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Allium Ebusitanum.Qxd Anales del Jardín Botánico de Madrid Vol. 63(2): 121-130 July-December 2006 ISSN: 0211-1322 Is Allium ebusitanum (Alliaceae) an endemic species from Ibiza? by Carlos Aedo Real Jardín Botánico, Plaza de Murillo 2, 28014 Madrid, Spain. [email protected] Abstract Resumen An analysis of the qualitative and quantitative characters of Se sinonimiza Allium durandoi a A. ebusitanum. Se compara Allium sphaerocephalon group in Western Mediterranean is esta especie con las restantes del grupo Allium sphaerocephalon presented. Allium durandoi is considered to be conspecific with en el Mediterráneo occidental, analizando los principales carac- A. ebusitanum, of which it becomes a synonym. A map of this teres cuantitativos y cualitativos. Se prepara un mapa de A. ebu- species and a key to the group is provided. sitanum y una clave de identificación del grupo. Keywords: Allium ebusitanum, Allium durandoi, distribution, Palabras clave: Allium ebusitanum, Allium durandoi, distribu- taxonomy. ción, taxonomía. Introduction sphaerocephalon, arvense (Guss.) Arcangeli [Sicily to S Turkey] and trachypus (Boiss. & Spruner) K. Richter The genus Allium L. comprises 500-600 species, [Greece and SW Turkey]. Wilde-Duyfjes (1977) syn- which are mainly distributed in the northern hemi- onymized subsp. arvense to subsp. sphaerocephalon sphere (Wilde-Duyfjes, 1977). Section Allium encom- and recognised other two subspecies: subsp. durandoi passes those species of Allium which have a well de- (Batt. & Trab.) Wilde-Duyfjes [Algeria and Tunisia] veloped bulb, leafy stem and staminal filaments in two and subsp. curtum (Boiss. & Gaill.) Wilde-Duyfjes [S whorls, the outer nearly always simple and the inner Turkey to Egypt]. Finally, Mathew (1996) accepted tricuspidate (Mathew, 1996). According to Mathew four subspecies: sphaerocephalon, arvense, durandoi (1996), it is impossible to produce an infra-sectional and trachypus and preferred specific rank to subsp. classification of sect. Allium at the present state of curtum. According to Wilde-Duyfjes (1977) no au- knowledge. However, some informal groups of thentic material of subsp. arvense has been located species can be recognized. The “Sphaerocephalon neither in NAP nor in FI. However, it was described Group” could be recognized by bulbs with non retic- as having white flowers, a subspherical to ovoid inflo- ulate-fibrous tunics hollow leaves and persistent rescence, and stamens subequal to the tepals. These spathe, with two segments. This group includes 12 characters fall within the variability of subsp. sphaero- species widespread around the Mediterranean from cephalon. This view of Wilde-Duyfjes (1977) is here Portugal and Morocco to SE Ukraine, E Turkey and accepted and thus only two subspecies of A. sphaero- Egypt (Mathew, 1996). Four of these species are pre- cephalon are considered in Western Mediterranean: sent in Western Mediterranean: A. ebusitanum Font subsp. sphaerocephalon and subsp. durandoi. Quer, A. melananthum Coincy, A. pruinatum Link ex The genus Allium has been monographied in NW Spreng., and A. sphaerocephalon L. Africa (Wilde-Duyfjes, 1977) and Iberian Peninsula According to Mathew (1996), A. sphaerocephalon and Balearic Island (Pastor & Valdés, 1982). Addi- shows a considerable amount of variation, some of tionally, A. ebusitanum has been detailed studied in which can be correlated with geographical distribu- some aspects by Miceli & Garbari (1989), Rosselló & tion. Stearn (1980) recognised three subspecies: al. (1993) and Sáez & Rosselló (2001). However, this 122 C. Aedo rare species has not previously compared with those cephalon, A. ebusitanum and A. durandoi overlap in of NW Africa. The aim of this paper is to clarify the the ratio width bulb /length bulb, spathe length, in- taxonomic status of A. ebusitanum, providing valu- florescence length, pedicel length, flower number, able characters to distinguish this species from its rel- outer and inner tepal length, outer and inner filament atives of Western Mediterranean. length, central and lateral branch of inner filament length, anther length and capsule length. Allium Materials and methods sphaerocephalon shows inner filaments with a central branch longer than lateral ones, whereas A. ebusi- This study is based on herbarium specimens from tanum and A. durandoi have usually shorter central the following herbaria: ABH, BC, COI, G, HJBS, branches. Additionally, A. sphaerocephalon has more LISU, MA, P, SALA and private herbarium of N. To- exerted stamens than A. ebusitanum and A. durandoi. rres (Appendix 1). Besides the herbarium material, Allium melananthum has short spathes, inflorescence, I have used some literature reports for mapping tepals, filaments, anthers, and capsules. Tepals and fil- A. ebusitanum (Appendix 