Max Weber Und Die Staatsrechtslehre Heute
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Natural Law in the Modern European Constitutions Gottfried Dietze
Notre Dame Law School NDLScholarship Natural Law Forum 1-1-1956 Natural Law in the Modern European Constitutions Gottfried Dietze Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarship.law.nd.edu/nd_naturallaw_forum Part of the Law Commons Recommended Citation Dietze, Gottfried, "Natural Law in the Modern European Constitutions" (1956). Natural Law Forum. Paper 7. http://scholarship.law.nd.edu/nd_naturallaw_forum/7 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by NDLScholarship. It has been accepted for inclusion in Natural Law Forum by an authorized administrator of NDLScholarship. For more information, please contact [email protected]. NATURAL LAW IN THE MODERN EUROPEAN CONSTITUTIONS Gottfried Dietze THE SECOND WORLD WAR has brought about one of the most fundamental revolutions in modem European history. Unlike its predecessors of 1640, 1789, and 1917, the revolution of 1945 was not confined to one country. Its ideas did not gradually find their way into the well-established and stable orders of other societies. It was a spontaneous movement in the greater part of a continent that had traditionally been torn by dissension; and its impact was immediately felt by a society which was in a state of dissolution and despair. The revolution of 1945 had a truly European character. There was no uprising of a lower nobility as in 1640; of a third estate as in the French Revolution; of the proletariat as in Russia. Since fascism had derived support from all social strata and preached the solidarity of all citizens of the nation, there could hardly be room for a class struggle. -
The Birth of the Parliamentary Democracy in Japan: an Historical Approach
The Birth of the Parliamentary Democracy in Japan: An Historical Approach Csaba Gergely Tamás * I. Introduction II. State and Sovereignty in the Meiji Era 1. The Birth of Modern Japan: The First Written Constitution of 1889 2. Sovereignty in the Meiji Era 3. Separation of Powers under the Meiji Constitution III. The Role of Teikoku Gikai under the Meiji Constitution (明治憲法 Meiji Kenp ō), 1. Composition of the Teikoku Gikai ( 帝國議会) 2. Competences of the Teikoku Gikai IV. The Temporary Democracy in the 1920s 1. The Nearly 14 Years of the Cabinet System 2. Universal Manhood Suffrage: General Election Law of 1925 V. Constitutionalism in the Occupation Period and Afterwards 1. The Constitutional Process: SCAP Draft and Its Parliamentary Approval 2. Shōch ō ( 象徴) Emperor: A Mere Symbol? 3. Popular Sovereignty and the Separation of State Powers VI. Kokkai ( 国会) as the Highest Organ of State Power VII. Conclusions: Modern vs. Democratic Japan References I. INTRODUCTION Japanese constitutional legal history does not constitute a part of the obligatory legal curriculum in Hungary. There are limited numbers of researchers and references avail- able throughout the country. However, I am convinced that neither legal history nor comparative constitutional law could be properly interpreted without Japan and its unique legal system and culture. Regarding Hungarian-Japanese legal linkages, at this stage I have not found any evidence of a particular interconnection between the Japanese and Hungarian legal system, apart from the civil law tradition and the universal constitutional principles; I have not yet encountered the Hungarian “Lorenz von Stein” or “Hermann Roesler”. * This study was generously sponsored by the Japan Foundation Short-Term Fellowship Program, July-August, 2011. -
ACTA UNIVERSITATIS UPSALIENSIS Skrifter Utgivna Av Statsvetenskapliga Föreningen I Uppsala 196
