DOCSLIB.ORG

From the Klan to Al Qaeda

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
From the Klan to Al Qaeda Fordham Law Review Volume 72 Issue 2 Article 14 2003 An Old Law for a New World? Third-Party Liability for Terrorist Acts - From the Klan to Al Qaeda Rebecca Blackmon Joyner Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/flr Part of the Law Commons Recommended Citation Rebecca Blackmon Joyner, An Old Law for a New World? Third-Party Liability for Terrorist Acts - From the Klan to Al Qaeda, 72 Fordham L. Rev. 427 (2003). Available at: https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/flr/vol72/iss2/14 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by FLASH: The Fordham Law Archive of Scholarship and History. It has been accepted for inclusion in Fordham Law Review by an authorized editor of FLASH: The Fordham Law Archive of Scholarship and History. For more information, please contact [email protected]. NOTE AN OLD LAW FOR A NEW WORLD? THIRD-PARTY LIABILITY FOR TERRORIST ACTS-FROM THE KLAN TO AL QAEDA Rebecca Blackmon Joyner* INTRODUCTION On August 15, 2002, 744 plaintiffs, including surviving spouses, children, siblings, parents, and legal representatives of those killed in the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, filed suit against financial institutions, charities, the country of Sudan, members of the Saudi royal family, and several individuals known or suspected to be members of the Al Qaeda terrorist organization, including Osama bin Laden.' Plaintiffs' complaint in Burnett v. Al Baraka Investment & Development Corp. alleged fifteen grounds including federal claims under the Torture Victim Protection Act2 and the Federal Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations ("RICO") Act3 as well as state * J.D. Candidate, 2004, Fordham University School of Law; MPA, 1998, Columbia University School of International and Public Affairs. I gratefully acknowledge the invaluable assistance, encouragement, and insight of Professor Robert Kaczorowski throughout this project. I would also like to thank my mom, my dad, my step-dad, my in-laws, my sisters, Sarah and Jenny, and my husband, Ben, for their continued love, support and encouragement in all my academic endeavors. 1. See Burnett v. Al Baraka Inv. & Dev. Corp. (D.C. Cir. filed Aug. 15, 2002), available at http://news.findlaw.com/hdocs/docs/terrorism/burnettba8l502cmp.pdf (last visited Sept. 6, 2003) [hereinafter Burnett Complaint]. Plaintiffs in this case recently withstood a motion to dismiss brought by five of the defendants seeking relief before the court. The district court rejected the plaintiffs' claim under RICO for want of standing, see Burnett v. Al Baraka Inv. & Dev. Corp., No. CIV.A.02-1616, 2003 WL 21730530, at *9-14 (D.D.C. July 25, 2003), and suggested that there is only limited evidence to support plaintiffs' claim against Al Rahji Banking and Investment Corporation, a Saudi Arabian retail bank. See id. at *17-18. The court encouraged Al Rahji to bring a motion for a more definite statement under Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 12(e) and, upon plaintiffs' response, again seek a motion to dismiss. See id. at *18. 2. 28 U.S.C. § 1350 (2000). 3. 18 U.S.C. § 1962 (2000). FORDHAM LAW REVIEW [Vol. 72 common law claims such as wrongful death, negligence, and negligent or intentional infliction of emotional distress.4 In April of 1871, Congress passed the Ku Klux Klan Act, which provided both civil and criminal penalties against a person who conspires to violate another's civil rights.' Sections 1 and 2 of this Act are now codified as 42 U.S.C. §§ 1983 and 1985.6 Section 6 of the Act created a claim for third-party liability against any person who, with knowledge of a conspiracy to violate another's civil rights and the capacity to prevent the act, failed to do so.' Codified in federal statutes as 42 U.S.C. § 1986,8 this section of the law has remained relatively untapped since its enactment.9 Designed to stop Ku Klux Klan (the Klan) violence erupting across the Reconstruction South, section 6 of the Act recognized that Klan activities could not exist without acceptance by the local community."° While other sections of the Act provided a direct remedy against civil rights conspirators," section 6 extended civil responsibility for Klan violence to members of the local community whose quiet assent made it possible. 