Systematics: Naming Organisms and Reconstructing the Evolutionary History of Life Mike Viney
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Burmese Amber Taxa
Burmese (Myanmar) amber taxa, on-line supplement v.2021.1 Andrew J. Ross 21/06/2021 Principal Curator of Palaeobiology Department of Natural Sciences National Museums Scotland Chambers St. Edinburgh EH1 1JF E-mail: [email protected] Dr Andrew Ross | National Museums Scotland (nms.ac.uk) This taxonomic list is a supplement to Ross (2021) and follows the same format. It includes taxa described or recorded from the beginning of January 2021 up to the end of May 2021, plus 3 species that were named in 2020 which were missed. Please note that only higher taxa that include new taxa or changed/corrected records are listed below. The list is until the end of May, however some papers published in June are listed in the ‘in press’ section at the end, but taxa from these are not yet included in the checklist. As per the previous on-line checklists, in the bibliography page numbers have been added (in blue) to those papers that were published on-line previously without page numbers. New additions or changes to the previously published list and supplements are marked in blue, corrections are marked in red. In Ross (2021) new species of spider from Wunderlich & Müller (2020) were listed as being authored by both authors because there was no indication next to the new name to indicate otherwise, however in the introduction it was indicated that the author of the new taxa was Wunderlich only. Where there have been subsequent taxonomic changes to any of these species the authorship has been corrected below. -
Diagnosis and Differentiation of the Order Primates
YEARBOOK OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 30:75-105 (1987) Diagnosis and Differentiation of the Order Primates FREDERICK S. SZALAY, ALFRED L. ROSENBERGER, AND MARIAN DAGOSTO Department of Anthropolog* Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, New York 10021 (F.S.S.); University of Illinois, Urbanq Illinois 61801 (A.L. R.1; School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University/ Baltimore, h4D 21218 (M.B.) KEY WORDS Semiorders Paromomyiformes and Euprimates, Suborders Strepsirhini and Haplorhini, Semisuborder Anthropoidea, Cranioskeletal morphology, Adapidae, Omomyidae, Grades vs. monophyletic (paraphyletic or holophyletic) taxa ABSTRACT We contrast our approach to a phylogenetic diagnosis of the order Primates, and its various supraspecific taxa, with definitional proce- dures. The order, which we divide into the semiorders Paromomyiformes and Euprimates, is clearly diagnosable on the basis of well-corroborated informa- tion from the fossil record. Lists of derived features which we hypothesize to have been fixed in the first representative species of the Primates, Eupri- mates, Strepsirhini, Haplorhini, and Anthropoidea, are presented. Our clas- sification of the order includes both holophyletic and paraphyletic groups, depending on the nature of the available evidence. We discuss in detail the problematic evidence of the basicranium in Paleo- gene primates and present new evidence for the resolution of previously controversial interpretations. We renew and expand our emphasis on postcra- nial analysis of fossil and living primates to show the importance of under- standing their evolutionary morphology and subsequent to this their use for understanding taxon phylogeny. We reject the much advocated %ladograms first, phylogeny next, and scenario third” approach which maintains that biologically founded character analysis, i.e., functional-adaptive analysis and paleontology, is irrelevant to genealogy hypotheses. -
A Revised Taxonomy of the Iguanodont Dinosaur Genera and Species
