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The Economic Significance of Rivellia (Diptera: Platystomatidae)

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The Economic Significance of Rivellia (Diptera: Platystomatidae) ISRAEL JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY, Vol. 49 (2), pp. 135–160 (19 August 2019) This contribution is published to honor Dr. Amnon Freidberg, a scientist, a colleague and a friend, on the occasion of his 75th birthday. The economic significance of the signal fly genus Rivellia Robineau-Desvoidy (Diptera: Platystomatidae) Andrew E. Whittington FlyEvidence, Conway House, 27 Stoke Gabriel Road, Galmpton, TQ5 0NQ, UK. E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT Knowledge of the biology of signal flies is inadequate and scattered, with that for the genus Rivellia being better than other genera, but yet still insufficiently do cumented. This paper draws together the collective information on the bio- lo gy of Rivellia, especially since many species attack root nodules of legume crops around the world. The growing economic importance associated with this bio logy hinges on increased demands for legume crops, especially soy, which is not only used in human food supply, but also as stock feed that indirectly be- nefits the human food chain. At least 22 species of Rivellia are associated with root nodules of legumes, including 32 different plant species interactions and many more varieties among these. Of these, seven species impact on the soy- bean Glycine max (L.) Merrill trade, which amounts to a global production of nearly 350 million tonnes per annum, accounting for 56 % of worldwide oilseed pro duc tion with a market value of in excess of USD48 billion. So significant is the pest association of one species, R. quadrifasciata (Macquart, 1835), that it is known as the Soybean Nodule Fly (SNF). Indications from species analysis in the USA are that Rivellia species associated with root nodules of legume crops have shifted from a primary indigenous meadow legume to the mono-cultured crop species. KEYWORDS: Diptera, Platystomatidae, Rivellia, signal fly, Fabaceae, soybean, agricultural entomology, economic significance, pests, review. INTRODUCTION In general among the signal flies biological details and knowledge of the ju- ve nile stages exist for few species, Rivellia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 being an exception in which in depth agricultural studies have been conduced. Even with- in Rivellia, however, data are sparse and restricted to only 13 species (Table 1), plus a few undetermined species, of a potential total of approximately 140 species worldwide. Notably, larvae are associated with the living and the decaying root no- dules of nitrogen fixing Fabaceae (including soybean, various varieties of peanuts and ground nuts, pigeon pea, common pulse crops used as culinary beans and pas ture legumes) and with the roots or flowers of other plants such as eggplant, sor ghum, black locust and Narcissus (Table 2). This is of economic significance, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3371321; ISSN (online) 2224-6304 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:0E958BA8-2F25-4414-87A4-0891EE4DC2F9 136 ISRAEL JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY, VOL. 49 (2), 2019 Fig. 1: Adult female Rivellia quadrifasciata (Macquart, 1835), feeding on common ninebark flowers (Physocarpus opulifolius (L.) Maxim., 1879 (Rosaceae)) at the Riveredge Nature Center in Ozaukee County (southeastern Wisconsin, USA). Photo credit: Kate Redmond, UWM Field Station. because pest induced stress was noted as a major component preventing increased soybean yield in the USA by Newsom (1983) by significantly reducing nitrogen fi xation and C2H4 production (Hutchinson 1979). These effects are equally likely to so affect other legume crops. Occasionally, adults are found associated with le- gu minous ornamental species; for instance, Byun et al. (2001) noted Rivellia nig- roapicalis Byun & Suh, 2001 on Pueraria montana (Lour.) Merr. in Korea. One species, R. quadrifasciata (Macquart, 1835) (Fig. 1), has become associa- ted with the vernacular name Soybean Root Nodule Fly (SNF, Koethe & van Duyn 1984), but it is by no means the only species to have evolved a taste for soybean root nodules. Indeed, this vernacular name and variations of it pre-existed in Ja- pan prior to common publication in American literature. Sugiyama and Mochi zuki (1949) mention “daizu-kiiro-konryu-bae” (=soybean yellow root nodule fly; Hara 1993) for R. basilaris (Weidemann, 1830) and “daizu-konryu-bae” (=soybean root no dule fly; Hara 1993) for R. apicalis Hendel, 1934. Being a cosmopolitan genus, associated with equally widely dis tri buted le gu- mes crops, the literature on the biology of this genus are dispersed and some times difficult to locate, being published in localised news letters and agri cul tu ral bul- letins. This paper reviews the literature of this collective knowledge and empha - sises the economic significance of the signal fly genus Rivellia. BOTANICAL ASSOCIATIONS Members of the genus Rivellia were first reported on agricultural crops by Hoff- man (1938), who reared R. basilaris (Wiedemann, 1830) from the fruit of Solanum melongena L. (aubergine, brinjal, or eggplant) in Kangton in China, contrary to Lui Table 1. Rivellia (Diptera: Platystomatidae) associations with host plants. Pest species Stage Host Location Reference R. alini Enderlein, 1937 L/A? Glycine max (L.) Merrill (soybean) Jeonju, Republic of Korea Oh et al. 2017 L Vigna triloba (weed legume) ICRISAT Center, India Sithanantham et al. 1981 WHITTINGTON Sithanantham et al. Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeon pea, or 1981, 1987; Kumar Rao L ICRISAT Center, India red gram) & Sithanantham 1989; R. angulata Hendel, 1914 Reed et al. 1989 : Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeon pea, or E L, A Greenhouse, Canada Nambiar et al. 1990 C red gram) ONOM Kumar Rao & L Sorgorum bicolor L. Moench (sorghum) ICRISAT Center, India IC Sithanantham 1989 S I Sugiyama & Mochizuki GN I 1949, 1950 (identified as F E, L, P, A Glycine max (L.) Merrill (soybean) Hokuriku, Japan IC R. apicalis by Koizumi AN 1957) C E Hokkaido and Kyushyu, Koizumi 1957; OF L Glycine max (L.) Merrill (soybean) Japan Kobayashi 1981 RIVELLIA Honeydew on Glycine max (L.) Merrill Hokkaido and Kyushyu, A Koizumi 1957 (soybean) Japan R. apicalis Hendel, 1934 Honeydew on Glycine max (L.) Merrill Kurosawa & Matsumoto L Sapporo, Japan (soybean) 1961 Vigna angularis (Willd.) Ohwi & H. Ohashi Yarnanashi Prefecture, L Suzuki & Mori 1963 (Azuki bean and common bean plants Japan such as scarlet runner) 137 L/A? Glycine max (L.) Merrill (soybean) Jeonju, Republic of Korea Oh et al. 2017 138 Table 1. Rivellia (Diptera: Platystomatidae) associations with host plants. Pest species Stage Host Location Reference Sugiyama & Mochizuki 1949, 1950 (identified as L Glycine max (L.) Merrill (soybean) Hokuriku, Japan R. basilaris by Koizumi 1957) Hokkaido and Kyushyu, Koizumi 1957; I L Glycine max (L.) Merrill (soybean) SRAEL Japan Kobayashi 1981 Nagano and Osaka J A Glycine max (L.) Merrill (soybean) Hara 1993 OURNAL prefectures, Japan R. basilaris (Wiedemann, 1830) L, A Soybean (assumed to be Glycine max ) Shenzhen, China Liu 2017 OF Honeydew on Glycine max (L.) Merrill Hokkaido and Kyushyu, ENTOMOLOGY L, A Koizumi 1957 (soybean) Japan Solanum nigrum L. (hound berry, or Kwantung (today’s Hebei L Hoffman 1938 nightshade) Province) in China , Solanum melongena L. (aubergine, Reported by Koizumi V L Kangton in China OL. 49(2),2019 brinjal, or eggplant) 1957 Australia and New R. nr. basilaris L Glycine max (L.) Merrill (soybean) Kogan et al. 1997 Zealand R. boscii Blickenstaff & Huggans L/A? Glycine max (L.) Merrill (soybean) Missouri, USA Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 1962 Amphicarpaea bracteata (L.) Fernald Namba 1956; Foote R. flavimana Loew, 1873 L, P, A USA (hog peanut) 1985; Foote et al. 1987 R. flavipes Hara, 1994 A Lespedeza bicolor Turcz. (bush clover) Hokkaido, Japan Hara 1994 Table 1. Rivellia (Diptera: Platystomatidae) associations with host plants. Pest species Stage Host Location Reference Vigna angularis (Willd.) Ohwi & H. Nagano and Osaka A Ohashi (Azuki bean and common bean Hara 1993 prefectures, Japan plants such as scarlet runner) R. flaviventris Hendel, 1914 WHITTINGTON L/A? Glycine max (L.) Merrill (soybean) Jeonju, Republic of Korea Oh et al. 2017 Amphicarpaea bracteata (L.) Fernald A subsp. edgeworthii (Benth.) Ohashi var. Hokkaido, Japan Hara 1994 : E japonica (Oliver) Ohashi (hog peanut) C ONOM Maackia amurensis Rurp. & Maxim. var. R. mandschurica Hennig, 1945 IC A buergeri (Maxim.) C.K. Schn. (Amur Hokkaido, Japan Hara 1994 S maackia) I GN I F Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi (kudzu IC A Hokkaido, Japan Hara 1994 AN vine, or East Asian arrowroot) C E Namba 1956; Newson OF Robinia pseudoacacia L. (black locust 1983; Foote 1985; Foote RIVELLIA R. melliginis (Fitch, 1855) E, L, A USA tree) et al.1987; McMichael et al. 1990 R. metallica Amphicarpaea bracteata (L.) Fernald Namba 1956; Foote A USA (van der Wulp, 1867) (hog peanut) 1985; Foote et al. 1987 Amorpha fruticosa L. (false-indigo, or R. micans Loew, 1873 A Oklahoma and Ohio, USA Foote et al. 1987 bush-indigo) Amorpha fruticosa L. false-indigo, or R. munda Namba, 1956 A Oklahoma, USA Foote et al. 1987 139 bush-indigo) 140 Table 1. Rivellia (Diptera: Platystomatidae) associations with host plants. Pest species Stage Host Location Reference Kurosawa & Matsumoto L Glycine max (L.) Merrill (soybean) Hokkaido, Sapporo, Japan 1961; Hara 1994 Amphicarpaea bracteata (L.) Fernald A subsp. edgeworthii (Benth.) Ohashi var. Hokkaido, Japan Hara 1994 I japonica (Oliver) Ohashi (hog peanut) SRAEL R. nigricans Matsumura, 1916 Maackia amurensis Rurp. & Maxim. var. A buergeri (Maxim.) C.K. Schn. (Amur Hokkaido, Japan Hara 1994 J OURNAL maackia) Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi (kudzu Hokkaido and Honshu, A Hara 1994 OF vine, or East Asian arrowroot) Japan ENTOMOLOGY R. nigroapicalis Pueraria montana (Lour.) Merr. (kudzu, A Korea Byun et al. 2001 Byun & Suh, 2001 or Japanese arrowroot) Namba 1956; Foote Amphicarpaea bracteata (L.) Fernald R. pallida Loew, 1873 E, L, P, A USA 1985; Bibro & Foote (hog peanut) , 1986; Foote et al. 1987 V OL. 49(2),2019 Blickenstaff & Huggans L/A? Glycine max (L.) Merrill (soybean) Missouri, USA 1962 Foote 1985; Foote et al., R. quadrifasciata L Desmodium spp.
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