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Home , Allium canadense, Allium cernuum, Allium oleraceum, Allium sphaerocephalon, Allium tricoccum, Allium vineale

Biology and management of gymnostoma: a new invasive pest of crops in the eastern US

Entomological Society of America – Eastern Branch March 19, 2018

Brian Nault1, Shelby, Fleischer3, Ethan Grundberg2, Teresa Rusinek2, Dana Roberts2 and Timothy Elkner4 1Cornell University 2Cornell Cooperative Extension 3Penn State University 4Penn State Cooperative Extension Photo: Andre Megroz Leafminer pests (Diptera: ) of Allium crops in U.S.

American serpentine leafminer ( trifolii)

Vegetable leafminer (Liriomyza sativae) Leafminer pests (Diptera: Agromyzidae) of Allium crops in U.S.

American serpentine leafminer ()

Vegetable leafminer (Liriomyza sativae)

*Allium leafminer (Phytomyza gymnostoma)

*New invasive Allium pest in detected in 2015 Outline

I. Origin and distribution II. Identification and phylogeny III. Host range and damage to Allium spp. IV. Biology and phenology V. Detection and management World distribution of P. gymnostoma

CABI Crop Protection Compendium (2018)  Origin – Poland (1858)  21 countries in ; 2 in ; 1 in North America North American distribution of Phytomyza gymnostoma

 First detected in Lancaster County, PA (2015)

 Confirmed in MD, PA, NJ and NY as of 3/14/18 Phytomyza gymnostoma (Loew)

Allium leafminer Adult

Photo: André Mégroz

Photo: B. Nault Phytomyza gymnostoma (Loew)

black body – 3.0 mm (2 to 3x larger than T. trifolli)

large yellow frons

white haltere

Yellow tips on distal end of femurs

Photo: E. Agallou and D. Collins Phytomyza gymnostoma (Loew)

Female Male

Photo: D. Roberts Photo: D. Roberts Solid black sternite Yellow “V” sternite Phytomyza gymnostoma (Loew)

 Adults feed on exudates from large oviposition marks; some eggs laid

© The Author(s) 2018 Phytomyza gymnostoma (Loew)

Larva (8 mm)

Pupa 3-4 mm

Photo: S. Spichiger Photo: T. Rusinek Photo: E. Grundberg

Photo: R. Donoval Photo: R. Donoval Phylogeny of - mining : (Diptera: Agromyzidae)

Phytomyzinae splits with Agromyzinae

Scheffer et al. (2007). Mol. Phylo. & Evol. 42(3): 756-775. Molecular phylogeny of Phytomyza *

*P. gymnostoma is the only Phytomyza spp. that utilizes Alliaceae

Winkler et al. (2009). Systematic Entomology. 34, 260–292 P. gymnostoma feeding damage detected on following Allium spp.

Common name Allium species Damage documented Wild Yes Nodding Onion Yes Onion Allium cepa Yes Yes Giant Onion Allium gygantheum Yes Field - Mediterranean Onion - Allium porrum Yes Garlic Allium sativum Yes Chive Allium schoenoparasum Yes Round-headed leek - Ramps - Garlic Yes Wild garlic Yes

Barringer et al. 2018. J. of Integ. Pest Mang. 9(1): 8. Survey of P. gymnostoma detected in Allium crops in NY in 2017

Avg. no. Avg. no. Avg. no. % Farms % plants Crop marks/ larvae/ pupae/ w/ active (n) w/ marks plant plant mines onion 3 16 13 0 0 0.3 scallion 11 28 16 0.06 0 0.4 leek 13 20 21 1.04 1.0 4.9 chive 6 24 15 0 0 0.2 Damage by Phytomyza gymnostoma

 This type of damage does not occur with other leafminers  Some onion and leek fields lost Larval mining and Twisting onion bacterial rot in leek

Photo: R. Donoval

Photo: T. Rusinek Damage by Phytomyza gymnostoma

 Oviposition marks cause cosmetic injury to and chives

Photo: E. Grundberg © The Author(s) 2018 Biology of Phytomyza gymnostoma

 Adults live for up to two weeks; avg. 9 d in lab

 Ovipositon marks peak 3 d after eclosion

 Percentage of pupae to oviposition marks ~4%

 Larvae (4 instars) feed within leaves and move toward plant base to pupate or in surrounding soil

 One generation is completed in 73 days @ 20° C

 Two generations per year © The Author(s) 2018 Phenology of P. gymnostoma in U.S.

Spring Generation Fall Generation

Jan. Feb. March Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.

Overwintering Summer OverwinteringOverwintering Pupae Pupae PupaePupae

AdultsAdults AdultsAdults

Eggs & larvae Eggs & larvaeEggs & larvae

Adapted from Shelby Fleischer, Penn State Periods when Allium foliage is present

Spring Generation Fall Generation

Jan. Feb. March Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.

Scallions and wild Allium spp.

leek

transplanted onion

seeded onion Periods when Allium foliage is available for ovipositing

Spring Generation Fall Generation

Jan. Feb. March Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.

Scallions and wild Allium spp.

leek

transplanted onion

seeded onion Detection of P. gymnostoma

 Sticky cards are commonly used to monitor leafminer adult activity, but this has been largely ineffective for this P. gymnostoma

Photo: B. Nault Photo: B. Nault Detection of P. gymnostoma

 Scout for oviposition marks on foliage  Flies and marks on foliage often concentrated along field edges

Photo: B. Nault Photo: B. Nault Photo: B. Nault Photo: B. Nault Management possibilities for P. gymnostoma on Allium crops

Plant Resistance Chemical Control

Cultural Control Biological Control Management possibilities for P. gymnostoma on Allium crops

Plant Resistance Chemical Control

 None known  Attract & kill?  Insecticides

Cultural Control Biological Control  Row covers, delayed  Parasitoids planting, crop rotation, trap cropping? Summary

 P. gymnostoma is expanding its range and/or better documentation of its presence

 Crops most vulnerable include scallions, leek and transplanted onion

 Monitoring approaches reliant on visual inspection Future Research

 Develop a degree-day model that can help predict emergence and longevity of populations

 Identify host plant preferences

 Describe infestation patterns in fields

 Monitor for parasitism

 Evaluate efficacy of conventional and OMRI-listed products applied via foliar and drip systems

 Identify how insecticides are managing this pest Acknowledgements

Cornell University Molly Cappiello Riley Harding Souleymane Ouattara Grower Mark Rogowski S&SO Produce

Funding NYS Ag and Markets

Photo: Andre Megroz