IPP220 v.2 39640
Public Disclosure Authorized World Bank Financed
Guiyang Transportation Project Social Assessment Report
Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized
Chinese Cross-Culture Consulting Center (CCCCC), Sun Yat-sen
University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
Februray 2007
Public Disclosure Authorized
1 Foreword
From Feb. to Jun. 2006, the China Cross-Cultural Consulting Center (CCCCC) at the Sun Yat-sen University was consigned by Guiyang Transportation Project Management Office of World Bank Loan to conduct an independent social assessment on Guiyang Transportation Project.
The social assessment was separated into 2 steps. At the first step, the SA team focused on the rural traffic project and did the investigation in the 23 villages along 18 rural roads of project. Guangzhong, Yantang and Pantong Villages in Kaiyang County; Qinshan, Zifang, Hekan and Zhuhua Villages in Xifeng County; Hongxing, Wugongqiao, Damu, Sanzhai and Dazhai Villages in Xiuwen County; Chetian, Xinmin, Luguan Village in Huaxi District; Dagu, Qinshan and Panzhai Villages in Qinzhen City; Wanggang and Pianpo village in Wudang District; Jinjia and Heishitou Village in Baiyun District totally 23 villages were selected as the investigated villages for the social assessment on the rural project, 16 of which are the key investigated villages.
At the second step, the SA team went to 10 communities/villages affected by the urban road in Xiaobi Xiang of Huaxi District, Yunguan Xiang of Naming District, Longdongbao Street Office and Youza Street Office; and did the investigation in Mutou villages of Yunguan Xiang; Youza Village, Youza Community, Dongbao Community, Yugaoqiao Community of Youza Street office; Shuilonglu Community, Jichanglu Community, Jianlong Coummunity and Dadongpo Community of Londongbao Street Office in Nanming District.
The siting for this social assessment has fully taken into account: a) the areas along or closed to project roads; b) the areas with inconvenient traffic; c) ethnic minorities compact or mixed villages or communities; d) economic underdevelopment region.
2 The objects of this SA are: a). to learn the basic ecological, social, economic, cultural and nationality situation in the affected areas, to demonstrate the feasibility of this project on the cultural and social levels; b). to learn the expectations and attitudes of the directly and indirectly stakeholders to ensure this project is accepted by them; c). to learn the rural poverty in the affected areas, to assess the project’s anti-poverty function for the rural areas; d).to learn the social, economic and cultural background of the minorities in the affected areas, to assess the project’s impacts on the local minorities’ development, to determine whether it is necessary to make a special development plan for the minorities in the affected areas; e). to assess the project’s social impacts, so as to ensure the potential social problems can be fully understood and valued, and to propose specific measures to avoid and abate such negative impacts.
The social assessment team composed of 11 experts gave the PRA training to county/district/city officials and professionals involved in the SA from Feb 19 to 20, and went to the 22 investigated villages in the 6 counties/districts on Feb 21 for a 16- day PRA investigation. From May 30 to June 15, SA team conducted the key investigation on the ethnic minorities’ compact villages again and urban road affected communities. Though these 2 investigations, SA team have collected the following data: a). Present natural, geographic, traffic, ecological environment and social/economic development situations of the project affected region; b). detail materials on the investigated villages/communities’ land resource, demographic, livelihood, family economy, traffic situation, religion and so on. c). the information on education, medical treatment and health service in the affected region; d) the gender, ethnic minorities issues in project affected region.
The SA team conducted semi-structured questionnaire survey on 814 families from 16 villages in rural roads affected region, and 301 families from 10 villages/communities along the urban road. The main issues of questionnaires covered personal information of family members, economic income and expenditures, production structure, means
3 of communications, migrant labors, medical treatment, education, opinions on Guiyang Transportation Project, attitudes to and expectations for land acquisition, relocation and ressetlement led by the Project. And SA team also did the intensive interviews with 76 families/individuals.
From Mar. 11 to 30, we classified and reviewed the above data and analysis the questionnaires by the SPSS software. Each team prepared its own sub-report and then held a discussion meeting, based on which the first report of social assessment was completed. From June 20 to Oct. 10, the SA team revised the SA report according to the suggestions from World Bank and the complementary investigating data.
This social assessment was conducted successfully thanks to the support from the officials at the Guiyang World Bank Project Management Office, including Mr. He Jun, Mr. Peng Kejiang, Ms. Li Wanzhu and Mr. Deng Huajun; the county/district traffic authorities in the project affected region, which are Kaiyang County, Xifeng County, Xiuwen County, Qinzhen City, Huaxi District, Wudang District, Nanming District and Baiyun District; the local cadres and people in the investigated villages/communities. During the SA preparing and conducting stage, Ms. Zou Youlan Mr. Liu Zhefu and Mr. Zengjun from the World Bank gave us valuable suggestions and instructions. We would like to express our sincere gratitude to them here.
4 Abstract
1. From Feb. to Mar. 2006, the China Cross-Cultural Center Consulting (CCCCC) at the Sun Yat-sen University was consigned by Guiyang World Bank financial Traffic Project management office to conduct an independent social assessment on Guiyang Traffic Project. This SA aimed a). to learn the basic ecological, social, economic, cultural and ethinc situation in the affected areas, to demonstrate the feasibility of this project on the cultural and social levels; b). to learn the project stakeholders’ expectations and attitudes to ensure this project is accepted by them; c). To learn the rural poverty in the affected areas, to assess the project’s anti- poverty function for the rural areas; d).to learn the social, economic and cultural background of the minorities in the affected areas, to assess the project’s impacts on the local minorities’ development, to determine whether it is necessary to make a special development plan for the minorities in the affected areas; e). to assess the project’s social impacts, so as to ensure the potential social problems can be fully understood and valued, and to propose specific measures to avoid and abate such negative impacts. 2. Diversified landforms exist in the affected areas, mainly in hills and mountain lands. The economy of the affected areas is beyond the average of Guiyang Province, and only Xifeng County is the key State Poverty Reduction County. 3. The overall economic development of the villages and ethnic minorities’ compact region in the project affected area is low; the economic structure is mainly composed of agriculture including the cultivation and breeding. And industry and township businesses are shortage. Migrant work is prevalent and has become a key source of the household income. 4. Most residents in the communities affected by the urban road are workers, and the population of speasants and enterprise employees takes the second place.
5 Compared to the villages affected by the project, the family economy in the city is better. 5. The most rural roads in project affected region are muddy or sand road, and the reality of “a road in the sunny, but no road in the rainy” is common. And local people cry for changing the bad traffic around their villages. They have expressed a huge enthusiasm for participating in the road building, even though most of them didn’t know the WB’s project. 6. The commercial proportion of farm products in rural road project affected area is low, mainly because of the bad local traffic. 7. The ethnic minorities in the project affected areas are the Miao and Bouyei people. Miao people still keep the intact indigenous culture, and are with the lowest economic development compared to the Han and Bouyei people in the project affected area. And Bouyei people’s culture has been similar to Han people, but they still have a specific sense of identification. 8. There are no popular strong religions in the affected region. Actually the people here have a weak belief in religion. 9. There are some revolutionary relics in project affected region, and a few natural and cultural tourist resources. 10. The direct beneficiaries of the project are the ethnic minorities’ villagers and Han ordinary villagers along the project roads, especially the specialized transporters, the villagers working on food and cash crops and animal husbandry. The local children and women are the indirect beneficiaries. 11. Based on our investigation and analysis, the SA team thinks that the Guiyang Transportation Project is help to improve the rural and urban traffic condition in Guiyang; accelerate local economic development and poverty reduction; advance the minorities’ development and keep the good ethinc relations; increase local people’s income and relief the employment difficulty of rural surplus labor. 12. As for the potential involuntary resettlement issues, most villagers affected by rural road project tend to get compensated in cash and housing, just a minority of people want to get compensated by land reallocation and job arrangement. The
6 city residents affected by the urban road project tend to a compound compensation which mainly includes the cash and other compensations. 13. Some local government officials suggest giving enough attention on the sub-road building, and establishing a valid rural road maintaining institution. 14. Some minority people suggest that the road builders should protect the local soil, not disturb the local residents’ living, and the government should be responsible for the social security during the road building. 15. Some women suggest strengthening the taffic security education and institutions to make sure the taffic security. 16. It should do some relevant arrangements to conduct local people’s enthusiasm on participating to the project, which will also be useful to reduce the local difficulties of rural labor employment and income improvement. 17. Set up a participation mechanism for the affected target groups; encourage villagers to take part in the course of project decision-making, execution and supervision; and set up the channels of complaint and feedback, and a consultation system. 18. It needs to focus on the living situation of ethnic minorities in project affected area and do the indigenous people plan respectively for Miao and Bouyei people in project affected area. 19. In the project design and execution, pay attention to the protection, restoration and reconstruction of important means of production and livelihood (fields, houses, etc) and water facilities (slope ponds, reservoirs, canals, etc), lest any inconvenience should be caused to the production and life of the local masses. 20. Compound compensation including cash and other compensations may be useful to deal with the resettlement issues involved in urban road project. 21. Establish the institution of collecting and dealing with complaints and suggestions, and provide the legal aid to the affected people.
7 Content
Foreword………………………………………………………………………………………… ...2
Abstract ………………………………………………………………………………………...... 5
Chapter 1: Project and Social Assessment Summary...... 10
1.1 Project overview ...... 10
1.2 Social assessment overview...... 20
Chapter 2: Guiyang City Overview...... 33
2.1 Geographic location and landform ...... 33
2.2 Climatic features...... 34
2.3 History ...... 34
2.4 Regionalism...... 35
2.5 Narural resources and products...... 36
2.6 Population and ethnic groups...... 37
2.7 National economy development ...... 39
2.8 Traffic situation...... 43
Chapter 3: Social and Economic Development Overview of project affected area ...... 45
3.1 The overview of project affected area ...... 45
3.2 The population and ethnic groups...... 51
3.3 The economic development...... 56
3.4 The women issue ...... 70
3.5 The local ethnic minorities ...... 74
3.6 The poverty issue...... 78
3.7 The local education, medical treatment and health...... 81
Chapter 4.Highway Development in the Affected Area and Target Groups’ Opinions about the
Project 87
4.1 Highway establishment in the affected area ...... 87
4.2 Target groups’ opinions about the project...... 92
Chapter 5: the project’s social impacts...... 105
8 5.1 The social impacts of rural roads construction...... 105
5.2 The social impacts of rural passenger transport stations ...... 112
5.3 The social impacts of urban road construction...... 113
Chapter 6: conlusion and suggestions ...... 115
6.1 Conlusion...... 115
6.2 Suggestions...... 116
Appendix 1: ……………………………………………………………………………………126
Appendix 2: ……………………………………………………………………………………127
Appendix 3: ……………………………………………………………………………………127
Appendix 4: ……………………………………………………………………………………130
Appendix 5: ……………………………………………………………………………………130
Appendix 6: ……………………………………………………………………………………132
Appendix 7: ……………………………………………………………………………………138
Appendix 9: ……………………………………………………………………………………145
Apendix 10: ……………………………………………………………………………………146
Apendix 11: ……………………………………………………………………………………148
Appendix 12: ……………………………………………………………………………………149
9 Chapter 1: Project and Social Assessment
Summary
1.1 Project overview
1.1.1 The project background
To achieve the development strategy of “Great Guiyang”, and promote the huge development of Guiyang traffic, Guiyang city community of CPC and municipal government approved “Decision on Implementation of Great Guiyang Strategy”. Based on this strategy, Guiyang municipal government created the “Guiyang Road Net Planning: 2002-2020”, in which planed to build and reconstruct: a). 500 kilometers county and town roads each year; b). 1000 kilometers indurated roads; c). 3000 kilometers class road connected to poor villages in 3 years to realize each poor village have the class entry road; d). keep managing and maintaining the county/ town/village roads.
The urban and rural traffic status in Guiyang can’t fit to the development needs of “Great Guiyang” strategy since the limitations from the geographic conditions and the low economic and social development. Even if Guiyang has come into being the traffic nets in small separate regions after the long time establishment, it hasn’t resovled the bottlenecks of Guiyang traffic. That is on one hand the shortage of circle connections among the trunk lines and a whole Guiyang traffic net, which leads to the urban radiative impacts can not be in good functions; on the other hand, rural roads are in low class, even under the class, which limit the rural social and economic development, and the labor and materials circulation along the road.
The government of P.R. China applied for the World Bank’s loan to resolve the above problems in Guiyang urban and rural traffic. In view of the urgent needs to change the
10 present traffic situation, the World Bank has promised to list the Guiyang Transportation Project into 2007 WB loan plan. This project was approved on Feb. 22, 2005 by Guizhou Provincial Development and Reform Commission. And the total investment will be RMB 16 billion yuan, in which 1 billion US dollar ( about RMB 8 bilion yuan) will be from the WB, the surplus will be raised by Chinese government.
1.1.2 The project contents
Guiyang Transportation Project is consisted of the following three sub-projects:
1. Urban road(Youzhajie~Xiaobi): It is class 1 urban arterial road whose length is about 6.59km. Its origination is Youzha Street in Nanming District and its destination is inside the bounder of Xiaobi Township, Huaxi District. 2. Rural road: There are 44 rural roads and the total length is about 916.03km. This sub-project will involved 7 Counties/districts/cities, 36 towns and 279 administrative villages. The technical standard is class 3 & 4 road issued by the Ministry of Communications of P. R. China. 3. rural passenger transport stations: The sub-project mainly including 46 rural passenger transport stations.
This project will build a platform of development for the “Greater Guiyang” strategy, reduce the disparity between urban and rural areas, drive the urban-rural integration process, and promote the economic growth of Guiyang and the sustainable social, economic development.
Table 1-1: The list of rural roads
Lenth of Investment Length access Road Estimation No Name location road class 10 thousand KM KM Yuan 1 Damu-xinchang Xiuwen/Wudang IV 4160.371 26.259 20 2 Xinzhong-Xinmin Xiuwen IV 2434.089 17.107 10 3 Nanlong–Lewanghe Kaiyang IV 2312.517 15.64 6
11 4 Liwo-Qibai Qingzhen IV 2475.277 18.082 13 Yongwen- 5 Kaiyang IV 2107.468 17.639 Â Lianglukou 6 Liming-Chashan Qingzhen IV 1907.481 13.747 7 7 Guangtian-Hejiadong Xiuwen III 3058.833 14.16 10 8 Qingshan-Xiaoqing Xifeng/Xiuwen III 4041.113 18.929 12 9 Maoping-Xinshan Kaiyang IV 3314.978 15.774 7 10 Maolishan-Qingshan Qingzhen IV 885.6633 4.486 10 11 Zhuhua-Xinyang Xifeng IV 2597.311 17.185 14 12 Xiaohegou-Shuikou Xiuwen III 5345.211 28.622 10 IV 4918.69 21.2 21 13 Xinshan-Zhaiji Kaiyang III 6.015 14 Maiping-Machang Huaxi IV 1603.711 13.819 Â 15 Gaojiaba-Jingjiang Xifeng IV 2530.767 26.034 Â 16 Liutong-Baimao Xiuwen IV 2276.088 10.766 19 17 Longgang-Guaijiu Kaiyang IV 2194.642 16.82 4 Xianshuimiao- 18 Qingzhen IV 1373.208 9.132 16 Datucun 19 Gaiyong-Tianhetan Huaxi IV 803.7461 3.763 3 20 Dagu-Laiping Wudang III 3874.657 24.294 Â 21 Baiyan-Longjing Qingzhen IV 3070.71 16.42 10 22 Longgang-Maoyun Kaiyang IV 2762.063 21.311 Â 23 G210-Nanji Xifeng IV 2083.846 15.384 5 24 Daqiao-Hefeng Wudang/Kaiyang IV 2890.192 26.465 Â Gaozhai- 25 Kaiyang IV 2367.157 17.076 Â Guangzhong Wangchengpo- 26 Qingzhen IV 2136.033 17.112 6 Xiaoshanbian 27 Fengsan-Yongwen Kaiyang IV 1944.299 10.464 5 Weicheng- 28 Qingzhen IV 2718.027 19.513 10 Liujidianzhan Guantianba- 29 Xifeng IV 1248.159 9.433 Â Fenghuangchi 30 Shetian-Xiaba Xiuwen IV 2797.443 18.825 10 Tiaozichang- 31 Qingzhen IV 1480.455 10.889 3 Chayuan 32 Yanglongsi-Pingshan Xifeng IV 951.1234 7.102 Â 33 Shuitian-Dingpa Wudang IV 1990.708 9.224 5 34 Shian-Lufang Xiuwen IV 1464.415 10.886 Â 35 Shuitang-Siyiba Xiuwen III 1586.506 10.985 4 Pingyuanshao- 36 Qingzhen IV 960.4246 5.85 6 Qingzhendianchang 37 Wenquan-Shangzhai Xifeng IV 3018.987 20.39 Â Liangshuijing- 38 Baiyun IV 801.3708 6.219 Â Dashanjiao Guyang-Wengzhen- 39 Kaiyang IV 1447.07 11.43 Â Jiangshan 40 Yongle-Guanba Qingzhen IV 1369.669 10.47 Â 41 Xiaba-Gujin Wudang IV 797.5365 5.871 2 Anliu-Shatian- 42 Qingzhen IV 2312.968 20.813 Â Xindian 43 Tiantai-Jinzhong Xifeng/Kaiyang IV 1760.843 13.194 Â
12 Nanlong-Gujin- 44 Kaiyang IV 1941.325 13.231 Â Shuikou total 44 7 counties/districts/city 100117.2 668.03 248
Table 1-2: The list of rural passenger transport stations
Investment Estimation No name Location class (10 thousand Yuan) Jiuchang Town of 1 Jiuchang bus station V 150 Xiuwen County Gubao Xiang of Xiuwen 2 Gubao bus station V 150 County Saping Xiang of Xiuwen 3 Saping bus station V 150 County Dashi Xiang of Xiuwen 4 Dashi bus station V 150 County Liutun Xiang of Xiuwen 5 Liutun bus station V 150 County Fengsan Town of 6 Fengsan bus station V 150 Kaiyang County Huali Xiang of Kaiyang 7 Huali bus station V 150 County Zhaiji passenger Zhaiji Xiang of Kaiyang 8 V 150 transport station County Yongwen passenger Yongwen Xiang of 9 V 150 transport station Kaiyang County Maoyun passenger Maoyun Xiang of 10 V 150 transport station Kaiyang County Gaozhai passenger Maoyun Xiang of 11 V 150 transport station Kaiyang County Longshui passenger Xiang of Kaiyang 12 V 150 transport station County Miping passenger Miping Xiang of 13 V 150 transport station Kaiyang County Hefeng passenger Hefeng Xiang of 14 V 150 transport station Kaiyang County Baihuahu Xiang of 15 Baihuahu bus station V 150 Qingzhen City Xindian Town of 150passenger transport 16 Xindian bus station V Qingzhen City station Miaoershan passenger Miaoershan Xiang of 17 V 150 transport station Qingzhen City Wangzhuang passenger Wangzhuang Xiang of 18 V 150 transport station Qingzhen City Liwo passenger Liwo Xiang of Qingzhen 19 V 150 transport station City Anliu passenger Anliu Xiang of 20 V 150 transport station Qingzhen City Maige passenger Maige Xiang of 21 V 150 transport station Qingzhen City Zhongba passenger Zhongba Xiang of 22 V 150 transport station Qingzhen City Zhanjie passenger Zhanjie Town of 23 V 150 transport station Qingzhen City Gaopo passenger Gaopo Xiang of Huaxi 24 V 150 transport station District Maling passenger Maling Xiang of Huaxi 25 V 150 transport station District 26 Maiping passenger Maiping Xiang of Huaxi V 150
13 Investment Estimation No name Location class (10 thousand Yuan) transport station District Dangwu passenger Dangwu Xiang of Huaxi 27 V 150 transport station District Yiyaoyuanqu passenger Huchao Xiang of Huaxi 28 V 150 transport station District Shiban passenger Shiban Town of Huaxi 29 V 150 transport station District Xiaobi passenger Xiaobi Xiang of Huaxi 30 V 150 transport station District Jiuan passenger Jiuan Xiang of Huaxi 31 V 150 transport station District Huchao passenger Huchao Xiang of Huaxi 32 V 150 transport station District Qiantao passenger Qiantao Xiang of Huaxi 33 V 150 transport station District Yanlou passenger Yanlou Xiang of Huaxi 34 V 150 transport station District Yanglongsi passenger Yanglongsi Xiang of 35 V 150 transport station Xifeng County Qingshan passenger Qingshan Xiang of 36 V 150 transport station Xifeng County Xishan passenger Xishan Xiang of Xifeng 37 V 150 transport station County Luwo passenger Luwo Xiang of Xifeng 38 V 150 transport station County Jinhua passenger Jinhua Town of Wudang 39 V 150 transport station District Yangchang passenger Yangchang Town of 40 V 150 transport station Wudang District Yongle passenger Yongle Xiang of 41 V 150 transport station Wudang District Baiyi passenger Baiyi Town of Wudang 42 V 150 transport station District Xiaba passenger Xiaba Town of Wudang 43 V 150 transport station District Xinchang passenger Xinchang Town of 44 V 150 transport station Wudang District Xinbao passenger Xinbao Town of 45 V 150 transport station Wudang District Pianpo passenger Pianpo Town of 46 V 150 transport station Wudang District
1.1.3 The project affected area
The Guiyang Transportation Project will involve urban and rural area of Guiyang City. In the affected directly area, the local will be faced with the project building and involuntary resettlement. The affected indirectly area mainly includes the area along or closes to the project roads or stations. The SA team conducted the investigation in the affected directly and indirectly areas. Guiyang Transportation project involves 3 counties, 1 city and 4 districts affiliated to Guiyang Cinty, that is Kaiyang County, Xifeng County, Qinzhen County; Huaxi District, Wudang District, Naming District and Qinzhen City. The affected population
14 is 2.8281 million, in which the minority’s population is 467 thousand.The project include 44 rural roads, 46 rural passenger transport stations and 1 urban road. The 44 rural roads will affect 231 administrative villages of 41 towns (Xiangs) in 8 Counties (city/districts) of Guiynag City directly. The regions affected directly by the 46 rural passenger transport stations include 41 administrative villages,3 foodstuff management stations, 1 transportation management station and 1 state tea farm in Guiyang City’s 6 Counties (city/districts). The urban road construction will affect directly 4 administrative villages in 2 Xiangs, and 1 residents committee. The total stakeholders led directly by this projector are 5103 households 20850 persons, 66 shops 12companies/factories(in which 5 companies’ buildings are involved to be backout), and 253 workers. Table 1-3: the affected regions list
