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Multi-Criteria Analysis of Soil Radioactivity in Čačak Basin, Serbia

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MULTI-CRITERIA ANALYSIS OF SOIL RADIOACTIVITY IN ČAČAK BASIN, SERBIA M. PAPIĆ1, M. VUKOVIĆ2, I. BIKIT3, D. MRĐA3, S. FORKAPIĆ3, K. BIKIT3, Đ. NIKOLIĆ2 1Faculty of Technical Sciences, Čačak, University of Kragujevac, Svetog Save 65, Čačak, Serbia, E-mail: [email protected] 2Technical Faculty Bor, University of Belgrade, Vojske Jugoslavije 12, Bor, Serbia, E-mail: [email protected]; Email: [email protected] 3Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 6, Novi Sad, Serbia, Email: [email protected]; Email: [email protected]; Email: [email protected]; Email: [email protected] Received March 11, 2014 The paper looks at the method of presenting and comparing soil radioactivity on different locations. Activities of natural radionuclides 238U, 226Ra, 232Th, 40K and anthropogenic 137Cs in arable land of Čačak basin were measured. Some 30 soil samples collected from different locations, i.e. the vicinity of the West Morava river, both urban and industrial areas of the town and rural region were analysed. Samples were taken from 0–30 cm depth. According to the values of the Shapiro-Wilk’s test (0.05 significance level), contents of 238U, 232Th and 40K were within the limits of normal distribution, while 226Ra and 137Cs were not. As espected, statistically significant positive correlation (p<0.01) was found between all the natural radionuclides. The analysed sites were ranked using the PROMETHEE method, and the results were presented in graph using the GAIA plane. The ranking involved five criteria which represented the overall activities of each of the radionuclides. The ranking inferred that Ljubić Polje location was the one with the lowest radioactivity, while, in contrast, the location of Trnavska Baluga showed the highest radioactivity level. As regards presence of radionuclides in soil, the comparative study of urban (industrial) and rural areas did not imply any significant differences among the locations. The results of the present study were discussed and compared with related values from several sources found in the literature. Generally, the study infers that soil in Čačak basin has not showed increased levels of radioactivity. Key words: soil, radioactivity, the absorbed dose rate, multi-criteria analysis, PROMETHEE/ GAIA. 1. INTRODUCTION Soil is usually defined as the upper layer of the Earth’s crust, formed by mineral particles, organic matter, water, air, and living organisms [1]. Its depth can vary from a few millimeters to several meters, and it is present in the larger part of the Earth’s surface as a narrower or wider layer called the pedosphere [2]. Rom. Journ. Phys., Vol. 59, Nos. 7–8, P. 846–861, Bucharest, 2014 2 Multi-criteria analysis of soil radioactivity in Čačak Basin 847 Soil contamination is one of the most serious problems in the world, with long term consequences on human life [3]. One of the most important aspects of soil contamination is its radioactivity which is based on the presence of radioactive elements or radionuclides. Radioactivity can be distinguished as natural and anthropogenic. Natural radioactivity refers to natural radionuclides which can regularly be found in the earth’s crust. In most places on the earth, the natural radioactivity varies only within narrow margins, but in some places there are wide deviations from normal levels because of the abundance of minerals with high radioactivity [4]. The main contribution to external exposure comes from gamma-emitting radionuclides present in trace amounts in the soil, mainly potassium (40K) and the uranium (238U) and thorium (232Th) families [5]. Radiation energy of the elements above accounts for some 98% of the total radiation of natural radioactive elements. Anthropogenic radioactivity of soil relies on anthropogenic radionuclides of various chemical elements which are the result of human intervention, in terms of the use of nuclear energy for military and apart from military purposes. Of all the anthropogenic radionuclides studied so far, cesium (137Cs) has been the predominant one. It is one of the most widespread and also among the most dangerous radionuclides for both humans and other living organisms, given its long disintegration period (30.2 years) and high energy radiation level. The overall background radiation caused by the natural radionuclides above can be expressed by using the absorbed dose of radiation at 1m above ground (D) which is calculated by coefficients of 0.462, 0.604 and 0.0417 (nGy/h)/(Bq/kg) for the content of 238U (226Ra), 232Th and 40K respectively [5]. However, this method does not provide a more comprehensive insight into the radioactivity of a particular location as it does not include the presence of some other radionuclides. The objective of this paper was to assess and rank the sampling locations in terms of the presence of the most significant natural and anthropogenic radionuclides in the alluvial soil [6–13] on the territory of Čačak. The ranking which involved five criteria (activities of 238U, 226Ra, 232Th, 40K and 137Cs) was done using the PROMETHEE (Preference Organization Method for Enrichment Evaluation) multi-criteria decision making method. The GAIA (Geometrical Analysis for Interactive Assistance) plane was used for the graphical representation of results. A comparative analysis of results of related studies performed by other authors was also provided in the paper so as to obtain a more comprehensive insight into the issue. 