ARTICLE IN PRESS + MODEL Cretaceous Research xx (2007) 1e25 www.elsevier.com/locate/CretRes A revised taxonomy of the iguanodont dinosaur genera and species Gregory S. Paul 3109 North Calvert Station, Side Apartment, Baltimore, MD 21218-3807, USA Received 20 April 2006; accepted in revised form 27 April 2007 Abstract Criteria for designating dinosaur genera are inconsistent; some very similar species are highly split at the generic level, other anatomically disparate species are united at the same rank. Since the mid-1800s the classic genus Iguanodon has become a taxonomic grab-bag containing species spanning most of the Early Cretaceous of the northern hemisphere. Recently the genus was radically redesignated when the type was shifted from nondiagnostic English Valanginian teeth to a complete skull and skeleton of the heavily built, semi-quadrupedal I. bernissartensis from much younger Belgian sediments, even though the latter is very different in form from the gracile skeletal remains described by Mantell. Currently, iguanodont remains from Europe are usually assigned to either robust I. bernissartensis or gracile I. atherfieldensis, regardless of lo- cation or stage. A stratigraphic analysis is combined with a character census that shows the European iguanodonts are markedly more morpho- logically divergent than other dinosaur genera, and some appear phylogenetically more derived than others. Two new genera and a new species have been or are named for the gracile iguanodonts of the Wealden Supergroup; strongly bipedal Mantellisaurus atherfieldensis Paul (2006. Turning the old into the new: a separate genus for the gracile iguanodont from the Wealden of England. In: Carpenter, K. (Ed.), Horns and Beaks: Ceratopsian and Ornithopod Dinosaurs. -
Ediacaran Algal Cysts from the Doushantuo Formation, South China
Geological Magazine Ediacaran algal cysts from the Doushantuo www.cambridge.org/geo Formation, South China Małgorzata Moczydłowska1 and Pengju Liu2 1 Original Article Uppsala University, Department of Earth Sciences, Palaeobiology, Villavägen 16, SE 752 36 Uppsala, Sweden and 2Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Science, Beijing 100037, China Cite this article: Moczydłowska M and Liu P. Ediacaran algal cysts from the Doushantuo Abstract Formation, South China. Geological Magazine https://doi.org/10.1017/S0016756820001405 Early-middle Ediacaran organic-walled microfossils from the Doushantuo Formation studied in several sections in the Yangtze Gorges area, South China, show ornamented cyst-like vesicles Received: 24 February 2020 of very high diversity. These microfossils are diagenetically permineralized and observed in pet- Revised: 1 December 2020 rographic thin-sections of chert nodules. Exquisitely preserved specimens belonging to seven Accepted: 2 December 2020 species of Appendisphaera, Mengeosphaera, Tanarium, Urasphaera and Tianzhushania contain Keywords: either single or multiple spheroidal internal bodies inside the vesicles. These structures indicate organic-walled microfossils; zygotic cysts; reproductive stages, endocyst and dividing cells, respectively, and are preserved at early to late Chloroplastida; microalgae; animal embryos; ontogenetic stages in the same taxa. This new evidence supports the algal affiliations for the eukaryotic evolution studied taxa and refutes previous suggestions of Tianzhushania being animal embryo or holo- Author for correspondence: Małgorzata zoan. The first record of a late developmental stage of a completely preserved specimen of Moczydłowska, Email: [email protected] T. spinosa observed in thin-section demonstrates the interior of vesicles with clusters of iden- tical cells but without any cavity that is diagnostic for recognizing algal cysts vs animal diapause cysts. -
With Two New Genera in Burmese Amber G.O
Бiологiчний вiсник МДПУ імені Богдана Хмельницького 6 (3), стор. 157¢164, 2016 Biological Bulletin of Bogdan Chmelnitskiy Melitopol State Pedagogical University, 6 (3), pp. 157¢164, 2016 ARTICLE UDC 595.768 A NEW WEEVIL TRIBE, MEKORHAMPHINI TRIB. NOV. (COLEOPTERA, ITHYCERIDAE) WITH TWO NEW GENERA IN BURMESE AMBER G.O. Poinar, Jr.1, A.E. Brown2, A.A. Legalov3 1Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis OR 97331 USA. E-mail: [email protected]. 