Fire notes ManagementVolume 57 • No. 1 • 1997
State Firefighters Earn Their FEPP
United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service Fire Management Notes is published by the Forest Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC. The Secretary of Agriculture has determined that the publication of this periodical is necessary in the transaction of the public business required by law of this Department.
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Dan Glickman, Secretary April J. Baily U.S. Department of Agriculture General Manager
Jack Ward Thomas, Chief Donna M. Paananen Forest Service Editor
Mary Jo Lavin, Ph.D., Director Jill R. Style Fire and Aviation Management Assistant Editor
Tara M. Chambers Assistant Editor
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CONTENTS The Last Drive: Going Miles for FEPP...... 4 On the Cover: Dana Stone and Donna M. Paananen Wisconsin’s Hazard Identification System ...... 8 Philip T. Stromberg
Training a New Generation of Emergency Response Personnel ...... 10 Kent Contreras
Fire Program Management Course Ready ...... 13 Laurie Perrett Excess 6 x 6 water purification van (upper left) that was part of a convoy of 40 vehicles (center) Campaign Reminds Us To Be Responsible driven from Utah to Wyoming and Stewards of the Land ...... 15 Colorado in an autumn snowstorm Tara Megan Chambers to be converted into a 1,000 gallon (3,785 l) rural fire engine such as this one (bottom left) used by Computer Tools Can Help Lookout Observers...... 18 volunteer firefighters in Sublette Julian M. Pike County, WY. Photos: Dana Stone, Wyoming State Forestry, Lyman, WY, 1994. (See related article by Author Index—Volume 56 ...... 21 Dana Stone and Donna Paananen beginning on page 4.) Subject Index—Volume 56 ...... 22
SHORT FEATURES
Wildland-Urban Interface Information Now Online ...... 7
Guidelines for Contributors...... 14
All Invited To Help Care for Our Nation’s Forests ...... 17 Donna M. Paananen THE LAST DRIVE: GOING MILES FOR FEPP
Dana Stone and Donna M. Paananen
Federal Excess Personal Property the State forester’s designee • 150 fixed-wing aircraft, and (FEPP) is property acquired by the “transforms” it. It remains “on • 110 helicopters. USDA Forest Service from other loan” from the Federal Govern- Federal agencies (often the mili- ment and is subject to a regular in- To learn more about acquiring tary) for State use in fighting ventory. The program is authorized FEPP for State, county, and local wildland fires. Just about anything by the Federal Property and Ad- firefighting needs, readers should becomes available at some time, ministrative Services Act of 1949, phone their State forester and ask ranging from large equipment to as amended (PL 94-519), and sec- to speak to their FEPP coordina- small—from aircraft to self-con- tion 10 of the Cooperative Forestry tor. An information brochure tained breathing apparatus. Act of 1978 (PL 95-313). about FEPP is now available from State foresters’ offices or by writ- This affordable equipment is avail- FEPP currently in service includes ing to USDA Forest Service, able through the efforts of State approximately: ATTN: FEPP Brochure, F&AM foresters. Because the equipment Staff, P.O. Box 96090, Washing- • 23,000 fire trucks (various sizes, often is not ready to fight fires, ton, DC 20090-6090. types, capacities),
nyone unfamiliar with the As Wyoming’s FEPP program grew, Government. By 1985, Cashman Federal Excess Personal Prop- so did the Forestry Division, and a and his crew had organized the A erty (FEPP) program and its decade later, Lloyd Cashman was first of many 3-day maintenance importance to volunteer fire orga- hired to look after mechanical im- and repair classes for what had nizations has only to look at the provements to excess property bor- proven to be the most practical development of Wyoming’s FEPP rowed from the Federal piece of FEPP for Wyoming—the program over the decades, includ- ing their “Last Drive” at the end of 1994.
Their program began in 1959, when Carl Johnson, then Wyoming State forester and sole member of the Forestry Division, decided to participate in the CM2 fire pro- gram, which had existed for just a few years. (The term “CM2” is de- rived from Title 2 of the Clark- McNary Act, the original FEPP legislative authority.)
Dana Stone is the district forester for the Wyoming State Forestry Division, Lyman District, Lyman, WY, and Donna At Tooele Army Depot’s DRMO near Salt Lake City, UT, mechanics worked tirelessly to Paananen is editor, Fire Management get excess vehicles ready for the “Last Drive” by checking fluids, batteries, and brakes. Notes, East Lansing, MI. Photo: Dana Stone, Wyoming State Forestry, Lyman, WY, 1994.
4 Fire Management Notes 2-1/2 ton (2,268 kg), 6 x 6 military truck that could be converted into “Our excess equipment program wouldn’t work a 1,000 gallon (3,785 l) rural fire without the cooperation of the Federal engine. Because of Cashman’s in- Government—the Department of Defense, the struction and subsequent updates of the classes he offered, county GSA, and the USDA Forest Service—our volunteer firefighters throughout neighboring State forestry agencies, and our own the State regularly repair their colleagues in Wyoming from the State Forestry own converted military engines. Division, county fire organizations, and, of course, Equipment Becomes our many volunteer firefighters.” Available By January 1993, the FEPP pro- More FEPP To Go UT, to Cheyenne, WY. The recently gram was in excellent shape and on the Road appointed State forester, Mike Bryce Lundell, State forester, and In October of 1994, the final large Gagen, quickly approved the paper Ray A. Weidenhaft, assistant State group of Wyoming’s favorite equip- work and their transport plan. forester—Fire Management, ment—the 2-1/2 ton (2,268 kg), wanted to keep it that way. When 6 x 6 trucks—became available. In- News travels quickly in the Wyo- Cashman learned that some water cluded among this FEPP were wa- ming fire community, and soon purification trucks might be avail- ter purification units that had been many counties were volunteering able at Tooele Army Depot’s De- manufactured in 1973, rehabili- to help make the vehicles road- fense Reutilization Marketing tated in 1989, and unused thereaf- worthy and to transport the equip- Office (DRMO) near Salt Lake City, ter. ment back to their State. (Of UT, Lundell and Weidenhaft sup- course, the volunteers hoped to se- ported the Division’s interest in ac- Cashman, Stone, and Don Towns cure some of the excess property quiring some of this FEPP. Dana began planning how they would for their own county firefighting Stone, district forester, was soon transport 31 trucks plus 2 air com- programs.) sent to Utah to find out details pressors on trailers from Tooele, about the trucks. Continued on page 6
Carter Lee, utilization and market- ing coordinator for the General Services Administration (GSA) in Utah, showed Stone several acres of vehicles that would be excessed or sold within the subsequent 10 months.
Once Stone recovered from his as- tonishment at seeing 122 potential firefighting vehicles, he immedi- ately “screened” 12 of the trucks for possible use by his Forestry Di- vision. (Screening is a process by which FEPP is selected and re- served.) Between January 1993 and November 1994, Wyoming For- estry drove and/or hauled a total of 50 trucks and other much-needed The convoy started out on a fall day in Utah with a temperature of 40 °F (4 °C) and a equipment for their State’s fire rainstorm predicted for that evening. It wasn’t long before the group experienced winter suppression program. driving conditions such as those shown as they stopped at a rest area in Weber Canyon. The Suburban on the left was the traffic control vehicle for the convoy from Goshen County, WY. Photo: Dana Stone, Wyoming State Forestry, Lyman, WY, 1994.
Volume 57 • No. 1 • 1997 5 Members of the Colorado State Forest Service told Cashman that they too had screened some of the available equipment. However, they wanted van boxes removed at Tooele Army Depot, which could not be done. Cashman described Wyoming’s transport and van re- moval plan—vans would be re- moved “on the road” at Evanston, WY. Quickly, Colorado decided to provide three mechanics/drivers to help with the transport of Colorado’s FEPP during Wyoming’s move.