848 M. Papić et al. 3 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS 2.1. STUDY AREA The town of Čačak is located in western part of central Serbia with the municipalities of Gornji Milanovac to the north, Požega to the west, Lučani to the southwest and south, and Kraljevo and Knić to the east (Figure 1). It is the administrative center of the Moravica District. The geographic coordinates of the municipality are 20° 07'–20° 38' east longitude and 43° 44'–44° 01' north latitude. Morphologically, the Čačak basin is a tectonic depression formed in the Oligocene by the lowering movement of two longitudinal faults. The surface area of the Čačak basin towards the Kraljevo narrowing is over 270 km2. The basin lies at an elevation of 200 to 300 m. The pedological composition of the Čačak territory is diverse. The most common soil types are alluvial soil, vertisols, cambisols, and parapodzol. Alluvial soil is formed from deposits made by rivers, and it can be found in the Čačak basin all along the West Morava river. It belongs to fertile soils, particularly in mid – and low river courses. It is composed of river sediment, silt, sand and gravel deposited during floods. It is highly rich in organic matter and is easy to work [14]. Fig. 1 – Location of town Čačak, Serbia. Such soil diversity provides the conditions for highly developed biological diversity. Hence, this is the region with probably the most diverse agricultural production on the territory of entire Serbia. Based on the data of the Republic Institute for Statistics, the surface area of the Čačak municipality is 636 km2, whereby urban, forest and agricultural areas cover 45 km2 (7%), 158 km2 (25%) 4 Multi-criteria analysis of soil radioactivity in Čačak Basin 849 and 433 km2 (68% or 44.060 ha), respectively. Areas covering fields and gardens, orchards, vineyards and pastures follow with 26.935 ha, 6.930 ha, 5.456 ha and 4.609 ha, respectively. Based on the number of people employed in various agricultural activities, agriculture is the primary branch of economy [15]. According to the 2002 census, the town of Čačak (the municipality of Čačak, at the time of census) had the population of 117.072, with 73.152 and 43.920 people living in the urban and rural areas respectively [16]. Favourable geographic and climate setting and fertile West Morava basin allowed for the development of different branches of agriculture. The Čačak region has a long tradition of fruit growing, stock farming, vegetable growing and fruit- planting material production, which ensure a solid foundation for further investment in the development of agriculture. This hilly region is known for fruit production, while in fertile Morava basin vegetable and cereal crops are grown. The glasshouse production is also developed in lowlands [17]. Table 1 shows names of places and coordinates of the sampling sites examined. The exact position of each sampling site was recorded using Global Positioning System (GPS). These locations, extending from Pakovraće and Prijevor in the north west to Mrčajevci and Mršinci in the south east, form the agriculturally important region of central Serbia. Table 1 Sampling locations Coordinates Altitude Location Place [N] [E] [m] 1. Parmenac 43° 53' 50.2404" 20° 17' 40.3044" 246 2. Pakovraće 43° 54' 2.361" 20° 15' 58.4238" 253 3. Riđage 43° 53' 50.0526" 20° 16' 45.0942" 281 4. Beljina 43° 53' 37.8018" 20° 19' 22.4106" 243 5. Ljubić Kej 43° 54' 5.2266" 20° 20' 12.7068" 237 6. Prijevor 43° 53' 55.773" 20° 17' 27.7434" 246 7. Prijevor 43° 54' 9.8748" 20° 17' 11.364" 247 8. Prijevor 43° 54' 25.4298" 20° 16' 25.4202" 250 9. Prijevor 43° 54' 2.7396" 20° 16' 22.695" 246 10. Suvi Breg 43° 54' 1.0542" 20° 19' 7.2372" 240 11. Stančići 43° 52' 56.1288" 20° 26' 34.8756" 223 12. Mojsinje 43° 52' 57.648" 20° 27' 40.6044" 228 13. Donja Gorevnica 43° 52' 22.8864" 20° 29' 7.0656" 223 14. Mrčajevci 43° 51' 1.44" 20° 31' 21.36" 212 15. Mrčajevci 43° 49' 50.3394" 20° 30' 7.4874" 211 16. Kukići 43° 49' 56.7726" 20° 28' 23.106" 226 850 M. Papić et al. 5 Table 1 (continued) 17. Mršinci 43° 48' 47.2752" 20° 29' 24.2478" 224 18.
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    FRUIT PRODUCTION AS A FACTOR OF RURAL AREA DEVELOPMENT IN SERBIA Biljana Veljković, Ivan Glišić, Ranko Koprivica1, Aleksandar Leposavić2 INTRODUCTION Fruit growing as a specific plant production activity can contribute highly to the economic development of the region, which is particularly pronounced in upland areas. Environmental predispositions of these parts of Serbia provide them with certain comparative advantages over other areas, while, on the other hand, these areas are predominated by farms of chiefly mixed or fruit growing and livestock – farming type. In addition, long fruit growing tradition is generally the main characteristic of these areas. The most frequent and sometimes even crucial motives are the economic ones because fruit production can lead to considerably higher production values per hectare compared to common subsistence forms of farming, which often has a decisive effect on farms and fruit production intensification. In agricultural land structure of Serbia the share of orchards is 4.7%, it is 6.8% in the central part of Serbia and in some upland areas it even exceeds 15% (the orchard proportion in the region of Cacak is 15.2%). MATERIAL AND METHOD Standard statistical methods and official and internal statistics data bases for the region of Serbia were used in the research. The analysis of fruit production by fruit species, total production and yield in Serbia, part of central Serbia and in the Moravicki District, was made to compare and study fruit production for the region of Cacak. Based on the analysis and a case study for the region concerned, current and future development trends were presented and methods of further fruit growing intensification by fruit species were focused on.
  • Serbia 2Nd Periodical Report