2 Legislators believed that by making area leaders financially responsible for terrorist acts, they would bring social forces to bear to stop the Klan. 3 While developed to prevent violent acts against newly-freed black citizens and those white citizens who would support their struggle, 4 application of section 6 of the Ku Klux Klan Act of 1871 need not have such a limited reach. Structured to create a disincentive to those who would protect or foster conspiratorial terrorist acts, 5 section 6 of the Act has a very obvious modern application-international terrorism. This Note will evaluate whether the plaintiffs in the Burnett case referenced above could have, in addition to their existing 4. See Burnett Complaint, supra note 1, at 240-56. 5. See H.R. Con. Res. 320, 42d Cong., 17 Stat. 13 (1871). 6. See 42 U.S.C. § 1983 (2000) (providing civil remedies against any person who, acting under color of state law, violates a person's civil rights); id. § 1985 (providing civil remedies for any person who conspires to violate another's civil rights). Section 2 of the statute as originally enacted also contained a criminal remedy against any person conspiring to violate another's civil rights. H.R. Con. Res. 320, 42d Cong. § 2 (1871); 17 Stat. 13 (1871). The United States Supreme Court ruled that portion of the law unconstitutional in United States v. Harris,106 U.S. 629 (1882). 7. See H.R. Con. Res. 320, 42d Cong. § 6 (1871); 17 Stat. 13 (1871). 8. 42 U.S.C. § 1986 (2000). 9. See Linda E. Fisher, Anatomy of an Affirmative Duty to Protect: 42 U.S.C. Section 1986, 56 Wash. & Lee L. Rev. 461, 470 (1999) ("[C]ivil rights litigators are not generally familiar with [§ 1986] and few reported opinions discuss it."). 10. See infra notes 113-17 and accompanying text. 11. See H.R. Con. Res. 320, 42d Cong. §§ 1-2 (1871); 17 Stat. 13 (1871). 12. See infra notes 113-17 and accompanying text. 13. See infra notes 113-17 and accompanying text. 14. See infra notes 25-107 and accompanying text. 15. See infra notes 113-17 and accompanying text. 2003] THIRD-PARTY LIABILITY FOR TERRORIST ACTS 429 claims, also sought a remedy under 42 U.S.C.16 § 1986. As this Note demonstrates, jurisdiction is appropriate. Part I of this Note traces the legislative history of the so-called Sherman Amendment, the provision that would become § 1986. This part places the Klan Act in social and political context with a discussion of Klan activities in the Reconstruction South and the federal government's response to those activities. 7 Part I also explores the policy and legal rationale for Congressional action of this type. 8 Part II examines judicial review of the law as enacted, reviewing Supreme Court jurisprudence on both 88 1985 and 1986 and articulating judicially-constructed tests for both claims. 9 Part III applies the facts alleged in the Burnett complaint to the judicially- created tests for a § 1986 claim. 0 This Note concludes that application of § 1986 to international terrorism is compatible with many of the framers' policy goals highlighted during debate on section 6 of the 1871 Act.2' However, limitations inherent in the legislature's transition from a strict liability standard to a negligence standard for § claims 22 and the Supreme Court's narrow application of § 198523 1986 24 would limit recovery in Burnett and other similar cases. I. THE Ku KLUX KLAN ACT OF 1871 Part I addresses the social and political changes that took place in the post-Civil War South that gave rise to the development of the Ku Klux Klan. 5 It describes the governmental response that manifested itself in a legislative remedy, one controversial element of which was the Sherman Amendment. 6 Finally, this part highlights both the policy and legal rationale put forth by proponents of the controversial Sherman Amendment to justify its adoption by the Forty-second Congress. 7 A. The Problem President Abraham Lincoln emancipated the slaves on January 1, 1863,28 and, with the ratification of the Thirteenth, 9 Fourteenth3 ° and 16. See infra notes 343, 364, 382, 394 and accompanying text. 17. See infra notes 25-107 and accompanying text. 18. See infra notes 108-54 and accompanying text. 19. See infra notes 160-248 and accompanying text. 20. See infra notes 268-397 and accompanying text. 21. See infra notes 253-67 and accompanying text. 22. Compare infra note 92 and accompanying text with infra notes 101-04 and accompanying text. 23. See infra notes 186, 204-05, 318-21 and accompanying text. 24. See infra notes 401-03 and accompanying text. 25. See infra notes 