The organizers chose a date and announced that during the week of The first step in converting a 6 x 6 water purification van into a wildland fire engine was to remove the van box, which was accomplished in an assembly line at Evanston, WY, in November 13, 1994, Wyoming and only 2-1/2 hours. Photo: Dana Stone, Wyoming State Forestry, Lyman, WY, 1994. Colorado would move 37 purifica- tion units, 4 air compressors on drizzle began, and soon the convoy When they awoke the next morn- trailers, and 1 fuel truck. learned there was a snowstorm ing in Evanston, WY, it was clear ahead in Ogden, UT. Wiper blades and cold, and 14 inches (36 cm) of As all “best laid schemes” do, their (at least one per truck—most of snow had fallen. Again the drivers plan worked, but it was much the FEPP didn’t have any) were experienced a few problems during more complicated than its origina- quickly installed and tops put on their time driving slowly in tan- tors had thought possible, and it trucks that needed them. dem—including Cashman having “often went awry”! (For complete to explain to a highway patrolman details of purchasing fuel in bulk, The convoy drivers learned the that a communication failure was finding motel accommodations wisdom of driving slowly—no the reason that several vehicles in and provisions for 40 people, locat- more than 35 miles per hour (56 the convoy were parking illegally ing overnight parking facilities for km/h)—and keeping windows up along an “off ramp.” The good 40 vehicles, including six lowboys when professionals in 18-wheelers news is that the last of the convoy (trailers for hauling equipment), passed by at high speed. Every time arrived around midnight in Chey- and working with mechanics and an 18-wheeler rushed by, heavy, enne, WY, on November 17. It was drivers from a variety of Wyoming “slushy” snow landed on wind- the end of the Last Drive from and Colorado counties, see Stone shields (and would also land on the Tooele Army Depot DRMO. While (1995).) driver’s laps when windows were there were varied breakdowns and rolled down). As the convoy drivers many worried drivers at times—es- After several days of prework, the agreed, “So much for the predic- pecially when they heard that parts group began the “Last Drive” in tion of ‘light rain.’” As snow got of the highway were accident Utah at about 5 a.m. on Wednes- thicker and deeper on mountain- laden—they arrived without inci- day, November 16, with a gentle ous roads, there were a few break- dent. breeze blowing and temperatures downs of vehicles, but with the over 40 oF (4 oC). On what looked mechanical expertise of Cashman For readers curious about the fur- like a fine autumn day for a con- and others, trucks were rolling thest distance that anyone drove voy, the morning weather forecast again in record time. Drivers were during that November snowstorm, predicted that a rain storm would glad to have reservations at a motel the answer may be a surprise. One move into the Salt Lake City area that night when they learned that unit traveled to Newcastle, WY, by “late afternoon, early evening.” the Interstate might be closed be- from Tooele Army Depot—a dis- However, at 8:15 a.m., a light cause of snow. tance of 610 miles (982 km). The
6 Fire Management Notes only reported “accident” was a “mark” on one vehicle—a small crease just below the side win- dow—caused by someone (without a mirror on the passenger side of his vehicle) squeezing a little too closely to another vehicle in a parking lot. The First of Many Success Stories Only 15 days after work began at Tooele Depot, the 14 volunteer firefighters in the small commu- nity of Hanna, WY (it’s in Carbon County and has a population of 1,076), were able to use an “excess” 6 x 6, which had already been The first 6 x 6 to be converted from the “Last Drive” convoy. Fifteen days after work began transformed into a “new” 1,000 at Tooele Army Depot, this engine was ready for use by Hanna-Elmo volunteers in Carbon gallon (3,785 l) wildland County. Photo: Dana Stone, Wyoming State Forestry, Lyman, WY, 1994. firefighting engine. vice—our neighboring State for- built a compressed air foam system At least 65 individuals from Wyo- estry agencies, and our own col- (CAFS) on one of the excess mili- ming and Colorado and others leagues in Wyoming from the State tary trucks at a cost of $58,000. A from the Federal Government can Forestry Division, county fire orga- commercial engine would have take pride in their efforts to ensure nizations, and, of course, our many cost between $175,000 and this and eventually many other volunteer firefighters.” $200,000. transformations took place effi- ciently. As Dana Stone asserts, FEPP Savings Literature Cited “Our excess equipment program Wyoming estimates that by bor- Stone, Dana. 1995. The last drive. Manu- wouldn’t work without the coop- rowing FEPP and rebuilding it, script on file at the Lyman District Of- fice, Lyman, WY. 34 p. plus various eration of the Federal Govern- they save from 50 to 70 percent of official forms, illustrations, and ment—the Department of Defense, the cost of new, commercial en- photos. ■ the GSA, and the USDA Forest Ser- gines. For example, one county
WILDLAND-URBAN INTERFACE INFORMATION NOW ONLINE
The Wildland-Urban Interface Ad- phy of fire protection information also register to receive updates visory Committee is reaching out available through the National In- and other communications. to homeowners in fire-prone ar- teragency Fire Center in Boise, ID. eas via the Internet. The address They can also read and print the For more information, contact for the home page is http:// “Firewise Landscaping Checklist” Judith Leraas Cook of Leraas www.firewise.org/. After accessing and the text from the information Cook & Associates, who created the Firewise home page, users booklet “Protecting Your Home and manages the page’s content can ask fire protection experts from Wildfire.” and activities and is responsible questions about their own inter- for updating the wildland-urban face concerns, publicize local State foresters, State fire marshals, interface material online. Her Firewise events on a special cal- and various Federal agency em- phone number is 937-237-1085, endar, and/or obtain a bibliogra- ployees can acquire “Wildfire News fax 937-237-1087, and e-mail ad- & Notes” from the home page and dress: [email protected]. ■
Volume 57 • No. 1 • 1997 7 WISCONSIN’S HAZARD IDENTIFICATION SYSTEM
Philip T. Stromberg
isconsin’s wake-up call to cess of deciding which structures the wildland-urban inter- Better and safer can be defended and which can’t) a W face occurred during the decisions, more wildland presuppression function. 1976 and 1977 fire seasons when effective tactics, unprecedented structural loss oc- Sizing up Access and curred. Subsequently, the Wiscon- efficiency, and time Defensible Space savings are goals of a sin Department of Natural As a matter of preplanning, forest Resources (DNR) developed the Wisconsin county’s rangers visited home sites that had Fire Prone Property education hazard identification received fire-prone inspections in program, including onsite inspec- system. the past. They sized up horizontal tions. The program delivers a basic and vertical fuels, driveways, and message: Homeowners that take turnarounds and determined, in precautions in advance stand the through after hearing rangers’ case of a wildfire, 1) how easily best chance of saving their homes suggestions for improvement. In- firefighters and equipment could from wildland fire. creasingly, the DNR felt uneasy be- approach the property (access) and cause the problems were not going 2) how well defended from fire the In 1980, Wisconsin fire officials away and, in fact, were getting property was (defensible space). were named in a $10 million law- worse. Officials knew that more suit following a major fire that de- and more homes were being built If driveway width or turnaround stroyed 35 homes and cabins. The in areas of high risk from wildland space was inadequate, a ranger lawsuit was dismissed by the cir- fire. painted a yellow mark on the fire cuit court judge because before the number post at the driveway en- fire occurred, the DNR had made A primary concern was firefighter trance. If defensible space was inspections of fire-prone properties safety. Volunteer firefighters were lacking, the ranger painted an or- in the area and had told going into unfamiliar areas, under ange mark. When a ranger found a homeowners how to make their stress, to protect structures from property where both access and de- properties as safe from wildland wildland fires. They didn’t know fensible space were poor, both fire as possible. The judge felt how accessible a driveway at a spe- color marks were painted on the homeowners had been adequately cific property was, and they didn’t post. Where access and defensible cautioned. Sadly, the homeowners know whether the owner had cre- space were not a problem, the in this fire-prone area had not ated defensible space to protect ranger painted a white mark on heeded the advice. structures from fire. Inherent dan- the post. gers exist when firefighters don’t Concern for have this crucial information. Fig- In every case, the ranger gave the Firefighter Safety uring out driveway access and de- owner literature that explained the While the Wisconsin forest rangers fensible space while being chased Fire Number Hazard Identification had carried out their responsibili- by a flame front is undesirable, un- System and its purpose. Again ties to educate those who lived in safe, and inefficient. owners were encouraged to im- the wildland-urban interface, prove the access and/or defensible homeowners did not follow To improve firefighter safety in space on their property both for Burnett County, the Fire Number their own safety and that of re- Hazard Identification System sponding firefighters. They were Phil Stromberg is a forest ranger for the Wisconsin Department of Natural evolved. In effect, the system advised that the marking could be Resources, Burnett County, Webster, WI. makes structural triage (the pro- changed if adequate corrections