22629 Euclid Avenue, Berkeley CA 94708 USA. 3Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Frunze str. 11, Novosibirsk 630091 Russia. E-mail: [email protected] A new tribe, Mekorhamphini trib. n., two new genera Mekorhamphus gen. n. and Habropezus gen. n. and two new species (M. gyralommus sp. n. and H. plaisiommus sp. n.) are described from Burmese amber. The new tribe resembles the tribe Mesophyletini but differs from the latter by possessing contiguous procoxal cavities and very wide elytra with regular striae. From the tribe Anchineini, it differs by the contiguous procoxal cavities, precoxal portion of the prosternum elongated, and swollen trochanters. The new taxa can be distinguished from modern Carini by having antennae attached near the middle of the rostrum, an elongated precoxal portion of the prosternum and enlarged trochanters. Key words: Curculionoidea, Carinae, Mekorhamphini trib. n., Mekorhamphus gyralommus gen. et sp. n., Habropezus plaisiommus gen. et sp. n., Early Cretaceous, Cenomanian. Citation: Poinar, G.O., Jr., Brown, A.E., Legalov, A.A. (2016). A new weevil tribe, Mekorhamphini trib. nov. (Coleoptera, Ithyceridae) with two new genera in Burmese amber. -
Estimation of Gene Insertion/Deletion Rates with Missing Data
| INVESTIGATION Estimation of Gene Insertion/Deletion Rates with Missing Data Utkarsh J. Dang,*,1 Alison M. Devault,† Tatum D. Mortimer,‡ Caitlin S. Pepperell,‡ Hendrik N. Poinar,§ and G. Brian Golding**,2 *Departments of Biology and Mathematics and Statistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S-4L8, Canada, †MYcroarray, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, ‡Departments of Medicine and Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, and §Department of Anthropology and **Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S-4K1, Canada ABSTRACT Lateral gene transfer is an important mechanism for evolution among bacteria. Here, genome-wide gene insertion and deletion rates are modeled in a maximum-likelihood framework with the additional flexibility of modeling potential missing data. The performance of the models is illustrated using simulations and a data set on gene family phyletic patterns from Gardnerella vaginalis that includes an ancient taxon. A novel application involving pseudogenization/genome reduction magnitudes is also illustrated, using gene family data from Mycobacterium spp. Finally, an R package called indelmiss is available from the Comprehensive R Archive Network at https://cran.r-project.org/package=indelmiss, with support documentation and examples. KEYWORDS gene insertion/deletion; indel rates; maximum likelihood; unobserved data ATERAL gene transfer is an important, yet traditionally Marri et al. 2006; Cohen and Pupko 2010). Traditionally, Lunderestimated, mechanism for microbial evolution such likelihood-based analyses have required that the closely (McDaniel et al. 2010; Treangen and Rocha 2011). Whole related sequences being investigated have complete genome gene insertions/deletions, referred to as indels here in the sequences available. -
Université De Montréal Edit Distance Metrics for Measuring Dissimilarity
Université de Montréal Edit Distance Metrics for Measuring Dissimilarity between Labeled Gene Trees par Samuel Briand Département d’informatique et de recherche opérationnelle Faculté des arts et des sciences Mémoire présenté en vue de l’obtention du grade de Maître ès sciences (M.Sc.) en Informatique Orientation Biologie computationelle August 7, 2020 © Samuel Briand, 2020 Université de Montréal Faculté des arts et des sciences Ce mémoire intitulé Edit Distance Metrics for Measuring Dissimilarity between Labeled Gene Trees présenté par Samuel Briand a été évalué par un jury composé des personnes suivantes : Sylvie Hamel (président-rapporteur) Nadia El-Mabrouk (directeur de recherche) Esma Aïmeur (membre du jury) Résumé Les arbres phylogénétiques sont des instruments de biologie évolutive offrant de formidables moyens d’étude pour la génomique comparative. Ils fournissent des moyens de représenter des mécanismes permettant de modéliser les relations de parenté entre les espèces ou les membres de familles de gènes en fonction de la diversité taxonomique, ainsi que des observations et des renseignements sur l’histoire évolutive, la structure et la variation des processus biologiques. Cependant, les méthodes traditionnelles d’inférence phylogénétique ont la réputation d’être sensibles aux erreurs. Il est donc indispensable de comparer les arbres phylogénétiques et de les analyser pour obtenir la meilleure interprétation des données biologiques qu’ils peuvent fournir. Nous commençons par aborder les travaux connexes existants pour déduire, comparer et analyser les arbres phylogénétiques, en évaluant leurs bonnes caractéristiques ainsi que leurs défauts, et discuter des pistes d’améliorations futures. La deuxième partie de cette thèse se concentre sur le développement de mesures efficaces et précises pour analyser et comparer des paires d’arbres génétiques avec des nœuds internes étiquetés. -