28-51 and accompanying text. 26. See infra notes 52-107 and accompanying text. 27. See infra notes 108-54 and accompanying text. 28. See The Emancipation Proclamation (Jan. 1, 1863), reprinted in 6 A FORDHAM LAW REVIEW [Vol. 72 Fifteenth3" Amendments to the United States Constitution, by 1870 former slaves maintained a legal status equivalent to those who had formerly held them in bondage.32 Southern whites, long believing in the inferiority of the black race and fearful of radical changes in their economic, political and social life, instituted a series of laws designed to keep former slaves subordinate, despite their newly-freed status.33 These so-called Black Codes, enacted as early as 1865 and modeled on Slave Codes,34 provided for the continuation of contract labor and "plantation discipline," limited black land ownership, instituted vagrancy laws punishable by plantation labor35 and, after ratification of the Fifteenth Amendment, instituted poll taxes and other voting impediments designed to limit black suffrage.36 It was in this context that the Ku Klux Klan was born.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • H. Res. 1253 in the House of Representatives, U
    H. Res. 1253 In the House of Representatives, U. S., December 10, 2020. Whereas Joseph Hayne Rainey was born enslaved on June 21, 1832, in Georgetown, South Carolina; Whereas South Carolina prohibited the education of Black Americans, and instead of a formal education, Joseph H. Rainey learned the barbering trade from his father, Ed- ward Rainey; Whereas Edward Rainey used profits from his work as a bar- ber to buy his and his family’s freedom in the early 1840’s; Whereas Joseph H. Rainey eventually moved with his family to Charleston, South Carolina; Whereas in 1859, Joseph H. Rainey married his wife, Susan, with whom he had three children, Joseph, Herbert, and Olive; Whereas in 1861, Joseph H. Rainey was conscripted by the Confederate Army and worked as a ship’s steward aboard a Confederate vessel which secretly carried goods to the Union Navy; Whereas during the Civil War, in 1862, Joseph H. Rainey and his wife and family escaped to Bermuda, a British colony that had abolished slavery in 1834, where he un- 2 dertook successful entrepreneurial endeavors with his wife; Whereas in 1866 Joseph Rainey and his family moved back to Charleston, South Carolina after the Civil War had ended; Whereas Joseph H. Rainey co-founded the state Republican Party and represented Georgetown, South Carolina on the Party’s central committee; Whereas Joseph H. Rainey participated in the South Caro- lina State constitutional convention in 1868; Whereas Joseph H. Rainey won election to the House of Rep- resentatives in 1870 and was the first African American to serve in the House of Representatives; Whereas Joseph H.
    [Show full text]
  • Theda Skocpol
    NAMING THE PROBLEM What It Will Take to Counter Extremism and Engage Americans in the Fight against Global Warming Theda Skocpol Harvard University January 2013 Prepared for the Symposium on THE POLITICS OF AMERICA’S FIGHT AGAINST GLOBAL WARMING Co-sponsored by the Columbia School of Journalism and the Scholars Strategy Network February 14, 2013, 4-6 pm Tsai Auditorium, Harvard University CONTENTS Making Sense of the Cap and Trade Failure Beyond Easy Answers Did the Economic Downturn Do It? Did Obama Fail to Lead? An Anatomy of Two Reform Campaigns A Regulated Market Approach to Health Reform Harnessing Market Forces to Mitigate Global Warming New Investments in Coalition-Building and Political Capabilities HCAN on the Left Edge of the Possible Climate Reformers Invest in Insider Bargains and Media Ads Outflanked by Extremists The Roots of GOP Opposition Climate Change Denial The Pivotal Battle for Public Opinion in 2006 and 2007 The Tea Party Seals the Deal ii What Can Be Learned? Environmentalists Diagnose the Causes of Death Where Should Philanthropic Money Go? The Politics Next Time Yearning for an Easy Way New Kinds of Insider Deals? Are Market Forces Enough? What Kind of Politics? Using Policy Goals to Build a Broader Coalition The Challenge Named iii “I can’t work on a problem if I cannot name it.” The complaint was registered gently, almost as a musing after-thought at the end of a June 2012 interview I conducted by telephone with one of the nation’s prominent environmental leaders. My interlocutor had played a major role in efforts to get Congress to pass “cap and trade” legislation during 2009 and 2010.