The affected reions No name District/ Town/xiang village county ,à 8UEDQÃURDGà à à à à 8UEDQÃURDGà 1DQPLQJà Ãà à à à ,,à 5XUDOÃURDGVà à à à ;LXZHQà /LXWXQà 'DPXÃ;LDRPXÃ6DQ]KDLÃ'D]KDLÃ&KDQJWLDQà à 'DPX;LQFKDQJà .DL\DQJà +HIHQJà +RQJ\DQà :XGDQJà ;LQFKDQJà 5DRVKDQJÃ;LQFKDQJà ;LXZHQà ;LDRTLQJà 4XDQ[LQJÃ;LDREDÃ'D[LQJÃà )HQJVKDQà 0DRSLQJÃ-LQORQJÃ+XLTLDQà à 0DRSLQJ;LQVKDQà .DL\DQJà +XDOLà ;LQVKDQà 15 The affected reions No name District/ Town/xiang village county à 0DROLVKDQ4LQVKDQà 4LQ]KHQà 4LQORQJà 4LQVKDQÃ0DROLVKDQÃ/LDQJVKXLMLQà -LX]KXDQJà =KXKXDÃ=LIDQJÃ6KDQOLQà à =KXKXD;LQFKDQJà ;LIHQJà /XZRà +XJXDQJà 0DLSLQJà &KDQJEDà à 0DLSLQJ0DFKDQJà +XD[Là +XFKDRà ;LDR]KDLEDà *DRMLDRED6KLTLDRà à *DRMLDEDMLQMLDQJà ;LIHQJà à ;LDQVKXLPLDR'DWXFXQà 4LQ]KHQà :HLFKHQJà 'DWXÃ/DEDLÃ6KVXDQJVKDQà à *DLURQJ5RDG7LDQKHWDQà +XD[LÃà +XD[Là *DLURQJÃ/XGLÃ&KHWLDQÃ+XDMLHà ;LQFKDQJà 'DJXà à 'DJX/DSLQJà :XGDQJà ;LQSXà 0DWRX'D]KDLÃ/DSLQJÃ/RQJMLDRÃ/RQJVKDQJÃ:DQJJDQJà %DL\DQà :XGDQJà ;LQFKDQJà 'DTLDRÃ*X[Là à *DR]DL*XDQJ]KRQJà .DL\DQJà *DR]KDLà *DR]KDLÃ*XIHQJÃ3LQJ]KDLà +RQJKXÃ7DQVKDQÃ'D[LQJÃ6DQ[LQJÃ+HWLÃ/L\Xà :DQJFKHQJSR 4LQORQJà à 4L]KHQà 4LQVKDQà ;LDRVKDQELDQà %DLKXDKXà 6KLFKDRà )HQJVKDQà 0DRMLDQJÃ;LQKXDÃ6LSLQJà à )HQJVDQ à 7LDR]LFKDQJFD\XDQà 4LQ]KHQà =KDQMLHà 7LDR]LFKDQJÃ+XDQJVKLÃ=+DRZXÃ6KLPHQÃ3R\DQà à à 6KXLWLDQà 'LQJSDà :XGDQJà 6KXLWLDQà 6KXLWLDQÃ3HLHÃ'LQJSDÃ/L]Là à 6KLDQ/YIDQJà ;LXZHQà -LXFKDQJà 6KLDQÃ6KDQJSXÃ;LDSXÃ-LQTLDRà à 6KXLWDQJ6L\LEDà ;LXZHQà /RQJFKDQJà ;LDR\LQJÃ6KXLWDQJà 16 The affected reions No name District/ Town/xiang village county 3LQJ\XDQVKDR 4LQORQJà *DQKHEDÃ:DQJHU]KDLÃ3LQ\XDQVKDRÃ/DQKXDÃ%LDQSRà à 4LQ]KHQà TLQ]KHQGLDQFKDQJà +RQJIHQJKXà %DLQLÃ+XDQJWXà à :HQTXDQVKDQJ]KDLà ;LIHQJà :HQTXDQà :HQTXDQÃ*DQJ]LÃ6DQMLDRÃ-LDQVKDQà /LDQJVKXLMLQ à %DL\XQà 6KDZHQà ;LQ]KDLà 'DVKDQMLDRà à *X\DQJ-LDQJVKDQà .DL\DQJà 1DQPXGXà 6KHQOLÃ*X\DQJà 6KXQKHà à 7LDQWDL-LQ]KRQJà -LQ]KRQJà -LQ]KRQJÃ&KD\XDQà .DL\DQJà à 1DQORQJ6KXLNRXà .DL\DQJà /RQJJDQJà 6KDQJ]KDL1DQJRQJÃ)DQJMLD]KDL6KXLWRXVKDQJà Ãà à à à 5XUDOÃ3DVVHQJHUà ,,,à ÃÃà WUDQVSRUWÃVWDWLRQVà -LXFKDQJÃ7RZQÃEXVà à ;LXZHQà -LXFKDQJà -LXFKDQJà VWDWLRQà *XEDRÃ;LDQJÃEXVà à ;LXZHQà *XEDRà )X\Xà VWDWLRQà à 6DSLQJÃEXVÃVWDWLRQà ;LXZHQà 6KDSLQJà ;LDREDà à 'DVKLÃEXVÃVWDWLRQà ;LXZHQÃà 'DVKLà 'DVKLà à /LXWXQÃEXVÃVWDWLRQà ;LXZHQÃà /LXWXQà 'XSXà )HQJVDQÃ7RZQÃEXVà à .DL\DQJà )HQJVKDQà 0DMLDQJà VWDWLRQà +XDOLÃ;LDQJÃEXVà à .DL\DQJà +XDOLà )RRGVWXIIÃPDQDJHPHQWÃVWDWLRQÃRIÃ+XDOLÃ;LDQJà VWDWLRQà =DLMLÃSDVVHQJHUà à .DL\DQJà =DLMLà 17 The affected reions No name District/ Town/xiang village county 3LDQSRÃSDVVHQJHUà à :XGDQJà 3LDQSRà 3LDQSRà WUDQVSRUWÃVWDWLRQà à %DLKXDKXÃEXVÃVWDWLRQà 4LQ]KHQà %DLKXDKXà %DLKXDKXà ;LQGLDQÃ7RZQÃEXVà à 4LQ]KHQà ;LQGLDQà à VWDWLRQà 0LDRHUVKDQÃEXVà à 4LQ]KHQà 4LQORQJà 'D[LQJà VWDWLRQà :DQJ]KXDQJÃSDVVHQJHUà à 4LQ]KHQà :DQJ]KXDQJà +XDZHLà WUDQVSRUWÃVWDWLRQà /LZRÃSDVVHQJHUà à 4LQ]KHQà /LZRà )RRGVWXIIÃPDQDJHPHQWÃVWDWLRQÃRIÃ/LZRÃ;LDQJà WUDQVSRUWÃVWDWLRQà $QOLXÃSDVVHQJHUà à 4LQ]KHQà $QOLXà -LHVKDQJà WUDQVSRUWÃVWDWLRQà 0DLJHÃSDVVHQJHUà à 4LQ]KHQà 0DLJHà 0DLJHà WUDQVSRUWÃVWDWLRQà =KRQJEDÃSDVVHQJHUà à 4LQ]KHQà =KRQJEDà =+RQJEDà WUDQVSRUWÃVWDWLRQà =KDQMLHÃSDVVHQJHUà à 4LQ]KHQà =KDQMLHà à WUDQVSRUWÃVWDWLRQà 1.1.4 The project selection 1 The selection principles Based on the suggestions and needs of 8 counties (districts/ city), Guiyang MPO held the discussion on the principles of project selection. The selected projects should: 18 (1) Protrude the poverty-elimination effect and extend beneficiary; (2)In consideration of economic benefit and social benefit of project investment; (3) Optimize and integrate the road network structure; (4) Reduce the land expropriation and the negative effects to environment led by project. 2. Evaluation Index System of Project Selection Table1-4 Classification Evaluation Indices of Project Selection Selection principle Classification evaluation indices Protrude the poverty-elimination effect zPer capita income 1 and extend beneficiary zMinority nationality zAADT (average annual daily traffic volume) zResources (agriculture) In consideration of economic benefit zForestry and mining 2 and social benefit of project investment zTourism zAttitude of relevant beneficiary zEducation zMedical treatment Optimize and integrate the road zDecollation road 3 network structure zBring into play of road network zRequisition & resettlement influence zConstruction conditional & present 4 Environment effect status of road zInfluence to environmental sensitiveness The concrete valuation indices corresponding to various classification indices will have different sub-value in accordance with the important extent. The whole evaluation system adopts 100-score system and the specific detail is shown in Table 1-5. Table 1-5: the Classification standards of projct selection Sort Indices Full score Per capita income 15-score 1 Poverty-elimination effect Minority nationality 10-score Economic benefit and AADT (average annual daily traffic 2 10-score social benefit volume) 19 Resources (agriculture) 5-score Forestry and mining 3-score Tourism 2-score Relevant benefit 5-score Education 5-score Medical treatment 5-score Optimize and integrate the Decollation road 5-score 3 road network structure Road net function 10-score Acquisition 5-score Construction conditional & present status 4 Environment effect 10-score of road Environment sensitive spot 10-score 3. The Process of Project Selection The whole process of project selection included (1)According to the Great Guiyang strategies and Guiyang transportation development planning, decided the selection principles and classification standards with the relative government departments and experts. (2)The local transportation bureaus raised the candidate projects (3)The experts from the relative professional institutions did the investigations on the economic and social effects of the candidate projects. (4)Classification (5)The project decision.The preset project includes 1 urban road, 44 rural roads and 46 rural pannsenger transport stations. 1.2 Social assessment overview The social assessment of Guiyang Traffic Project is an important part of the project feasibility study report. Guiyang Transportation Project Management Office of World Bank Loan consigned CCCCC at the Sun Yat-sen University to perform the social assessment of the project as an independent consulting agency on May, 2005. CCCCC did a lot preparing work of SA from Jul. 2005 to Jan. 2006, and conducted field investigation in project affected areas from Feb. to Jun. 2006. 20 1.2.1 Significances and purposes of social assessment Significances of social assessment: Social assessment is a method/technique to incorporate social analysis and public participation into a development project’s design and execution, and a supplement to the economic, financial, technical and environmental analysis. The Significances of this social assessment are: a. To let the project dicision maker know more abut the social and cultural situation of the affected region through the SA investigation and analysis; b. To give the different stakeholders in affected area a chance to express their needs and suggestions; c. To give the suggestions on how to decrearse or avoid the potential negnitive social impacts of project. 2. The purposes of social assesement This social assessment aims: a). to learn the basic ecological, social, economic, cultural and nationality situation in the affected areas, to demonstrate the feasibility of this project from the cultural and social points of view; b).to learn the expectations and attitudes of the directly and indirectly the interested parties of the project to ensure this project is accepted by them; c).to learn the rural poverty in the affected areas, to assess the project’s anti-poverty function for the rural areas; d). to learn the social, economic and cultural background of the minorities in the affected areas, to assess the project’s impacts on the local minorities’ development, to determine whether it is necessary to make a special development plan for the minorities in the affected areas; e).To assess the project’s social impacts, so as to ensure the potential social problems can be fully understood and valued, and to propose specific measures to avoid and abate such negative impacts. 21 1.2.2 Methodology of social assessment The fieldwork of this social assessment used a combination of the PRA (participatory rural assessment), anthropological participatory observation and questionnaire. PRA is a method which collects the information by the cooperation with the residents at rural communities within the affected areas. This is also a community development method that relies completely on local knowledge, leadership, organizations and resources to promote the rural development. The investigators may suggest or request local residents to provide community maps, social maps, resource transition maps, seasonal charts, as well as data related to the local historical evolution or current social, economic situations, etc. Another useful tool in PRA is ranking, which can be conducted in the group discussion of villagers or government officials, and through which the SA team can collect the each participators’ opinions quickly.Every villagers’ group disscusion were held at lest 8 participators, who are from different groups i.e. the rich, the poor, village cadars, women and so on. Fieldwork is a basic research method in anthropology, in which researchers visit the community concerned, live along with natives for a period and directly participate in and observe the local life, production and ceremonies, etc. It is a method combining emic/etic study organically that is good to understanding the practical living conditions and real ideas of study objects. Meanwhile, the method of questionnaire survey is also used in this social assessment based on the “Semi-structured Investigation Questionnaire of Social Assessment for Guiyang Transportation Project” designed by CCCCC in advance. The questionnaire analysis helps complement the data collected via PRA and fieldwork. 1.2.3 Standards of the investigated villages Selection 22 In the selection of villages, the economic condition, geographic location, traffic condition, ethnic minorities, social genders and other factors of the affected groups in the affected areas were considered. The detail criteria of selection are: D The villages along the project road and in the obvious affected region. In this SA, all investigated villages are within this range, and most of them are along the project road. For example Panzhai village in Qinzhen City, Luguan Village in Huaxi District, Jinjia village in Baiyun District are the villages along the road; Guangzhong Village in Kaiyang County and Chetian Village in Huaix District are in the main affected region. E The villages with inconvenient traffic, for example Wugongqiao, Damuzhai and Shanzhai Village in Xiuwen County; Qinshan and Zifang Village in Xifeng County. F The ethnic minorities’ compact and mixed region. This SA paid special attention to the ethni minorities in the project affected region and tried to select the minority villages along the road as the key investigation sites. The main minorities involved in this project are Miao and Bouyei people, and most of the investigated villages are the Miao or Bouyei people’s compact or scattered villages. Only Pantong Village in Kaiyang County, Xinzhai Village in Xifeng County, Shanzhai Village and dazhai Village in Xiuwen County are the Han villages. G Impoverished villages. Another focus of this SA is rural poor group. Except Panzhai Village in Qinzhen City, Luguan Village in Huaxi District and Jinjia Village in Baiyun district, which are a little bit richer since they have more migrant workers, more convenient traffic and rich mine resource, the rest villages are poor and most of them are the provincial impoverish villages. 1.2.4 Operations of social assessment CCCCC at Zhongshan University organized a social assessment team in late Nov. 2005 and designed the “Investigation Outline for Social Assessment of Guiyang Transportation Project ”, “Investigation Questionnaire of Guiyang Transportaion 23 Project” and flow chart of investigation for social assessment based on the World Bank’s requirements and practical situations at the affected areas. Prior to the investigation, the literatures on the affected areas had been collected and analyzed. The field investigation was separated into 2 steps. The first step was from Feb. 21 to Mar. 8. A SA team including 11 members went to the 16 villages at Kaiyang County, Xifeng Counety, Xiuwen County, Qinzhen City, Huaxi District, Wudang District and Baiyun District, for a 16-day social investigation. In each county/city/district, the SA procedure is: discussion with county/city/district, township/town and village cadres, villagers (include females)Æ drawing maps (community map, social map, seasonal activity chart, daily life & product chart in busy and slack seasons, resource distribution map, resource change map and outgoing frequency chart, etc.)Æranking (including ranking of favorable and unfavorable influences from the project, ranking of factors affecting the local economic development, ranking of beneficiary groups and labor productivity, etc.) Æquestionnaire surveyÆintensive interview. The second step was from May 30 to Jun. 15, the SA team investigated the ethnic minorities’ compact regions again and also the city communities affected by the urban road project. The key issues of this step are to know the living situations of ethnic minorities and urban residents, and their opions and suggestions on the project. During the door-to-door interview, the SA team refused to be accompanied by local government officials but retained some local villagers as guides and interpreters instead to dispel peasants’ misgiving and understand their true ideas, requirements to the greatest extent. In villagers’ group discussion and ranking, the form of anonymous meeting was adopted as an international practice. During the investigation, all levels of government concerned and the local people offered the great support and aid, enabling this social investigation to be successfully completed on schedule. Though these 2 investigations, 1113 effective questionnaires (812 from the villages in rural road project affected area, 301 from 24 the residents along the urban road), 32 maps/charts of all kinds and 76 cases of in- depth interview were collected in total. 1.2.5 Sampling The Guiyang Transportation Project involves a huge region. In this SA, we tried best to give consideration to people with different genders, occupations, age groups, economic conditions, religious faiths and so on to make the sample representative in each investigated village. The questionnaire was completed by the members of the SA team to ensure high effectiveness. In view of questionnaire that may not cover all important information, SA team also adopted qualitative intensive interview as compensation. And the valuable objects of intensive interview were always found during the questionnaire interview. In the rural questionnaire investigation, the door- to-door random sampling method was used, and all the respondents were above 16 years old with normal thinking and language. (1) The distribution of urban and rural informants This investigation involved 1113 informants in whom there are 812 rural informants and 301 urban informants. The respective percentages of rural and urban informants are 72.96% and 27.04%. (2) Sex distribution: In valid 812 rural questionares, there are 71.4% quetiongares with 580 from the male interviewees, and 28.6% with 232 from the female. In 301 urban qustionares, there are 54.8% questionares with 165 from the male, and 45.2% with 136 from the female. The male interviewees are more than the female mainly because most householders in villages are male, and we can’t control sex distribution in the random sampling method. 25 Table 1-6 Interviewees’ sex distribution (the rural) Cumulative sex distribution Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent male 580 71.3 71.4 71.4 Valid female 232 28.5 28.6 100.0 Total 812 99.8 100.0 812 valid questionairs Data source: Guiyang Transportation Project questionnaire (for the rural project) Table 1-7 Interviewees’ sex distribution (the urban) sex distribution Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid Male 165 54.8 54.8 54.8 Female 136 45.2 45.2 100.0 Total 301 100.0 100.0 Data source: Guiyang Transportation Project questionnaire (for urban project) (3) Age distribution: Most informants age from 31 to 60 without reference to the rural or urban. In detail 77.2% rural informants and 68.5% urban informants are in this age stage. And a few interwees age under 30 or up 60. 26 Table 1-8 Interviewees’ age distribution (the rural) age distribution Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid 16 20 2 .2 .2 .2 21 30 102 12.5 12.6 12.8 31 40 282 34.6 34.8 47.7 41 50 176 21.6 21.7 69.4 51 60 168 20.6 20.7 90.1 61 70 72 8.8 8.9 99.0 71 8 1.0 1.0 100.0 Total 810 99.5 100.0 Missing System 4 .5 Total 814 100.0 Data source: Guiyang Transportation Project questionnaire (for the rural project) Table 1-9 Interviewees’ age distribution (the urban) Age distribution Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid 16 20 4 1.3 1.5 1.5 21 30 17 5.6 6.5 8.0 31 40 59 19.6 22.7 30.7 41 50 45 15.0 17.3 48.0 51 60 74 24.6 28.5 76.5 61 70 41 13.6 15.8 92.3 71 20 6.6 7.7 100.0 Total 260 86.4 100.0 missing System 41 13.6 Total 301 100.0 Data source: Guiyang Transportation Project questionnaire (for urban project) (4) Ethnic distribution: The main ethnic groups involved in this project are Han, Miao and Bouyei. In rural, 57.6% interviewees are Han people, 25.1% are Bouyei people and 16.7% are Miao people. In urban, 81.9% informants are Han people, 10.7% are Bouyei people and 1.3% are Miao people. 27 Table 1-10 Interviewees’ ethnic distribution (the rural) Cumulative Ethnic distribution Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent Valid Han 468 57.5 57.6 57.6 Miao 136 16.7 16.7 74.4 Bouyei 204 25.1 25.1 99.5 others 4 .5 .5 100.0 Total 812 99.8 100.0 Missing System 2 .2 Total 814 100.0 Data source: Guiyang Transportation Project questionnaire (for the rural project) Table 1-11 Interviewees’ ethnic distribution (the urban) Ethnic distribution Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid Han 245 81.4 81.9 81.9 Miao 4 1.3 1.3 83.3 Bouyei 32 10.6 10.7 94.0 Dong 4 1.3 1.3 95.3 Hui 1 .3 .3 95.7 others 13 4.3 4.3 100.0 Total 299 99.3 100.0 Missing System 2 .7 Total 301 100.0 Data source: Guiyang Transportation Project questionnaire (for urban project) (5) Religions: Non-religion intervewees are the most. The proportion is 85.7% in rural and 96.5% in urban. Fewer than 15% rural interviewees and 2.4% urban interviewees believe Buddhism, Christianism or other religions. It is also suggested though the in-depth interview that the folk religions also have some impacts in the affected region. Table 1-12 Interviewees’ religions (the rural) religions Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid Buddhism 5.2 5.2 5.2 Christianism 1.2 1.2 6.4 Folk religions .7 .7 7.2 Non-religion 85.3 85.7 92.8 other 7.1 7.2 100.0 Total 99.5 100.0 Missing System .5 28 Total 100.0 Data source: Guiyang Transportation Project questionnaire (for the rural project) Table 1-13 Interviewees’ religions (the urban) Religions Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid Buddhism 1.0 1.2 1.2 Christianism 1.0 1.2 2.3 others 1.0 1.2 3.5 Non-religion 83.1 96.5 100.0 total 86.0 100.0 Missing System 14.0 Total 100.0 Data source: Guiyang Transportation Project questionnaire (for urban project) (6) Interviewee’s marriage: In rural, 89.7% interviewees are married. In urban, 84.8% interviewees are married. Table1-14 Interviewees’ marriage (the rural) maggiage Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid Married 89.4 89.7 89.7 unmarried 4.9 4.9 94.6 divorce .7 .7 95.3 bereft spouse 4.7 4.7 100.0 Total 99.8 100.0 Missing System .2 Total 100.0 Data source: Guiyang Transportation Project questionnaire (for the rural project) Table1-15 Interviewees’ marriage (the urban marriage Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid Married 74.4 84.8 84.8 Unmarried 5.3 6.1 90.9 Divorce 1.3 1.5 92.4 Bereft spouse 6.6 7.6 100.0 Total 87.7 100.0 Missing System 12.3 Total 100.0 Data source: Guiyang Transportation Project questionnaire (for urban project) 29 (7) Interviewees’ employment: The investigation of SA team was conducted after the spring festival. Some villagers have left for working, and some didn’t return in the festival holiday. Based on those, our survey suggests that most interviewees with 81% are working on agriculture at home; 3.9% are doing non-agriculture such as transporters, village doctors at home. Some migrant workers still stay at home, 9.6% of interviewees are the domiciliary migrant workers. In urban, the main employment is worker. 27.1% informants are the worker, and 20.8% are retired workers. There are 18.2% interviewees who live in the urban villages and still work on agiriculture. 30 Table1-16 Interviewees’ employment (the rural) Cumulative Employment Percent Valid Percent Percent Valid Doing agriculuture 80.8 81.0 81.0 Doing non-agriculture 3.9 3.9 85.0 Migrant worker 9.6 9.6 94.6 Student .2 .2 94.8 Teacher .7 .7 95.6 Cadre 2.7 2.7 98.3 Non-emloment .7 .7 99.0 Other 1.0 1.0 100.0 Total 99.8 100.0 Missing System .2 Total 100.0 Data source: Guiyang Transportation Project questionnaire (for the rural project) Table1-17 Interviewees’ employment (the urban) employment Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid worker 64 21.3 27.1 27.1 Commercial boss 13 4.3 5.5 32.6 Commercial employee 10 3.3 4.2 36.9 civil servant 10 3.3 4.2 41.1 Enterprise employee 22 7.3 9.3 50.4 Unemployment worker 5 1.7 2.1 52.5 Retired worker 49 16.3 20.8 73.3 peasant 43 14.3 18.2 91.5 Non-employment 20 6.6 8.5 100.0 total 236 78.4 100.0 Missing System 65 21.6 Total 301 100.0 Data source: Guiyang Transportation Project questionnaire (for urban project) 1.2.6 Data sources The data used as reference for this report falls into the following categories: 1. Official statistical data: e.g., statistical and traffic yearbooks of the affected areas; national economic statistics; statistical statements compiled by investigated counties/city/district, towns and villages; 2. Local literatures: local annals and historic records of the affected areas; 3. Fieldwork data: e.g., oral interviews, participatory observations and 31 questionnaires. We use the above references in strict accordance with the following principles: (1) use statistical data as up-to-date as possible; (2) at the village level, try to use firsthand statistical data from fieldwork to ensure the objectiveness and accuracy; and (3) for the analysis and discussion of any issue, opinions and views from peasants and all levels of local government and organizations are integrated to provide comprehensive and essential information. 32 Chapter 2: Guiyang City Overview Guiyang City is named for its situation at the sun side of the Gui Mountain within its boundaries. In ancient times, Guiyang abounded in bamboo and many places are named by “bamboo”. For this reason, Guiyang is also known briefly as “Zhu”. Guiyang City is situated in the east of the Yun-Gui Plateau and is a central city in Southwest China, presently being the capital and the political, economic, cultural and educational center of Guizhou Province. The city has a land area of 8034km2, a total population of 3.5085 million at the end of 2004. Since 1978, the national economy of Guiyang City has been growing rapidly. In 2004, the GDP of Guiyang City reached RMB 44.363 billion Yuan, which is ranked 23 in total countrywide 27 provincial capitals, and 8 in western 11 provincial capitals. The per capita GDP is RMB 12683 Yuan, which is ranked 25 in countrywide provincial capitals and 9 in western provincial capitals. Highway is the key means of transportation for Guiyang City; National Highways G321, G210, GZ065 and GZ050 and several provincial highways within its boundaries intersect each other, forming a pivot of highway traffic. By now, Guiyang City has got a traffic network that combines railway, highway and civil aviation. à 2.1 Geographic location and landform Guiyang City is located in the east slope of the Yun-Gui Plateau in the central north of Guizhou Province, between EL106°07’ to 107°07’, NL26°11’ to 27°22’, with an altitude of 1659m, being the transition zone between the east and west parts of China. Guiyang City borders on Wenan, Longli, Huishui and Changshun Counties, Qiannan Bouyei Autonomous Prefecture to the east and south, on Pingba County, Anshun 33 Region and Zhijin County, Bijie Region to the west, on Qianxi, Jinsha Counties, Beijie Region and Zunyi County, Zunyi City to the north. The landform extends roughly from the east to the west, and fluctuates greatly, high in the south and north, low in the center. The unique karst landform is widespread, including highlands, hills, basins, valleys and terraces, with altitude ranging from 872m to 1659m. Climatic features Guiyang City is highly characterized by the subtropical warm, wet highland monsoon climate with plenty of rainfall, averaging at 1200mm per annum. In the history, the city has been renowned as raininess. In recent year, the rainfall has reduced with the warming of the globe, and heavy rains are mostly found in June and July. The annual average temperature is 15.3 , the average temperature of the hottest month (July) is 24 and that of the coldest month (January) 4.6 . The historically lowest temperature was -9.5 ; the extreme high temperature 39.5 . In spring and autumn, there would be frequent temperature and weather changes, with high relative humidity. The frost-free period is about 270 days. Northeaster is dominant in Guiyang City all the year round; southeaster dominant in summer; there is south wind in most sunny days and north wind in most rainy days. The annual average wind speed is 2.2m/s, the highest wind speed over a short period 20m/s. The annual average atmospheric pressure is 8935mPa. The atmospheric pressure is high in winter and low in summer. The key disasters include abnormal coldness during spring, autumn rain and low temperature, hailstone, rainstorm, gale, and acid rain. 2.3 History In the Spring and Autumn Period, Guiyang fell into the jurisdiction of Zangke State. In the Warring States Period, it belonged to Yelang State. In the Han dynasty, it was 34 governed by Zangke Prefecture. In the Tang dynasty, Jimi Prefecture was set up to the south of the Wujiang River, and Guiyang belonged to Ju Prefecture. In the Song dynasty, Guiyang was known as “Guizhou”. In the Yuan dynasty, two administrations were set up in this area and later merged into a marshal government at Guiyang, known as “Shunyuan” city. In 1413 (Ming dynasty), Guizhou became the 13th administrative province of the Ming government and the office of the local civil administrative minister was set up in Guiyang. In 1568, Chengfan Office (Huishui County today) was moved to Guizhou City (the urban area of Guiyang today). In 1569, Chengfan Office was renamed as Guiyang Office, and “Guiyang” was used as the name of an administrative region. In 1601, Guiyang Office was upgraded to Guiyang Army’s and People’s Office. In 1659, Guizhou Governor’s Guizhou Army’s and People’s Office was set up. In 1687, Guiyang Army’s and People’s Office was changed to Guiyang Office. In 1914, Guiyang Office was replaced by Guiyang County. In 1920, Guiyang County was under the direct jurisdiction of Guizhou Governor’s Office. On 1 July 1941, Guiyang City was formally established. On 23 Nov 1949, the Guiyang City People’s Government was set up. In spring 1955, the Guiyang City People’s Government was renamed as the Guiyang City People’s Committee. In Aug 1982, the Guiyang City Revolutionary Committee restored its name as the Guiyang City People’s Government. On 1 Jan 1996, Qingzhen City, Xiuwen County, Xifeng County and Kaiyang County, formerly under Anshun Region was put under the governance of Guiyang City with the State Council’s approval. 