8 Fire Management Notes were made. In addition, they were It is easy to see what is different advised that any tampering with about this hazard identification the color designation could jeopar- system conducted as a presup- dize firefighters’ safety. pression initiative compared with structural triage decisions made Because DNR officials knew this during an incident. When determi- assessment could be misunder- nations are made ahead of time, stood and controversial, they knew firefighters save a huge amount of it was important to obtain authori- time—of course, time is of the es- zation by the individual township sence on an out-of-control fire. boards before sending rangers This presuppression effort allows a throughout the county. Fire de- closer, less stressful, and objective partment members assisted rang- look at each site. It is much better ers in explaining the system and its to make these decisions ahead of purpose to the boards. In all cases, time rather than during the stress firefighter and homeowner safety of an incident. The marks are a during wildland fires was stressed. “heads up” signal for firefighters, A stamp of approval and support and they appreciate the effort and were sought from nine townships, the concern for their safety. and eight of them agreed to the use of the Fire Number Hazard An example of a fire number/address post Realistic Expectations Identification System in their area. at the entrance to a driveway in Swiss Better decisions, safer decisions, Township, Burnett County, WI. The yellow and orange marks indicate, respectively, more effective tactics, efficiency, Training Challenge inadequate driveway access and lack of time savings—all of these describe For this new system to be success- defensible space. Photo: Philip Stromberg, the benefits of this hazard identifi- Wisconsin DNR, Webster, WI, 1995. ful, individual firefighters had to cation system. The onsite inspec- understand what the colors tions and education program help stances, an orange mark implies mean—a communication and homeowners to develop realistic protection cannot be provided to training challenge. During train- expectations of fire protection, and the residence. Time of day and po- ing, firefighters learn that a yellow they realize they have a choice— sition on the fire may allow for driveway mark implies that they take precautions in advance of a conventional tactics in defending will need more time to get in and wildfire or ignore the warnings and the home. Under a worst-case sce- out of a property to avoid an en- possibly lose their property. One of nario, if the firefighters decide to trapment situation. Firefighters many spinoff benefits includes pro- “defend in place” (maintain their learn that they will have to decide viding local officials an opportu- position at the structure as the fire during the “heat of battle” if they nity to involve themselves with the passes), that decision will be dan- have the time to approach a prop- interface problem. Where strict gerous for them. If the firefighters erty with poor access to protect a and effective zoning regulations decide they cannot safely defend in structure. If they don’t, the home could accomplish the Wisconsin place, their option is to apply water is either “written off,” or a smaller DNR’s goals but have, in the past, (preferably with synthetic foam ad- engine must be called for—if there lacked local support, the Fire ditive) just prior to the fire’s im- is adequate time and if one is avail- Number Hazard Identification Sys- pact. They can then make a rapid able. tem appears to provide some sem- exit with a quick followup into the blance of an alternative. site after the fire’s passage. (Most For the firefighters, the orange of Wisconsin’s structural protec- mark, which alerts them about the Readers with questions or com- tion allows rapid exits and reen- owner’s defensible space, is an is- ments about the system described tries.) If there are more structures sue depending on the time of day here are encouraged to contact than resources to defend, triage or the position of the property in Webster Ranger Station, Box 51, decisions will conclude that these relationship to the fire (i.e., flank Webster, WI 54893, telephone 715- homes will have to be written off. vs. head). Under some circum- 866-8201, or fax 715-866-8209. ■
Volume 57 • No. 1 • 1997 9 TRAINING A NEW GENERATION OF EMERGENCY RESPONSE PERSONNEL
Kent Contreras
n recent years, as more and more homeowners chose to live in the When officials in Washington State’s Pend Oreille Inortheast corner of Washington County realized their current and future need for State, the Pend Oreille County fire highly skilled men and women to respond to any community became increasingly concerned about wildfires in this emergency encountered—including wildland-urban area where wildlands interface interface fires—they originated a training program with urban areas. County officials centered around high school students. realized they lacked sufficient vol- unteers for their current and fu- ture rural firefighting forces. They and coordinators interviewed those the interagency training, as of this knew they needed more than “bod- who were interested in participat- writing, over 70 young people from ies to hold hoses.” The county re- ing in the training program. 16 to 20 years old are capable wild- quired highly skilled individuals to land firefighters. respond to any emergency encoun- Each student enrolled knew he or tered. she was sponsored by a fire district Emergency Response (which made the program all the Training In 1993, three agencies and several more “real” to those involved), and The emergency response training private groups worked together to the first Pend Oreille County Jun- lasts for 6 weeks after school has create a firefighter program to ior Fire Fighter Program adjourned for the summer. Stu- train young people still in high (P.O.C.J.F.F.P.) was underway with dents who successfully complete school in Pend Oreille County. 23 enrollees. Because each year the course are ready to respond to When they approached local school since 1993 a new group of high structural fires, wildland-urban in- districts for help in ensuring the school students has taken part in availability of a new generation of emergency response personnel, principals and teachers understood the need and cooperated fully. Lead instructors used a screening pro- cess to identify both male and fe- male students who were at least age 16 and had the aptitude and maturity for emergency response activities. The instructors tried to identify and select students with the drive and initiative to complete the intensive program and become an asset to the community. Soon after the identified students were contacted, a panel of instructors
Kent Contreras is the acting assistant fire management officer, USDA Forest Service, R. J. Nomee, lead forestry technician on the Newport Ranger District, briefs students on Colville National Forest, Newport Ranger L.C.E.S., the 10 Standard Firefighting Orders, and the 18 “Watch Out!” Situations. Photo: District, Newport, WA. Randy Ostman, Colville National Forest, Newport, WA, 1996.
10 Fire Management Notes terface fires, accidents, and medi- cal emergencies within their fire district. In addition to the 8-hour days spent in the classroom or in the field, they are required to spend 3 to 4 hours studying mate- rials at home. If needed, mentors are available to provide additional training to help students meet the requirements of the course.
