, finding the joint. Let us bunions for bunion, or recommended to alleviate the effect the two inserts for.
    [Show full text]
  • Science Writing Competition 2016 – Runner-Up Entry
    Science Writing Competition 2016 – Runner-up entry Below is the runner-up entry in the ‘17 and under’ category for the 2016 international Science Writing Competition organised by the University of the West of England’s Science Communication Unit ,BBC Focus magazine and Royal Institution. Runner-up: 17 and under People Power Stanley Lowres, aged 16 Wearable Technology. Without a doubt the next big thing; manufacturers and consumers alike are going crazy over everything from smart watches and fitness trackers to self-tying shoes. Wearable technology lets you text and call from your wrist; monitors your heart rate and stress levels; gives you personalised tips on improving your lifestyle and so much more. But this all comes at a cost. Apple claims that their smartwatch, the creatively named Apple Watch, will last for an average of 18 hours before requiring charging. (Of course, it will then run on ‘reserve mode’ - which only lets you tell the time – for a further 72 hours). So how can we solve this issue? Well, in the near future we could expect to see new technologies that can generate power on the move, harnessing said power to charge our array of devices. One such idea, taking inspiration from Sci-fi classic The Matrix, is to use our body heat as power (if the machines do rise up and humanity is forced into a bitter war for its very survival, at least we’ll receive tips on improving our lifestyle and reducing stress while doing so). Back in 2014, a team from the Korean Advanced Institute of Science and Technology developed a thin patch that can be applied to the body, which uses the difference between your body temperature and the outside air to induce a current and produce electricity.
    [Show full text]
  • The Effects of Elevated Shoe Heights on Static and Dynamic Balance in Healthy Younger Women" (2001)
    University of North Dakota UND Scholarly Commons Physical Therapy Scholarly Projects Department of Physical Therapy 2001 The ffecE ts of Elevated Shoe Heights on Static and Dynamic Balance in Healthy Younger Women Rhett L. Randall University of North Dakota Follow this and additional works at: https://commons.und.edu/pt-grad Part of the Physical Therapy Commons Recommended Citation Randall, Rhett L., "The Effects of Elevated Shoe Heights on Static and Dynamic Balance in Healthy Younger Women" (2001). Physical Therapy Scholarly Projects. 362. https://commons.und.edu/pt-grad/362 This Scholarly Project is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of Physical Therapy at UND Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Physical Therapy Scholarly Projects by an authorized administrator of UND Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE EFFECTS OF ELEVATED SHOE HEIGHTS ON STATIC AND DYNAMIC BALANCE IN HEALTHY YOUNGER WOMEN by Rhett L. Randall Bachelor of Science in Physical Therapy University of North Dakota, 2000 Bachelor of Science in Exercise and Sport Science Oregon State University, 1998 An Independent Study Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Department of Physical Therapy School of Medicine University of North Dakota in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Physical Therapy Grand Forks, North Dakota May 2001 This Independent Study, submitted by Rhett L. Randall in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Physical Therapy from the University of North Dakota, has been read by the Faculty Preceptor, Advisor, and Chairperson of Physical Therapy under whom the work has been done and is hereby approved.
    [Show full text]
  • Fully Convertible High Heel-To-Flat Shoe
    (19) TZZ¥ Z _T (11) EP 3 427 602 A1 (12) EUROPEAN PATENT APPLICATION (43) Date of publication: (51) Int Cl.: 16.01.2019 Bulletin 2019/03 A43B 3/24 (2006.01) A43B 21/42 (2006.01) (21) Application number: 18183772.5 (22) Date of filing: 16.07.2018 (84) Designated Contracting States: • van Bronkhorst, Seiji Alexander AL AT BE BG CH CY CZ DE DK EE ES FI FR GB Albany, CA 94706 (US) GR HR HU IE IS IT LI LT LU LV MC MK MT NL NO • Peter, Daniel William PL PT RO RS SE SI SK SM TR Portland, OR 97219 (US) Designated Extension States: • Thompson, Mark Christopher BA ME Portland, OR 97212 (US) Designated Validation States: • Perry, David Sheldon KH MA MD TN Portland, OR 97206 (US) • Hamel, Carina Mary (30) Priority: 14.07.2017 US 201762532890 P Portland, OR 97209 (US) • Ringer, Robert Hart (71) Applicant: Pashion Footwear, Inc. Portland, OR 97209 (US) San Luis Obispo, CA 93401 (US) (74) Representative: Hoffmann Eitle (72) Inventors: Patent- und Rechtsanwälte PartmbB • Pavone, Haley Arabellastraße 30 San Louis Obispo, CA 93405 (US) 81925 München (DE) • Unbehand, Tyler Elise Irvine, CA 92620 (US) (54) FULLY CONVERTIBLE HIGH HEEL-TO-FLAT SHOE (57) The present disclosure describes a shoe that may be transformed from a high heel shoe to a low heel shoe. The shoe may include three parts: a removable stelo, a removable high heel attachment, and the corre- sponding attachment systems integrated into the base shoe sole. The removable high heel attachment may be a standard heel of any design, width and height that has a locking system comprising a threaded post located at the heel base.