2.4 Regionalism Guiyang City now governs one city (Qingzhen City), 3 counties (Xiuwen County, Kaiyang County, Xifeng County), 6 districts (Yunyan District, Nanming District, 35 Baiyun District, Wudang District, Huaxi District, Xiaohe District), with a total area of 8034km2, an urban area of 2403km2. The urban area starts from Longdongbao on the east, ends at the Baihua Mountains and Aha Reservoir on the west, starts from Tongmuling on the south and ends at Luowan on the northeast and Maijia on the northwest, including the central district and peripheral Longdongbao, Ergezhai, Xiaohe, Huaxi, Xintian, Baiyun, Sanqiao and Jinyang Districts, with an area of about 495km2. Figure 2-1: the regionalism of Guiyang City 2.5 Narural resources and products There are over key mineral products in Guiyang City, including coal, bauxite, phosphate ore, sulfur iron ore, crystal, quartz sandstone, limestone, dolomite, barite, gypsum and lead-zinc ore, of which bauxite and phosphate ore play an important role at home. The water resources of Guiyang City are mainly from natural rain, the annual natural runoff of the city is 546-640mm, and each square kilometer produces 563,000 cubic meters of water on average; the total amount of water resources is 5.34 billion cubic meters. There are 98 rivers longer than 10km within the city, including 90 rivers in 36 the Yangtze River Basin and 8 in the Pearl River Basin. The main rivers include the Wujiang River, Nanming River, Maotiao River, Yachi River, Anliu River, Yuliang River, Gusa River, Xifeng River, Yangshui River in the Yangtze River System and Mengjiang River in the Pearl River System. The artificial lakes include the Hongfeng Lake, Baihua Lake, Aha Reservoir and Huaxi Reservoir. The grain crops in the rural areas of Guiyang City include paddy, wheat, corn, soybean, miscellaneous beans, sweet potato and potato. With little land for many people, the local grain production cannot fully meet the urban demand. In addition to domestic animals and eggs, the farm and sideline products, such as, grass knitting, earth products and potteries, high-grade tealeaves, primary traditional Chinese medicines, play a very important role in rural economy. 2.6 Population and ethnic groups According the Guiyang Municipal Public Security Bureau’s statistics, at the end of 2004, Guiyang City has a total of 934023 households, a total population of 350.85 million, including 178.65 million males, accounting for 50.92%, and 172.20million females, accounting for 49.08%, the male and female sex propotion is 103.75:100; a nonagricultural population of 165.07million, accounting for 47.05%, an agricultural population of 185.78million, accounting for 52.95%; city and town population is 221.83 million, accounting for 63.23%, rural population is 129.02 million, accounting for 36.77%. In 2004, the birthrate is 12.07‰, the death rate is 5.92‰, and the natural growth rate is 6.15‰. Table 2-1 Residential Population of Districts (Counties, Cities) of Guiyang City in 2004 Unit: 10,000 the density of Year-end total Annual average District/county/city population(per population population KM2) Total of the city 350.85 349.78 436.71 37 Nanming District 50.59 50.46 5677.89 Yunyan District 55.23 55.09 8182.22 Huaxi District 32.36 32.26 336.59 Wudang District 30.73 30.63 319.31 Baiyun District 17.38 17.32 669.49 Xiaohe District 11.93 11.9 1890.65 Kaiyang County 43.84 43.69 216.37 Xifeng County 26.05 25.97 251.33 Xiuwen County 30.77 30.67 286.05 Qingzhen City 51.97 51.81 348.23 Data source: Guiyang statistical bureau.2005.“2005 Guiyang Statistical Yearbook”. Beijing: Chinese Statistical Press. The urban and rural areas of Guiyang City are inhabited by multiple ethnic groups and in some areas, traditional national cultures are quite characteristic. According to the data of the 5th National Census in 2000, the minority population of Guiyang City was 573,900, accounting for 15.43% of the total population. At present, there are 13 aboriginal minorities in Guiyang City, such as Bouyei and Miao, of which the minorities with a population of above 10,000 include Miao, Bouyei, Tujia, Yi, Dong, Gelao, with a total population of 504,900. There are 19 national Xiangs and 353 minority villages in the city. In some Miao and Bouyei habitats, such as Pingzhai Village, Gaozhai Xiang, Kaiyang County and the Miao people around Guangzhong Village, the national cultures are well kept, where traditional festivals, traditional dresses, ornaments, music and dances have become a highlight these years. At present, the nationalities get along with each other generally and there is no major conflict between them. However, the minorities are economically backward. Table 2-2: The ethnic minorities’ structure of Guiyang City in 2001 No Name Population(10thousand) remark 1 Miao 23.64 2 Bouyei 20.20 3 Tujia 2.13 4 Yi 2.76 5 Dong 1.49 6 Gelao 1.66 38 7 Bai 0.59 8 Hui 0.63 9 Man 0.31 10 Zhuang 0.38 11 Shui 0.25 12 Mongol 0.20 13 Li 0.13 Including the people 14 Others 3.02 unconfirmed ethnic identity. 15 Total 57.39 Data resource: The Ethnic Minority and Religion Bureau of Guiyang City. The economic and social development planning of ethnic minority and ethnic region(2002-2020). 2005. Table 2-3: The ethnic minorities’ distribution of Guiyang City in 2000 No. County/city/district Population(10000) Proportion(%) 1 Xiuwen County 2.21 3.85 2 Kaiyang County 4.27 7.44 3 Xifeng County 1.19 2.07 4 Qinzhen City 11.8 20.56 5 Huaxi District 11.59 20.2 6 Wudang District 5.63 9.81 7 Baiyun District 3.14 5.47 8 Naming District 8.57 14.93 9 Xiaohe District 2.29 3.99 10 Yunyan District 6.7 11.67 Total 57.39 100 Data resource: The Ethnic Minority and Religion Bureau of Guiyang City. The economic and social development planning of ethnic minority and ethnic region(2002-2020). 2005. 2.7 National economy development 1. Overview of Guiyang national economi development In 2004, the gross output value of Guiyang City was RMB44.63 billion, an increase of 13.7% over the year before. The added value of the primary industry was RMB3.177 1 Data source: Guiyang statistical bureau.2005. 2005 Guiyang Statistical Yearbook”. Beijing: Chinese Statistical Press. 39 billion, an increase of 7.6% over the year before, that of the secondary industry RMB233.24 billion, an increase of 15.6%, that of the tertiary industry RMB178.62 billion yuan, an increase of 12.3%. Table 2-4: The Guiyang City’s main economic indexes in 2004 The place in The place in Numerical countrywide western Economic index value provincial provincial capital capital population(100 thousand) 350.85 19 5 Gross Domestic Prooduct (100 443.63 23 8 million yuan) The increase speed (%) 13.7 18 5 average per-capita GDP (yuan) 12683 25 9 The ermanent assets investment of 292.78 19 5 whole social (RMB 100 million yuan) urban citizen’s per capita available 8989 16 6 income(Yuan) Farmer’s per capita net 2809 23 7 income(Yuan) Data source: Guiyang statistical bureau.2005. 2005 Guiyang Statistical Yearbook”. Beijing: Chinese Statistical Press. The economic development of Guiyang City is better compared to other regions in Guizhou Province, but is lower compared to other provincial capitals in China. In 2004, the population of Guiyang City accounted for 1.51% of the total population lived in provincial capitals, but the GDP was 44.365 billion yuan, accouting for less than 0.74% of the total GDP of provincial capitals, and ranked 23 in total 27 provincial capitals. Guiyang’s economic development is still lower compared other provincial capitals in the Western China. In 2004, the per capita GDP of Guiyang accounted for 77.84% of the average of western provincial capitals. Table2-5: the Guiyang City’s main economic indexes in 2004 Population Per capita GDP Region GDP(100 million yuan) (10thousand) (Yuan) Nation 129988.00 136875.90 10561.00 Countrywide 23067.10 60217.27 26105.26 provincial capital Western provincial 4391.85 16385.30 16385.30 capital 40 Guizhou Province 3903.70 1591.90 4215.00 Guiyang city 347.81 443.63 12754.93 Data source: 1.National bureau of statistics of China 2005 China Statistical Yearbook”. Beijing: Chinese Statistical Press.2.Guiyang statistical bureau.2005. 2005 Guiyang Statistical Yearbook”. Beijing: Chinese Statistical Press. 2. Industry In 2004, the production value of all industries in Guiyang City was RMB561.02 billion, an increase of 16.8% over the year before. That of large-scale industrial enterprises was RMB491.498 billion, an increase of 19.0%, that of the heavy industry was RMB346.33 billion, that of the light industry RMB144.95 billion, an increase of 17.9% and 21.7% over the year before respectively; that of state-owned and state-held enterprises RMB455.93 billion, an increase of 19.1%; that of Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan funded enterprises RMB7.28 billion, an increase of 45.5%; that of foreign funded enterprises RMB 28.08 billion, an increase of 13.6%. 3. Agriculture The paddy field of 2004 was 41809 ha., and dry land was 15753 ha.. The crops cultivation area of the year was 233825 ha, in which food crop area was 131606 ha., cash crops area was 51453 ha., other crops area was 50766 ha. In 2004, the food crop output was 596,500 tons, the rapeseed output 61700 tons, the vegetable output 868,700 tons. The agricultural gross value of the year is RMB 288665 million. The forestation area of the year was 9,105ha, the area of returning land for farming to forestry 2,523ha. The output of the stock raising of the yeare included 156.54 million pigs, 63600 cattles and 49800 sheep. The gross value of fishery in 2004 was RMB 91.17million Yuan. 4. Transportation 41 The freight volume by all means of transport of the year was 57.3981 million tons, an increase of 7.9% over the last year, of which 12.6333 million tons by railway, an increase of 16.1%; 44.69 million tons by highway, an increase of 5.8%; 18,800 tons by air, an increase of 21.1%. The passenger traffic volume was 192.7283 million men-times, an increase of 4.1%, including 6.0268 million men-times by railway, an increase of 5.6%; 185.01 million men-times by highway, 0.3465 million men-times by air, an increase of 3.9% and 36.3% over the year before respectively. 5. Residents’ income In 2004, the per capita pay of employeed workers in Guiyang Citywas RMB 14099 yuan, an increase of 15.7% over the year before. The farmers’ per capita net income was RMB2809, an increase of 11.9% over the year before, the actual increase was 7.4% if the price factors are considered. Table 2-6: Farmers’ Per Capita Net Income of Districts (Counties, Cities) of Guiyang City in 2004 District (county, city) Per capita net income of Increase over 2003 (%) farmers (RMB) Nanming District 4276 10.3 Yunyan District 4293 10.0 Huaxi District 2906 12.0 Wudang District 3144 12.1 Baiyun District 3488 10.0 Xiaohe District 3672 11.4 Kaiyang County 2627 10.6 Xifeng County 2092 12.0 Xiuwen County 2390 10.8 Qingzhen City 2538 11.8 Data source: Guiyang statistical bureau.2005.“2005 Guiyang Statistical Yearbook”. Beijing: Chinese Statistical Press. Table 2-3: Per Capita Disposable Income of Town Dwellers of Districts (Counties, Cities) of Guiyang City in 2004 42 District (county, city) Per capita disposable Increase over 2003 (%) income of town dwellers (RMB) Nanming District 8861 12.9 Yunyan District 9113 12.3 Huaxi District 8186 14.5 Wudang District 8227 13.7 Baiyun District 8373 11.3 Xiaohe District 8790 12.8 Kaiyang County 7884 11.3 Xifeng County 7243 14.9 Xiuwen County 7395 14.5 Qingzhen City 7741 15.2 Data source: Guiyang statistical bureau.2005.“2005 Guiyang Statistical Yearbook”. Beijing: Chinese Statistical Press. 2.8 Traffic situation As the traffic center of Guizhou Province, Guiyang City is the hub of traffic and communication in Southwest China. Highway: Within the boundaries of Guiyang, National Highway 321 runs transversely, National Highway 210 runs longitudinally. The Gui-Huang, Gui-Zun, Gui-Bi and Gui-Xin high-class highways are spread in the city. The counties, cities and districts under Guiyang City are connected by Class-2 or above highways, and most Xiangs and towns by Class-3 highways. The village-level highways are mostly mud and sandstone roads, and only a few rural highways have a cement or asphalt surface. By the end of 2003, the total highway length of Guiyang City was 3309km, including 313km of national highways, 370km of provincial highways, 935km of county highways, 1644km of Xiang highways, 47km of special highways. There were 106km of expressways, 49km of Class-1 highways, 271km of Class-2 highways, 579km of Class-3 highways and 1506km of Class-4 highways and 798km of off-class highways. Railway: The Qian-Gui, Chuan-Qian, Gui-Kun and Xiang-Qian trunk railways join at Guiyang, with access to Hunan, Yunnan, Guangxi and Sichuan Provinces. All trains 43 within the boundaries of the city are electrified, with a railway length of 324km and 27 passenger and freight terminals. At present, there are over 40 starting trains with direct access to Beijing, Shanghai, Chengdu, Chongqing, Guangzhou, Kunming and other central cities of the country. Civil aviation: Guiyang has a Class-4D national airport and a Class-3C military and civil airport. At present, there are 28 airlines; the passenger traffic volume was 987,800 men-times and the freight volume 15,500 tons in 2004. 44 Chapter 3: Social and Economic Development Overview of project affected area 3.1 The overview of project affected area Guiyang Transportation project includes urban road, rural roads and the town passenger transport stations, and involves 3 counties, 1 city and 4 districts of Guiyang City, which are Kaiyang County, Xifeng County, Xiuwen County, Qinzhen City, Huaxi District, Wudang District, Baiyun District and Nanming Distict. The project willl affect 2.8281 million people, in whom 467 thounsand are ethnic minorities. This project aims to build 44 rural roads, 46 rural passenger transport stations and 1 urban road. The rural project (rural roads and town passenger tansport stations) involves 281 administrative villages of 41 towns(Xiangs) in 8 counties/districts/city. The rural passenger stations project involves 41 administrative villages of 46 towns (xiangs) in 6 counites/districs/city. The urban road project involves 2 towns, 1 city commumities and 4 administrative villages.Figure 3-1 shows the detail distribution of sub-projects in project affected area. 45 à Figure 3-1: the distribution of Guiyang Transportation project 46 Table 3-1-1: The villages along the project roads No. County/city/district The number Affected Affected of Road towns administrative village 1 Kaiyang County 14 12 65 Rural road 2 Xifeng County 9 9 56 Rural road 3 Xiuwen County 6 6 108 Rural road 4 Wudang District 4 4 18 Rural road 5 Huaxi District 3 32 17 Rural road 6 Qinzhen City 7 7 98 Rural road 7 Baiyun District 1 1 4 Rural road 8 Nanming District 1 1 2 Urban Road Total 45 43 368 Data source: collect and calculate according to “The basic information of administrative villages along the rural roads”. Table 3-1-2 the distribution of rural passenger transport stations Affected The number Affected No County/city/district administrative of station towns village 1 Kaiyang County 9 9 9 2 Xifeng County 4 4 4 3 Xiuwen County 5 5 5 4 Wudang district 8 8 8 5 Huaxi District 11 11 11 6 Qinzhen city 9 9 7 total 46 46 44 Data source: collect and calculate according to “The basic information of administrative villages along the rural roads”. During Feb. to Jun. 2006, the SA team’s investigation involved 18 rural roads and the urban road (Youzha Street to Xiaobi Xiang). 2 Note: Xiaobi Xiang in Huaxi District is affected by urban road. 47 The SA team did the investigation in the 23 villages along 18 rural roads of project. Guangzhong, Yantang and Pantong Villages in Kaiyang County; Qinshan, Zifang, Hekan and Zhuhua Villages in Xifeng County; Hongxing, Wugongqiao, Damu, Sanzhai and Dazhai Villages in Xiuwen County; Chetian, Xinmin, Luguan Village in Huaxi District; Dagu, Qinshan and Panzhai Villages in Qinzhen City; Wanggang and Pianpo village in Wudang District; Jinjia and Heishitou Village in Baiyun District totally 23 villages were selected as the investigated villages for the social assessment on the rural project, in which 16 villages are the key investigated villages. In the urban road affectd area, the SA team went to 10 communities/villages in Xiaobi Xiang of Huaxi District, Yunguan Xiang of Naming District, Longdongbao Street Office and Youza Street Office; and did the investigation in Mutou villages of Yunguan Xiang; Youza Village, Youza Community, Dongbao Community, Yugaoqiao Community of Youza Street office; Shuilonglu Community, Jichanglu Community, Jianlong Coummunity and Dadongpo Community of Londongbao Street Office in Nanming District. In the selection of villages, the economic condition, geographic location, traffic condition, ethnic minorities, genders and other factors of the affected groups in the affected areas were considered. The table 3-2 shows the roads where the SA investigated villages are along. The table 3-3 shows the key investigated villages and the counties/districts/city where they locate. The figure 3-2 shows the geographic distribution of the investigated villages. Table 3-2 the Investigated Villages along the Roads Road Road Name of the road Length(km) Investigated villages No. class Damu Village of Liutun 1 Damu to Xinchang 12.22 4 Xiang, Xiuwen County Dagu Village of Liwo Xiang, 4 Liwo to Qibai 18.08 4 Qinzhen City Qinshan Village of Qinshan 8 Qinshan to Xiaojin 18.93 3 Miao People’s Autonomous 48 Xiang, Xifeng County Maolishan to Qinshan Village of Longchen 10 4.48 Qinshan 4 Street Office, Qinzhen City Zuhua Village and Zifang Zuhua to Xinyang 11 17.19 Village of Jiuzhuang to Huguang 4 Town, Xifeng County. Xiaohegou to Hongxing Village of Gubao 12 28.62 Shuikou 3 Xiang, Xiuwen County Yantang Village and Pantong 13 Zaiji to Xinshan 27.06 Village of Zaji Xiang, 3 Kaiyang County Chetian Village and Xinmin Maiping to 14 13.82 Village of Huchao Xiang, Machang 4 Huaxi District Huaxi to Tianhetan Gaopo Xiang of Huaxi 19 4.58 to Gairong 4 District Wanggang Village of Xinpu 20 Dagu to Laping 24.29 3 Xiang, Wudang District Baiyan to Minlian Luguan Village of Huchao 21 16.26 to Longjin 4 Xiang, Huaxi District Hekan Village of Yongjing 23 G210 to Nanji 15.38 4 Town, Xifeng County Dazhai Village and Sanzhai 24 Daqiao to Hefeng 26.46 Village of Liutun Xiang, 4 Xiuwen County Guangzhong Village of Gaozhai to 25 17.07 Gaozhai Xiang, Kaiyang Guangzhong 4 County Weicheng to Panzhai Village of Weicheng 28 9.19 Liujidianzhan 4 Town, Qinzhen City Wugongqiao Village of 30 Shetian to Xiaoba 18.31 Saping Xiang, Xiuwen 4 County Jinjia Village of Shawen Liangshuijin to Town and Heishitou Village 38 6.21 Dashanjiao of Dula Xiang, Baiyun 4 District Pianpo Village of Pianpo 41 Xiaoba to Jingu 6.16 4 Xiang,Wudang District Mutou Village, Youza Village, Youza Community, Dongbao Community, Yugaoqiao Community, Urban Youza Street to Longshuilu Community, 6.59 1 road Xiaobi Xiang Jichanglu Community, Jianlong Community,Dapodong Community of Nanming District; Xiaobi Xiang of 49 Huaxi District Table 3-3: the key investigated villages No. Village Town/Xiang 1 Guangzhong Village Gaozhai Xiang, Kaiyang County 2 Yanhe Village Zhaiji Xiang, Kaiyang County 3 Pantong Village Zhaiji Xiang, Kaiyang County Qinshan Miao People’s 4 Qinshan Village Autonomous Xiang, Xifeng County 5 Zhifang Village Jiuzhuang Town, Xifeng County 6 Zhuhua Village Jiuzhuang Town, Xifeng County 7 Wugongqiao Village Jiuping Xiang, Xiuwen County 8 Damuzhai Village Liutun Xiang, Xiuwen County 9 Daizhai Village Liutun Xiang, Xiuwen County 10 Shanzhai Village Liutun Xiang, Xiuwen County Longcheng Street office, Qinzhen 11 Qinshan Village City 12 Panzhai Village Weicheng Xiang, Qinzhen City 13 Luguan Village Huchao Xiang, Huaxi District 14 Chetian Village Huchao Xiang, Huaxi District 15 Xinmin Village Huchao Xiang, Huaxiang Distirict 16 Jinjia Village Shawen Town, Baiyun District Figure 3-2: the Geographic distribution of the investigated villages 50 3.2 The population and ethnic groups 1. Population The Guiyang Transportation Project involves Kaiyang County, Xifeng County, Xiuwen County, Qinzhen City, Nanming District, Baiyun district, Wudang District and Huaxi District totally 8 Counties/districts, and 2.8281 million people in whom ethnic minorities are 467 thousand. The population along the 44 project rural roads and passenger transport stations is 389.3 thousand. The urban road involves 504.6 thousand permanent residents. Table 3-4: the Pupulation Distribution in Project affected area NO. County/City/District Population (10 thousand) 1 Kaiyang County 43.69 2 Xifeng County 25.97 3 Xiuwen County 30.67 4 Qinzhen City 51.81 5 Huaxi District 32.26 6 Wudang District 30.63 7 Baiyun District 17.32 8 Nanming District 50.46 Total 282.81 Data source: collect and calculate according to “The basic information of the project affected area”. 51 Table 3-5-1: the population along the rural roads The The village No County/City/Distri The road affected quantity along the population . ct quantity directly roads population 1 Kaiyang County 10 65 122649 3249 2 Xifeng County 8 56 50509 2177 3 Xiuwen County 8 108 77375 4329 4 Qinzhen County 4 18 92009 4449 5 Huaxi District 2 17 11408 772 6 Wudang District 11 98 30590 1809 7 Baiyun District 1 4 4793 68 Total 44 366 389333 16853 Note: The affected directly population means the population involved into involuntary resettlement. Table 3-5-2 the affected directly population of rural passenger transport stations project affected The NO. of Affected No County/city/district directly Stations towns population 1 Kaiyang County 9 9 182 2 Xifeng County 4 4 38 3 Xiuwen County 5 5 218 4 Qinzhen city 9 9 148 5 Huaxi District 11 11 161 6 Wudang district 8 8 189 total 46 46 936 Data source: collect and calculate according to “The basic information of administrative villages along the rural roads”. 2. The ethnic minorities’ distribution There are 13 original ethnic minorities in project affected area. At the end of 2004, the population of the ethnic minorities is 467013 in the affected area, in which the minorities’ population along the project roads is 79625. Table 3-6 the ethnic minorities’ structure in project affected area 52 The name of No. Population Note ethnic minority 1 Miao 193228 2 Bouyei 155495 3 Tujia 17870 4 Yi 23647 5 Dong 12428 6 Gelao 13471 7 Bai 5441 8 Hui 5785 9 Man 2604 10 Zhuang 2983 11 Shui 2012 12 Mongol 1534 13 Li 780 Including the people 14 Others 29735 unconfirming ethnic identity. 15 Total 467013 Data source: according to “The county/city/district ethnic minorities’ basic information”. Table 3-7 the ethnic minorities’ distribution in project affected area Ethnic minorities No.County/City/District Note populaiton 1 Xiuwen County 21945 2 Kaiyang County 45024 3 Xifeng County 9367 Including the people unconfirming 4 Qinzhen City 120000 ethnic identity. 