The curriculum includes the fol- lowing courses: basic wildland firefighting, medical first response (State-certified), structural firefighting, emergency flagging, hazardous materials, and helicop- ter safety. A job preparation class entitled “Roadmap to Success” is included in the training, and some students attend the North Bend Students in the Pend Oreille County Junior Fire Fighter Program (P.O.C.J.F.F.P.) learn Fire Training Academy in North hotspotting and line construction on a practice fire. Photo: Randy Ostman, Colville National Forest, Newport, WA, 1996. Bend, WA, for “Burn to Learn” and “Search and Rescue” courses. S-130 (basic firefighter training) discussion, the students are re- and S-190 (basic fire behavior) minded that safety comes first. Local Agency completion certificates. The classes Students learn the importance of Involvement were a success, and programs were the 18 “Watch Out!” Situations and Instructors from the local area rep- planned to include Forest Service the 10 Standard Fire Orders and resent the USDA Forest Service’s seasonals again in the future. understand standards for survival. Colville National Forest; Washing- Trainers and students regularly ton State Department of Natural How and Why the discuss L.C.E.S.(Lookouts, Com- Resources (DNR) (Northeast area), P.O.C.J.F.F.P. Works munications, Escape Routes, and Spokane County Fire District 9, The P.O.C.J.F.F.P. is a success for a Safety Zones). Pend Oreille County Fire Districts, number of reasons, including lim- and local businesses. At the begin- ited enrollment. Past programs Because at the end of the program ning of the program, donations have had an average of 20 students, the students receive a certificate of from local businesses were used to but enrollment may rise in the fu- completion for S-130 and S-190, purchase materials and equip- ture due to interest from other the Forest Service has a potential ment—each student requires counties. Objectives and expecta- workforce of “pick-up” or “AD” (ad- around $3,500 to pay for textbooks tions are given to students a ministratively determined) and other requirements. Currently, month before any classes begin, al- firefighters as soon as the students Federal and State grants help de- lowing them the opportunity to reach age 18. Those individuals fray these expenses. back out if they feel they cannot who have met previous criteria and complete the full 240 hours of become emergency firefighters for In June of 1995, the third year of training. the Forest Service are trained in its existence, Forest Service sea- ethics and conduct and issued sonal firefighters participated in When the program starts, the stu- firefighter qualification cards (red the basic wildland firefighting ses- dents are issued full turn-out gear, cards). While working with their sion with the P.O.C.J.F.F.P. In what wildland fire gear, and textbooks. fire district, the students receive is commonly called “Guard From the very beginning, safety is continuing education and on-the- School” or “Fire Forces Training,” stressed. During every class and job training. the junior firefighters received Continued on page 12
Volume 57 • No. 1 • 1997 11 While taking their regular high school classes required for gradua- tion, those already trained can re- spond to incidents within their district. They also may be called upon to provide mutual aid to neighboring districts. The Wash- ington State DNR will oftentimes utilize the responding district’s ap- paratus and crew for suppression and mop-up of fires in State-pro- tected areas. If the Incident Com- mander so chooses, the equipment and crew will be temporarily hired for the duration of the fire. From the Viewpoint of an Instructor I have been involved with the pro- gram from its inception, and I have P.O.C.J.F.F.P. students protect the “origin” of the practice fire for future investigation while they learn mopup techniques. Photo: Randy Ostman, Colville National Forest, Newport, seen the development of an out- WA, 1996. standing course. Students who have gone through the at least one individual on the fire is (decisionmaking about structural P.O.C.J.F.F.P are successful, re- a graduate from the course. Many protection), and medical expertise. spected, and have chosen a career. of these fires occur during the Many graduates are already work- work day when some of the adult As the fire situation in the Spo- ing as firefighters or emergency volunteer forces are not available kane, WA, area becomes more medical services personnel. Gradu- to respond. As a result, graduates complex with increasing numbers ates of the program have saved at are more likely to respond and of wildland-urban interface fires, least five lives and, because of their make the first attack on a fire that so does the need for cross-trained skills, have touched the lives of may be threatening homes or individuals. The Pend Oreille countless others. structures. County Jr. Fire Fighter Program is a major step towards reaching this Colville National Forest’s Newport As a lead instructor and course co- goal. Ranger District has hired four ordinator for the wildland graduates to fill positions on a sea- firefighter portion, I believe that For more information about this sonal fire crew. The young adults we are developing a new genera- training, readers should contact come to work fully prepared with tion of firefighters who are fully Kent Contreras at USDA Forest the skills needed, and their enthu- qualified to work for any agency Service, Colville National Forest, siasm is remarkable. Since the first needing trained individuals. Newport Ranger District, 315 N. P.O.C.J.F.F.P. participants became Warren Ave., Newport, WA 99156, qualified to fight fire, I’ve re- In addition to their background or telephone him at 509-447-7350. sponded to many interagency fires with wildland fires, the graduates His e-mail address is /s=k.contreras/ that involve the Pend Oreille bring with them a knowledge of ou1=r06f21d03a@mhs- County Fire Districts. Frequently structure protection, triage fswa.attmail.com. ■
12 Fire Management Notes FIRE PROGRAM MANAGEMENT COURSE AVAILABLE
Laurie Perrett
Editor’s Note: Laurie Perrett Benscoter, USDI Fish and Wildlife Division of Forestry. Course coor- served as chair of the interagency Service; Paul Broyles, USDI Na- dinator from the National Ad- steering committee responsible tional Park Service; Len Dems, vanced Resource Technology for developing the course de- USDI National Park Service; Lorri Center was Roger Corner, USDA scribed in this article. Others on Heath, USDA Forest Service; Rich Forest Service; and Rick Gale, the committee and the agency Murua, USDI Bureau of Land USDI National Park Service, was they represent are as follows: Management; John Philbin, USDI the National Wildfire Coordinat- Glenn Anderson, U.S. Depart- Bureau of Indian Affairs; Skippy ing Group’s liaison to the steer- ment of the Interior (USDI) Bu- Reeves, USDI Fish and Wildlife ing committee. reau of Indian Affairs; Mike Service; and Jim Whitson, Florida
ire Program Management Course Is National (FPM)—a new national course The Fire Program in Focus Ftargeted at both current and fu- Management course, The interagency steering commit- ture field-level fire managers—is targeted at both tee invited a group of expert fire now ready for distribution. In managers to generate lessons for 1994, the National Wildfire Coordi- current and future field- level fire managers, the 7- to 8-day course. In the na- nating Group’s Training Working tional package, they did not in- Team chartered a steering commit- stresses self-analysis clude tribal, State, or local policies tee to develop the FPM course. In and personal and procedures. Instructors in spe- 1995, the South Canyon Inter- cific geographic areas must tailor agency Management Review Team accountability in decisionmaking. the content of the course to in- (IMRT) emphasized the need for clude the policies and procedures such training (IMRT 1995), citing of all local cooperators. Supple- better decisionmaking and in- fectively direct a fire manage- mentation of local written proce- creased accountability of fire pro- dures, visual aids, and exercises is gram managers as mandatory. ment program. • Recognizing the expectations of encouraged. The course is also agency administrators for quality flexible enough so that course co- Objectives of the FPM course in- ordinators may break the sequence clude: staff work. • Applying state-of-the-art tools into modules as necessary. • Recognizing the necessity for and methods in fire manage- personal accountability required ment programs. The FPM course, constructed to in fire program management. • Identifying reference resources apply to a wide audience, reviews • Applying fire management prin- available to improve fire man- the broad duties of a fire program ciples toward sound decision- agement skills. manager. Subject matter includes: making. • Coordinating with other disci- national fire policy, legal consider- • Demonstrating the duties and plines and agencies for greater ations, fire planning, interagency responsibilities necessary to ef- fire program efficiency and effec- cooperation, fuels management, tiveness. and all aspects of fire operations. Prior to taking the course, partici- Laurie Perrett is the branch chief for Cooperative Fire Protection, USDA Forest Service, Fire and Aviation Management, Washington, DC. Continued on page 14
Volume 57 • No. 1 • 1997 13 pants are expected to familiarize themselves with their own agency’s fire management policy and direc- tion through specifically assigned “pre-work.” Throughout the course, participants are expected to be involved in self-analysis and ac- countability, necessary for them to develop a written plan to docu- ment areas of needed personal im- provement to be followed once the Logo for the new national Fire Program Management Course that is now course is finished. Most lesson ready for distribution. plans include recommended refer- ence materials to help trainees im- courses were held in Portland, OR; should contact their geographic prove their knowledge and skills. Boise, ID; Denver, CO, and Ft. area interagency training represen- Mitchell, KY. The steering commit- tative for course availability and Five Test Sites tee gathered critique comments more information. for Course from all sessions and incorporated The initial course was taught at them into the final course package. Literature Cited the National Advanced Resource Interagency Management Review Team Technology Center (NARTC) in De- For More Information (IMRT). 1995. Final report of the Inter- agency Management Review Team: cember 1995 to “train the trainer” Each agency has developed its own South Canyon Fire. Washington, DC: and deliver the course package to requirements for participation in U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest geographic area course coordina- the new course. Those interested Service, and U.S. Department of the In- terior. 92 p. ■ tors. Subsequently, FPM test in enrolling in a FPM course
GUIDELINES FOR CONTRIBUTORS Editorial Policy Donna M. Paananen, Editor Authors are asked to use the English unit system Fire Management Notes (FMN) is an international Fire Management Notes of weight and measure, with equivalent values in quarterly magazine for the wildland fire commu- USDA Forest Service—NCFES the metric system. Tables should be typed, with nity. FMN welcomes unsolicited manuscripts from 1407 South Harrison Rd.—Rm. 220 titles and column headings capitalized, as shown readers on any subject related to fire management. East Lansing, MI 48823-5290. in recent issues; tables should be understandable (See the subject index of the first issue of each vol- Telephone 517-355-7740, fax 517-355-5121 without reading the text. Include tables at the end ume for a list of topics covered in the past.) Internet: [email protected] of the manuscript.