    [Show full text]
  • H.Doc. 108-224 Black Americans in Congress 1870-2007
    H APPENDIX J H Constitutional Amendments and Major Civil RightsActs of Congress Referenced in the Text PUBLIC LAW/ AMENDMENT/AcT U.S. CODE MAIN PROVISIONS Thirteenth Amendment 13 Stat. 567; Abolished slavery and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime. 13 Stat. 774–775 Approved by the 38th Congress (1863–1865) as S.J. Res. 16; ratified by the states on December 6, 1865. Civil Rights Act of 1866 14 Stat. 27–30 Guaranteed the rights of all citizens to make and enforce contracts and to purchase, sell, or lease property. Passed by the 39th Congress (1865–1867) as S.R. 61. Fourteenth Amendment 14 Stat. 358–359 Declared that all persons born or naturalized in the U.S. were citizens and that any state that denied or abridged the voting rights of males over the age of 21 would be subject to proportional reductions in its representation in the U.S. House of Representatives. Approved by the 39th Congress (1865–1867) as H.J. Res. 127; ratified by the states on July 9, 1868. Fifteenth Amendment 16 Stat. 346; Forbade any state to deprive a citizen of his vote because of race, color, or previous 16 Stat. 40–41 condition of servitude. Approved by the 40th Congress (1867–1869) as S.J. Res. 8; ratified by the states on February 3, 1870. First Ku Klux Klan Act 16 Stat. 140–146 Prohibited discrimination in voter registration on the basis of race, color, or (Civil Rights Act of 1870) previous condition of servitude. Established penalties for interfering with a person's right to vote.
    [Show full text]
  • DECLARACIÓN JURADA De Julian Paul Assange
    DECLARACIÓN JURADA de Julian Paul Assange Yo, Julian Paul Assange, ciudadano de Australia, editor, y refugiado político bajo la protección de la Embajada de Ecuador en Londres, HAGO CONSTAR Q!E" So# el Editor de $ikiLeaks # un director de or&ani'aciones asociadas en un número de pa)ses inclu#endo Australia e Islandia+ Hago esta declaración jurada en relación al monitoreo de mis actividades periodísticas por la inteli&encia militar de EE+!!+ en Alemania entre el -. de diciembre del -//0 # el 1/ de diciembre del 2009 el cual fue utili'ado para asistir en el enjuiciamiento de una presunta fuente de $i%iLeaks, el oficial de inteli&encia militar de EE+!!+ Bradle# 5anning, 6uien fue sentenciado a 17 años en prisión militar el -9 de agosto del -/91: # en relación a la probable incautación ile&al de propiedad perteneciente al declarante # a $ikiLeaks mientras se encontraba bajo el control de las autoridades aeroportuarias de Arlanda (Estocolmo) o Te&el (Berl)n) el -= de septiembre del 2010, inter alia tres ordenadores port>tiles cifrados conteniendo materiales period)sticos # le&ales incluyendo evidencia de un crimen de guerra: # esta declaración jurada establece hechos 6ue conforman la base de mi entender 6ue la propiedad antes mencionada fue sujeta a un registro e incautación ile&al # 6ue el monitoreo de mis acti,idades en Alemania tambi@n fue ile&al+ 5e asesoran mis abogados 6ue, adem>s de los derechos 6ue gozan los individuos, como editor # periodista, mi trabajo se encuentra protegido por los derechos # libertades correspondientes, los cuales son vinculantes para Suecia y Alemania+ Escribo esta declaración jurada para ejercer mi derecho a una solución jur)dica e2ecti,a+ Hago esta declaración jurada según mi leal saber y entender+ Índice • 1 Resumen de reclamos • 2 Estado actual • 3 Operaciones de inteli&encia conocidas antes de viajar a Suecia • 4 Estancia eBtendida en Suecia • 5 Presunta confiscación de maleta, EstocolmoDBerl)n • 6 Esfuerzos por recuperar la maleta y presentar una denuncia ante la polic)a • 7 Esfuerzos ininterrumpidos de EE+!!.