    Serbia 2Nd Periodical Report

    Strasbourg, 23 September 2010 MIN-LANG/PR (2010) 7 EUROPEAN CHARTER FOR REGIONAL OR MINORITY LANGUAGES Second periodical report presented to the Secretary General of the Council of Europe in accordance with Article 15 of the Charter SERBIA The Republic of Serbia The European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages The Second Periodical Report Submitted to the Secretary General of the Council of Europe Pursuant to Article 15 of the Charter Belgrade, September 2010 2 C O N T E N T S 1. INTRODUCTION ……………………………………………………………………6 2. Part I …………………………………………………………………………………12 2.1. Legislative and institutional changes after the first cycle of monitoring of the implementation of the Charter …………………………………………………….12 2.1.1. Legislative changes ……………………………………………………….12 2.1.2. The National Strategy for the Improvement of the Status of Roma ……..17 2.1.3. Judicial Reform …………………………………………………………...17 2.1.4. Establishment of the Ministry of Human and Minority Rights …………..23 2.2. Novelties expected during the next monitoring cycle of the implementation of the Charter …………………………………………………………………………….24 2.2.1. The Census ………………………………………………………………..24 2.2.2. Election of the national councils of the national minorities ……………...26 2.3. Implementation of the recommendations of the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe (RecChL(2009)2) 28) …………………………………………29 2.4. Activities for the implementation of the box-recommendation of the Committee of Experts with regard to the implementation of the Charter ………………………...33 3. PART II Implementation of Article 7 of the Charter ……………………………..38 3.1. Information on the policy, legislation and practice in the implementation of Part II - Article 7 of the Charter ……………………………………………………………..38 3.1.1.
  • Agenda-2021-Towards-Better-Business-Conditions.Pdf