Because space is a consideration, long manuscripts Include with the paper copy of the article the com- Figures, illustrations, slides (original transparency are subject to publication delay and editorial cut- plete name(s) and address(es) of authors as well as preferable), and clear photographs (preferably ting; FMN does print short pieces of interest to telephone and fax numbers and e-mail informa- glossy prints) are often essential to the under- readers. tion. If the same or a similar article is being sub- standing of articles. On the back, please label care- mitted elsewhere, include that information also. fully (Figure 1, Figure 2; photograph A, B, C, etc.); Submission Guidelines include your complete name and address if you Disks should be submitted with the paper copy. wish your material returned, and indicate the Authors are asked to type or word-process their ar- FMN prefers WordPerfect 5.1 (not windows) or an “top.” Clear, thorough captions (see recent issues) ticles on white paper (double-spaced) on one side. ASCII text file on 3-1/2 inch, IBM/Dos-compatible should be labeled to correspond with these desig- Try to keep titles concise and descriptive; subhead- disks. Please label the disk carefully with system nations. Include the name of the photographer and ings and bulleted material are useful and help being used and name of file. When possible, submit year when photo was taken. readability. As a general rule of clear writing, use illustrations on disk as well and include instruc- the active voice (e.g., Fire managers know . . . not, tions for use on the label. All photos and illustrations require a written re- It is known . . .). lease, whether taken or drawn by government or Consult recent issues for placement of the author’s nongovernment photographers and designers. Au- Submit articles to either the general manager or name, title, agency affiliation, and location as well thors not in the Federal government sign a release the editor. Complete details to reach them follow: as style for paragraph headings and references. acknowledging that they are aware that their work FMN uses the spelling, capitalization, hyphenation, will be in the public domain and on the World USDA Forest Service and other styles as recommended by the U.S. Gov- Wide Web. The photo, illustration, and author re- Attn: April J. Baily, F&AM Staff ernment Printing Office “Style Manual.” Inhouse lease forms are available from April Baily, General P.O. Box 96090; editing can be expedited if authors have their ar- Manager. ■ Washington, DC 20090-6090. ticle reviewed by peers and by someone with edit- Telephone 202-205-0891, fax 202-205-1272 ing skills. Please list the editor and/or reviewer/s e-mail:/s=a.baily/ou1=wO1c@mhs- when submitting articles. fswa.attmail.com Data General: wO1c.
14 Fire Management Notes CAMPAIGN REMINDS US TO BE RESPONSIBLE STEWARDS OF THE LAND
Tara Megan Chambers
he USDA Forest Service and Merle Haggard, who has been with country and western stars have Keep It Country, Keep It the project since its inception, and T recently joined together to re- Green—let America’s country music are excellent means mind citizens and visitors to pro- children see what we through which to promote KIC- mote healthy landscapes and pre- KIG’s messages.” Since Haggard’s vent accidental wildfires in our have seen. original performance, the cam- wildlands. This new venture is paign has been able to gain visibil- called Keep It Country, Keep It ity through public service Green (KIC-KIG), and it has its KIC-KIG Launched announcements (PSA’s), posters, own recorded song with the same KIC-KIG was launched in 1994 at a televised advertisements, and vid- name. Merle Haggard concert at the Ne- eos. Also supporting the cause are vada County Fair in Grass Valley, Michael Martin Murphey and the KIC-KIG’s creator, Dan Whittaker, CA, where Haggard helped Smokey Oak Ridge Boys. Whittaker reports who recently retired as fire preven- Bear celebrate his 50th anniversary that a number of other country and tion officer for the Tahoe National of preventing carelessly caused western stars are eager to help pro- Forest, set out simply “to make a wildfires. According to Whittaker, mote the campaign in the future. difference.” He says that the col- “As the pioneer of western music, Continued on page 16 laboration aims to heighten the in- teraction between people, nature, and landscape by reaching people through “the pulse of America— country and western music.” Two others from the Forest Service who have worked closely with Whittaker on the campaign (all have donated a good deal of their own personal time) are Rodney C. Kindlund and Nancy L. Porter. Kindlund, a Creative Services staff member on the Sierra National Forest, has contributed many of the graphics and photos for the campaign, and Porter, fire preven- tion specialist for the Pacific Southwest Region, has given ad- ministrative direction and support to the effort.
Tara Chambers, a Michigan State University graduate, was a volunteer intern for the USDA Forest Service, North Central Forest Experiment Station, East Lansing, MI, and was assistant editor for Country music star Merle Haggard and Dan Whittaker, now a volunteer for the Forest Fire Management Notes from May through Service, believe Americans should “Keep It Country, Keep It Green.” Photo: Rod Kindlund, August 1996. USDA Forest Service, Sierra National Forest, Clovis, CA, 1994.
Volume 57 • No. 1 • 1997 15 Western Singer Experiences Wildland Fire Michael Martin Murphey and his family were personally traumatized by the Hondo Fire in New Mexico in May 1996 (like many others, they were evacuated from their property in the area; however, their own ranch did not burn). Subse- quently, Murphey became KIC- KIG’s most prominent spokesperson. As an award-win- ning musician and television star, a co-chair of the National Indian Education Association, and the American Quarter Horse Associa- tion spokesperson, Murphey gives KIC-KIG tremendous visibility. Generously, Murphey performed two concerts with all proceeds go- The Oak Ridge Boys have recently become KIC-KIG supporters by posing for posters with ing to the victims of the Hondo fire prevention messages and the KIC-KIG slogan. Photo: Rod Kindlund, USDA Forest Service, Sierra National Forest, Clovis, CA, 1996. Fire. Fire that aired on KOAT Television in this effort, with additional assis- More recently, Murphey produced (a CNN affiliate) in Albuquerque, tance from the Carson National a video at the scene of the Hondo NM. Whittaker and Porter helped Forest. Murphey talks about wild- land fire problems facing our na- tional forests and other public lands. For instance, he says, “Some fires are planned and managed, but wildfires often begin because of carelessness. Cowboy logic says we don’t always need a campfire.” In August, Murphey drew sell-out crowds at a 3-day Westfest at Mam- moth Mountain, CA. He invited Smokey and the Forest Service to participate in every major Westfest event, not only by having a KIC- KIG fire prevention booth but also on center stage with Murphey and other western music stars. In addi- tion, Murphey and Smokey teamed up for interviews on a local TV channel. During Labor Day week- end in September, Smokey also ap- peared at the Westfest at Copper Mountain, CO, with Haggard, Murphey, and Kathy Mattea. Michael Martin Murphey, a primary spokesperson for KIC-KIG, with his guitar in front of Mount Rose in Nevada. Photo: Rod Kindlund, USDA Forest Service, Sierra National Forest, Clovis, CA, 1995.