Systematics, Genetics and Speciation
Systematics, Genetics and Speciation Fundamentals of Fish Biology 27 January 2014 Why should I listen today? Class objectives 1. understand general terms about Systematics of fish 2. be able to list the five methods of categorizing fish groups 3. understand how species evolve via allopatric and sympatric speciation 4. understand the taxonomy and binomial nomenclature behind the system of naming fish Some definitions • Systematics – the study of the evolutionary relationship among organisms • Taxonomy – the science of describing and classifying organisms • Evolutionary Trees – early diagrams used to show relationships among higher levels • Phylogenetic systematics –uses branching diagrams called cladograms – each branch represents a monophyletic group of organisms (e.g. species, families, order…) – uses characteristics that can be quantified and therefore reduces subjective classification Evolutionary Trees Cladograms More definitions • Monophyletic group is a group including an ancestor and all descendants (e.g. vertebrates) • Paraphyletic group is a group containing some but not all descendants of an ancestor (e.g. dinosaurs) • Polyphyly is a group containing descendants of different ancestors (e.g. invertebrates) Other ways of classifying fish • Warm vs cold water fishes (bass and trout) • Saltwater vs freshwater • Pelagic or benthic • Reproductive styles • Trophic level • Freshwater fish based on evolutionary history (primary, secondary, diadromy) Five categories of taxonomic methods • Morphometric measurements • Meristic traits – considered -
Are Pinnipeds Functionally Different from Fissiped Carnivores? the Importance of Phylogenetic Comparative Analyses
Evolution, 54(3), 2000, pp. 1011±1023 ARE PINNIPEDS FUNCTIONALLY DIFFERENT FROM FISSIPED CARNIVORES? THE IMPORTANCE OF PHYLOGENETIC COMPARATIVE ANALYSES OLAF R. P. BININDA-EMONDS1,2 AND JOHN L. GITTLEMAN3,4 1Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PS, United Kingdom 3Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-1610 Abstract. It is widely assumed that adaptations to an aquatic lifestyle are so profound as to produce only obvious differences between pinnipeds and the remaining, largely terrestrial carnivore species (``®ssipeds''). Thus, comparative studies of the order Carnivora routinely examine these groups independently. This approach is invalid for two reasons. First, ®ssipeds are a paraphyletic assemblage, which raises the general issue of when it is appropriate to ignore monophyly as a criterion for inclusion in comparative studies. Second, the claim that most functional characters (beyond a few undoubted characteristic features) are different in pinnipeds and ®ssipeds has never been quantitatively examined, nor with phylogenetic comparative methods. We test for possible differences between these two groups in relation to 20 morphological, life-history, physiological, and ecological variables. Comparisons employed the method of independent contrasts based on a complete and dated species-level phylogeny of the extant Carnivora. Pinnipeds differ from ®ssipeds only through evolutionary grade shifts in a limited number of life-history traits: litter weight (vs. gestation length), birth weight, and age of eyes opening (both vs. size). Otherwise, pinnipeds display the same rate of evolution as phylogenetically equivalent ®ssiped taxa for all variables. Overall functional differences between pinnipeds and ®ssipeds appear to have been overstated and may be no greater than those among major ®ssiped groups. -
Can We Understand Evolution Without Symbiogenesis?