    [Show full text]
  • The Senate in Transition Or How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Nuclear Option1
    \\jciprod01\productn\N\NYL\19-4\NYL402.txt unknown Seq: 1 3-JAN-17 6:55 THE SENATE IN TRANSITION OR HOW I LEARNED TO STOP WORRYING AND LOVE THE NUCLEAR OPTION1 William G. Dauster* The right of United States Senators to debate without limit—and thus to filibuster—has characterized much of the Senate’s history. The Reid Pre- cedent, Majority Leader Harry Reid’s November 21, 2013, change to a sim- ple majority to confirm nominations—sometimes called the “nuclear option”—dramatically altered that right. This article considers the Senate’s right to debate, Senators’ increasing abuse of the filibuster, how Senator Reid executed his change, and possible expansions of the Reid Precedent. INTRODUCTION .............................................. 632 R I. THE NATURE OF THE SENATE ........................ 633 R II. THE FOUNDERS’ SENATE ............................. 637 R III. THE CLOTURE RULE ................................. 639 R IV. FILIBUSTER ABUSE .................................. 641 R V. THE REID PRECEDENT ............................... 645 R VI. CHANGING PROCEDURE THROUGH PRECEDENT ......... 649 R VII. THE CONSTITUTIONAL OPTION ........................ 656 R VIII. POSSIBLE REACTIONS TO THE REID PRECEDENT ........ 658 R A. Republican Reaction ............................ 659 R B. Legislation ...................................... 661 R C. Supreme Court Nominations ..................... 670 R D. Discharging Committees of Nominations ......... 672 R E. Overruling Home-State Senators ................. 674 R F. Overruling the Minority Leader .................. 677 R G. Time To Debate ................................ 680 R CONCLUSION................................................ 680 R * Former Deputy Chief of Staff for Policy for U.S. Senate Democratic Leader Harry Reid. The author has worked on U.S. Senate and White House staffs since 1986, including as Staff Director or Deputy Staff Director for the Committees on the Budget, Labor and Human Resources, and Finance.
    [Show full text]
  • End: Grant Sidebar>>>>>
    FINAL History of Wildwood 1860-1919 (chapter for 2018 printing) In the prior chapter, some of the key factors leading to the Civil War were discussed. Among them were the Missouri Compromise of 1820, the McIntosh Incident in 1836, the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 which led to “the Bleeding Kansas” border war, and the Dred Scott case which was finally decided by the U.S. Supreme Court in 1856. Two books were published during this turbulent pre-war period that reflected the conflicts that were brewing. One was a work of fiction: Uncle Tom’s Cabin or a Life Among the Lowly by Harriet Beecher Stowe published in 1852. It was an anti-slavery novel and helped fuel the abolitionist movement in the 1850s. It was widely popular with 300,000 books sold in the United States in its first year. The second book was nonfiction: Twelve Years a Slave was the memoir of Solomon Northup. Northup was a free born black man from New York state who was kidnapped in Washington, D.C. and sold into slavery. He was in bondage for 12 years until family in New York secretly received information about his location and situation and arranged for his release with the assistance of officials of the State of New York. His memoir details the slave markets, the details of sugar and cotton production and the treatment of slaves on major plantations. This memoir, published in 1853, gave factual support to the story told in Stowe’s novel. These two books reflected and enhanced the ideological conflicts that le d to the Civil War.
    [Show full text]
  • C/M/Y/K DESIGN SERVICES of M16 GOLD0615 06 SE CH16.QXD 10/21/10 8:51 PM Page 435
    M16_GOLD0615_06_SE_CH16.QXD 10/21/10 8:32 PM Page 434 An elderly man reads a newspaper with the headline "Presidential Proclamation, Slavery," which refers to the January 1863 Emancipation Proclamation in this painting by Henry Louis Stephens (1824–1882). 434 105500 C P Ed i /NJ/HSSL A G ldfi ld P N 434 C/M/Y/K DESIGN SERVICES OF M16_GOLD0615_06_SE_CH16.QXD 10/21/10 8:51 PM Page 435 Hear the Audio Hear the audio files for Chapter 16 at www.myhistorylab.com. WHITE SOUTHERNERS AND THE GHOSTS OF THE CONFEDERACY, 1865 (page 438) HOW DID southerners remember the war? How did it shape their response to Reconstruction? MORE THAN FREEDOM: AFRICAN AMERICAN ASPIRATIONS IN 1865 (page 439) WHAT WERE African Americans’ hopes for Reconstruction? FEDERAL RECONSTRUCTION, 1865–1870 (page 444) HOW DID Presidential Reconstruction differ from Congressional Reconstruction? COUNTER-RECONSTRUCTION, 1870–1874 (page 452) WHAT ROLE did violence play in Counter-Reconstruction? REDEMPTION, 1874–1877 (page 455) WHY DID the federal government abandon African Americans after 1872? MODEST GAINS (page 459) HOW AND why did Reconstruction end? 435 105500 C P Ed i /NJ/HSSL A G ldfi ld P N 435 C/M/Y/K DESIGN SERVICES OF M16_GOLD0615_06_SE_CH16.QXD 10/21/10 8:02 PM Page 436 436 CHAPTER 16 RECONSTRUCTION 1865–1877 ONE AMERICAN JOURNEY AN APPEAL TO THE AMERICAN PEOPLE (1871) When a dark and fearful strife Raged around the nation’s life, And the traitor plunged his steel Where your quivering hearts could feel, When your cause did need a friend, We were faithful to the end.