5 Huaxi District 117021 6 Wudang District 56287 7 Baiyun District 31169 8 Nanming District 66200 Total 467013 Data source: according to “The county/city/district ethnic minorities’ basic information”. Table 3-8-1 the ethnic minorities’ villages along the roads NO. County/City/District The ethnic minorities’Villages Note 1 Kaiyang County 3 Rural road 53 2 Xifeng County 7 Rural road 3 Xiuwen County 3 Rural road 4 Wudang District 3 Rural road 5 Huaxi District 2 Rural road 6 Qinzhen District 28 Rural road 7 Baiyun District 1 Rural road 8 Nanming District 1 Urban road Total 48 Data source: collect and calculate according to “The county/city/district ethnic minorities’ basic information”. Table3-8-2: the ethnic minority population’s distributiong along the project roads The villages The no. of NO. County/City/District along the Monority populaiton roads road 1 Kaiyang County 10 65 21653 2 Xifeng County 8 56 7292 3 Xiuwen County 8 108 13676 4 Qinzhen City 4 18 16329 5 Huaxi District 2 17 2015 6 Wudang District 11 98 4989 7 Baiyun District 1 4 1134 8 Nanming District 1 2 12537 Total 45 368 79625 Data source: collect and calculate according to “The county/city/district ethnic minorities’ basic information”. The SA team investigated 3 Miao people’s compact villages, 4 Bouyei people’s compact village, 8 Han people’s compact villages, and 1 Miao/ Bouyei/Han’s mixed village. The total population of 16 villages is 25562, in which the male is 13354, the female is 12208. The table 3-9 shows the details of population and ethnic groups of 16 villages: Table 3-9: the population and ethnic groups in 16 investigated villages 54 No. Village Town Population Male Female Ethnic grups Gaozhai Guangzhong Xiang, 1 947 543 404 Miao Village Kaiyang County Zhaiji Yantang Xiang, 2 5175 2736 2439 Miao Village Kaiyang County Zhaiji Pantong Xiang, 3 3974 1929 2045 Han Village Kaiyang County Qinshan Miao People’s Qinshan 4 Autonomous 1358 720 638 Miao Village Xiang, Xifeng County Jiuzhuang Zhifang Town, 5 901 451 450 Han Village Xifeng County Jiuzhuang Zhuhua Town, 6 904 485 419 Bouyei Village Xifeng County Jiuping Wugongqiao Xiang, 7 757 414 343 Bouyei Village Xiuwen County Liutun Damu Xiang, 8 747 413 334 Bouyei Village Xiuwen County Liutun Daizhai Xiang, 9 1657 896 761 Han Village Xiuwen County Liutun Shanzhai Xiang, 10 1221 663 558 Han Village Xiuwen County Longcheng Qinshan Street office, 11 1310 678 632 Han Village Qinzhen City Panzhai Weicheng 12 1186 631 555 Miao/Han/Bouyei Village Xiang, 55 Qinzhen City Huchao Luguan Xiang, 13 1596 707 889 Han Village Huaxi District Huchao Chetian Xiang, 14 732 391 341 Han Village Huaxi District Huchao Xinmin Xiang, 15 1484 860 624 Han Village Huaxiang Distirict Xinpu Wanggang Xiang, 16 576 298 278 Bouyei Village Wudang District Data source: Relevant statistical data from the investigatied village government. 3.3 The economic development 3.3.1 The rural economies 1. Overview In the villages along the rural road and town passenger transport stations, the local people’s persistent income resources are food and cash crops planting and family animal husbandry. Since 2000, migrant working has come into being a new families’ income resource. The per capita farmer income of the all villages along the roads in the 8 counties/districts/city involved in project is RMB 2032.20 Yuan. That of Kaiyang Couty and Qinzhen City is RMB 1827.41 yuan and RMB 1866.27 yuan repectively, which are the lowest in the 8 counties/districts/city. And that of Wudang District is RMB 3364.14 Yuan, which is the highest. Table 3-10: The per capita farmer income of the all villages along the roads Villages Road The per capita County/city/distri NO. quatity along population farmer annual ct quatity the roads income(Yuan) 56 1 Kaiyang County 10 65 122649 1827.41 2 Xifeng County 8 56 50509 2110.30 3 Xiuwen County 8 108 77375 2007.48 4 Qinzhen City 4 18 92009 1866.27 5 Huaxi District 2 17 11408 2267.63 6 Wudang District 11 98 30590 3364.14 7 Baiyun District 1 4 4793 3353.28 Total 44 366 389333 2032.20 Data source: according to “The basic information of administrative villages along the rural roads”. Note: this table doesn’t include the relevant statistic of Mutou Village and Youza Village of Nanming District which are affected by urban road. Except Luguan Village in Huaxi District and Jinjia Village in Baiyun District which are a little bit richer since they have more migrant workers, more convenient traffic and rich mine resource, the rest of 16 villages are underdevelopment. The local people’s persistent income resources are food and cash crops planting and family animal husbandry. From 2000, migrated working has come into being a key families’ income resource. The per capita farmer net income of 16 investigated villages is between RMB 540 and RMB 3700 yuan, in which the lowest one is Guangzhong Village of Kaiyang County, only about RMB 540 yuan; the highest one is Wanggang Village of Wudang District and Luguan Village of Huaxi District, has been to RMB 3036 yuan. Table 3-3: the Per Capita farmer Net Income of the Key Investigated Villages Unit: yuan Per Capita farmer Net No. Village Income 1 Guangzhong Village 540 2 Yanhe Village 1200 3 Pantong Village 1200 Qinshan Village 1180 4 (Xifeng County) 5 Zhifang Village 1210 57 6 Zhuhua Village 2210 7 Wugongqiao Village 950 8 Damuzhai Village 1168 9 Daizhai Village 1076 10 Shanzhai Village 1184 Qinshan Village 850 11 (Qinzhen City) 12 Panzhai Village 750 13 Luguan Village 3036 14 Chetian Village 2944 15 Xinmin Village 2343 16 Wanggang Village 3036 Data source: Relevant statistical data from the investigatied village government. 2. Rural economic structure Food and cash crops planting, family animal husbandry and labor export are the three main points of rural economic development of 16 investigated villages. Since the recent 6 years, cash crops planting and labor export have started to replace the absolutely predominance of food crops planting and family animal husbandry, and have been the main force of local economic development. (1) Food and cash crops zcrop land It is said that there is no 1 square meter flat in Guizhou. The crop lands of each investigated villages are shortage more or less. The per capita lands of the all villages along the rural roads are less than 1 mu, in which paddy field are 0.47mu, dry land are 0.56 mu. Table 3-12: the crop lands in the 7 counties/ ditricts/city along the rural road Unit: mu counties/ Crop land area NO. ditricts/city per capita arable land Paddy fieldDry land 1 Kaiyang 1.04 0.37 0.67 2 Xifeng 1.12 0.39 0.73 58 3 Xiuwen 1.31 0.90 0.41 4 Qinzhen 0.79 0.28 0.51 5 Huaxi 1.08 0.49 0.59 6 Wudang 0.93 0.51 0.42 7 Baiyun 0.64 0.41 0.23 mean value 1.03 0.47 0.56 Data source: according to “The basic information of administrative villages along the rural roads”. . Table 3-13: the crop lands in the key investigated villages Unit: mu Total crop paddy Dry per capita arable No. Village land field land land Guangzhong 799 40 759 0.84 1 Village 2 Yantang Village 4303 1106 3197 0.83 3 Pantong Village 3493.5 1143.5 2350 0.88 4 Qinshan Village 2741.5 506 2235.5 2.02 5 Zhifang Village 2979 1820 1159 3.31 6 Zhuhua Village 2271.4 407 1864.4 2.51 Wugongqiao 1018 270 748 1.34 7 Village 8 Damu Village 1127 455 672 1.51 9 Daizhai Village 1804 614 1190 1.09 10 Shanzhai Village 2140 968 1172 1.75 11 Qinshan Village 990 250 740 0.76 12 Panzhai Village 1124 467 657 0.95 13 Luguan Village 1680 990 690 1.05 14 Chetian Village 839 435 404 1.15 15 Xinmin Village 2045 1265 780 0.95 16 Wanggang Village 890 615 275 1.54 Data source: Relevant statistical data from the investigated village government. SA team’s sample investigation suggests that the per capita farm lands of interviewees’ families are less than 1 mu generally. Table 3-14: interviewee families’ crop land Unit: mu Per householder No. Village Paddy field Dry land crop land 1 Guangzhong 3.977 3.544 0.433 59 Village Yanhe 2 4.497 3.353 1.144 Village Pantong 3 5.300 4.195 1.105 Village Qinshan 4 5.077 2.817 2.260 Village Zhifang 5 4.480 3.540 0.940 Village Zhuhua 6 5.500 3.422 2.078 Village Wugongqiao 7 3.760 2.067 1.693 Village Damuzhai 8 5.419 2.806 2.613 Village Daizhai 9 4.389 2.222 2.167 Village Shanzhai 10 3.622 2.194 1.428 Village Qinshan 11 4.775 2.449 2.326 Village Panzhai 12 3.094 1.584 1.510 Village Luguan 13 4.952 2.513 2.439 Village Chetian 14 8.480 4.438 4.042 Village Xinmin 15 5.158 2.390 2.768 Village Wanggang 16 6.541 3.009 3.532 Village Total 4.955 2.736 2.219 average Data source: Guiyang Transportation Project SA Questionnaire (for the rural) analysis. zCrops In 17 investigated villages, the main food crops include paddy, corn and potato; the main cash corps is rape, ginger, garlic, shallot, tobacco, walnut and orange. zLabor resource More the young female and middle age and young male have left hometown to be the migrant workers ; and most of the middle age and married women and old male stay 60 at home to work on the planting and animal breeding, and also foster the offspring whose parents always are migrant workers. The questionnaire suggests that 81% interviewees are working on agriculture at home (The questionnaire survey couldn’t include the out migrant workers), in which 66% are at the age between 31 and 60. 10% interviewees are the migrant workers at home temporarily, 1/3 of which are at the age from 21 to 30. It is suggested that the migrating proportion is higher in the people at the age of 21-30. Table 3-15: the interviewees’ employment and age employment Percentage Doing Doing non- Crosstabulation agriculture agriculture Migrant Total at home at home worker teacher Cadre other 21-30 6 0.5 4 0.5 1 0 12 31-40 27 2 4 0.5 0.5 0.25 34 a 41-50 g 19 0.5 1 0 0. 5 0.75 22 e 51-60 20 0.5 1 0 0.5 0 22 61-70 8 0.5 0 0 0.5 0 9 71-80 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 Total 81 4 10 1 3 1 100 Data source: Guiyang Transportation Project SA Questionnaire (for the rural) analysis. zThe distribution of farm products The SA team’s investigation suggests that most farm products are for self- consumption, and a few for sale in the most investigated families. The food crops, e.g. paddy, corn mainly satisfy the family’s consumption; and the cash crops, e.g. rape, ginger, garlic, shallot, tobacco, walnut and orange are mainly for sale. Villagers usually sell their farm products in the town market where their village locates. In some villages, people take their products to town market by themselves or livestock; and in the other ones, people can take public vehicle to the market. Most sales in town market are just retail. The wholesale of farm products happen in the village. The out- of-town traders often go to the village to buy the villagers’ farm products in batches. Commonly, if a village’s traffic is convenient, the price here will be the higher. Table 3-16: the farm products prices in Qinshan Village, Xifeng County 61 No. The products Sale price (unit:yuan/jin) 1 capsicum 2.5~2.7 2 Ginger, garlic, tobacco, and 1.1 orange. 3 rape 1 4 walnut 4.5 5 shallot 1.2 6 Corn 0.56~0.57 7 Potato 0.24 8 rice 0.7 9 pig 650~800yuan per one Data source: intensive interview with the branch secretary of Qianshan Village, Qinshan Miao people’s autonomous town, Xifeng County. (2) Family animal husbandry Family animal husbandry is very popular in 17 investigated villages. Most of villagers breed livestock and poultry to satisfy the families’ daily needs of living and agricultural work. Except the impoverish family or the family with urgent needs, ordinary families sdon’t sale their animals. zlivestock The livestock in the investigated villages include pig, horse and cattle. A Family often breeds 1 to 2 pigs each year to satisfy the family’s meat consumption in a whole year. Cattle are the main farm animal and 85% families have more than 1 cattle. Few families have the horse, which are the vehicle of agricultural materials and farm products. zpoultry The poultry include chook, duck and goose, mainly used in festival, entertainment and rituals. And the daily consumption of poultry is not so many. (3) Migrant worker Since 2000, labor export has been the important channel to relief the employment problem and to improve the peasants’ income. To deal with the land shortage and low agricultural interests, mingrant worker has been a popular employment of young people in the villages along the roads. 62 Table 3-17: the labor export in the counties/ districts/ city along the rural roads The population counties/ Total No of migrant pecent districts/ city population worker 1 Kaiyang 122649 17040 13.89 2 Xifeng 50509 8403 16.64 3 Xiuwen 77375 12341 15.95 4 Qinzhen 92009 19923 21.65 5 Huaxi 11408 7900 69.25 6 Wudang 30590 4282 14.00 7 Baiyun 4793 494 10.31 total 389333 70383 18.08 Data source: according to “The basic information of administrative villages along the rural roads”. zMigrant destination and employment Since 1980s, there have been some migrant workers in the investigated villages. At the beginning, they often went to Pearl River Delta and Hainan province, and did construction worker. Since the middle of 1990s, the migrant workers are more and more, and have scattered to Zhejiang, Fujian and Jiangshu provinces. Now the Yangtse Rive Delta and the Pearl River Delta are the two main labor import regions of 17 villages. At the same time, the villagers working in downtown Guiyang and the nearby factories and mines keep increasing. Most of migrant workers are employed as the manual workers in construction industry, manufacturing, textile mill and so on. A few migrants who got the secondary level education at least can do the office work. zMigrating channels Before 2000, the individual family’s social net of kindred and friends decided whether villagers could migrate and where they migrate to. Since 2000, the local government has begun to encourage the local labor export, and provide employment information to villagers, which have increased villagers’ migrating chances. zMigrant workers’ sex and age distribution 63 Most migrant workers are at the age of 18 to 45. According to SA questionnaire survey, 87 % of investigated migrant workers are in this age range. And 67% of investigated migrant workers are male, and 20% are female. Migrants working out of Guizhou Province are often younger than 40 years old. As to the villagers working inside Guizhou Province, the age distribution is more diversity, including the young people just graduated from junior high school, and also the old men beyond 60 years old. And in this working group, the males are more than the females. Few older than 40 women are working outside. Table 3-18: Migrant workers’ sex and age distribution Percentage Sex Total Male Femal 21-30 31 10 41 31-40 36 10 46 Age 41-50 10 0 10 51-60 3 0 3 Total 80 20 100 Data source: Guiyang Transportation Project SA Questionnaire (for the rural) analysis. zMigrant worker’s income and contributions to family economy A villager working outside Guizhou Province can get the income from RMB 600 to 1500 Yuan per month, and contribute RMB 3000 to 7000 Yuan to his family every year. And the villager working inside the province can get from 400 to 1000 Yuan per month which is a little bit less, and provide his family RMB 2000 to 4000 Yuan each year. Now the income from migrated work has been the key income resource of many families. 3. Family economies (1) Family incomes Most of investigated families’ incomes are comprised by cash and object. The cash incomes are mainly from migrated work and cash crop sale; the object incomes 64 include food and cash crops, livestock, poultry and so on. 89.23% of inverviewees think that the planting, family animal breeding and migrant work are their three key income sources. (2) Family expenditure The main expenditures of a family are food, clothes, fuels, electricity fee, agricultural materials, commodities, transportation fee, education fee and gift fee. 92.61% of investigated families think that the food, agricultural materials and gift are their three huge expenditures. 4. The problems of economic development The village cadres and ordinary villagers of 16 investigated villages think the economic development of their villages is not so good mainly because of the bad local traffic. The SA team identified some other problems of local economic development except the bad traffic. zThe simple income structure Most families in the investigated villages get incomes from planting, family animal husbandry and migrant work. The planting and animal husbandry can not contribute too much to family’s living, since: 1. the types of planting and breeding are similar and simple; 2.the planting costs are high, and economic values of corps are low; 3. the present scale of the local breeding just can satisfy the family’s meat need, since few people can afford the higher cost of the commercial breeding. If there is no member is working outside in a family, its cash income may be decreased obviously; and it also may be easier in hot water, once the family planting or breeding is low yield or in low price. Case 3-1: 65 YNS male, Miao, 33 years old. He is living in Yantang Village, Zhaiji Town, Kaiyang County and working on agriculture. His family had more than 3 mu farm lands before. At last year, he rented the 4 mu dry lands from other villager and planted more than 8000 tobacco seedlings and some corn and rape. But his family didn’t increase their income from tobacco, even lost more than 1000 Yuan, since it was very droughty last year, the yield of tobacco was too low; and the soil here is not fit to plant tobacco, the quality of tobacco is not so good, the price is just from 4 to 6 Yuan per kg compared to the normal price of 10 Yuan per kg. The other farm products of his family are mainly for self-sufficiency, for example the corn and rape are mainly satisfied the family’s need; the pigs and chooks are prepared for Chinese New Year. YNS said the villagers here just knew plant these crops even through they couldn’t get cost-efficient income, since they didn’t know which crops are in good price; and even if they can find a good crop, it would also be fruitless since the road here was too bad. zThe low commercial level of local farm and sideline products. The bad local traffic is the key reason of the low commercial level of local farm and sideline products. For example Wugongqiao Village of Saping Xiang, Xiuwen County is in a mountainous area. Even if the weather here is fit to plant vegetable and fruits, especially orange, cherry and plum, most products can’t be transported and sold outside because of the bad village road and high traffic cost. Some ripe fruits often wait to rot when no one came to pick and buy them. Pig breeding here is alike; most of pigs are self- consumed. Case 3-2 SZS, male, 36 years old, Han. He is a village cadre of Dazhai Village of Jiuzhuang Town, Xiuwen County, and working on agriculture at home. In 1992, the town government encouraged us to plant vegetables, and built the vegetable base in our village. Everyone was very active and often started to work 66 before day. At that time, you can see everywhere is the working people in the vegetable field very early. We all hope we can get more income by the way of planting vegetable. But it was disappointed because the road here was so bad and bumpy that our beautiful vegetables had rot when they got to the downtown Guiyang. That year, we had no idea on how to deal with the vegetables and orange from more than 1100 mu and only to let them wait to rot in the field. It is so pity! zThe low local agricultural technologies Since 1978, fertilizer and pesticide, fine breed paddy and corn have been popular in local agriculture.The local agricultural scale is small and the yields are low because of the small family’s land and bad village traffic. Traditional methods of cultivation are continuing, and the farm products processing industries are shortage. zThe shortage of the agricultural labor The SA team found that nearly 80% strong labors, at age of 18 to 45, selected to be migrant workers because of the low incomes from agriculture in the investigated villages. The shortage of agricultural labor has limited the rural economic and social development. 3.3.2 Urban economies The direct affected area of urban road (Youza Street to Xiaobi) is Nanming District, which locates in downtown Guiyan, and is the political, economic, cultural and educational center of Guiyang City. The office buildings of Guizhou Provincial community of CPC and Guiyan Municipal government are here. The Nanming district is composed by 2 Xiangs and 15 Street offices. The population of Naming District is 504.6 thousand. The economic structure of Nanming District mainly includes food machining, garment industry, medicine industry, high and new technology industry, commerce, 67 cultural tourism and community services. In 2004, GDP of Nanming District is RMB 82.4819 bilion Yuan, industrial gross production value is RMB 65.5606 billion Yuan. Table 3-19: the national economy development of Nanming District in 2004 criterion Unit Quantity 1.land and population Land area Km2 89.1 Population 10 thousand 50.46 the density of population per Km2 5868 2. employment Total employee 10 thousand 10.84 Primary industry employee 10 thousand 0.94 Secondary industry employee 10 thousand 2.86 Tertiary industry employee 10 thousand 7.04 Employee in city and town Danwei 10 thousand 3.4 3.production gross value and local finance Local production gross value RMB 10 thousand Yuan 824819 Agricultural production gross value RMB 10 thousand Yuan 8281 Industrial production gross value RMB 10 thousand Yuan 655606 Per capita production gross value RMB 10 thousand Yuan 16346 Total financial income RMB 10 thousand Yuan 77700 Local financial income RMB 10 thousand Yuan 55121 Local financial expenditure RMB 10 thousand Yuan 47171 4.residents income Total urban employee wage RMB 10 thousand Yuan 31527 Per capital farmer net income RMB yuan 4276 Data source: Guiyang statistical bureau.2005.“2005 Guiyang Statistical Yearbook”. Beijing: Chinese Statistical Press. The economic development level of Nanming District is up more the average of Guiyang City. Most residents in the Nanming District are workers, and the population of speasants and enterprise employees takes the second place. And most families’ annual income is no more than RMB 20000 Yuan. 90.1% residents who have the registered permanent residence of the Guiyang City (Hukou) hold their own house property, and 55.4% informants satisfy their present family economy. Table 3-20: the urban informants’ employment 68 Householder’s employment Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid worker 64 21.3 27.1 27.1 Commercial boss 13 4.3 5.5 32.6 Commercial employee 10 3.3 4.2 36.9 civil servant 10 3.3 4.2 41.1 Enterprise employee 22 7.3 9.3 50.4 Unemployment worker 5 1.7 2.1 52.5 Retired worker 49 16.3 20.8 73.3 peasant 43 14.3 18.2 91.5 Non-employment 20 6.6 8.5 100.0 total 236 78.4 100.0 Missing System 65 21.6 Total 301 100.0 Data source: Guiyang Transportation Project questionnaire (for urban project) Table 3-21: the urban informants’ Families income Family annual income Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid 5000 44 14.6 14.6 14.6 5001-8000 36 12.0 12.0 26.6 8001-10000 45 15.0 15.0 41.5 10001-15000 44 14.6 14.6 56.1 15001-20000 43 14.3 14.3 70.4 20001-25000 29 9.6 9.6 80.1 25001-30000 15 5.0 5.0 85.0 30001-50000 27 9.0 9.0 94.0 50001-100000 14 4.7 4.7 98.7 !100000 4 1.3 1.3 100.0 Total 301 100.0 100.0 Data source: Guiyang Transportation Project questionnaire (for urban project) Table 3-23: the urban informants’ registered permanent residence (Hukou) and housing registered permanent residence (Hukou) and Valid Cumulative Frequency Percent housing Percent Percent Valid Guiyang city Hukou, holding and 236 78.4 90.1 90.1 living in own house Guiyang city Hukou, living in the 20 6.6 7.6 97.7 rented house Non-Guiyang city Hukou, holding and 4 1.3 1.5 99.2 living in own house Non-Guiyang city Hukou, living in the 2 .7 .8 100.0 rented house Total 262 87.0 100.0 Missing System 39 13.0 Total 301 100.0 Data source: Guiyang Transportation Project questionnaire (for urban project) 69 Table 3-23: the urban informants’ self-appraise on Family economy self-appraise on Family economy Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid Very good 2 .7 .7 .7 Good 17 5.6 5.8 6.5 general 144 47.8 49.1 55.6 bad 100 33.2 34.1 89.8 Very bad 30 10.0 10.2 100.0 total 293 97.3 100.0 Missing missing 8 2.7 Total 301 100.0 Data source: Guiyang Transportation Project questionnaire (for urban project) 3.4 The women issue 1. Sex proportion The population in project affected area is 2.8281 million, in which the male are 1.4401 million, and the female are 1.388 million. The sex proportion of the male and female is 103.75:100. The population in the area along the rural roads is 389.3 thousand, in which the male are 203.4 thousand, the female are 185.9 thousand; and the sex proportion of the male and female is 109.45:100. The population in the area affected by the urban road is 504.6 thousand, in which the male are 263.5 thousand, the female are 241.1 thousand; and the sex proportion of the male and female is 109.26:100. 