ACTA UNIVERSITATIS UPSALIENSIS Skrifter utgivna av Statsvetenskapliga föreningen i Uppsala 196 Svante Nycander The History of Western Liberalism Front cover portraits: Thomas Jefferson, Baruch de Spinoza, Adam Smith, Alexis de Tocqueville, Oliver Wendell Holmes, Joseph Schumpeter, Woodrow Wilson, Niccoló Machiavelli, Karl Staaff, John Stuart Mill, François-Marie Arouet dit Voltaire, Mary Wollstonecraft, John Locke, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Immanuel Kant, Ludwig Joseph Brentano, John Dewey, Wilhelm von Humboldt, Charles-Louis de Secondat Montesquieu, Ayn Rand © Svante Nycander 2016 English translation: Peter Mayers Published in Swedish as Liberalismens idéhistoria. Frihet och modernitet © Svante Nycander and SNS Förlag 2009 Second edition 2013 © Svante Nycander and Studentlitteratur ISSN 0346-7538 ISBN 978-91-554-9569-5 Printed in Sweden by TMG Tabergs AB, 2016 Contents Preface ....................................................................................................... 11 1. Concepts of Freedom before the French Revolution .............. 13 Rights and Liberties under Feudalism and Absolutism ......................... 14 New Ways of Thinking in the Renaissance ........................................... 16 Calvinism and Civil Society .................................................................. 18 Reason as a Gift from God .................................................................... 21 The First Philosopher to Be Both Liberal and Democratic ................... 23 Political Models during the Enlightenment .......................................... -
The Classification Into Branches of Modern Legal
THE CLASSIFICAT ION IN T O BRANCHES OF MODERN LEGAL SYS T EMS 443 Revista de Derecho de la Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso XXVII (Valparaíso, Chile, 2º semestre de 2006) [pp. 443 - 472] THE classiFicatiON INTO BRANCHES OF MODERN LEGAL SYSTEMS AND ROMAN laW TRADITIONS [“La clasificación en ramas de los sistemas legales modernos y las tradiciones del Derecho romano”] GÁBOR HAMZA * RESUMEN ABS T RAC T El presente trabajo se basa en la lec- This paper is based on the author’s ción inaugural del autor para su ingreso opening lesson upon his entry into the en la Academia Húngara de Ciencias; y Hungarian Academy of Sciences. He en él examina las diversas divisiones en hereby discusses the various divisions in partes o ramas de que ha sido objeto el parts or branches of the Law throughout Derecho, a través de la historia, empe- history, beginning with those formulated zando por las formuladas por los juristas by Roman jurists of public and private romanos, de Derecho público y privado y Law, and of civil and praetorian (hono- Derecho civil y pretorio (honorario). Es rary) Law. The first one has undoubte- sobre todo la primera que ha tenido una dly some influence, which the author influencia posterior, que el autor analiza analyzes among the commentators, in entre los glosadores y comentaristas, en la the humanistic judicial practice, and in jurisprudencia humanística y en diversas several later schools, with an extension escuelas de la época posterior, con exten- to Scottish law and to the common law sión al derecho escocés y al common law, and, of course in the juridical science of y desde luego en la Ciencia jurídica de the XIX and XX centuries. -
Law As a Learned Profession: the Forgotten Mission Field of the Professional Movement
South Carolina Law Review Volume 52 Issue 3 Article 12 Spring 2001 Law as a Learned Profession: The Forgotten Mission Field of the Professional Movement Rob Atkinson Florida State University College of Law Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/sclr Part of the Law Commons Recommended Citation Rob Atkinson, Law as a Learned Profession: The Forgotten Mission Field of the Professional Movement, 52 S. C. L. Rev. 621 (2001). This Article is brought to you by the Law Reviews and Journals at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in South Carolina Law Review by an authorized editor of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Atkinson: Law as a Learned Profession: The Forgotten Mission Field of the P LAW AS A LEARNED PROFESSION: THE FORGOTTEN MISSION FIELD OF THE PROFESSIONALISM MOVEMENT ROB ATKINSON* I. INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................623 II. THE DOMAIN OF LAW-AND LEGAL EDUCATION ............................627 A. Law's Insularity: Dean ChristopherColumbus Langdell 's "Discovery". ............................................................627 B. Law's Universalism:Legal Education in the Grand Tradition .........................................................................628 1. The Two Hemispheres ofLaw's Domain .............................629 a. The DescriptiveRealm of the Social Sciences ..............630 b. The Normative Realm ofthe Humanities ......................632 c. Two Hemispheres, One World -