    [Show full text]
  • C:\Users\John Munro\Documents\Wpdocs
    Saving Obama, Saving Ourselves By Tom Hayden, Peace Exchange Bulletin 06 September 12 The threat of a Romney-Ryan regime should be enough to convince a narrow American majority to vote for Barack Obama, including the disappointed rank-and-file of social movements. A widening of economic and racial inequality. Cuts in Medicare and Medical. More global warming and extreme weather. Strangling of reproductive rights. Unaffordable tuition. The Neo-cons back in the saddle. Two or three more right-wing Supreme Court appointments to come. Romney as Trojan horse for Ryan the stalking horse and future presidential candidate. The consolidation of right-wing power would put progressives on the defensive, shrinking any organizing space for pressuring for greater innovations in an Obama second term. Where, for example, would progressives be without the Voting Rights Act programs such as Planned Parenthood, or officials like Labor Secretary Hilda Solis or EPA administrator Lisa Jackson? But the positive case for More Obama and Better Obama should be made as well. History will show that the first term was better than most progressives now think. A second-term voter mandate against wasteful wars, Wall Street extravagance, and austerity for the many, led by elected officials including Elizabeth Warren, Bernie Sanders, Barbara Lee, Raul Grijalva, Jim McGovern and Keith Ellison, would be, in the language of the Pentagon, a target-rich field of opportunities. Why Obama's achievements are dismissed or denied by many on the white liberal-left is a question worth serious consideration. It may only be a matter of legitimate disappointment after the utopian expectations of 2008.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 15 Reconstruction 1865–1877
    Chapter 15 Reconstruction 1865–1877 Teaching Resources 4. As some African Americans began to agi- tate for political rights, congressional Re- Chapter Instructional Objectives publicans proposed the Wade-Davis Bill, a stricter substitute for Lincoln’s Ten Percent After you have taught this chapter, your students Plan, which laid down, as conditions for should be able to answer the following questions: the restoration of the rebellious states to 1. How did Presidents Lincoln and Johnson envision the Union, an oath of allegiance by a ma- Reconstruction? jority of each state’s adult white men, new state governments formed only by those 2. How and why did Republicans in Congress take who had never carried arms against the control of Reconstruction? Union, and permanent disfranchisement 3. What did African Americans expect after the Civil of Confederate leaders. War? What were the realities they encountered 5. The Wade-Davis Bill served notice that during Reconstruction? congressional Republicans were not going to turn Reconstruction policy over to the 4. What was the southern response(s) to Reconstruc- president. tion? 6. Rather than openly challenge Congress, 5. Why did a political crisis emerge in 1877? How did Lincoln executed a pocket veto of the it shape Reconstruction? Wade-Davis Bill by not signing it before Congress adjourned. 6. What were the successes and failures of Recon- 7. Lincoln also initiated informal talks with struction? congressional leaders aimed at finding common ground; Lincoln’s successor An- Chapter Annotated Outline drew Johnson, however, held the view that Reconstruction was the president’s prerog- I. Presidential Reconstruction ative.