Can We Understand Evolution Without Symbiogenesis? Francisco Carrapiço …symbiosis is more than a mere casual and isolated biological phenomenon: it is in reality the most fundamental and universal order or law of life. Hermann Reinheimer (1915) Abstract This work is a contribution to the literature and knowledge on evolu- tion that takes into account the biological data obtained on symbiosis and sym- biogenesis. Evolution is traditionally considered a gradual process essentially consisting of natural selection, conducted on minimal phenotypical variations that are the result of mutations and genetic recombinations to form new spe- cies. However, the biological world presents and involves symbiotic associations between different organisms to form consortia, a new structural life dimension and a symbiont-induced speciation. The acknowledgment of this reality implies a new understanding of the natural world, in which symbiogenesis plays an important role as an evolutive mechanism. Within this understanding, symbiosis is the key to the acquisition of new genomes and new metabolic capacities, driving living forms’ evolution and the establishment of biodiversity and complexity on Earth. This chapter provides information on some of the key figures and their major works on symbiosis and symbiogenesis and reinforces the importance of these concepts in our understanding of the natural world and the role they play in the establishing of the evolutionary complexity of living systems. In this context, the concept of the symbiogenic superorganism is also discussed. Keywords Evolution · Symbiogenesis · Symbiosis · Symbiogenic superorgan- ism · New paradigm F. Carrapiço (*) Centre for Ecology Evolution and Environmental Change (CE3C); Centre for Philosophy of Science, Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of science, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal e-mail: [email protected] © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015 81 N. -
Plant Systematics: an Overview
I Systematics 1 Plant Systematics: An Overview PLANTS . 3 Evolution . 10 What Is a Plant? . 3 Taxonomy . 10 Plants and the Evolution of Life . 3 Phylogeny . 13 Land Plants . 5 Why Study Systematics? . 13 Why Study Plants? . 6 REVIEW QUESTIONS . 15 SYSTEMATICS . 7 EXERCISES . 16 What Is Systematics? . 7 REFERENCES FOR FURTHER STUDY . 16 This book is about a fascinating fi eld of biology called plant defi ned by the common (but independently evolved) characteristic systematics. The purpose of this chapter is to introduce the of photosynthesis. However, delimiting organismal groups based basics: what a plant is, what systematics is, and the reasons on evolutionary history has gained almost universal acceptance. for studying plant systematics. This latter type of classifi cation directly refl ects the patterns of that evolutionary history and can be used to explicitly test evolutionary hypotheses (discussed later; see Chapter 2). PLANTS An understanding of what plants are requires an explanation of the evolution of life in general. WHAT IS A PLANT? This question can be answered in either of two conceptual PLANTS AND THE EVOLUTION OF LIFE ways. One way, the traditional way, is to defi ne groups of Life is currently classifi ed as three major groups (sometimes organisms such as plants by the characteristics they possess. called domains) of organisms: Archaea (also called Archae- Thus, historically, “plants” included those organisms that pos- bacteria), Bacteria (also called Eubacteria), and Eukarya or sess photosynthesis, cell walls, spores, and a more or less sed- eukaryotes (also spelled eucaryotes). The evolutionary relation- entary behavior. This traditional grouping of plants contained ships of these groups are summarized in the simplifi ed evolu- a variety of microscopic organisms, all of the “algae,” and tionary tree or cladogram of Figure 1.1. -
Systematics, Evolution and Phylogeny of Annelida – a Morphological Perspective
Memoirs of Museum Victoria 71: 247–269 (2014) Published December 2014 ISSN 1447-2546 (Print) 1447-2554 (On-line) http://museumvictoria.com.au/about/books-and-journals/journals/memoirs-of-museum-victoria/ Systematics, evolution and phylogeny of Annelida – a morphological perspective GÜNTER PURSCHKE1,*, CHRISTOPH BLEIDORN2 AND TORSTEN STRUCK3 1 Zoology and Developmental Biology, Department of Biology and Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, Barbarastr. 11, 49069 Osnabrück, Germany ([email protected]) 2 Molecular Evolution and Animal Systematics, University of Leipzig, Talstr. 33, 04103 Leipzig, Germany (bleidorn@ rz.uni-leipzig.de) 3 Zoological Research Museum Alexander König, Adenauerallee 160, 53113 Bonn, Germany (torsten.struck.zfmk@uni- bonn.de) * To whom correspondence and reprint requests should be addressed. Email: [email protected] Abstract Purschke, G., Bleidorn, C. and Struck, T. 2014. Systematics, evolution and phylogeny of Annelida – a morphological perspective . Memoirs of Museum Victoria 71: 247–269. Annelida, traditionally divided into Polychaeta and Clitellata, is an evolutionary ancient and ecologically important group today usually considered to be monophyletic. However, there is a long debate regarding the in-group relationships as well as the direction of evolutionary changes within the group. This debate is correlated to the extraordinary evolutionary diversity of this group. Although annelids may generally be characterised as organisms with multiple repetitions of identically organised segments and usually bearing certain other characters such as a collagenous cuticle, chitinous chaetae or nuchal organs, none of these are present in every subgroup. This is even true for the annelid key character, segmentation. The first morphology-based cladistic analyses of polychaetes showed Polychaeta and Clitellata as sister groups.