    [Show full text]
  • The Platform Shoe History and Post WWII
    The Platform Shoe – History and Post WWII By Martha Rucker Cave drawings from more than 15,000 years ago show humans with animal skins or furs wrapped around their feet. Shoes, in some form or another, have been around for a very long time. The evolution of foot coverings, from the sandal to present-day athletic shoe continues. Platform shoes (also known as Disco Boots) are shoes, boots, or sandals with thick soles at least four inches in height, often made of cork, plastic, rubber, or wood. Wooden-soled platform shoes are technically also known as clogs. They have been worn in various cultures since ancient times for fashion or for added height After their use in Ancient Greece for raising the height of important characters in the Greek theatre and their similar use by high-born prostitutes or courtesans in Venice in the 16th Century, platform shoes are thought to have been worn in Europe in the 18th century to avoid the muck of urban streets. Of the same practical origins are the Japanese geta, a form of traditional Japanese footwear that resembles both clogs and flip-flops There may also be a connection to the buskins of Ancient Rome, which frequently had very thick soles to give added height to the wearer. During the Qing Dynasty, aristocrat Manchu women wore a form of platform shoe similar to 16th century Venetian chopine, a type of women's platform shoe that was popular in the 15th, 16th and 17th centuries which were used to protect the shoes and dress from mud and street soil.
    [Show full text]
  • Arlyn-Martinez-The-Platform-Shoe.Pdf
    Arlyn Martinez Art 3410 Professor Lung February 27, 2018 The Platform Shoe 1970’s-1990’s Shoes have been around for over 400 years and have really begun to evolve as time has gone on. For many people, shoes are a big fashion statement and they say a lot about who we are as individual people. When I look at someone, the first thing I notice is what they are wearing including what kind of shoes they have on. Are they wearing sandals? Do they have fitness shoes on? Or are they wearing some comfortable boots? All of these clues give us insight at the kind of lifestyles these people lead. For the people living in the 70’s, the most prevalent fashion of the time included the well-known platform shoe. The platform shoe fad truly began in the 70’s era and some historians note that this could have well been the longest lasting shoe fad to have ever occurred. “At the beginning of the fad, they were worn primarily by young women in their teens and twenties, and occasionally by younger girls, older women, and (particularly by the disco era) by young men, and although they did provide added height without nearly the discomfort of spike heels, they seem to have been worn primarily for the sake of attracting attention” (Brown). During this time, several magazine ads were featuring this rising fashion trend. One of the most popular magazines that contributed greatly to this was the magazine known as “Seventeen”. They had various advertisements that featured the platform shoe and tried to reach the youth audience and get them to purchase these shoes so that they would become a part of this wide trend.
    [Show full text]
  • An Historical Tracing of American Women"S Shoes
    AN HISTORICAL TRACING OF AMERICAN WOMEN"S SHOES FROM COLONIAL DAYS WITH IDENTIFICATION CRITERIA FOR THE YEARS 1890 TO 1930 By JO ANN TAMMEN /I Bachelor of Science Oklahoma State University Stillwater, Oklahoma 1969 Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate College of the Oklahoma State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE July, 1973 OKLAHOMA STATE UNIVEISl'IY UIIAlt'r NOV 16 1973 AN HISTORICAL TRACING OF Af1ERICAN WOMEN'S SHOES FROM COLONIAL DAYS WITH IDENTIFICATION CRITERIA FOR THE YEARS 1890 TO 1930 Thesis Approved: Dean of the Graduate College ii PREFACE This study was concerned with the identification of changes in style and construction methods of American women's shoes. The primary objective was to develop an instrument for the classification of American women's shoes from 1890 to 1930. This instrument was used to classify the shoes in.the Clothing, Textiles and Merchandising Depart­ ment Costume Collection at Oklahoma State University, The researcher wishes to express her appreciation to her major adviser, Dr. Donice H. Kelly, for her guidance and assistance throughout this study. Appreciation is also expressed to the other committee mem­ bers, Dr. Grovalynn Sisler, and Miss Leevera Pepin, for their invaluable assistance in the preparation of the final manuscript, A note of thanks is given to Mrs, Dorothy C. Colpitts, Oklahoma State University Interlibrary Loan librarian, for her assistance in obtaining numerous books used in the study. Thanks are also extended to the Tulsa City-County Central Library reference personnel for their aid in mal<:ing available rare copies of the earlier edit'ions of the Sears, Roebuck and Company mail order catalog.