    [Show full text]
  • Reconstructing the Republic, 1865-1877
    Volume 1 Building the American Republic A Narrative History to 1877 Harry L. Watson The University of Chicago Press ChiCago and London This is volume 1 of a two-volume narrative history of America by Harry L. Watson and Jane Dailey. Volume 1 is written by Watson; volume 2 is written by Dailey. To read digital editions of both volumes and more, please visit buildingtheamericanrepublic.org. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago 60637 The University of Chicago Press, Ltd., London © 2018 by Harry L. Watson All rights reserved. No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission, except in the case of brief quotations in critical articles and reviews. For more information, contact the University of Chicago Press, 1427 East 60th Street, Chicago, IL 60637. Published 2018 Printed in the United States of America 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 1 2 3 4 5 iSBn- 13: 978- 0- 226- 30048- 1 (cloth) iSBn- 13: 978- 0- 226- 30051- 1 (paper) iSBn- 13: 978- 0- 226- 30065- 8 (e- book) doi: 10.7208/chicago/9780226300658.001.0001 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Watson, Harry L. | Dailey, Jane Elizabeth, 1963– Title: Building the American republic. Description: Chicago ; London : The University of Chicago Press, 2018. | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: lccn 2017026856 | isbn 9780226300481 (vol. 1 ; cloth : alk. paper) | isbn 9780226300511 (vol. 1 ; pbk. : alk. paper) | isbn 9780226300658 (vol. 1 ; e-book) | isbn 9780226300795 (vol. 2 ; cloth : alk. paper) | isbn 9780226300825 (vol. 2 ; pbk. : alk. paper) | isbn 9780226300962 (vol.
    [Show full text]
  • Florida International University, Miami Studies
    Narrative Section of a Successful Application The attached document contains the grant narrative and selected portions of a previously-funded grant application. It is not intended to serve as a model, but to give you a sense of how a successful application may be crafted. Every successful application is different, and each applicant is urged to prepare a proposal that reflects its unique project and aspirations. Prospective applicants should consult the current Institutes guidelines, which reflect the most recent information and instructions, at https://www.neh.gov/grants/education/humanities-initiatives-hispanic-serving- institutions Applicants are also strongly encouraged to consult with the NEH Division of Education Programs staff well before a grant deadline. Note: The attachment only contains the grant narrative and selected portions, not the entire funded application. In addition, certain portions may have been redacted to protect the privacy interests of an individual and/or to protect confidential commercial and financial information and/or to protect copyrighted materials. Project Title: Miami Studies: Building a New Interdisciplinary Public Humanities Program Institution: Florida International University Project Director: Julió Capo, Andrea Fanta Casto, and Rebecca Friedman Grant Program: Humanities Initiatives at Hispanic-Serving Institutions 1 Miami Studies: Building a New Interdisciplinary Public Humanities Program TABLE OF CONTENTS Project Summary............................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • B. August 3, 1824 – D. May 14, 1887 It Is the Tradition of Western Michigan
    WOODS CLASS IN MEMORIAM – JUSTICE WILLIAM BURNHAM WOODS UNITED STATES SUPREME COURT JUSTICE b. August 3, 1824 – d. May 14, 1887 It is the tradition of Western Michigan University’s Thomas M. Cooley Law School to name each entering class after a former justice of the Michigan Supreme Court or of the United States’ Supreme Court. Today’s entering class is named in honor of United States Supreme Court Justice William Burnham Woods. William Burnham Woods was born in Newark, Ohio, on August 3, 1824. His father, Ezekiel Woods, was a farmer-merchant from Kentucky. His mother, Sarah Burnham Woods, was from New England. Woods attended Western Reserve College and Yale, where he graduated valedictorian in 1845. He studied law with S.D. King in his hometown of Newark and became his partner after passing the Ohio bar in 1847. After nearly a decade of practice in Newark, where he rose to local prominence as a lawyer, Woods married Anne E. Warner in 1855, and was elected mayor of Newark the following year. His political experience as mayor was followed by an election on the Democratic ticket to the state legislature in 1857, where he was chosen Speaker of the House. When the Republicans gained control of the state House in 1860, Woods became the minority leader. Although opposed to the Civil War and President Lincoln’s policy, Woods was convinced that victory over the South was necessary. He joined the Union Army in 1862, and saw action at Shiloh, Vicksburg, and on General Sherman’s march through Georgia. Near the end of the war, he was promoted to the rank of brevet major general in 1866.
    [Show full text]