2. Women and education The women along the rural roads get less education compared to the local male and urban women. According to our sample survey, 26% of female interviewees are illiterates, 5% are semi-illiterates, 39% got the elementary education, 22% finished the junior high school study, 6 % graduated from high school, and only 2 % got the higher education. No one went to high school in the women older than 40 years old. Table 3-24: women’s education and age (the rural) Percentage Education Total 70 junior technical semi- elementary high high secondary University illiterate illiterate education school school school and college Age 21- 1 0 2 3 2 3 1 12 range 30 31- 4 1 17 7 1 0 1 31 40 41- 5 2 8 9 0 0 0 24 50 51- 12 2 10 3 0 0 0 27 60 61- 3 0 2 0 0 0 0 5 70 71- 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 80 Total 26 5 39 22 3 3 2 100 Data source: Guiyang Transportation Project questionnaire (for the rural project) Table 3-25: women’s education (the urban) Women’s education degree Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid illiterate 3.7 4.3 4.3 semi-illiterate 1.5 1.7 6.0 elementary education 13.2 15.5 21.6 junior high school 38.2 44.8 66.4 high school 14.7 17.2 83.6 technical secondary school 2.9 3.4 87.1 college 8.8 10.3 97.4 University 2.2 2.6 100.0 total 85.3 100.0 Missing System missing 14.7 Total 100.0 Data source: Guiyang Transportation Project questionnaire (for the urban project) 3. Women and work In rural affected area, many women have been the key agricultural labors because their male family members have left for working in city. Women also need undertake many domestic works such as taking care the children and the old parents. The local women are in the heavier labor than before. Table 3-26: Female interviewees’ employment (the rural) The percentage of female Cumulative Percent Valid Percent interviewees’ employment Percent Doing agriculture 83.6 83.6 83.6 Vali Doing non-agriculture 6.0 6.0 89.7 d Migrant workers 6.9 6.9 96.6 71 Teacher .9 .9 97.4 Cadre .9 .9 98.3 unemployment 1.7 1.7 100.0 Total 100.0 100.0 Data source: Guiyang Transportation Project questionnaire (for the rural project) In urban affected area, the women’s employments are multiple. 12.9%female informants are worker, 35.1% are peasants or non employment. Table 3-27: Female interviewees’ employment (the urban) female interviewees’ employment Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid worker 11.0 12.9 12.9 Commercial boss 3.7 4.3 17.2 Commercial employee .7 .9 18.1 civil servant 1.5 1.7 19.8 Enterprise employee 7.4 8.6 28.4 Retied cadre 2.9 3.4 31.9 Unemployment worker 1.5 1.7 33.6 Retired worker 19.1 22.4 56.0 students .7 .9 56.9 peasant 15.4 18.1 75.0 Non-employment 21.3 25.0 100.0 total 85.3 100.0 Missing System 14.7 Total 100.0 Data source: Guiyang Transportation Project questionnaire (for the urban project) 4. Women and external communications The women in the affected area keep the less external communications compared to the male. In rural, except the female migrant workers, the communication areas of most women at home are in their village’s town. In the villages with convenient traffic, such as Jinjia Village in Baiyun District, the women have more frequency of external communications and also act in wider areas. It is suggested that the young people in the investigated villages mainly get their spouses in their own villages or their villages’ towns. The marriage crossed the county and province is not so popular. Even if the external communications of urban women are more than rural women, their communications are mainly in Guiyang city or their own district, but few in other cities or provinces. 72 5. Procreation and women’s domestic status It is still popular that the son is the old parents’ insurance. Since 1978, Chinese government has been conducting the strict family planning policy, which prescribes that a rural couple has 2 children and urban couple has 1 child at most. The more than 20 years strict family planning policy and the higher children upbringing cost have led to some changes of the people’s opinion on preferring the boy, especially the young villagers’. Women’s work on taking care children has been less heavy than before because of the fewer children. Since 1949, the women’s domestic status has been improved obviously. Especially the family in which the husband is migrant worker, women need undertaker all the agricultural and domestic work, and take in charge of the family finance. And they are also the key family income contributors. Case 3-3 LLH, female, age of 21, the villager of Guangzhong Village of Gaozhai Town, Kaiyang County. She is working on agriculture at home. I have two old sisters and one young brother. My mother is a farmer. My father was a primary school teacher before. My parents had to break the state family planning policy and give birth to a more child after their three daughters because my grandparents cried for a grand- son. My father got the strict punishment. He was fired by his school and forced to do a farmer. My family’s land is small. The agriculture can’t support our whole family at all. My father tried to leave home to do some small trade, but couldn’t get enough money. My two old sisters and I were all good students before, but my family couldn’t afford our education fee, we had to stop going to school after we graduated from junior high school. 73 3.5 The local ethnic minorities 1. The natural environment and land resource In the project affected region, it mainly involves the Miao, Bouyei and Han people. Miao people live in the mountainous areas with inconvenient traffic, where there are more dry lands and woodlands, but fewer paddy fields; Bouyei people’s villages are often close to streams, and have more paddy fields; some Han people live in the flat areas just like Bouyei people, and some also live in the mountain like Miao people. In the investigated minorities’ villages, the per capita crop lan of Miao villages (including some other ethnic groups) is 1.12mu, in which paddy field is 0.3mu, the dry land is 0.82mu. The per capita crop land of Bouyei Villages (including some other ethnic groups) is 1.55mu, in which the paddy field is 0.6mu; the dry land is 0.95mu. 2. The ethnic minorities’ economic development In sum, the Han villages’ economic development are best, the Bouyei villages’ take the second place, the Miao Villages’ are worst. In the investigated Miao people’s villages (including some other ethnic groups), the per capita crop land is 1.12 mu, which is lower than 1.22mu, the average per capital land of 16 investigated villages; the per capita annual net income is RMB 1117.5yuan, which is also lower than RMB 1923.82yuan, the average per capital annual net income of 16 investigated villages. Bouyei villages’ per capita land and per capita annual net income are 1.55mu and RMB 2057.1yuan respectively which are higher than the averages of 16 villages, their economy is better than Miao villages. Table 3-28: the economy development of the minorities’ villages Villages(including Per capita Ethnic Per capita the ethnic mixed population annual net group land(mu) villages) income(yuan) 74 Miao 4 7836 1.12 1117.5 Bouyei 6 4140 1.55 2057.1 Data source: the statistic from the investigated minorities’ villages 3. The ethnic minorities’ cultures The ethnic minorities’ cultures are obviously special in some minorities’ villages along the rural roads. Today keeping and encouraging the ethnic minorities’ traditional cultures are looked as the useful ways to approach to the regional economic development by the investigated counties and towns government. zMiao people Miao people’s culture is special and still kept the traditional features. Their famous ethnic culture items include their ethnic costume, musical instrument (Lushen), dances and festivals. In the different region, the Miao people’s traditional festivals have a little bit different. In the investigated Miao villages, the traditional festivals include spring festival, bullfight festival (lunar calendar Jan. 5, 15 and 25), fish-killing festival (lunar calendar Mar. 3), convocation festival (lunar calendar Jun. 24), ghost festival (Zhongyuan Festival, lunar calendar July. 14), mid-autumn festival (lunar calendar Aug. 15) and so on. Miao people’s bullfight festival has been the representative of Miao traditional culture, and also the famous tourism festival. The Miao people’s traditional costume has been the special tourism souvenir and got more income. And the ethnic dance and musical instrument (Lushen) are more and more popular among the local people and tourists. 75 Figure 3-2: the bullfight festival of Gaozhai Xiang, Kaiyang County Figure 3-3:Miao people’s ethnic costume 76 Figure 3-3: Miao people’s round dance and musical instrument (Lushen) zBouyei People The local people think that the Bouyei people’s culture is similar to Han people, and not so special. In recent years, the local government is trying to reconstruct Bouyei people’s traditional customs and costume to development the local ethnic tourism and economy. Figure 3-5: Bouyei people’s ethnic costume in Dushan village, Liutun Xiang, Xiuwen County 4. The ethnic relations 77 In the investigated villages, Miao, Bouyei and Han people live together harmoniously. Miao people often less communicate with other ethnic groups since they live in mountainous area, where the traffic and communication are not so convenient. Comparing with Miao people, Bouyei and Han people keep the closer relation, and the marriage between these two ethnic groups is very popular. Case 3-4 LQJ, male, 28 years old, Bouyei. He is the villager in Zhuhua Village, Jiuzhuang Town, Xifeng county. Our Bouyei is almost same to Han people. If you don’t mention it, I couldn’t remember I was a Bouyei. The Bouyei people here have lived with Han for a long time. We keep the good relation. A lot of my classmates and friends are Han; my wife is also a Han. My family has many Han kindreds. The Bouyei young people would like to marry Han people. There are a few Miao people here. They live far from us, and it is difficult to get to their villages. Our road is so bad, but theirs is great worse. We have few connections with Miao people. In face, Even if we meet a Miao in the road, we often don’t know since they don’t speak Miao language to strangers, and we can’t speak Bouyei language. 3.6 The poverty issue The impoverish people main concentrate in the rural, especially the ethnic minorities’ villages with inconvenient traffic. In 2004, there are 74553 impoverish people in the area along the rural road, in whom more than 1/3 live in Qinzhen City, account to 23260. The per capita annual income of the impoverish people along the rural road is RMB 876.39 yuan. The per capita annual income of Ganba Villages in Xiuwen County is lowest, only RMB 405 yuan . 78 Table 3-29: the economic situation of impoverish people County/District/ The population of Per capital annual income of NO. City impoverish people impoverish people 1 Kaiyang 18056 1024.52 2 Xifeng 12698 665.89 3 Xiuwen 16075 975.12 4 Qinzhen 23260 812.40 5 Huaxi 1604 496.99 6 Wudang 1884 759.94 7 Baiyun 976 1622.30 Total 74553 876.39 Data source: according to “The basic information of administrative villages along the rural roads” 9 of the 16 investigated villages, Guangzhong, Yantang, Pantong, Qinshan(Xifeng County), Zifang, Wugongqiao, Damu, Sanzhai, Dazhai and Qinshan(Qinzhen City), are the provincial impoverish villages, in which 3 villages are Miao villages, 2 village is Bouyei village and 4 are Han villages. The annual per capita net incomes of these 9 villages are under RMB 1700 Yuan. The lowest annual per capita net income of 16 key investigated villages is in Guangzhou village, Gaozhai Xiang, Kaiyang County. Guangzhong Village cadres said that 50% families’ per capita incomes are about RMB 300 Yuan, 30% are about RMB 700 Yuan, and the surplus 20% are the richer families but still less than RMB 1000 Yuan. There are many families under the basic living line. Case 3-5: HLY, male, 67 years old, Miao, the villager of Guangzhong Village. HLY was the railway worker in Yunnan Province before. He returned to hometown at the end of 1970s. HLY has a son and his wife died many years ago. HLY live with his son and 12 years old granddaughter. His daughter-in-law also died several years ago. The whole family depends on the 1.2 mu land and the monthly living subsidy with RMB 300 Yuan from HLY’s employer. This family can’t afford to build a new house, and still live in 79 the old bungalow with two bedrooms and a kitchen which was distributed in the period of People’s Commune. The meat is the luxury to this family since they didn’t breed the pigs. The daily foods are the self-planted rice, corn and a few vegetables. Their clothes are all from the donations. HLY said his family hasn’t bought new clothes for nearly ten years. The local government support them the annual winter’s coal. Last year, his family got 1 ton free coal. Except the house, the whole properties of this family are less than RMB 500 Yuan Dazhai Village of Liutun Xiang, Xiuwen County is a Han village. This remote village is poor because of the shortage of lands and inconvenient traffic. There are more than 200 households, 1500 villagers. The per capita land is less than 1 mu. It is fit to plant orange, persimmon and tee in Dazhai. The government tried to build the anti-season vegetable base here several years ago. But it was failed because of the bad road and high traffic cost which led to the fresh vegetable couldn’t be transported outside. Now, people just plant food crops such as paddy and corn with low income. Nearly 2/3 strong labor are working outside. Because of the low education, most of these migrant workers work on the heavy physical job with lower income. Case 3-6: LTF, female, 36 years old, Han, the villager of Dazhai. She has two daughters and one son. The old daughter has got married. The young daughter is working outside. The youngest son is a student of high school. LTF’s family has more than 1 mu lands. They plant paddy, corn and rape, and yields are nearly self-sufficient. Her young daughter has been out for more than one year, and sent RMB 200-300 Yuan to support young brother’s education. LTF bred a pig last year. She gave up killing this pig as the spring festival pig and sold it before spring festival to get the cash. LTF’s family has a three- room house with little furniture. LTF and her husband stay at home all time. Except and salt, there are few cash expenditures. 80 3.7 The local education, medical treatment and health 1. Education The education of the residents in project affected area has improved greatly since 1978. Most people born after 1980 got the junior high school education at lest. Table 3-30: The education of villagers along the rural roads elementar junior County/district/cit semi- high University illiterate y high y illiterate school and college education school Kaiyang 1187 4403 41772 32259 6174 1001 Xifeng 1272 7339 14698 14827 2913 236 Xiuwen 0 1455 2648 32782 12749 3665 Qinzhen 6722 10980 37657 32117 2073 370 Huaxi 680 2990 2876 2054 240 55 Wudang 493 2206 14281 11900 1017 152 Baiyun 660 1558 670 260 50 18 Total 11014 30931 114602 126199 25216 5497 Data source: according to “The basic information of administrative villages along the rural roads”. In the urban affected area, there are 107 elementary schools, 53514 elementary schools students and 3071 elenmentary school employees. The enrollment rate of school age children is 99.98%. In the area along the rural roads, there are 199 elementary schools, 17 junior high school, 1 high school and 2962 school employees. Table 3-31: education situation of the area along the rural roads Elementary school junior high school high school C i C C C q q q m m m s t t t o e e e u u u t l l l ( ( ( r a a a a a a u a a a M M M s s s i s s s c c c y c n n n p p p n s s s h h h t 2 2 2 a a a t t t t r r r / i i i y ) ) ) e e e c c c o o o c t t t / r r r y y y e e e i o o o d t Kaiyang 49 644 39736 6 426 29843 1 40 600 Xifeng 28 252 15040 0 0 0 0 0 0 81 Xiuwen 27 300 15401 6 104 5356 0 0 0 Qinzhen 60 547 34645 4 161 5904 0 0 0 Huaxi 9 118 2760 1 42 700 0 0 0 Wudang 23 273 17598 0 0 0 0 0 0 Baiyun 3 55 3200 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total 199 2189 128380 17 733 41803 1 40 600 Data source: according to “The basic information of administrative villages along the rural roads” Every investigated town/xiang has a least one high school, most of which are junior high school; every administrative village has a least one elementary school. In 2005, there are 68.29% students, account to 41875 studying inner villages, 31.74% students account to 19473 studying out of villages,. Tabe 3-32: the school locations of the area along the rural roads County/district Inner village Out of the village /city Kayang 11992 2508 Xifeng 4065 2316 Xiuwen 5672 2984 Qinzhen 15130 7747 Huaxi 1412 1720 Wudang 3182 1789 Baiyun 422 409 Total 41875 19473 Data source: according to “The basic information of administrative villages along the rural roads”. According to SA team’s questionnaire survey, in rual 16.09% of interviewees are illiterates and semi-illiterates, 76.49% have got the primary and junior high school education, and only 7.43% have joined the high school or higher education. In urban, 40.5% informants got the junior high schoole education, 36.4% got the high school or technical secondary school education at least. Table 3-33: the rural interviewees’ education Count education Valid Total 82 junior technical Primary High Total illiterate semi-illiterates high secondary college University school school school school 16- 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 2 20 21- 2 2 18 50 8 8 10 4 102 30 31- A 16 10 138 100 6 4 6 0 280 g 40 e r 41- a 16 6 58 90 4 2 0 0 176 n 50 g e 51- 34 4 84 44 2 0 0 0 168 60 61- 30 6 24 8 2 2 0 0 72 70 71- 4 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 8 80 Total 102 28 326 292 24 16 16 4 808 Data source: Guiyang Transportation Project questionnaire (for the rural project) Table 3-34: the urban interviewees’ education interviewees’ education Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid illiterate 8 2.7 3.0 3.0 semi-illiterates 3 1.0 1.1 4.2 Primary school 50 16.6 18.9 23.1 junior high 107 35.5 40.5 63.6 school High school 44 14.6 16.7 80.3 technical secondary 19 6.3 7.2 87.5 school college 23 7.6 8.7 96.2 University 10 3.3 3.8 100.0 valid 264 87.7 100.0 Missing System 37 12.3 Total 301 100.0 Data source: Guiyang Transportation Project questionnaire (for the urban project) It is difficult for the young people in the villages to get the higher education after they finish the nine-year compulsory education because of the high education fee. Some young people give up going to high school to be migrant workers; some may drop out from high school; and the other can finish the whole high school education, in which only several capable students can pass the university entrance examination and get higher education. Qinshan Village of Qinshan Miao people’s Autonomous Xiang, Xifeng County is a small Miao compact village. This village is surrounded by groups of mountains. The 83 traffic here is so inconvenient that the villager’s farm products are difficult to be transported outside. The annual per capita net income is always between RMB 1000 Yuan and 1200 Yuan. The low family income has led to the difficulties of raising education fee. Even if children have gone to the high school, college or university, many of them have to drop out because their families can’t afford their tuition. Case 3-7: WCP, male, age of 25, Miao. He is a villager of Qinshan village, Qinshan Miao people’s autonomous town, Xifeng County. WCP got the offer of Guizhou Science and Technology University in 1999. He is the first university student in Qianshan Village. He had to drop out in the spring of 2002 because his family need spend nearly RMB 7000-8000 Yuan each year supporting his higher education. His family couldn’t give him any basic living fees which brought WCP’s living into the hot water since. And WCP was too shy to borrow money from his classmates. He drank the free soup to get necessary energy everyday. After 7 days’ such living, he had to leave the university despairingly and became a migrant worker. WCP said he tried to stay at that time, but it was unpractical since his family was too poor. Now he has married and has a son, and is working on the agriculture with his wife and parents. He plans to build an orchard in the village. He said if the road was rebuilt, he still had been confident in his future. 84 Figure 3-6: 25 years old WCP and his 1 year old son 2. Medical treatment and health The urban medical treatment and health is beter than the rural. In 2004, there are 7 medical treatment institutions, 295 doctors and iatrical technicians (172 of whom are professional doctors) in the urban affected area. Per 10 thousand persons have 3.41 doctors. In the area along the rural roads, there are 282 village and town clinics. 114322 people can see a doctor in their own villages, and 51878 people need see a doctor out of their villages. Table 3-35: the rural medical treatment in rural roads affected area The The population population Clinic/hospital Space Coounty/city/district see a doctor see a doctor quatity (M2) inner own out of own village villages Kaiyang 85 6795 35295 14417 Xifeng 35 1933 18728 9858 Xiuwen 58 2469 14422 3139 Qinzhen 62 2785 33093 21019 Huaxi 10 340 2630 805 Wudang 26 1160 7621 2330 Baiyun 6 290 2533 310 85 Total 282 15772 114322 51878 Data source: according to “The basic information of administrative villages along the rural roads”. Every county/city/district has more than one county hospital, and every town has a town clinic, and every administrative village have a village clinic. Most counties/cities/districts also have the county’s women and children sanitary center, disease preventing and curing center, sanitary monitoring center and so on. In sum, the medical treatment and health in the 16 investigated villages are in good condition, and villagers can see a doctor convenient. In most time, villagers’ diseases can be cured in town and county’s medical treatment and health system. There are few accidents led by delayed medical treatments in the investigated villages and no huge infectious diseases in the project affected area during recent year. It is family economy which decides whether the sick villagers’ see a doctor in time. The high medical treatments costs have been much higher than villagers’ financial abilities. Some poor families are forced to give up the medical treatments because they have no enough money. 86 Chapter 4.Highway Development in the Affected Area and Target Groups’ Opinions about the Project 4.1 Highway establishment in the affected area 4.1.1 The overview By the end of 2003, Guiyang City had a total highway length of 3309km, of which that of national highways was 313km, provincial highways 370km, county highways 935km, country roads 1644km, special highways 47km, the density of the highway network was 0.14km/km2. In the affected area, there are 106km of expressways, 49km of Class-1 highways, 271km of Class-2 highways, 579km of Class-3 highways, 1506km of Class-4 highways and 798km of off-class highways. In the affected area, the national and provincial highways are mostly expressways or Class-1 highways; the county highways are mostly Class-2 or -3; the country roads are mostly Class-4 and the village roads are off-class. In the 16 villages investigated under this assessment, except 2 villages in Wudang and Baiyun Districts, the other villages have a poor traffic condition, especially the roads at Wugongqiao, Damu and Sanmu Villages, Xiuwen County are almost “crude roads” that are obstructed in rainy days. 87 Figure 4-1 Village-side Highway at Damu Village 4.1.2 Impacts of existing highway projects on local society Most of the existing highway projects in the affected area are playing a crucial role in promoting local economic and social development and creating economic and social benefits. In some local officials’ eyes, the existing highway construction projects have directly promoted local crop cultivation, stockbreeding and farm product processing, added to the local farmers’ income, and provided for the transfer of rural surplus labor. Take Qinzhen City as an example, from 2001 to 2004, there was a total investment of RMB92.823 in the transformation of 500km of county and Xiang highways, and an investment of RMB3.93 million in the construction of 178km of poverty-relief highways, benefiting over 80,000 farmers in 20,000 households from 70 villages, 10 Xiangs and towns of the city. In the relevant highway construction projects, farmer workers’ wages and transport costs alone contributed over RMB45.6 million to the local farmers’ income. The highway projects have also catalyzed the readjustment of the local rural industrial structure, the healthy development of local transportation and provided more chances of communication with the outside. 