67 Spatial Aspects of Moral Judgements in Lawyers
Vol. 1, N°2. Diciembre 2017, pp. 67 – 89 Spatial Aspects of Moral Judgements in Lawyers’ Heaven, Peoples’ Earth and Malefactors’ Hell: Leibniz, the Austro-Marxists and Durkheim’s Alleged ‘Disintegration’ Thesis 1 Mate Paksy ([email protected]) Recibido: 26/10/2017 Aceptado: 13/12/2017 DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.1133709 Abstract: Ever since antiquity, lawyers and philosophers have essentially been divided over whether they should keep law, morality and politics separate, or whether the need for their unity is more compelling. In the wake of countless bloody conflicts worldwide, the durability and resilience of this discourse on laws and morals is at once both impressive and sad. The aim of this paper is to show that individual moral deliberation is essentially local and cannot be dissociated from the spatial-communitarian context – neither by describing society as if it were the City of God (Leibniz), nor by demanding that collective spatial contexts should be deliberately ignored in favour of de-territorialized minority rights (Renner and Bauer), nor by criticizing the ‘disintegration’ thesis which seeks to justify a rights-based Republican vision of society (Hart). It probably goes without saying that recognizing the relevance and importance of the spatial character of our individual normative (legal, moral, religious) judgements in no way implies that legal, moral or political theory-based suggestions, explanations and statements about our societies are either impossible or wrong. The argument tries rather to show that outcome of moral judgments is influenced by the context, therefore a good theory of moral judgement should refer to the spatial contexts as well. -
Albert Mosses Beitrag Zum Aufbau Des Japanischen Rechtssystems
Albert Mosses Beitrag zum Aufbau des japanischen Rechtssystems Junko Ando I. Einleitung II. Albert Mosse und Japan III. Das Selbstverwaltungssystem IV. Die Verfassung 1. Die Ministerverantwortlichkeit 2. Budgetrecht 3. Notstandsrecht 4. Die Revision der Ungleichen Verträge V. Mosses Leben nach dem Japanaufenthalt I. EINLEITUNG Die von den Amerikanern erzwungene Öffnung des Landes im Jahre 1854 leitete in Japan einen Prozeß der politischen Umwälzung ein, die 1868 zur Meiji-Restauration führte. Die vorrangige Aufgabe der neuen kaiserlichen Regierung bestand darin, zum einen innenpolitisch den neuen Einheitsstaat zu konsolidieren und zum anderen außen- politisch die volle Souveränität zurückzuerlangen, die das Tokugawa-Shogunat zuvor durch den Abschluß der Ungleichen Verträge mit den westlichen Staaten eingebüßt hatte. Diese innen- und außenpolitischen Zielsetzungen waren insofern miteinander verknüpft, als für die Revision der Ungleichen Verträge Japan erst einmal als moderner Verfassungsstaat vom Westen anerkannt werden mußte. Die von den damaligen Spitzenpolitikern 1872/73 unternommene einjährige Erkun- dungsreise in die Vereinigten Staaten und nach Europa, die sogenannte Iwakura - Mission, führte jedoch den Japanern die Rückständigkeit ihres Landes schonungslos vor Augen. Aufgrund dieser Erfahrung zog die Regierung den Schluß, angesichts der noch kaum entwickelten politischen Kultur in der Bevölkerung von einer voreiligen Adapta- tion der westlichen Staatvorstellung abzusehen. Das Land sollte zunächst unter einer autoritären Führung modernisiert werden, und erst dann schien der Übergang zu einem Verfassungsstaat sinnvoll. Durch die innenpolitische Entwicklung sah sich die japanische Regierung jedoch bereits im Jahre 1881 gezwungen, die von der Opposition geforderte Einrichtung eines Parlaments für das Jahr 1890 zu versprechen. Inspiriert durch die preußische Verfas- sung von 1850 entschied sich die Regierung daraufhin für den deutschen Konstitutiona- lismus als Modell für die künftige japanische Verfassung. -
Modern German History