16 Fire Management Notes KIC-KIG Partners will help educate Americans about For more information about Keep The Forest Service, Murphey, and the dangers of carelessly caused It Country, Keep It Green, its na- Giant Petrol of Scottsdale, AZ, have fires and the importance of pre- tional public service campaign, the now signed an agreement and have serving our natural resources for media kit, or using America’s wil- become partners supporting the future generations. He encourages derness safely, readers should con- campaign. others to support the campaign by tact Nancy Porter, the Pacific disseminating KIC-KIG posters, Southwest Region’s coordinator songsheets, and audio cassettes of for the campaign at USDA Forest The collaboration between the For- the theme song. These items are Service—Region 5, Aviation & Fire est Service, country and western described in the 1997-1999 Fire Management, 3735 Neely Way, stars, and a variety of other part- Prevention Catalog, available from Mather, CA 95655, or telephone ners will eventually raise KIC- Forest Service Cooperative Forest 916-364-2855. ■ KIG’s visibility and accessibility. Fire Prevention Program coordina- Whittaker hopes that the campaign tors and State foresters.
ALL INVITED TO HELP CARE FOR OUR NATION’S FORESTS
Donna M. Paananen vice. The Foundation works to bers. These individuals have the bring people together to care for opportunity to participate in the Do you, like countless others, our Nation’s forests. Foundations management and conservation of agree with the following? such as this one are not new—for a our forest lands for future gen- • Our forests and related re- quarter of a century, there has erations. As the NFF membership sources should be managed for been a National Park Foundation, base grows, it is expected that the the benefit of future genera- and the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation will attract a con- tions. Foundation has existed for a de- stantly growing number of corpo- • We need a balanced approach cade. As NFF President J. Lamar rate sponsors and private donors. to natural resource manage- Beasley said, “The growing popula- With more funds, the Forest Ser- ment and conservation. tion and increasing use of the 191 vice and forest research programs • People can work together for million acres (77 million ha) of na- will be better supported. the common good of our for- tional forests and related resources ests and related resources. make it the opportune time for the In addition to the satisfaction of NFF and Forest Service to supporting a worthy cause with a If so, you share the beliefs of the strengthen their partnership and membership contribution of $20, National Forest Foundation the management of the forests by members receive some tangible (NFF), which recently kicked off involving individuals who care benefits such as a “Guide to the its membership campaign and en- about conservation and the envi- National Forests,” a quarterly courages you to become a mem- ronment.” newsletter, and a membership ber. The Foundation’s vision is a card and bumper sticker identify- world where people live in har- Forest Service Chief Jack Ward ing them as a member in good mony with their environment, Thomas joined the NFF in July standing. A total of $17 of the value their natural resources, and 1996 when the membership cam- membership contribution is tax support the professionals who paign began. Chief Thomas ex- deductible. care for these resources. plained why he is proud to be a member, “The Foundation helps Readers wishing more informa- The NFF was created by Congress forge public-private partnerships tion should telephone NFF at in 1990 as the official nonprofit and educational programs for For- 202-501-2473 or fax them at 202- partner of the USDA Forest Ser- est Service projects and activities.” 219-6585. Their mailing address is National Forest Foundation, Donna Paananen is editor of Fire By the end of 1996, the NFF hopes Membership Services, P.O. Box Management Notes, East Lansing, MI. to have more than 20,000 mem- 1256, Norfolk, VA 23501. ■
Volume 57 • No. 1 • 1997 17 COMPUTER TOOLS CAN HELP LOOKOUT OBSERVERS
Julian M. Pike
erving as an observer in a Fire lookouts are immediately available. Lookout continues a long line A recently developed “Cross Azimuth” accepts the azi- S of tradition dating back to the program for a hand- muth of the observer and the azi- early part of the century. While ex- held computer can muth of a distant lookout and uses perience has honed and refined the these two azimuths to compute the activities of observers over the de- greatly assist in prompt distance from each lookout as well cades, there are also new tech- and accurate reporting as the latitude and longitude of the niques we might add from the of wildland fires in the smoke. “Fire Acreage” computes potpourri of technical advances future. the acreage of a fire from its dis- that have occurred in recent years. tance and the azimuths to each A program on a hand-held com- side of the smoke, using the tradi- puter used at the firefinder is one and distance and computes the tional firefinder method. of these advances that is currently latitude and longitude of the part of a continuing demonstration smoke. If a fire does get started and the ob- project in Oregon. The possibilities server is called on to provide for future development are great. The second routine is “Cross Azi- weather reports, the routine “Psy- muth.” “Lookout Tools” has a data chrometer” will easily reduce wet The computer program “Lookout base wherein the latitude, longi- and dry temperatures to relative Tools” consists of three groups of tude, and altitude of surrounding humidity and dew point. routines that I call “Fire,” “Maps and Landmarks,” and “Ancillary.” I developed the program using a Hewlett-Packard 100LX “palmtop” computer that weighs 8 ounces (228 g) and will run for about 50 hours on two AA batteries. It has the architecture of an IBM PC-XT and is fully compatible with and exchanges files with desktop PC’s. The programming language is Turbo Pascal 5.0.* The “Fire” Group In the “Fire” group, the first rou- tine is “Smoke Report,” which ac- cepts the firefinder data of azimuth
* The use of corporation and trade names is for the convenience of the reader and should not be misconstrued as an official endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture or the Forest Service.
Julian Pike, Ph.D., is an observer at the Julian and Lola Pike on the steps of the Table Rock Lookout cabin on the Wallowa- Table Rock Lookout for the USDA Forest Whitman National Forest from which they follow the observer’s mandate: to “. . . make Service, Wallowa-Whitman National intensive observations of the forest every 15 minutes.” Photo: Julian Pike, Wallowa- Forest, Unity Ranger District, Unity, OR. Whitman National Forest, Unity Ranger District, Unity, OR, 1993.
18 Fire Management Notes Figure 1—Reproduction of a printout of the input/output screen for the The “Maps and “Cross Azimuth” routine. Landmarks” Group The “Maps and Landmarks” group CROSS AZIMUTH: Location by Triangulation specifically targets “knowing the —>
Volume 57 • No. 1 • 1997 19 Julian Pike, author and developer Aircraft now routinely measure of “Lookout Tools,” and his wife, latitude and longitude from Loran Lola, have been observers at this cabin on Table Rock, 7,826 feet or Global Positioning System (2,385 m) above sea level, for (GPS) instruments. Fire vehicles seven seasons. Photo: Julian Pike, can be equipped with GPS as the Wallowa-Whitman National Forest, Unity Ranger District, cost of automotive systems de- Unity, OR, 1995. creases. In addition, hand-held rec- reational GPS units are now on the market for less than $200 and can give locations for personnel on foot. These developments make it very attractive to move to the lati- tude and longitude coordinate sys- tem for all fire locating. In concert with that, firefinder maps should move to charts with topographic contours and latitude and longi- tude scales. Summary “Lookout Tools” and a hand-held computer can greatly assist look- out observers in prompt and accu- rate reporting of wildland fires in the future, and they can help ob- servers to determine names and lo- cations of landmarks. Each routine has a built-in case from real life, and anyone can run these cases even without acquaintance with the problem or entering any data. Simply entering new data starts a new case (see fig. 1). “Cross Azi- muth” also computes the longi- tude and latitude of the fire. period from 1 January 1990 to 31 defined for legal purposes, and December 1999.) fires are located by their legal de- In addition, the 100LX computer scription. Since square townships has built-in software providing ob- Moving to a cannot be continuously fit to the servers with additional functions earth’s curved surface, surveyors Mathematical to manage information such as a insert townships of less than 36 Coordinate System phone book, spreadsheet, data square miles to keep survey lines Readers acquainted with the fire base, calculator, note taker, stop- as well aligned as possible. These reporting system in the Western watch, and appointment calendar. discontinuities make legal descrip- United States can quickly sense It has the potential to hold a con- tions impossible to define by a that “Smoke Report” and “Cross siderable bank of information for mathematical coordinate system Azimuth” move away from report- reference by all personnel having such as latitude and longitude. I ing fire location in “legal descrip- the machine. tion,” which comes from land suggest—at least in the near fu- surveyed into townships of 36 1- ture—that we do not expect a hand-held computer to make con- Literature Cited square-mile (2.6-km2) sections. By versions to and from a legal de- Meeus, J. (1991). Astronomical algorithms. identifying the township, section, Richmond, VA: Willmann-Bell. 429 p. ■ and fraction of section, property is scription or from and to latitude and longitude coordinates.