2). aments length are also short in A. pruinatum. Howev- Sixty six quantitative characters were measured er, A. melananthum shows shorter tepals and longer and recorded using a Mitutoyo CD-15CD digital filaments than A. pruinantum. Thus its stamens (in- caliper. The matrix of crude data is available at cluding anthers) are clearly exerted whereas in http://www.rjb.csic.es/floraiberica/PHP/asociados. A. pruinatum they are included. Additionally, the lat- php. Some well-preserved specimens of each species eral branch of the inner filament is longer in A. prui- were selected as OTUs: 10 specimens of A. ebusi- natum than in A. melananthum. tanum, 6 of A. durandoi, 10 of A. melananthum, 9 of Quantitative characters provide significative differ- A. pruinatum and 15 of A. sphaerocephalon (Appen- ences for A. pruinatum, A. melananthum and the dix 1). To represent the variability of each descriptor subgroup of A. sphaerocephalon, A. ebusitanum and within species, box-plots containing medians and per- A. durandoi. Among the species of this subgroup, centiles were prepared using the Statistica package. A. sphaerocephalon is weakly differentiated from the The parameters used as descriptors were: ratio bulb other two, and there are not noticeable differences width / bulb length, spathe length, inflorescence between A. ebusitanum and A. durandoi. length, pedicel length, outer and inner tepal length, Among qualitative characters tepal color is very outer and inner filament length, central branch of in- useful to identify A. melananthum. This species has ner filament length, lateral branch of inner filament dark-purple to blackish-purple tepals (Fig. 3a) which length, anther length and capsule length. Principal are evident even in herbarium specimens. The re- Components Analysis (PCA) were carried out with maining species studied here show pink to purple the matrix of standarized descriptors. For PCA a cor- tepals (Table 1; Fig. 3b-d). Allium sphaerocephalon relation matrix was obtained from the initial matrix, has bulblets stalked and enclosed within a sheath on eigenvectors were extracted, and the OTU’s were the lower part of the stem, which have the appearance plotted. This method was used to detect primary pat- of a second bulb (Table 1; Fig. 4c). Allium pruinatum, terns among all the OTU’s, because this method re- and A. melananthum have 1-3 bulblets, are stalked or quires no a priori knowledge of the origins of the sessile (Table 1; Fig. 4a, b). However, these bulblets OTU’s and will reveal any groups. Separation of the are never enclosed within sheath on lower part of the taxa was also tested by means of Discriminant Analy- stem. Finally, A. ebusitanum and A. durandoi have no sis (DA). This method (Sneath and Sokal, 1973), basal bulblet (Table 1; Fig. 4d, e). Thus, no significa- which requires a priori assignment of OTU’s to tive differences have been found among quantitative groups, indicates whether the recognized groups are and qualitative characters between A. ebusitanum and statistically definable entities or whether there is too A. durandoi. much variation within groups to allow separation. For A Principal Component Analysis (PCA) reveals DA, the raw matrix was obtained, the results sorted in that 77.24 % of the observed variation is explained by discrete groups, and calculations carried out using the three factors (53.43, 12.59 and 11.22 %, respectively). Statistica package version 6 (www.statsoft.com). The characters that contribute considerably to the three first axes are as follows: Factor 1: inner tepal Results and Discussion length, outer and inner filament length, and central branch of inner filament length; Factor 2: spathe Box-plot of the most discriminat quantitative char- length and inflorescence length; Factor 3: ratio bulb acters are shown in Fig. 1 and 2. Allium sphaero- width / bulb length. The scatterplot for the first and Anales del Jardín Botánico de Madrid 63(2): 121-130. July-December 2006. ISSN: 0211-1322 Is Allium ebusitanum an endemic species from Ibiza? 123 Fig. 1. Box-plot of the most discriminant quantitative characters of Allium sphaerocephalon group in Western Mediterranean. Anales del Jardín Botánico de Madrid 63(2): 121-130. July-December 2006. ISSN: 0211-1322 124 C. Aedo Fig. 2. Box-plot of the most discriminant quantitative characters of Allium sphaerocephalon group in Western Mediterranean. Anales del Jardín Botánico de Madrid 63(2): 121-130. July-December 2006. ISSN: 0211-1322 Is Allium ebusitanum an endemic species from Ibiza? 125 Fig. 3. Photographs of flowers of: a, Allium melananthum [based on Aedo 12872 (MA)]; b, A. pruinatum [based on Aedo 12853 (MA)]; c, A. sphaerocephalon [based on Aedo 12882 (MA)]; d, A. ebusitanum [based on Torres s.n. (MA)]. second PCA axis (Fig. 5) shows three
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