THE OXFORD HANDBOOK OF MODERN GERMAN HISTORY Edited by HELMUT W ALSER SMITH OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS PART III GERMANY: THE NATION STATE sALfiC sE:A NORTH sf.A RUSSIA Kingdom of Prussia Annexed by Prussia in 1866 Joined the North German Confederation, 1 Joined the German Empire, 1871 Annexed by Germany, 1871 0 100 200 FRANCE Mi! es AUSTRIAN EMPIRE Map 2 Creation of the German Empire Source: James Retallack (ed.), Short Oxford History of Germany: Imperial Germany 1871-1918 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008), 313. CHAPTER 13 NATION STATE, CONFLICT RESOLUTION, AND CULTURE WAR, 1850-1878 SIEGFRIED WEICHLEIN RITUALs combine past and present. At least this is the intention of their protagonists. During the nineteenth century, this was particularly true for monarchs whose rule had always been symbolically charged. The French king of the restoration, Charles X, had himself crowned like a medieval monarch in the Cathedral of Reims on 31 May 1825. This event was followed by a ceremony of healing the sick in the tradition of the 'rais thaumaturges,' with Charles X speaking the traditional formula used to eure those · suffering from scrofula: 'Le rai te tauche, Dieu te guerisse' ('the king touches you, may the Lord heal you'). 1 Charles X possessed, however, as much faith in modern science as in divine assistance, as three ofhis personal physicians were present at the ceremony to look after the siele. On 18 October 1861, King Wilhelm I of Prussia, who had a monarchic family history of a mere 160 years, similarly employed symbols to empha size his royal status. -
Planting Parliaments in Eurasia, 1850–1950; Concepts, Practices, And
5 The 22 Frimaire of Yuan Shikai Privy councils in the constitutional architectures of Japan and China, 1887–1917 Egas Moniz Bandeira1 It was indeed a grand political idea whereof even England could be jealous of us, this Council of State, which was heard over all big questions, conserved from the great political traditions of the Empire. … This admirable creation of the Brazilian spirit, which completed the other, no less admirable one taken from Benjamin Constant, the Moderating Power, united, thus, around the Emperor the political heads of the one and the other side, all of their consum- mated experience, whenever it was necessary to hold consultations about an important public interest.2 Joaquim Nabuco (1849–1910) This can be dealt with by a completely new invention of my own devising. When you inquire into the basic principles of our Constitution, you will see that sov- ereignty resides firmly in the imperial house, and that in a crisis His Majesty’s judgment is to be the basis for the final decision. … There must be conscientious imperial advisers who can clearly ascertain the state of the nation and the senti- ments of the people, and in the end secure what is in their best interests. I am convinced that only a Privy Council can provide the place where such advisers may be found.3 Itō Hirobumi 伊藤博文 (1841–1909) Introduction Advisory bodies to monarchs are among the most traditional forms of collective decision-making, but as institutions of modern states, they are among the least conspicuous ones. As monarchs had their powers limited by constitutional gov- ernments or even became symbolical figures in parliamentary political systems, their advisory bodies lost their legislative attributions to parliaments and their executive attributions to the cabinet. -
International Review of the Red Cross, July 1961, First Year
INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEE OF THE RED CROSS Geneva LEOPOLD BOISSIER, Doctor of Laws, Honorary Professor at the University of Geneva, former Secretary-General to the Inter-Parliamentary Union, President (1946) 1 JACQUES CHENEVIERE, Hon. Doctor of Literature, Honorary Vice-President (1919) LUCIE ODIER, Former Director of the District Nursing Service, Geneva Branch of the Swiss Red Cross (1930) CARL J. BURCKHARDT, Doc~or of Philosophy, former Swiss Minister to France (1933) MARTIN BODMER, Hon. Doctor of Philosophy, Vice-President (1940) ERNEST GLOOR, Doctor of Medicine, Vice-President (1945) PAUL RUEGGER, former Swiss Minister to Italy and the United Kingdom, Member of the Permanent Court of Arbitration (1948), on leave RODOLFO OLGIATI, Hon. Doctor of Medicine, former Director of the Don Suisse (1949) MARGUERITE VAN BERCHEM, former Head of Section, Central Prisoners of War Agency (1951) FREDERIC SIORDET, Lawyer, Counsellor of the International Committee of the Red Cross from 1943 to 1951 (1951) GUILLAUME BORDIER, Certificated Engineer E.P.F., M.B.A. Harvard, Banker (1955) ADOLPHE