88 Our investigation shows that local rural economy is better where convenient highway traffic is present, associated with a higher standard of living and educational (formal) level of farmers. At Xinmin, Wanggang and Luguan Villages with better traffic, the annual average household income of the respondents was RMB20392, RMB13486 and RMB11052.83 respectively. At Guangzhong, Yantang and Qingshan Villages with poorer traffic, the figures are RMB6704.55, RMB5471.88 and RMB5309.47 only. Table 4-1 Comparison of Gross Average Household Income at the Investigated vilages in 2005 Unit: yuan Number of Village Mean households Std. Deviation N Guangzhong 6704.55 22 5471.309 Yantang 5471.88 32 3621.324 Pantong 17611.11 36 31089.319 Qingshan, Xifeng 5309.47 36 2446.125 Zhifang 6509.29 28 4127.902 Zhuhua 9165.63 16 6941.657 Wugongqiao 6088.89 54 2510.243 Damuzhai 11345.87 30 6627.408 Dazhai 12168.89 18 8448.651 Sanzhai 16659.94 34 17421.279 Qingzhen 7824.27 132 6815.154 Qingshan Panzhai 6766.89 106 5339.512 Luguan 11052.83 46 6921.335 Chetian 11355.40 50 5260.453 Xinmin 20392.73 44 51487.938 Wanggang 13485.80 100 19093.608 Total 10208.49 784 16830.105 Data source: Guiyang Transportation Project questionnaire (for the rural project) 4.1.3 Problems with existing highway projects in the affected area The affected area features the karst landform and a complex of highlands, hills, basins, valleys and terraces. The local government and people have built many rural highways over years, yet the traffic problems are still outstanding. At present, the 89 highways at the investigated villages are mostly with sandstone and muddy surfaces and obstructed in rainy days. The villagers have a strong call for the construction and transformation of rural highways. And at few villages, there have been radical acts against traffic facilities due to the longstanding problems. Our investigation shows the respondents have low satisfaction with the existing traffic condition. 40% of the respondents are very dissatisfied with it, 32.7% are dissatisfied, and only 4.9% are very satisfied. Table 4-2 Satisfaction of Respondents with Present Traffic Condition (the rural) Cumulative Percent Valid Percent Percent Valid Very satisfied 4.9 5.0 5.0 Largely satisfied 16.0 16.1 21.0 Neither, nor 5.7 5.7 26.7 Dissatisfied 32.7 32.9 59.7 Very dissatisfied 40.0 40.3 100.0 Total 99.3 100.0 Missing System .7 Total 100.0 Data source: Guiyang Transportation Project questionnaire (for the rural project) Table 4-3 Satisfaction of Respondents with Present Traffic Condition (the urban) Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid Very bad 30 10.0 10.0 10.0 Bad 69 22.9 23.1 33.1 Just so so 93 30.9 31.1 64.2 satisfied 89 29.6 29.8 94.0 Very 18 6.0 6.0 100.0 satisfied total 299 99.3 100.0 Missing system 2 .7 Total 301 100.0 Data source: Guiyang Transportation Project questionnaire (for the urbanl project) 90 There are the following problems with highway construction in the affected area: 1. The problem of “focus on trunks and negligence of branches” is serious. Under the influence of some interested parties, some highway construction projects in the affected were pursuing immediate economic benefits and political influence excessively, and those trunk highways with great political and economic implications were valued, other than rural branch highways of minor influence. As far as the affected area is concerned, the national, provincial and county highways are high-class highways with few branches. Most of the rural areas they run through can hardly benefit from highway development. 2. The construction guideline of “focus on construction and negligence of maintenance” and management system for rural highways have not been changed radically. Within the affected area, the rural highways have not been taken good care of. Under the prevailing highway management system, the rural highways have not been brought into the administration of the traffic authorities and are not supported financially for routine maintenance. Due to the lack of funds, some rural highways have not been well maintained and have been seriously destroyed. 3. There is a strong sense of localism in highway planning, which is a key factor that impedes the highway development in the affected area. At present, there is a small number of inter-county and inter-Xiang (town) trunk highways in the affected area, and the county and Xiang-level road network is relatively lagging behind. Some local officials think it is this strong sense of localism that has resulted in the segmentation in highway planning, construction and management and great wastes of highway resources. 91 4.2 Target groups’ opinions about the project Perception and attitudes of different target groups, featuring different social strata, financial positions and sexes of this project are a key aspect of this investigation. The subjects of this social assessment include all levels of government officials and ordinary villages of Guiyang City and the counties (cities, districts), Xiangs (towns) and villages thereunder. The investigation focused on the target groups’ perceptions and attitudes toward the project’s possible impacts on local economy and society. 4.2.1 Local officials 1. Officials of different administrative levels The attitudes of officials of different administrative levels toward the project are as follows. Table 4-4 Attitudes of officials of different administrative levels toward the project Administrative Positive impacts Negative impacts level 1. Good to the construction and improvement of the “Greater Guiyang” traffic network. 2. Promote the economic growth Municipal of Guiyang and create a good officials image. 3. Strengthen economic connections between Guiyang and counties under it, drive the development of local economy. 1. Good to the improvement of the 1. The project might bring county’s traffic condition. migrant resettlement 2. Good to business and capital problems. County (city, invitation. 2. The project might district) 3. Good to tourist development. damage the farmland officials infrastructure along the highway to some extent. 1. Good to the improvement of 1. There might be public Xiang (town) rural highway traffic and the security problems officials reduction of transport costs. during construction. 92 2. Good to farmers’ outing and the 2. The project might prosperity of the local market. damage some local 3. Good to agricultural water facilities. restructuring. 4. Good to the education difficulty of farmers’ children. 5. Good to tourist development. Data source: information from municipal, county, Xiang official group discussion and interview 2. Officials from areas of different economic levels The attitudes of officials from areas of different economic levels toward the project are as follows. Table 4-5 Attitudes of officials from areas of different economic levels toward the project Area Positive impacts Negative impacts 1. Good to the development of 1. The project will planting, cultivation and farm involve house product processing, and relocation. agricultural restructuring. 2. The project might 2. Good to business and capital affect the local Developed invitation. farmers’ life and areas 3. Good to the employment of rural production. surplus labor. 4. Strengthen local connections with Guiyang and surrounding areas. 1. Good to the transport of farm and sideline products. 2. Good to farmers’ increase of Undeveloped income. areas 3. Good to villagers’ outing. 4. Good to children’s education. 5. Good to and the reduction of the disparity with developed areas. Data source: information from municipal, county, Xiang official group discussion and interview 93 3. Officials of different ethnic groups The attitudes of officials of different ethnic groups toward the project are as follows. Table 4-6 Attitudes of officials with different ethnic identity toward the project Ethnic Positive impacts Negative impacts identity 1. Good to the development of public traffic in minority areas 2. Good to the development of national tourism and the protection of traditional minority cultures Minority 3. Good to the development of officials national economy and the relief of minority poverty 4. Good to the employment of the minority population 5. Good to the implementation of the State ethnic policies 1. Good to traffic improvement in minority areas and the development of rural economy 2. Good to the economic development and cultural Han officials exchange and unity between different nationalities 3. Good to the development and utilization of mineral resources in minority areas, and the development of local economy. Data source: information from municipal, county, Xiang official group discussion and interview 4. Officials of different sexes The attitudes of officials of different sexes toward the project are as follows. Table 4-7 the officials of different sexes toward the project 94 Sex Positive impacts Negative impacts 1. Good to the transport of agricultural materials, farm and sideline products. 2. Good to the employment of rural surplus labor Male 3. Good to the increase of farmers’ income 4. Good to connections of the rural population with the outside, and the marriage of some rural young men 1. Good to the relief of the labor intensity of rural women 2. Good to the development of Female family cultivation. 3. Good to the education and employment of farmers’ children Data source: information from municipal, county, Xiang official group discussion and interview 4.2.2 Ordinary villagers 1. Village cadres and ordinary villagers The attitudes of village cadres and ordinary villagers toward the project are as follows. Table 4-8 Attitudes of village cadres and ordinary villagers toward the project Degree Target Positive impacts Negative impacts of group support Village 1. Good to the increase of farmers’ 1. The project would cadres output and income, and the bring public security settlement of rural poverty problems. 2. Good to the outside employment 2. The project might Very of farmers. damage water high 3. Good to the export of farm and facilities. sideline products and the prosperity of the rural market 4. Good to agricultural 95 restructuring and the development of local economy. Ordinary 1. Good to the transport of farm 1. The project might villagers and sideline products and occupy farmland, and farmers’ outing destroy the existing 2. Good to children’s education. water facilities, 3. Good to economic development farmland and soil Very and the increase of farmers’ 2. There might be noise high income during construction 4. Good to farmers’ outside 3. The construction employment personnel might bring public security problems Data source: information from village cadre group discussion and door-to-door interview 2. Villagers from areas of different economic levels The attitudes of villagers from areas of different economic levels toward the project are as follows. Table 4-9 Attitudes of villagers from areas of different economic levels toward the project Degree of Villagers Positive impacts Negative impacts support 1. Good to the development of 1. Construction will local cultivation, processing and produce noise, dust that transport will affect the local Developed 2. Good to business and capital people’s normal life. High areas invitation. 2. The project might 3. Good to the employment of occupy farmland and rural surplus labor houses 1. Good to villagers’ outing. 2. Good to the development of planting and the transport of Undeveloped Very farm and sideline products. areas high 3. Good to children’s education. 4. Good to the development of rural economy. Data source: information from village cadre group discussion and door-to-door interview 3. Villagers with different ethnic identities 96 The attitudes of villagers with ethnic identities toward the project are as follows. Table 4-10 Attitudes of villagers with different identities toward the project Degree of Nationality Positive impacts Negative impacts support Minority 1. Good to villagers’ outing. 1. The project might 2. Good to children’s education. occupy farmland. 3. Good to the transport of farm 2. The project might products. damage farmland and 4. Good to the relief of poverty. soil. 1. Good to the transport of farm, 3. The project would Very sideline products and mineral bring public security high resources. problems. 2. Good to the development of local economy, and the reduction of the disparity with developed areas. Han 1. Good to the communication 1. The project might between the Han people and destroy farmland minorities. infrastructure. 2. Good to increase of the local 2. The project might Very farmers’ income, the reduction cause inconveniences high of the economic disparity to local traffic. between the Han people and minorities. Data source: information from village cadre group discussion and door-to-door interview 4. Villagers of different sexes The attitudes of villagers of different sexes toward the project are as follows. Table 4-11 Attitudes of villagers of different sexes toward the project Degree of Sex Positive impacts Negative impacts support Male 1. Good to the increase of income. 1. The project might villagers 2. Good to the villagers’ outing damage the existing and intercourse with other areas. water facilities. 3. Good to the marriage of some 2. The project might Very young men. affect the local public high 4. Good to the education of security. farmers’ children. 5. Good to the reduction of urban- rural disparity. 97 Female 1. Good to the relief of women’s 1. The project might bring villagers labor intensity and household traffic safety problems. burden. 2. The project might bring 2. Good to the export of farm and public security High sideline products. problems. 3. Good to children’s education. 4. Good to the migrant employment of the youth. Data source: information from village cadre group discussion and door-to-door interview 4.2.3 Urban residents 1. Community cadres and ordinary residents The attitudes of Community cadres and ordinary residents toward the project are as follows. Table 4-12 Attitudes of Community cadres and ordinary residents toward the project Target Positive impacts Negative impacts group Community Good to create a new urban 1. Residents’ daily cadres appearance living may be good to improve the urban inconvenient during traffic the road building. Good to the employment of 2. the resettlement residents. problem led by the Good to commercial project will be bad to development. residents sustainable Good to increase the close development relation between the rural and 3. The project would urban. bring public security problems. ordinary 1. Good to improve the urban 1. The road build residents traffic, and will disturb residents’ Traffic will be more convenient. daily living. 2. Good to increase residents’ 2. The project would investment chances. bring public security 3. Good to improve the urban problems. infrastructures establishment. 98 Data source: information from community cadres’ group discussion and door-to-door interview 2. Enterpriser and enterprise managers The attitudes of enterpriser and enterprise managers toward the project are as follows. Table 4-13: Attitudes of Community cadres and ordinazhery residents toward the project Target group Positive impacts Negative impacts 1. Accelerate the local 1 Disturb the economic development. normal 2. Fasten the relation production of Managers in between the rural and enterprises. government- urban. 2 The factory owned 3. Improve the utility of relocation may enterprises urban public services. lead to the problem of the employees’ resettlement. 1. Good to improve 1 Not good to the importance of urban environment economhy. conversation. 2. Good to share the 2 The road Owners of urban public services. establishment private 3. Good to get more may lead to enterprises commercial chance. inconvenience to 4. Good to relief residents living. urban residents’employment problem. 3. Good to improve 1 The project the efficiency of goods would bring fluid. public security 4. Good to increase problems. Managers of the employments. 2 The project might private 5. Good to disturb the enterprises commercial development. normal 6. Good to fasten the production of relation between the ruran enterprises. and urban. 3 The project might disturb the living 99 of local residents. Data source: information from community residents’ group discussion and door-to-door interview 3. The workers, commercial employees and the residents in urban villages The attitudes of workers, commercial employees and the residents in urban villages toward the project are as follows. Table 4-14 Attitudes of workers, commercial employees and the residents in urban villages toward the project Target groups Positive impacts Negative impacts 1 Good to convenient 1 The project traffic. building might 2 Good to change the disturb local urban appearance residents 3 Good to improve living. the urban public services 2 The project 4 Good to increase would bring Workers the commercial chances. public security problems. 3 The factories relocation may lead to the problem of the employees’ resettlement. 1 Good to increase 1 The project the emloment for local building might residents. disturb normal 2 Good to convenient commercial Commercial traffic activities. employees 3 Good to improve 2 The project the urban public services building might disturb local residents living. 1 Good to increase 1 The displacement the local investment and resstlement The residents in chances. might depress urban villages 2 Good to improve local people s present traffic. living. 3 Good to go out 2 The project convenient. 100 convenient. establishment 4 Good to fasten the might disturb relation between the urban residents living. and rural. 3 The project might be bad to local environment conversation. Data source: information from door-to-door interview. 4.2.4 The affected people’s willingness to participate in the project and attitude toward migration and relocation 1. Willingness to participate in the project The villagers at the investigated villages are enthusiast about the project. During our investigation, most of the respondents say they are willing to contribute their labor irrespective of pay. From the questionnaires, 92.9% of the respondents are willing to participate in the project’s construction. The villagers at the areas of undeveloped traffic have a particularly high enthusiasm about this. At Wugongqiao Village, Saping Xiang, Xiuwen County, above 95% of the respondent villagers say, if necessary, they are willing to contribute labor without pay. Table 4-15 Intent of the respondent villagers for participation in the project Cumulative Percent Valid Percent Percent Valid Willing 92.9 94.3 94.3 Unwilling 1.5 1.5 95.8 Don’t know 4.2 4.2 100.0 Total 98.5 100.0 Missing System 1.5 Total 100.0 Data source: Guiyang Transportation Project questionnaire (for the rural project) In urban affected area, most residents’ attitude toward project is optimistic.The residents in Longdongbao and Youza Street Office look forward to the establishment 101 of “You-xiao” Road. 84% residents said they approved of building the road and hoped the establishment start as soon as possible. Table 4-16 Intent of urban informants for participation in the project Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid very 94 31.2 32.8 32.8 favorable Favorable 159 52.8 55.4 88.2 Don’t care 29 9.6 10.1 98.3 Unfavorable 5 1.7 1.7 100.0 Total 287 95.3 100.0 Missing 14 4.7 Total 301 100.0 Data source: Guiyang Transportation Project questionnaire (for the urban project) By the mode of participation, in rural 74.9% of the respondents are willing to participate in the project’s construction, 2.0% willing to provide raw materials, 6.6% willing to do business near the site and 14.7% willing to participate in other ways. Table 4-17 Villagers’ expected mode of participation in the project Cumulative Percent Valid Percent Percent Valid Work on site 74.9 76.3 76.3 Provision of raw 2.0 2.0 78.3 materials Doing business near 6.6 6.8 85.0 the site Others 14.7 15.0 100.0 Total 98.3 100.0 Missing System 1.7 Total 100.0 Data source: Guiyang Transportation Project questionnaire (for the rural project) 2. The attitude toward resettlement In rural, most of the respondent villagers believe, construction of the road will not cause a large-scale resettlement. 90.4% of the respondents say they are willing to relocate if necessary. 45.5% of the respondents expect housing arrangement as the compensation for relocation, 30.0% expect compensation in cash and 7.4% expect job arrangement. 102 Table 4-18 Willingness for resettlement of the respondent villagers Cumulative Percent Valid Percent Percent Valid Willing 90.4 91.3 91.3 Unwilling 5.7 5.7 97.0 No answer 2.9 3.0 100.0 Total 99.0 100.0 Missing System 1.0 Total 100.0 Data source: Guiyang Transportation Project questionnaire (for the rural project) Table 4-19 Intent for compensation of the respondent villagers Cumulative Percent Valid Percent Percent Valid Fund 30.0 30.3 30.3 Housing 45.5 45.9 76.2 arrangement Job arrangement 7.4 7.4 83.6 Others 16.2 16.4 100.0 Total 99.0 100.0 Missing System 1.0 Total 100.0 Data source: Guiyang Transportation Project questionnaire (for the rural project) In urban, some residents said that the resettlement might depress their present living, some said the negative impacts of resettlement are not limited to economy, and suggested that the compensation way need to be the cash compounding with other compensations Table 4-20 Willingness for resettlement of the urban informants Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid Willing 221 73.4 77.3 77.3 Unwilling 64 21.3 22.4 99.7 Don’t know 1 .3 .3 100.0 total 286 95.0 100.0 Missing 15 5.0 Total 301 100.0 103 Data source: Guiyang Transportation Project questionnaire (for the urban project) Table 4-21 Intent for compensation of the urban informants Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid cash 59 19.6 24.9 24.9 Housing 154 51.2 65.0 89.9 arrangement Job 13 4.3 5.5 95.4 arrangement Others 11 3.7 4.6 100.0 Total 237 78.7 100.0 Missing 64 21.3 Total 301 100.0 Data source: Guiyang Transportation Project questionnaire (for the urban project) 104 Chapter 5: the project’s social impacts 5.1 The social impacts of rural roads construction On one hand, the rural roads project will be good to change the bad traffic condition of the rural Guiyang City, facilitate the local economic development, advance the local women’s status, close the relations between ethnic groups, protect of ethnic cultures and enhance the urban-rural relations. On the other hand, the project also has the potential negative impacts on local natural environment, social security and traffic satefy. 5.1.1 The impacts on the local traffic The project will improve the local traffic condition significantly. In the affected area, the traffic problem has been the main obstacle to the local social development, and the local villagers have an urgent desire for traffic improvement. However, restricted by the local finance for highway construction, traffic development has been lagging behind for a long time, the villagers still have difficulty in outing, and there are even social conflicts in some places. On 12 Nov 2005, the Qingfeng Section of the highway at a villager team, Pingzhai Village, Weicehng Town, Qingzhen City was broken off by local farmers, because this rural highway, built in 1953 and concerning over 1000 villagers, has not been renovated since 1983 and the road surface is seriously damaged, affecting the local villagers’ life and production greatly. Some villagers attempted to force the nearby enterprises to fund the renovation by breaking off the highway. In recent years, there have been frequent cases of appeal to the superior authorities by reason of highway traffic. On all levels of people’s congresses, proposals on faster highway construction have been increasing year by year. The respondent local officials and ordinary villagers think the Guiyang Transportation Project will improve the highway traffic condition in the urban and rural areas of 105 Guiyang greatly and have far-reaching significance for local social stability and healthy development 5.1.2 The impacts on the development of local economy Our investigation reveals the respondents have great expectations for the project in promoting local economic development. On the forum at Wugongqiao Village, Xiuwen County, the investigators attempted to learn the local people’s attitude to the project by sequencing. As to the most positive impact of the project, 21 people who took part in sequencing thought it to be “good to economic development” without exception. Zhifang Village, Xifeng County is a province-level poor village that had been known for high-quality yet cheap incense paper before 1949. However, due to the relatively backward traffic, incense paper could not be exported in large quantities and economic development was seriously restricted, the villagers are leading a hard life. Jinjia Village, Baiyun District is a habitat of the Bouyei people. Thanks to superior geographic and traffic conditions, great achievements have been made in business and capital invitation in recent years. It is thought by the local cadres if the traffic condition of the village and its surrounding areas could be further improved, the mineral and tourist resources of village will be developed and utilized further to boost local economic development. At Luguan Village, Wudang District, as the traffic problem has not been well solved, the dairy, goat farm, pig farm and vegetable base introduced into this village are having great difficulties in construction and operations. At Dazhai Village, Xiuwen County, construction of the greenhouse vegetable base was aborted by reason of traffic several years ago. At Qingshan Village, Xifeng County, retailers from other places are not willing to purchase farm and sideline products from this village because the highway condition there is poor, so that the villagers of this village have often to sell farm and sideline products at prices lower than the market level by 20% to 30%. The respondents think economic poverty is directly related with traffic. The highway project will be good to the development of local economy and enrich more poor people. 