20 Fire Management Notes AUTHOR INDEX—VOLUME 56
Apicello, Michael G. Fire 21—Fire man- Gore, Albert. Congratulations to Schlobohm, Paul M. Use a comparison agement in the 21st century. 56(3):4-5 telecommunity for Internet access model to guide technology decisions. Arno, Nathan P.; Arno, Stephen F. Fast, in- project. 56(4):2 56(1):12-14 expensive fireline construction. Hamilton, Stanley F. NASF’s perspective on Shultz, Neale A. WIMS wins accolades. 56(1):17-19 FIRE 21. 56(3):6-8 56(1):31 Baily, April J. FEPP? What in the world Is Jacobs, Ben. NPS Prescribed Fire Support Smith, Janice L. Recipients of 1995 FEPP? 56(2):26-27 Modules—a pilot program. 56(2):4-6 Smokey Bear awards honored. 56(3):23- Beyer, W. Nelson; Olson, Albert. Can earth- Johnson, Donald. An evaluation of 25 worms survive fire retardants? Michigan’s burn permit moratorium. Stone, James E. Hondo fire emergency on 56(1):25-26 56(4):14-18 the Information Superhighway. Bunnell, David L. National prescribed fire Joslin, Robert C. Wildfire suppression as 56(4):22-23 awards recognize excellence. 56(4):12- part of FIRE 21. 56(3):11 Stone, James E. Use the connections—no 13 Lavin, Mary Jo. Leaders committed to one is an island. 56(4):4-6. Cabe, Ken. Firefighter arson: Local alarm. FIRE 21. 56(3):6 Style, Jill R. How to order the “Federal 56(1):7-9 Lee, Kevin. Do firefighters need beverages Wildland Fire Management Policy and Cavaioli, Maryjane. Interagency coopera- that replace carbohydrates and electro- Program Review.” 56(3):16 tion—the future built from the past. lytes? 56(1):10-11 Style, Jill R. 1997 Wildland Fire Confer- 56(1):4-6 Masoner, Arnie. Pacific Northwest contract ence in Canada. 56(2):25 Cuoco, Christopher J.; Barnett, James K. for engines, tenders, and crews. Style, Jill R. “Spark arrester guides” avail- How IC’s can get maximum use of 56(3):19-20 able. 56(2):22 weather information. 56(1):20-24 Melton, Mike. Keetch-Byram Drought In- Tempereau, Clinton E. When a firefighter Custer, George; Thorsen, James. Stand-re- dex revisited: Prescribed fire applica- gets burned. 56(3):21-22 placement burn in the Ocala National tions. 56(4):7-11 Valdez, Matt; Style, Jill R. Shout, “Watch Forest—a success. 56(2):7-12 Mohr, Francis; Both, Bob. Confinement—a out—snag!” 56(3):26-27 Flanagan, Paul. Survival of fire-injured co- suppression response for the future? Weise, David R.; Sackett, Stephen S.; nifers. 56(2):13-16 56(2):17-22 Paysen, Timothy E.; Haase, Sally M.; Flanagan, Paul T.; Fadich, Michael J. Ana- Peters, Bill. FEPP used for cooperative Narog, Marcia G. Rx fire research for phylaxis: The danger of stinging in- firefighting. 56(3):17-18 southwestern forests. 56(2):23-25 sects. 56(4):19-21 Salwasser, Hal. The role of leadership in an Weise, David R.; Saveland, James M. Moni- French, Tom. A 10-cent, unbreakable foam ecosystem approach to fire manage- toring live fuel moisture—a task force nozzle for a backpack pump. 56(1):15- ment. 56(3):9-10 report. 56(3):12-16 16 Wilson, Ronald F. Employee Assistance Program. 56(4):5 ■
Volume 57 • No. 1 • 1997 21 SUBJECT INDEX—VOLUME 56
Aviation Interagency cooperation—the future built “Spark arrester guides” available. Jill R. from the past. Maryjane Cavaioli. Style. 56(2):22 FEPP used for cooperative firefighting. Bill 56(1):4-6 A 10-Cent, unbreakable foam nozzle for a Peters. 56(3):17-18 NASF’s perspective on FIRE 21. Stanley F. backpack pump. Tom French. 56(1):15- Interagency cooperation—the future built Hamilton. 56(3):6-8 16 from the past. Maryjane Cavaioli. 1997 Wildland Fire Conference in Canada. 56(1):4-6 Jill R. Style. 56(2):25 Fire Behavior Pacific Northwest contract for engines, Communication tenders, and crews. Arnie Masoner. Monitoring live fuel moisture—a task 56(3):19-20 force report. David R. Weise and James Confinement—a suppression response for M. Saveland. 56(3):12-16. the future? Francis Mohr; Bob Both. Recipients of 1995 Smokey Bear Awards honored. Janice L. Smith. 56(3):23-25 Stand-replacement burn in the Ocala Na- 56(2):17-22 tional Forest—a success. George Congratulations to telecommunity for Custer; James Thorsen. 56(2):7-12 Internet access project. Albert Gore. Ecosystem Management 56(4):2 Biswell Symposium proceedings published. Fire Effects Employee Assistance Program. Ronald F. 56(2):16 Wilson. 56(4):5 Confinement—a suppression response for Survival of fire-injured conifers. Paul FEPP? What in the world is FEPP? April J. the future? Francis Mohr; Bob Both. Flanagan. 56(2):13-16 Baily. 56(2):26-27 56(2):17-22 Fire 21—fire management in the 21st Cen- National prescribed fire awards recognize Fuel tury. Michael G. Apicello. 56(3):4-5 excellence. David L. Bunnell. 56(4):12- Firefighter arson: Local alarm. Ken Cabe. Keetch-Byram Drought Index revisited: 13 Prescribed fire applications. Mike 56(1):7-9 NPS Prescribed Fire Support Modules—a Free fire equipment catalog available. Melton. 56(4):7-11 pilot program. Ben Jacobs. 56(2):4-6 Monitoring live fuel moisture—a task 56(4):21 The role of leadership in an ecosystem ap- Hondo fire emergency on the Information force report. David R. Weise and James proach to fire management. Hal M. Saveland. 56(3):12-16 Superhighway. James E. Stone. Salwasser. 56(3):9-10 56(4):22-23 Rx fire research for Southwestern forests. General Fire Management How IC’s can get maximum use of weather David R. Weise; Stephen S. Sackett; information. Christopher J. Cuoco; Timothy E. Paysen; Sally M. Haase; Can earthworms survive fire retardants? W. James K. Barnett. 56(1):20-24 Marcia G. Narog. 56(2):23-25 Nelson Beyer; Albert Olson. 56(1):25-26 How to order the “Federal Wildland Fire Stand-replacement burn in the Ocala Na- An evaluation of Michigan’s burn permit Management Policy and Program Re- tional Forest—a success. George moratorium. Donald Johnson. 56(4):14- view.” Jill R. Style. 56(3):16 Custer; James Thorsen. 56(2):7-12 18 Leaders committed to FIRE 21. Mary Jo Survival of fire-injured conifers. Paul Fast, inexpensive fireline construction. Lavin. 56(3):6 Flanagan. 56(2):13-16 Nathan P. Arno; Stephen F. Arno. 1997 Wildland Fire Conference in Canada. 56(1):17-19 Jill R. Style. 56(2):25 Equipment Fire 21—fire management in the 21st Cen- NVFC offers retention and recruitment tury. Michael G. Apicello. 56(3):4-5 video. 56(2):12 Anaphylaxis: The danger of stinging in- How to order the “Federal Wildland Fire Shout, “Watch out—snag!” Matt Valdez sects. Paul T. Flanagan and Michael J. Management Policy and Program Re- and Jill R. Style. 