    Agenda-2021-Towards-Better-Business-Conditions.Pdf

    Contents 100 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR BETTER WORKING WE ACHIEVED THE IMPOSSIBLE! 06. CONDITIONS 30. ILIJA CEROVIĆ, ACTING DIRECTOR OF SERBIAN DEJAN ĐOKIĆ, PRESIDENT OF THE EXECUTIVE BOARD OF TELEVISION AND EDITOR-IN-CHIEF OF THE RTS NALED AND DIRECTOR OF ASSECO SEE EDUCATION AND SCIENCE PROGRAMME EDITORIAL aim team DIALOGUE IS THE BEST PATH TO SUCCESSFUL OUR DUTY IS TO TELL IT THE WAY IT IS 08. REFORM 31. ALEKSANDAR MILOŠEVIĆ, ECONOMICS EDITOR, WITH SPECIAL THANKS TO VIOLETA JOVANOVIĆ, EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR OF NALED DANAS Milica Stefanović, NALED Ivan Radak, NALED NALED’S KEY GUIDELINES ARE CRUCIAL FOR A THE GREY BOOK IS AN AUTHENTIC REFLECTION 12. SUCCESSFUL PARTNERSHIP 34. OF OUR BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT ART DIRECTOR DUŠAN VUJOVIĆ, PRESIDENT OF NALED SCIENTIFIC Branislav Ninković OVERVIEW OF REFORMS CARRIED OUT IN 2020 COUNCIL [email protected] 16. EXCESS BUREAUCRACY STIMULATES THE PHOTOS WE ARE FULLY COMMITTED TO THE WELL-BEING 36.SHADOW ECONOMY Zoran Petrović 22. OF BOTH INDUSTRY AND THE PUBLIC IVAN MILETIĆ, PRESIDENT OF THE FAIR COMPETITION Nemanja Jovanović SLAVICA SAVIČIĆ, STATE SECRETARY AT THE MINISTRY ALLIANCE OF FINANCE TRANSLATION DIGITALISATION AGAINST BUREAUCRACY Halifax Translation SERBIA HAS POSITIONED ITSELF AS A COUNTRY 38. ŽELJKO TOMIĆ, PRESIDENT OF THE 24.OF INNOVATION EGOVERNMENT ALLIANCE OFFICE MANAGER MIHAILO JOVANOVIĆ, DIRECTOR OF THE OFFICE FOR IT Svetlana Petrović AND EGOVERNMENT WE KNOW THE ROAD TO THE TOP OF THE DOING [email protected] 43. BUSINESS LIST MAGIC IN THE HANDS OF TEACHERS JOVAN PURAR, PRESIDENT OF THE PROPERTY AND EDITORIAL MANAGER 26. MILAN PAŠIĆ, ASSISTANT MINISTER INVESTMENT ALLIANCE Neda Lukić OF EDUCATION, SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGICAL [email protected] DEVELOPMENT DIGITALIZATION OF AGRICULTURE BEGINS WITH 48.
  • Distribution and Conservation Status of Some Rare and Threatened Orchid

    Distribution and Conservation Status of Some Rare and Threatened Orchid

    Wulfenia 24 (2017): 143 –162 Mitteilungen des Kärntner Botanikzentrums Klagenfurt Distribution and conservation status of some rare and threatened orchid taxa in the central Balkans and the southern part of the Pannonian Plain Vladan Djordjević, Dmitar Lakušić, Slobodan Jovanović & Vladimir Stevanović Summary: Along with being a centre of plant species diversity and endemism, the Balkan Peninsula is one of the parts of Europe with the highest number of orchid taxa. However, the orchid flora in the central Balkans has not been sufficiently studied. The paper presents the distribution of ten rare and threatened taxa of Orchidaceae in the central Balkans and the southern part of the Pannonian Plain: Anacamptis papilionacea, Epipactis palustris, E. purpurata, Epipogium aphyllum, Goodyera repens, Gymnadenia frivaldii, Ophrys apifera, O. insectifera, Orchis militaris and O. spitzelii subsp. spitzelii. In addition to field investigation, checking and revision of herbarium material, literature sources were also used for supplementing distribution data. The distribution maps of these taxa in the central Balkans (Serbia and Kosovo region) and the southern part of the Pannonian Plain (Vojvodina) are created on a 10 km × 10 km UTM grid system. Data concerning their habitat preferences, population size and the estimated IUCN conservation status in the study area are provided. Keywords: Orchidaceae, phytogeography, IUCN conservation status, Balkan Peninsula The orchid family is one of the largest and most diverse families in the plant kingdom with estimates of about 28 000 species distributed in about 763 genera (Chase et al. 2015; Christenhusz & Byng 2016). According to Hágsater & Dumont (1996), over 300 orchid species occur in Europe, North Africa and Near East.