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THERMAL ANALYSIS of a POPPET VALVE GASOLINE ENGINE for TWO- and FOUR-STROKE OPERATION ALEXIS G. DEL RIO GONZALEZ Master of Philo

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THERMAL ANALYSIS of a POPPET VALVE GASOLINE ENGINE for TWO- and FOUR-STROKE OPERATION ALEXIS G. DEL RIO GONZALEZ Master of Philo THERMAL ANALYSIS OF A POPPET VALVE GASOLINE ENGINE FOR TWO- AND FOUR-STROKE OPERATION ALEXIS G. DEL RIO GONZALEZ Master of Philosophy June 2010 Acknowledgements I would like to thank all those people who contributed to my work in order of importance, while I apologise if I did not mentioned you. First I would like to thank to my supervisors, Dr. Steven Begg, positive feedback without him this would have been literally impossible. Dr. David Mason, for his time and patience with my spread sheet calculations and advice during all this time. Also I want to thank those supervisors that came and went Prof. Tim Cowell, for keeping me focused and making me to work to the maximum. Dr. Walid Abdelghaffar, for his help and support with the software and natural interest in my work. Second I would like to thank those within the university Mr. Bill Whitney, Mr. Ken Maris and Mr. Brian Maggs for creating such a great test cell engine. Dr. Nicolas Miche, for his interest in the subject and support on getting the engine required information. Mr. Dave Stansbury, for his computer expertise. Mr. Aidan Delaney, for his out of work help with the cluster. Prof. Alison. M. Bruce for her kindness with University matters. Third from outside university I would like to thank Mr. Neil Brown, for his support during the part time studies. Mr. Richard Penning, from the Ricardo helpdesk for his support with the fluid dynamics software. Finally and most important of all: Este trabajo esta dedicado a mi convaleciente padre; Armando del Rio Llabona también a mi madre; Ana Maria Gonzalez y en especial a mi hermano; Ciro del Rio y mi cuñada; Gemma Zurita por su siempre incondicional apoyo. This work is dedicated to my father Armando del Rio Llabona who is convalescent, also to my mother Ana Maria Gonzalez while special thanks are for my brother Ciro del Rio and my sister-in-law Gemma Zurita because of their backing. Thank you all Declaration I declare that the research contained in this thesis, unless otherwise formally indicated within the text, is the original work of the author. The thesis has not been previously submitted to this or any other university for a degree, and does not incorporate any material already submitted for a degree. Signed Dated Abstract The modern four-stroke, poppet valve, direct injection, gasoline engine has improved combustion efficiency, reduced emissions and greater engine performance when compared to the port-fuel injected engine. In parallel, two-stroke, piston-ported engine designs have also evolved. However, their greater pollution levels have limited their potential in the market. Two-stroke operation offers higher specific power output than four-stroke, while at part load, four-stroke operation offers better fuel consumption. Therefore, a combination of the two operating systems, in a poppet valve engine design, presents a potential solution to these problems. On the other hand, two-stroke engine operation generates more power and torque and the corresponding heat transfer is higher. For four-stroke engines, thermal studies have historically been carried out on many different types of engines. In contrast, two- stroke, poppet valve engine thermal studies are very limited. However, recently, the DTI funded 2/4 SIGHT engine programme has resulted in the construction of a poppet valve experimental research engine, which can switch between two- and four- stroke operation depending on the throttle and engine load demands. This represents a novel situation as the same engine configuration is used for both firing operations. In this study, the heat transfer was considered for engine operation at four- and two- stroke peak torque conditions, where the maximum in-cylinder heat flux occurs at peak combustion temperatures. The engine was operated under steady-state conditions where thermal equilibrium was achieved at each engine speed and load. A quasi- steady, average heat flux approximation was considered over the combustion chamber surfaces. Experimental data were collected for both steady-state (averaged over consecutive engine cycles) and at instantaneous crank angles. The steady-state temperature difference between the coolant at the engine inlet and outlet was used to calculate a difference term between the ideal combustion chamber energy balance and the calculated heat flux results. The results were compared with correlations identified in the literature; in particular, for heat flux (Annand and Ma, (1972)) and heat transfer coefficient (Woschni, (1967)). In addition, the Ricardo empirical heat flux expression for four-stroke operation was also considered for four-stroke and then compared to two-stroke operation. Finally, a two-stroke correction factor was proposed that took into account the engine torque, air to fuel ratio and mean piston speed terms. 1 List of contents Abstract..................................................................................................................... 1 List of contents.......................................................................................................... 2 List of Figures........................................................................................................... 5 List of Tables ............................................................................................................ 8 Nomenclature/Abbreviations..................................................................................... 9 1 Introduction..................................................................................................... 13 2 Literature review ............................................................................................. 14 2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................. 14 2.2 Description of the research problem;........................................................ 25 2.3 Dimensional analysis and empirical correlation........................................ 28 2.4 Empirical heat transfer coefficient correlations......................................... 30 2.4.1 Radiation.......................................................................................... 30 2.4.2 Forced convection............................................................................ 30 2.4.3 Characteristic dimensions................................................................. 30 2.4.4 Gas properties & motored operation................................................. 33 2.4.5 Instantaneous temperature measured values...................................... 34 2.5 Empirical heat flux correlations ............................................................... 34 2.5.1 Radiation term.................................................................................. 34 2.5.2 Forced convection............................................................................ 36 2.5.3 Characteristic dimensions................................................................. 36 2.5.4 Gas properties & motored operation................................................. 36 2.5.5 Instantaneous temperature measured values...................................... 37 2.6 Conclusions of literature review............................................................... 38 2.6.1 Summary of models ......................................................................... 40 2.7 Description of thesis ................................................................................ 42 3 Experimental studies........................................................................................ 44 3.1 Introduction ............................................................................................. 44 3.2 Experimental research engine facility....................................................... 44 3.3 Data logging (high-speed / low-speed). .................................................... 46 3.3.1 Research engine and instrumentation................................................ 46 3.4 Thermal Survey ....................................................................................... 53 2 3.4.1 Cooling Strategy .............................................................................. 53 3.4.2 Coolant Fluid Properties................................................................... 57 3.4.3 Thermal instrumentation .................................................................. 59 3.5 Experimental method............................................................................... 61 3.5.1 Operating conditions ........................................................................ 61 3.5.2 Data Logging ................................................................................... 62 4 Experimental results ........................................................................................ 66 4.1 Summary of engine performance.............................................................. 66 4.2 Data analysis............................................................................................ 73 4.2.1 Working assumptions....................................................................... 74 4.2.2 Calculation procedure....................................................................... 78 4.2.3 Heat Transfer Coefficient correlations.............................................. 78 4.2.4 Heat Flux correlations ...................................................................... 85 4.2.5 The Ricardo Empirical Heat Flux Factor (Q/F)................................. 88 4.2.6 Conclusions
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