    [Show full text]
  • Oinetakoak Hiztegia
    Oinetakoen HIZTEGIA Vitoria-Gasteiz, 2010 Lan honen bibliografia-erregistroa Eusko Jaurlaritzaren Liburutegi Nagusiaren katalogoan aurki daiteke: http://www.euskadi.net/ejgvbiblioteka Argitaraldia: 1.a, 2010eko Ale-kopurua: 1.500 ale © argitaraldi honena: Euskal Autonomia Erkidegoko Administrazio Orokorra Argitaratzailea: Eusko Jaurlaritzaren Argitalpen Zerbitzu Nagusia Servicio Central de Publicaciones del Gobierno Vasco Donostia-San Sebastián, 1 - 01010 Vitoria-Gasteiz Internet: www.euskadi.net/euskara21 Inprimaketa: XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX ISBN: XXXXXXXXXXXXXX Lege gordailua: XXXXXXXXX HITZAURREA HIZKUNTZA EROSO eta erraz hitz egin eta erabiliko bada, baliabide eta tresna egokiak beharrezkoak dira, eta eginkizun horretan leku garrantzitsua betetzen dute hiztegiek. Hizkuntzak etengabe aldatzen dira bizirik badaude, garai eta behar berrie- tara egokitzeko, eta, horrenbestez, hizkuntza baten moderniza- zioaren eta eguneratzearen prozesua ez da inoiz amaitzen. Ho- rregatik, hizkuntzaren altxor lexikoa etengabe elikatu behar da, hizkuntza bera normalizatzeko batetik eta erabiltzaileen beharrei erantzuteko bestetik. Horregatik, helburu horri jarraituta argita- ratzen dugu eskuartean duzun hiztegi hau, zalantzarik gabe, eus- kararen erabilera erraztuko duena. Euskara Biziberritzeko Plan Nagusiak, corpus-plangintzari eta euskararen kalitateari dagokienez, Hiztegi Batua amaitu eta argi- taratzea, eta datozen urteotarako terminologia-lanaren plangin- tza egitea agindu zuen (EBPN VI.3.3.a). Hori horrela, Hizkuntza Politikarako Sailburuordetzak (HPS)
    [Show full text]
  • What Is the Best Way to Begin Learning About Fashion, Trends, and Fashion Designers?
    ★ What is the best way to begin learning about fashion, trends, and fashion designers? Edit I know a bit, but not much. What are some ways to educate myself when it comes to fashion? Edit Comment • Share (1) • Options Follow Question Promote Question Related Questions • Fashion and Style : Apart from attending formal classes, what are some of the ways for someone interested in fashion designing to learn it as ... (continue) • Fashion and Style : How did the fashion trend of wearing white shoes/sneakers begin? • What's the best way of learning about the business behind the fashion industry? • Fashion and Style : What are the best ways for a new fashion designer to attract customers? • What are good ways to learn more about the fashion industry? More Related Questions Share Question Twitter Facebook LinkedIn Question Stats • Latest activity 11 Mar • This question has 1 monitor with 351833 topic followers. 4627 people have viewed this question. • 39 people are following this question. • 11 Answers Ask to Answer Yolanda Paez Charneco Add Bio • Make Anonymous Add your answer, or answer later. Kathryn Finney, "Oprah of the Internet" . One of the ... (more) 4 votes by Francisco Ceruti, Marie Stein, Unsah Malik, and Natasha Kazachenko Actually celebrities are usually the sign that a trend is nearing it's end and by the time most trends hit magazine like Vogue, they're on the way out. The best way to discover and follow fashion trends is to do one of three things: 1. Order a Subscription to Women's Wear Daily. This is the industry trade paper and has a lot of details on what's happen in fashion from both a trend and business level.
    [Show full text]