FRANCESCHETTI, Doctor of Medicine, Professor of clinical ophthalmology at Geneva University (1958) HANS BACHMANN, Doctor of Laws, Assistant Secretary-General to the International Committee of the Red Cross from 1944 to 1946 (1958) JACQUES FREYMOND, Doctor of Literature, Director of the Graduate Institute of International Studies, Professor at the University of Geneva (1959) DIETRICH SCHINDLER, Doctor of Laws (1961) SAMUEL GONARD, Colonel Commandant of an Army Corps, former Professor at the Federal Polytechnical School (1961) HANS MEULI, Doctor of Medicine, Brigade Colonel, former Director of the Swiss Army Medical Service (1961) Direction: ROGER GALLOPIN, Doctor of Laws, Executive Director JEAN S. -
Georg Jellinek and His Early Writings (1872 – 1878)
The Formation of a Liberal Thinker: Georg Jellinek and his Early Writings (1872 – 1878) La formación de un pensador liberal: Georg Jellinek y sus escritos de juventud (1872 – 1878) Sara LAGI University of Turin, Italy [email protected] Recibido: 12/04/2015 Aceptado: 17/11/2015 Abstract Georg Jellinek is known as one of the most prominent representative of German legal positivism. This article aims at identifying and discussing the more theoreti- cal-political connotation of Jellinek’s thought with a particular focus on his liberal inspiration. According to the perspective of the history of political thought, this ar- ticle shows how some intellectual premises to Jellinek’s liberalism take shape and emerge from a series of young Jellinek’s writings on history of philosophy and his- tory of ideas. Keywords: liberalism, limits to power, individual, State. Resumen Georg Jellinek es generalmente conocido como un teórico y experto en dere- cho público, como exponente del positivismo jurídico alemán de finales del siglo XIX. Desde la perspectiva de la historia del pensamiento político, este artículo tiene como objetivo rescatar del pensamiento de este importante autor la connotación teó- rico-política de inspiración liberal. Más precisamente, el artículo trata de demonstrar cómo algunas de las raíces intelectuales del pensamiento liberal de Jellinek pueden ser en parte identificadas en una serie de escritos de juventud sobre la historia de la filosofía y la historia de las ideas. Palabras clave: liberalismo, límites del poder, individuo, Estado. Res Publica. Revista de Historia de las Ideas Políticas 59 ISSN: 1576-4184 Vol. 19. Núm. 1 (2016): 59-76 http://dx.doi.org/10.5209/rev_RPUB.2016.v19.n1.52206 Sara Lagi The Formation of a Liberal Thinker.. -
Some Issues in the Exchange Between Hans Kelsen and Erich Kaufmann
Some Issues in the Exchange between Hans Kelsen and Erich Kaufmann 1 Stanley L. Paulson 1 Introduction: Four Rounds in the Exchange …………….…………………. 270 2 Kaufmann’s Criticism: The “Two-Worlds” Doctrine ……………………. 279 3 Kaufmann’s Criticism, continued: Kelsen’s Legal Monism and the Postulate of Unity in Normative Cognition ……………… 282 4 Kaufmann’s Criticism, continued: Kelsen’s Legal Theory is “Formalistic”. Some Thoughts on Kelsen’s Reconstruction ……………. 284 5 Retrospect …………………………………………………………………….. 289 1 I wish to express my gratitude to the Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung (Bonn - Bad Gotesberg) which supported this work through the conferral of the Humboldt Research Prize (2003-04). In my capacity as awardee, I spent the year in residence at the University of Kiel, and I remain grateful to my host there, Professor Robert Alexy, for his gracious hospitality. Finally, I am grateful, as always, to Bonnie Litschewski Paulson for her splendid editorial work, not least of all on the numerous quotations translated from the German. © Stockholm Institute for Scandianvian Law 1957-2010 270 Stanley L. Paulson: Some Issues in the Exchange between Kelsen and Kaufmann 1 Introduction: Four Rounds in the Exchange Unlike Hans Kelsen, Erich Kaufmann (1880-1972) is not a household name in juridico-philosophical circles. Kaufmann was, however, a prominent figure in the legal community in Wilhelmine and Weimar Germany, and his work in constitutional law and public international law was well known in his own day.2 What is more, he is generally credited with having in effect launched the extraordinary Weimar public law debates,3 from 1926 to the end of the Weimar Republic, seven years later.