56(3):26-27 Fadich. 56(4):19-21 view.” Jill R. Style. 56(3):16 “Spark arrester guides” available. Jill R. Can earthworms survive fire retardants? W. “Investigating Wildland Fire Entrapments” Style. 56(2):22 Nelson Beyer; Albert Olson. 56(1):25-26 now available. 56(1):9 Use the connections—no one is an island. Do firefighters need beverages that replace Leaders committed to FIRE 21. Mary Jo James E. Stone. 56(4):4-6 carbohydrates and electrolytes? Kevin Lavin. 56(3):6 When a firefighter gets burned. Clinton E. Lee. 56(1):10-11 Monitoring live fuel moisture—a task Tempereau. 56(3):21-22 Fast, inexpensive fireline construction. force report. David R. Weise and James Nathan P. Arno; Stephen F. Arno. M. Saveland. 56(3):12-16 Cooperation 56(1):17-19 NASF’s perspective on FIRE 21. Stanley F. FEPP used for cooperative firefighting. Bill Hamilton. 56(3):6-8 Congratulations to telecommunity for Peters. 56(3):17-18 1997 Wildland Fire Conference in Canada. Internet access project. Albert Gore. FEPP? What in the world is FEPP? April J. Jill R. Style. 56(2):25 56(4):2 Baily. 56(2):26-27 NVFC offers retention and recruitment FEPP used for cooperative firefighting. Bill Free fire equipment catalog available. video. 56(2):12 Peters. 56(3):17-18 56(4):21 The role of leadership in an ecosystem ap- FEPP? What in the world is FEPP? April J. Interagency cooperation—the future built proach to fire management. Hal Baily. 56(2):26-27 from the past. Maryjane Cavaioli. Salwasser. 56(3):9-10 Hondo fire emergency on the Information 56(1):4-6 Survival of fire-injured conifers. Paul Superhighway. James E. Stone. Pacific Northwest contract for engines, Flanagan. 56(2):13-16 56(4):22-23 tenders, and crews. Arnie Masoner. 56(3):19-20
22 Fire Management Notes A 10-Cent, unbreakable foam nozzle for a Prescribed Burning A 10-Cent, unbreakable foam nozzle for a backpack pump. Tom French. 56(1):15- backpack pump. Tom French. 56(1):15- 16 Biswell Symposium proceedings published. 16 Wildfire suppression as part of FIRE 21. 56(2):16 Use a comparison model to guide technol- Robert C. Joslin. 56(3):11 Keetch-Byram Drought Index revisited: ogy decisions. Paul M. Schlobohm. Prescribed fire applications. Mike 56(1):12-14 Personnel Melton. 56(4):7-11 Wildfire suppression as part of FIRE 21. National prescribed fire awards recognize Robert C. Joslin. 56(3):11 Employee Assistance Program. Ronald F. excellence. David L. Bunnell. 56(4):12- Wilson. 56(4):5 13 Systems Firefighter arson: Local alarm. Ken Cabe. NPS Prescribed Fire Support Modules—a 56(1):7-9 pilot program. Ben Jacobs. 56(2):4-6 Congratulations to telecommunity for “Investigating Wildland Fire Entrapments” Rx fire research for Southwestern forests. Internet access project. Albert Gore. now available. 56(1):9 David R. Weise; Stephen S. Sackett; 56(4):2 Leaders committed to FIRE 21. Mary Jo Timothy E. Paysen; Sally M. Haase; Hondo fire emergency on the Information Lavin. 56(3):6 Marcia G. Narog. 56(2):23-25 Superhighway. James E. Stone. National prescribed fire awards recognize Stand-replacement burn in the Ocala Na- 56(4):22-23 excellence. David L. Bunnell. 56(4):12- tional Forest—a success. George Use a comparison model to guide technol- 13 Custer; James Thorsen. 56(2):7-12 ogy decisions. Paul M. Schlobohm. NPS Prescribed Fire Support Modules—a 56(1):12-14 pilot program. Ben Jacobs. 56(2):4-6 Prevention WIMS wins accolades. Neale A. Shultz. NVFC offers retention and recruitment 56(1):31 video. 56(2):12 An evaluation of Michigan’s burn permit Pacific Northwest contract for engines, moratorium. Donald Johnson. 56(4):14- Training tenders, and crews. Arnie Masoner. 18 56(3):19-20 Recipients of 1995 Smokey Bear Awards Anaphylaxis: The danger of stinging in- Recipients of 1995 Smokey Bear Awards honored. Janice L. Smith. 56(3):23-25 sects. Paul T. Flanagan and Michael J. honored. Janice L. Smith. 56(3):23-25 “Spark arrester guides” available. Jill R. Fadich. 56(4):19-21 The role of leadership in an ecosystem ap- Style. 56(2):22 Do firefighters need beverages that replace proach to fire management. Hal carbohydrates and electrolytes? Kevin Salwasser. 56(3):9-10 Safety Lee. 56(1):10-11 Employee Assistance Program. Ronald F. Use the connections—no one is an island. Anaphylaxis: The danger of stinging in- James E. Stone. 56(4):4-6 Wilson. 56(4):5 sects. Paul T. Flanagan and Michael J. Firefighter arson: Local alarm. Ken Cabe. When a firefighter gets burned. Clinton E. Fadich. 56(4):19-21 Tempereau. 56(3):21-22 56(1):7-9 Do firefighters need beverages that replace Interagency cooperation—the future built Wildfire suppression as part of FIRE 21. carbohydrates and electrolytes? Kevin Robert C. Joslin. 56(3):11 from the past. Maryjane Cavaioli. Lee. 56(1):10-11 56(1):4-6 WIMS wins accolades. Neale A. Shultz. “Investigating Wildland Fire Entrapments” 56(1):31 Shout, “Watch out—snag!” Matt Valdez now available. 56(1):9 and Jill R. Style. 56(3):26-27 Shout, “Watch out—snag!” Matt Valdez Planning Use the connections—no one is an island. and Jill R. Style. 56(3):26-27 James E. Stone. 56(4):4-6 Biswell Symposium proceedings published. When a firefighter gets burned. Clinton E. 56(2):16 Tempereau. 56(3):21-22 Weather Fire 21—fire management in the 21st Cen- tury. Michael G. Apicello. 56(3):4-5 Suppression An evaluation of Michigan’s burn permit How to order the “Federal Wildland Fire moratorium. Donald Johnson. 56(4):14- Can earthworms survive fire retardants? W. 18 Management Policy and Program Re- Nelson Beyer; Albert Olson. 56(1):25-26 view.” Jill R. Style. 56(3):16 How IC’s can get maximum use of weather Confinement—a suppression response for information. Christopher J. Cuoco; NASF’s perspective on FIRE 21. Stanley F. the future? Francis Mohr; Bob Both. Hamilton. 56(3):6-8 James K. Barnett. 56(1):20-24 56(2):17-22 Keetch-Byram Drought Index revisited: Rx fire research for Southwestern forests. Fast, inexpensive fireline construction. David R. Weise; Stephen S. Sackett; Prescribed fire applications. Mike Nathan P. Arno; Stephen F. Arno. Melton. 56(4):7-11 Timothy E. Paysen; Sally M. Haase; 56(1):17-19 Marcia G. Narog. 56(2):23-25 WIMS wins accolades. Neale A. Shultz. How IC’s can get maximum use of weather 56(1):31 ■ Use a comparison model to guide technol- information. Christopher J. Cuoco; ogy decisions. Paul M. Schlobohm. James K. Barnett. 56(1):20-24 56(1):12-14
Volume 57 • No. 1 • 1997 23 5614
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