5.1.3 The impacts on the living of impoverished population 106 Most of the impoverished people in affected area live in the region with inconvenient traffic. The traffic is a key factor which led to the poverty. It is suggested that the farm products prices are lower in the most of impoverished villages; the villagers have a few chances to connect with the outside, the more unemployment of surplus labor need to be transfered. The establishment of rural roads will facilitate the poverty reduction. The local villagers said the price of the farm products, the family income will increase after the road construction. And the convenient traffic will create non-agircultural employment for impoverished people. 5.1.4 The impacts on women Due to the inconvenience in traffic, the investigated villages usually have a low level of agricultural revenue. Male adults of some families have to work outside for higher income. After 2000, with the outward migration of many male adults, women have become the main force in the agricultural production of the investigated villages, with sharply increased labor intensity and family burden. Panzhai Village, Qingzhen City is inhabited by Miao and Han people, has 1186 people in 329 households, of which the Miao population accounts for 30%, the Han population 60%, and other minorities from other places 10%. At present, over 200 villagers are working outside, and the agricultural production of the village, children’s education and support of the elderly are undertaken by housewives mainly. Due to inconvenient traffic and high travel costs, some villagers working outside would come home every 2 to 3 years. Unable to bear the heavy burden, some women have to move out with their husbands. At the end of 2005, 99 couples of the village were outside all the year round, and over 50 couples had not returned home for at least 5 years, resulting in serious problems in children’s education and support of the elderly. The villagers think the highway project will help relieve their disparity with developed areas, and gradually reduce the blind outflow of local young adults gradually, relieve women’s burden, and greatly improve the children’s education and the living standard of the elderly. 107 5.1.5 The impacts on relations between ethnic groups, the protection and development of national cultures The respondent minority villagers think, though the state ethnic policies have generally benefited them and the relationship between nationalities in the affected area is harmonious, there is still a mental gap between many minority villagers and the Han people because the minority population mostly resides in mountain areas or areas of inconvenient traffic where the economic and educational level is relatively low and there is limited communication with the outside. At some places, the minority population (especially the youth) has an inadequate perception of the national culture and weak identification with their own nationality. At some minority villages investigated, many villagers think they have little difference from the Han nationality in lifestyle. Some minority officials think only by improving the traffic condition in the minority areas can the communication between minority villagers and the outside be strengthened and they realize the value of their own culture. Only when the minorities are let out can they return and can the relationship between nationalities be improved radically. During the investigation at Pingzhai Village, Gaozhai Xiang, Kaiyang County, the appraisal team spent the Bullfight Festival on January 25 in the Miao calendar (22 Feb 2006) and had the chance to experience the holiday atmosphere of the local Miao people. According to the locals, the traditional Bullfight Festival was held at January 5, 15 and 25 every year. During the festival, the Miao people of the nearby villages would gather to watch bullfights and dance in a warm atmosphere. In recent years, the local government has publicized the Bullfight Festival in order to develop tourist resources and mobilize the Miao villagers from the surrounding villages to participate. However, on the above 150km distance from the seat of Kaiyang County to Pingzhai Village, a nearly 80km road section had sandstone or muddy surface and was too sharp to drive. Except the local officials invited, there are few visitors. The local officials think only when the highway traffic condition has been greatly improved can the Bullfight Festival attract move visitors to drive the development of the local 108 national tourism. Only in this way can the local Miao villagers realize the role of the national culture in promoting economic development, effectively protect and develop the national culture. The local Miao villagers think when the highway is completed, there will surely be more participants in the festival, and the Miao and Han people will have more interactions and connections. Meanwhile, tourist development will help solve the employment problem of the local villagers and improve their household income greatly. 5.1.6 The impacts on the development of rural education The villagers at the points of investigation pay much attention to their children’s education. Restricted by the traffic condition, the natural resources of the local rural areas could not be fully developed and utilized, and farm and sideline products could not be exported successfully. In a relatively undeveloped rural society, many villagers expect their children could change fate by receiving education. Living scattered, the teaching points at the village level could not meet the educational demand of the local villagers’ children. Many villagers have to send their children to nearby villages or the seat of the Xiang/town government for education. As far as the affected area is concerned, junior high schools are found at the Xiang/town level only. Children at the villages have to attend school elsewhere but are meeting with traffic difficulties. Wugongqiao Village, Xiuwen County is about 7km away from Saping (the seat of the Xiang government) and connected by a 4.5-meter-wide muddy road. It takes 30 minutes go travel by bus in sunny days and 1.5 hours in rainy days. Since there is neither complete primary school or junior high school at Wugongqiao Village, children have to receive education at Saping after the 3rd grade in primary school. Accordingly, the highway project will greatly improve the education condition for the villagers’ children. Zhuhua Village, Xifeng County is a habitat of the Bouyei nationality, where many villagers’ children have dropped out without finishing their junior high school studies 109 due to the poor traffic condition. Owing to the low education level, some young people have to farm at home. We made a sampling survey of the villagers above 20 years and below 65 years of this village. As a result, of the 23 respondents, 17% were illiterate, 61% had received primary school education only, 22% graduated from junior high school, and no one had received senior high school education. Due to early dropout, the youth of the village mostly gets married and bears a child early, and local economy has been stagnant. Table5-1 Education level of the informants at Zhuhua Village Illiterate Primary school Junior high Senior high Total school 4 14 5 0 23 17% 61% 22% 0 100% Most of the respondent local officials and villagers say, the improvement of the highway traffic condition will bring new opportunities to the development of local rural education and greatly facilitate the improvement of the rural population quality, the development of rural economy and society. 5.1.7 The impacts on urban-rural relations In the affected area, there are many bazaars named by animals, such as cat bazaar, horse bazaar and dog bazaar, because these bazaars used to be open on the corresponding days. Restricted by traffic, the rural bazaars in the affected area have a long opening period, usually 7 days, and economic connections between urban and rural areas have been affected to some extent. At some places, though new bazaars have been planned, villagers from surrounding areas could hardly have enough time for scheduling. At Panzhai Village, Qingzhen City, since there are great passenger flows through this village, the local villagers planned to set up a bazaar several years ago for the convenience of trade with the nearby villages. However, this plan has not been realized, because the villagers would spend too much time on travel. The traffic inconvenience has restricted the scope and frequency of travel of the local villagers. Our sampling survey shows, 82.71% of the respondents would go to the seat of the 110 Xiang/town they belong to. 95% of the respondents say, they go to the urban area of Guiyang less than once a year on average. The local villagers think the highway project will be convenient for their outing and make the rural areas more closely connected to the urban areas. At remote Guangzhong Village, Kaiyang County, the villagers rarely go out and have few chances to go downtown, and their ideology is thought by the local cadres as “conservative”. Some villagers think the main reason for this is the traffic inconvenience, and they have little contact with the outside, especially with the so-called “advanced urban civilization”. They think after the highway is completed, they will be more open-minded and have more ideas about economic development. Case 5-1 WS, male, 48, Miao nationality, farmer at Guangzhong Village, Kaiyang County After the highway was completed, we could bypass the muddy road from our village to Guiyang. We can go via Guiding County without going through the seat of Kaiyang County and can arrive in Guiyang in 4 hours. In this way, it is much easier for us to go downtown. We can go there more often to visit my relatives and friends, see something new, and they can also visit my home often and take back specialties, such as vegetables. The air is good here and vegetables are grown with farm manure and completely nuisance-free. These things are rare for townsmen. The SA team didn’t meet the rural and urban informants who oppose the project conduction. That doesn’t mean there are no social ventures in the project. Local officials and villagers look forward to improving the traffic condition. Many of them expressed that the building road was the thing with no negative effects at all. They didn’t pay attention to the potential questions led by the project construction. Though this project is more benefits than ventures as a whole, we still need to understand the potential problems. 111 5.1.8The impacts on natural environment Though this project is focused on expansion, with little new land occupation, highway construction might change the geologic structure of some sections, destroy the ground vegetation to some extent and result in some unforeseeable environmental consequences due to the complex landforms along the highway. 5.1.9 The impacts on local rural public security During construction, with the inflow of migrant workers, there might be new pressures on the local rural public security and inconveniences to the villagers’ life and production. 5.1.10The impacts on traffic safety: Highway construction might bring safety concerns while improving the traffic condition and accordingly, higher requirements are imposed on the local farmers’ sense of traffic safety. 5.1.11The impacts on traditional minority cultures When the traffic condition has been improved, the local minorities will have increased opportunities of contact with the outside. With the increase of economic and cultural connections between different nationalities, there will be more cultural interactions. Though the improvement of the traffic condition will not have any negative impacts on the national cultures, the economically disadvantaged minorities will have a greater mental pressure, and their traditional lifestyle and values will meet with new trials. 5.2 The social impacts of rural passenger transport stations 5.2.1 The impacts on traffic development In the affected area, the construction of the rural passenger transport stations was always neglected before. This project will change this situation, and reduce the villagers’ difficulties of taking bus. This project will also good to the development of the farm products transportation. 112 5.2.2 The impacts on local economic development This project will improve the circulation speed of rural population and goods, which will drive the development of local carrying trade, farm products machining and tourism. The local villagers may get the multiple income resourses after the project construction. 5.2.3 The impacts on local villagers The change of local inconvenient traffic led by the project will be good to the communication between the local villagers and the outside. 5.2.4 The impacts on cultural intercourse The project will bring more communication chances to the people from different ethnic groups or rural and urban areas, and also provide a space for such communication. 5.2.5 Requisition & resettlement’s impacts on villagers’ living The stations will locate the population impacted area, and will lead to the issues of requisition & resettlement. According to present project design, the requisition & resettlement will not involve too many families. But as to the affected families, they need adapt to the huge change in the future. 5.3 The social impacts of urban road construction 5.3.1 The impacts on urban traffic The urban road construction will be expressway between Longdongbao area and downtown Guiyang, and decrease the distance between the downtown Guiyang and other districts/city/counties. 5.3.2 The impacts on urban planning The urban road aim to break the traffic bottleneck which blocked the connections between Longdongbao area and downtown Guiyang,and integrate the Longdongbao 113 area into downtown Guiyang, which will expand the development space of downtown Guiyang. 5.3.3 The impacts on urban economic deveopment For traffic bottleneck, the villagers’ farm products and factories’ raw materials and products are difficulties to be transported to downtown Guiyang. The urban road construction will good to decrease the transportation fee and time. 5.3.4 The impacts on urban-rural relation This project will construct a express channel tween the Youza Street in downtown Guiyang and Xiaobi Xiang in Huaxi District, which will close the relation between the downtown Guiyang and rural area of Guiyang, provide the urban-rural intercourse chance and decrease the differences between the urban and rural. 5.3.5 The impacts on urban environment The urban roand construction has the potential negative impacts on urban environment, which include the potential pollution of dirty, water and noise during the building, and the requisition & resettlement issues led by the project. 5.3.6 Requisition & resettlement issues The urban residents, especially the workers and residents living in urban villages have shown many cares on this problem. Some people thought resettlement is not only an economic problem, but also relevant to the future development of the displaced people. The former compensation only included the cost of housing establishment, but paid few attention to its acual economic value. In Youza Village, an urban village in Nanming District, the housing rent is the main income source of most villagers. If their houses are dismantled, these people will be forced to deal with the linving problem. The workers who work in the factory along the urban road worry about the factories’ removing may lead to their wage reduction, even their unemployment. 114 Chapter 6: conlusion and suggestions 6.1 Conlusion Based on our field investigation, SA team understood the different stakeholders’ present living and analysed the project’s potential impacts on local social/economic/cultural development. It suggests that the Guiyang Transportation Project would a. Be help to improve the rural and urban traffic condition in Guiyang; b. Accelerate local economic development and poverty reduction; c. Be good to the minorities’ development, keep the good ethinc relations and protect the ethnic cultures; d. Increase villagers and urban residents’ income, and improve the female’s social class; e. Be good to the development of rural education; f. Relief the employment difficulty of rural surplus labor in affected area during the project establishment. SA team thinks that Guiyang Transportation Project is feasible from the view of its social and cultural impacts. The local people and government cry for improving their traffic condition, and have shown their huge enthusiasm for participating to this project. At the same time, there are some potentianl negative impacts which need be paid more attention to, for example environment conversation, social security, traffic security, ethnic monorities’ traditional culture conversation and resettlement. 115 6.2 Suggestions 6.2.1 Villagers and urban residents’ suggestions 1. Strengthen the planning and construction of village access roads The respondent villagers say, the highway construction projects in the past were focused on major highways only and paid little attention to village access roads that were closely related to their life and production, so that they could hardly benefit from highway construction. Accordingly, they suggest that the project authorities bring the construction of village access roads into the project planning for the convenience of villagers’ life and production. This will create more direct benefits for villagers. 2. Minimize farmland occupation and destruction of water facilities The respondent villagers say in general, farmlands and water facilities are the material basis for the local people to subsist and develop, and have been built over years. Farmland occupation and destruction of water facilities should be minimized in the project planning and design. 3. The construction organization shall conserve the environment and reduce interference with the local villagers’ life and production. Since the affected area is mostly located in highlands with distinct karst features, construction would lead to soil loss easily. The villagers suggest the construction organization protect the ground vegetation ad soil during construction. On the other hand, a lot of flying dust, noise and temporary traffic jams might result from construction and have adverse impacts on the normal lifestyle of the local villagers. The construction organization is suggested to minimize the interference of construction with the local villagers’ life and production. The villagers also suggest the construction personnel pay attention to the safety of human and animals along the 116 highway during explosion, bridge erection and tunneling, and that temporary entries and exits should be provided as necessary for access. 4. Strengthen the control over the construction personnel and maintain the public security at the construction site. The respondent villagers and urban residents are concerned about public security during construction and think the large number of migrant workers might bring security problems. They suggest the construction organization and local public security organs strengthen the control over the construction personnel to minimize their criminal potential, maintain the public security at the construction site and nearby villagers, guarantee the successful progression of construction and the personal, property safety of the local residents. 5. Create favorable conditions for local people to participate in the project. As the rural households in the affected area are economically disadvantaged overall, and there is a lot of surplus rural labor, the villagers suggest the project authorities create favorable conditions to involve the local villagers in the project in such forms as earth excavation, roadbed leveling, etc. The villagers think this will partially relieve the local employment problem and increase the farmers’ income, and will facilitate the project’s construction. 6. Take necessary measures to guarantee local traffic security. The respondent villagers, especially females, are generally worried about traffic safety. They think there will be more and faster passing vehicles are the highway is built, and rural children are in greater risks. They suggest the highway authorities take necessary measures to set speed limits nearby for safety reasons. 7. Pay attention to the urban requisition & resettlement inssues 117 Some urban residents worried about the Requisition & resettlement issues. They suggested that project decision should think more about the economic interests of the affected residents, and conduct the multiple compensation approaches. 6.2.2 Local officials’ suggestions 1. Balance trunk highway construction with branch highway construction. Some officials think the local farmers are not main beneficiaries of the high-class trunk highway, but the rural highways built as branch lines will concern the farmers’ immediate interests, and this should be well considered in the project planning. Some officials emphasize construction of rural highways is essential to the development of rural economy and society but was put at an inferior place in the past, resulting in an increasing economic and culture gap between the urban and rural areas. They appeal to the project authorities to regard the planning and construction of rural branch highways. 2. Make full use of the local rural labor resources to reduce construction costs in highway construction. Some officials think the local surplus rural labor must be fully utilized in highway construction. There is a great deal of surplus labor in the affected area, with a low wage level. Involving the local farmers in the project will not only employ a part of the local surplus rural labor, but also reduce construction costs. 3. Set up a highway administration and strengthen highway management and maintenance. Since there is no special administration managing the rural highways in the affected area, routine maintenance of the rural highways has become a problem. To this end, the officials at the bureaus of communications of Xifeng County, Xiuwen County and Qingzhen City suggest the project authorities should set up an administration in 118 consultation with the government after the project’s completion for the management of the highway so that the highway can play a lasting role. 4. Reduce land occupation by making full use of the existing roadbeds and increase the compensation standard for land requisition appropriately. The officials of Xifeng County suggest land occupation, especially of farmlands, should be minimized by making full use of he existing roadbeds. In their opinion, the farmers’ land was not treasured and the compensation rate was low in some past projects, causing difficulties in livelihood to some farmers who had lost their land. They suggest the compensation rate for land requisition be increased while land use for the project is kept at minimum. 5. Strengthen the publicity of traffic knowledge. Some local officials reflect the local farmers have a weak sense of traffic safety due to the lack of elementary traffic knowledge. They suggest the traffic safety education for the local farmers be strengthened during the construction of the highway project, especially for students of high and primary schools, in order to improve the farmers’ sense of traffic safety and avoid traffic accidents. 6.2.3 SA Team’s suggestions 1. The suggestions on the public participation (1) Pay attention to and strengthen the publicity of the project. We learned from the investigation the farmers at the investigated villages knew little about this project, indicating some deficiencies of the project executive, administrative bodies and grass- root government agencies in the project publicity. We suggest the competent authorities communicate project information in ways acceptable to the local farmers, such as broadcast, TV, local opera, folk ballad and regular meeting, so that the farmers can have an in-depth understanding of the project. 119 (2)Establish a effective stakeholders’ participatory institute. There should be project goups composed of affected residents/ villagers in affected area, which need participate the project design, conduction and monitor on behalf of the affected people. It also need to establish the channel of complaints and feedback, and hold the regular workshops participated with the representatives from all stakeholders to discuss the project development and questions relief. 2. The suggestions on project planning (1)Integrate the project with the regional development strategy to facilitate the comprehensive development of local economy and society. Driving the local economic development is the greatest expectation of the interested parties in the affected area for this project. Accordingly, the project should be integrated with the regional development strategy to facilitate the development of local economy and society. As the capital of Guizhou Province, Guiyang City plays a vital role in driving the economic and social development of the province. Centering on the strategic goal of “Constructing Greater Guiyang” and the strategy of “Revitalizing the City with Industry”, the Guiyang Municipal Government has expressed the intent to create an industrial pattern with focus on hi-tech industries and manufacturing supported by advantageous industries. It is regarded as the focus of rural efforts of the government in the future to continue the agricultural restructuring and strengthen the construction of agriculture and rural infrastructure. Modification of the rural road network inclusive of county/Xiang highways is the center of this project. In our opinion, only when the project is integrated with the regional development strategy can the coordinated development of local economy and society be promoted and the social benefits of the project be realized in a better way. (2)bring more rural branch roads construction into the project planning. Based on SA investigation, there are 238 branch roads connected natural villages need to be built, which involved 741 natural villages, 162538 villagers included 23373 minorities in 120 Guiyang City. 3. The suggestions on project design (1) In the project design and construction, pay attention to negative impacts such as the pollution of noisy/ dirty/water and soil, lest destroy the natural environment and bother the residens’ daily life. (2)Minimize farmland occupation and destruction of water facilities. Though the project is focused on the rural road network in the affected area, farmland occupation and destruction to the existing rural water facilities along the highway is still inevitable, imposing some negative impacts on the farmers’ life and production. We suggest these adverse factors be fully considered in the road design. We also learned from the investigation the water facilities at the points of investigation are out of repair and have a leak or collapse. Accordingly, in addition to the above, the construction organization should also repair, or restore damaged farmland infrastructure, dewponds, canals, rural highways and tractor-plowing paths, and try best to repair other production and living facilities along the highway to avoid any potential dispute arising from the project. 4. The suggestions on project management (1)Set up a rural highway management mechanism to ensure the project is long acting. To avoid the problem of focus on construction and negligence of maintenance in highway construction, and ensure the project plays a lasting role, the local government is suggested to set up a highway administration to be specifically responsible for the management and maintenance of rural highways. We learned from the investigation due to the lack of any special administration or maintenance fund, or a long-acting management mechanism for rural highways, most rural highways within the investigated area have fallen into the abnormal cycle of construction, destruction and reconstruction. In this way, highway construction can hardly have a sustainable 121 and promotional effect on the development of local economy and society. (2)Strengthen the traffic safety education for the affected population. Since most farmers in the affected area lack the sense of traffic safety, we suggest they be educated on traffic safety, especially for students of high and primary schools. Meanwhile, effective measures should be taken to prevent traffic accidents, such as setting up enough deceleration zones, signboards, indicators, at village entries, exits, roads near schools and kindergartens, and imposing speed limits during school hours. 5. The suggestions on requisition & resettlement issues (1) The project design need pay attention to the negative impacts of the requisition and resettlement, and be conducted based on the former roads to occupy the least of farm land. (2)Adopt mutiple compensation approachs according to involved people’s needs and wants. The compensantion approachs can be cash, material, employment or other mixed way. The involved people can make the choice according to their needs. The involuntary ressttlement investigation suggests that the ressttlement affected rate of 98.8% of the direct affected villages is under the 4%, and the highest affected rate is 6.1%. The project requisition involves a lot of household, but affected lands of respective household are a few, and average in amounts. According to those, the SA team suggests to adopt the cash as the direct compensation approach. To the displaced people in the downtown and town, it is suggested to adopt the mutiple compensation approachs include providing the cash, arranging the affordable housing and secondhand housing in the vicinity and giving rented housing with low price. To the affected shops and enterprises, it is suggested to select the appropriate dismantling date, inform those 3 months before, and provide the compensation on the building and attachments. It shold be necessary to compensate the losing of takings and staffs’ salaries. 122 (3) Actively guide the granting and use of the compensation money for land requisition and house relocation. Land and house are important resources of direct concern with the masses, and relate to the relations between the government and the public. If things are not properly handled, conflicts might result. In highway construction, land requisition and house relocation is the focus and a difficult point of all matters, the amount of the compensation money and how to hand it to the villagers in full are the focal concern of all villagers. We suggest regulatory and financial publication be carried out strictly to disclose compensation rates, measurements and appraisal ratings. When the compensation money is fixed, it must be published to the villagers for the purpose of participation and supervision. The villagers are also encouraged to participate in land requisition, migrant resettlement and granting of the compensation money. Since agricultural tax has been abolished locally, land value has increased over the past. The compensation rate for land requisition should be increased accordingly. The appraisal team suggests the compensation money may be transferred to the farmers’ accounts on a full-amount and timely basis without going through the Xiangs, towns, administrative villages and villager teams. (4)Deal appropriately with involuntary resettlement for the urban residents of relocation or losing/decreasing income sources.Many urban affected residents showed a lot cares on the resettlement issue. The policy makers need evaluate comprehensivly the economic value of relocation people’s house, and make the compound compensation policy which includes cash and other compensations based on the consultation with the relocation people. It need pay attention to compensate the people, who will reduce the income because of their factories’ relocation, guarantee their basic living and help them re-employ. (5)Establish the legal aid institutiong for involuntary resettlement to help the affected people express their voices and keep their rights. 6. The suggestions on the weak groups 123 (1)Provide more job opportunities to the poor population.Most rural areas in the affected area face the serious problem of insufficient farmland. Generation of rural poor population is also closely associated with the extreme shortage of cultivation area and the excess of rural surplus labor. Considering the actual financial standing and the employment trend of the rural surplus labor in the affected area, we suggest the poor population along the highway should be given priority to when construction personnel are recruited for the highway project, and the local labor working outside attracted back for construction. This will not only reduce construction costs, but also increase the local farmers’ income, relieving the poverty problem to some extent. (2)The project should protect the rights and interests of women and children. Due to the traditional ideology, the women in the affected area are to some extent inhibited from taking part in public activities. We suggest the construction organization give equal opportunities to the local women when recruiting workers, and refuse to recruit underage child labor. 7. The suggestion on minorities’ development (1)Focus on improving the ethnic minorities’ economic and social development, and constitute the indigenous people plans respectively for Miao and Bouyei people in the affected area.The product and income resource is simple in minorities’ villages. The agriculture is the main income source of minorities’ family. The minorities are poorer, and the family incomes of most minorities’ villages are lower. The huge difficulties of some minorities’ villages in project affected area include traffic, education, employment and marriage, in which the essential one is bad traffic. The SA team suggests that the project should pay attention to these monorities’ difficulties, and arrange minorities and poor people to participate to road building preferentially. And the local traffic improment need combine with series policies of providing more valid commercial information to minorities, improving the farm products distribution conditions of minorties’ villages, giving investment to rural infrastructure, education 124 and labor export and so on. It is necessary to do the the indigenous people plan respectively for Miao and Bouyei people in the affected area. (2) Protect the natural and cultural landscape along the highway, take effective measures to guarantee and facilitate the development of traditional minority cultures.Some natural and cultural landscape along the highway, such as the millennium ancient tree at Damu Village, Xiuwen County, and the slogans left over by the Red Army during the Long March, should be conserved during project planning and construction to avoid any irretrievable damages. In addition, though the project might bring immediate economic benefits to the affected area in the short run, its social impacts, especially on the traditional minority cultures, will be seen over time. We suggest the competent authorities protect the modes of production and lifestyles of the minorities in the affected area from the project, and take effective measures to guarantee and facilitate the development of these cultures. 8. The suggestions on the monitoring and legal aid (1)Establish the monitoring and evaluating institution. The moinitoring and evaluating institution should be composed of the representatives from relative government departments and the affected villagers and residents. Moreover, appointing the independent institution to participate to project monitoring and evaluating will good to the project’s conduction. (2)the project management departments need to establish the institution of collecting and dealing with complaints and suggestions, and provide the legal aid to affected people. 125 Appendix 1: The SA team structure Name Title Assignment Organization Chief Assessment Leader of the Assessment Group, with Zhou Daming Expert, Prof., CCCCC at ZSU general responsibility for assessment doctor tutor Deputy leader of the Assessment Group, Liu Zhiyang Investigator, Ph.D. CCCCC at ZSU coordination and organization of assessment Investigation team member, door-to-door L Junbiao Investigator, Ph.D. CCCCC at ZSU interview, composition of general report Investigation team member, door-to-door Yang Xiaoliu Investigator, Ph.D. CCCCC at ZSU interview Jiangxi Investigator, Investigation team member, door-to-door Hu Mingwen Agricultural associate professor interview University Guizhou Investigator, Investigation team member, door-to-door Xin Qishun Academy of assistant reseacher interview Social Sciences Dong Wei M.A Questionnaire analysis CCCCC at ZSU Investigation team member, door-to-door Guizhou Dai Cheng Investigator, M.A interview University Investigation team member, door-to-door Guizhou Dong Qingkui Investigator, M.A interview University Investigation team member, door-to-door Guizhou Chen Zhengyan Investigator, M.A interview University 126 Appendix 2: The Group Discussion Outline for the Officials from Project Affected counties/cities/districts z To understand the project affected counties/cities/districts’ general situations, the economic and social development and traffic planning, development problems, the potential projects impacts and so on. z To select the investigated roads and villages. z To collect the relevant data and literatures. Note: The SA team need write down each participator’s name, ethnic, position, telephone number. The participators should be the officials of bureaus of traffic, poverty reduction, women development, development planning, education, medical treatment, tourism, ethnic group and religion, agriculture, industry. Appendix 3: The Interview Outline for Village Cadres I. Map 1. Community map 2. Community resources distribution map 3. Community traffic map (mark the mail road, hospital, school, market, bridge, historic site, water source, irrigation system and so on). II The villages’ general information 1. The demographic characters (population, sex, ethnic group, religion, career, the proportion between agricultural and nonagricultural population etc.) 2. The village’s natural resources (land, forest, mine) and the utilization system. 127 3. The village’s incomes, income resources and proportion, and the economic rank in the town. 4. The village’s migrant workers 5. The per capita net income 6. Means of livelihood (agriculture, nonagricultural, stockbreeding, hunting, collection and others); 7. Food safety and household indebtedness; 8. Villager’s Outing and intercourse; 9. Rural infrastructure (school, health center, road, etc); 10. Different ways to obtain resources, educational and medical services and decision making opportunities; 11. Number and distribution of poor villages and populations; 12. The village’s poverty issue: is it a impoverish village? What’s the poor population? How about their poverty? Why are they poor? Are there any poverty reduction project? 13. What are the mail farm products in villages? Are there any town village enterprises? Where do the products sell to? Where are the markets? 14. How many cars, trucks, motorcycle, agricultural motor vehicles are there in villages? 15. How many hospitals are there near the village? How far is the nearest hospital? How long does it take to this hospital by which way? Are there any accidents led by the delayed medical treatment? 16. How may school (primary school and junior high school) are there in village? Are there any dropouts? Why did they drop out? What is the proportion between dropout girls and boys? How far is the nearest school? How long does it take to this school by which way? How many roads do the children need to cross to go to school? 17. How many markets are close to the village? How often are the market days? 18. How many road are close to or in the village Which classes are these roads? 19. Are there any important historic and cultural relic and tourism region? 128 20. How many ethnic groups are in the village? What is population of each ethnic group? What are different among these ethnic groups? 21. How about the relations between these ethnic groups? How about each ethnic group’s economic development? 22. How far is the village from downtown Guiyang? How many are there buses to downtown Guiyang everyday? How much is single ticket? 23. How far is the village from the county? How many are there buses to the county everyday? How much is single ticket? 24. How far is the village from the town? How many are there buses to the town everyday? How much is single ticket? 25. Are there roads to downtown Guiyang, the county and the town? How abut the roads? III. Attitudes towards Road Construction 1. In your opinion, what benefits will the construction of this highway bring to the village? 2. How will your village cooperate with the government in constructing this expressway? 3. Which difficulties do you think in such cooperation? 4. Do you think the expressway construction will negatively affect your original ecological environment anyway? 5. Who do you think will benefit the greatest from this construction? Notes: This outline also applies to township-level group discussions or interviews with cadres. Topics of interview may be adjusted accordingly as the case may be always for the purpose of understanding the economic, social and cultural background of the affected areas, as well as village, township cadres’ attitudes towards the Project. 129 Appendix 4: The group discussion outline for villager 1. Do you know the Guiyang Traffic Project? What information did you know from where at when? What else information do you want to know? 2. Which impacts will the Guiyang Traffic Project bright to you? 3. What kind of mpacts will bright to you during the construction of Guiyang Traffic Project? 4. What are your attentions? Please rank them. 5. Who will benefit most from this project? 6. What are your suggestions? Please rank them. 7. What are the problems of your village development? Please rank them. Appendix 5: Personal Interview Outline 1. In your opinion, is your village poor or rich relative to the other villages under the county? If poor, why? Except for individual efforts, what should the government do? 2. How do you think of your village’s level of public services (medical treatment and health care, sanitary facilities, shopping, culture and entertainment, employment services)? 3. Where are farm products of your family sold mainly? By which means are they shipped out? 4. Who do you associate often? By which means? How are you benefited therefrom? 5. Which member(s) of your family go(es) downtown often? For what? By which vehicle? 6. How do you think of your village’s traffic environment (road facilities and vehicle flow)? 7. Have you heard that Guiyang borrows from the World Bank for improvement of its traffic conditions? How do you, your family, friends and neighbors regard this? 130 8. Do you approve of or object to the construction of this road? If objecting, give your reason. 9. What benefits do you think will this road bring to your village? How will villagers be affected (both positive and negative, including environment, traffic safety, outgoing)? 10. Will the construction influence your production and life? How will you prepare? How do you hope to solve this? What help do you need? 11. How will you cooperate in the construction of this road (providing labor service, raw materials, etc.)? 12. Do you plan to buy any new vehicle after its completion? Do you think there will be any job opportunity for you after the construction? 13. What about your family’s present per capita arable land? If the Project is executed, how much land of your family will be acquired? Arable land, dry land or upland? 14. In which form are you willing to get settled (cash compensation, provision of new house, job arrangement, combining cash compensation with provision of new house)? 15. Are you aware of the compensation criteria for field occupation and resident relocation? Are you satisfied with the house and job to be arranged? 16. How much do you wish to get compensated? How long do you hope to get this amount? How will you use it? 17. Which method of land acquisition and displaced resettlement do you think is reasonable? 18. Who do you think will be most benefited from the road construction? 19. Can the road construction provide more opportunities to your village’s economic development? Can this improve your personal and household economic position? 20. Do you think all children of the right age can go to school normally during the road construction? If not, what’s your suggestion? 21. What influences will the construction of this road have on your village’s existing natural environment (e.g., tail gas pollution, noise pollution)? And what impacts on your village’s cultural, historic heritages and religious, scenic spots? 131 22. What impacts will the construction of this road have on women’s production and life? What about their requirements and suggestions on this Project? (for women only) 23. What impacts will the construction of this road have on your ethnic group’s means of production, livelihood and customs? What do you suggest about this? (for minorities only). 24. Do the daily life map and the four seasons map. 25. Do the daily traffic map and daily communication map Appendix 6: Social Assessment Questionnaire for (World Bank Financed) Guiyang Transportation Project for the rural project No.: ______ Location of investigation: ______Team, ______Village, ______Township/Town, ______County, ______Province Name of respondent: Interviewer: Time of investigation: ______Month ______Day, 2006 1. Information on family members Name of householder ______ Kinship with Sex Age Nationality Religion Marriage Education Occupation householder 1 M 1 Han 1 Buddhism 1 Married 1 Illiterate 1 Agriculture 1 Householder 2 F 2 Miao 2 2 2 Semiliterate engaged at home N 2 Spouse 3 Bouyei Christianity Unmarried 3 Primary school 2 Non-agriculture o . 3 Child 4 Dong 3 Islam 3 Divorced 4 Junior high engaged at home o f 4 Daughter or 5 Hui 4 Taoism 4 Bereft of school (specify occupation) m e son in law (pls. 5 Local spouse 5 Senior high 3 Working outside m 5 Grandchild specify) religion school 4 Student b e r 6 Parent 6 None 6 Secondary 5 Soldier s 7 Grandparent 7 Others (pls. school 6 People’s teacher 8 Sibling specify) 7 Junior college 7 State cadre (incl. 9 Others (pls. 8 Undergraduate those engaged by specify) 9 Postgraduate contract & retired) 8 None; 9 Others 1 132 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 2. Your family’s daily expenses in 2005 were ______yuan, the three most important items are 1 food 2 clothes 3 Production expenses (including Bouyeing seed, fertilizer, means of production, etc.) 4 Costs of traffic 5 Educational expenses, 6 Expenses for medical treatment and health care 7 the living expenditure excep food and clothing 8 Expenditures for keeping social relaitons 9 Expenditures for supporting the elderly 10 Others 3. Your family’s total income in 2005 were ______yuan, the income resources include ______(multi-choice). The biggest income is : 1 Food and cash crop planting 2 Livestock and poultry breeding 3 Family handicraft industry 4 Family workshop 5 business 6 migrant working 7 wage 8 other 4. Your family’s vehicles in possession: Intended purchase Quantity in time: No intent Name None hand 1. This/next year, 2. 3 of purchase years later Bicycle Tricycle Motorcycle Agricultural motor vehicle Truck passenger car II. Villager’s living and production 1. Your family’s have total lands mu, in which dry land mu, paddy field mu, the land grain for green mu, forest mu; pound mu; orchard mu. Your family has cattle pigs goats and sheep 133 horse other . your family has chooks ducks gooses other . 2. Merchandizing of household products in 2005 Products yield Quantity Quantity The The transportation retained on sale market market’s for home- location use F o o d c r o p s C a s h c r o p s p o u l t r y l i v e s t o c k r H a a f t n d i c o à t h e r s 3. When was your house built? Year ______, area; ______m2, approx. cost: _____ yuan. 4. A. Have your family installed a telephone? (1) Yes (2) No B. The source of your family’s drinking water is ; irrigation water is : (1) Tape water (2) Well water (3) River water (4) Others 134 The drinking water fee is ; the irrigation water fee is . C. Your family uses the fuel of: (1) Timber (2) Coal (3) Coal gas (4) Natural gas (5) Others 5. Except your village, you often go to (more than 5 times per month) multi- choice 1 downtown Guiyang 2 County seat 3 town seat 4 other town (please specify) 5 other villages (please specify) 6 other 6 Are there road to those places? If no, please specify where no road is. 1 yes 2 no 7. What are your main purposes of going downtown? (multi - choice) (1) Sell some farm products at country fair (2) Buy some daily goods (3) Buy agricultural means of production (4) See a doctor (5) Visit relatives or friends (6) No purpose, for fun only (7) Others ( ) 8. Whom do you often go to those places with? (multi - choice) 1 yourself 2 with your husband/wife 3 with children (4 with relatives or friends 5 others( ) 9. By which means do you go downtown? (1) On foot (2) Household non-motor vehicle (3) Household motor vehicle (4) Public means of transport (5) Others 10. Are you satisfied with your village’s traffic conditions? (1) Very satisfied (2) Basically satisfied (3) So so (4) Not so satisfied (5) Very dissatisfied 11. Do you think the traffic is convenient for children of your village to go to school? (1) Very convenient (2) Somewhat convenient (3) So so 135 (4) Inconvenient (5) Very inconvenient 12. Your family has members ever work or working outside? How often they going home ______ III. The villager’s suggestions and opinions on project 1. Do you know Guiyang Transportation project? (1) Yes (2) No 2. If yes, from which channel did you get aware? (1) Mass media (2) Government’s notice (3) Relative/friend (4) Others ( ) 3. Which project information did you know? (multi - choice) 1 the beginning date 2 the project conduction seat 3 land requisition or house dismantlement plan 4 compensation policy 5 issues relevant to road construction 6 not so clear, just know this project 7 not know at all 8 other( ) 4 what else information do you want to know? 1 the beginning date 2 the project conduction seat 3 land requisition or house dismantlement plan 4 compensation policy 5 issues relevant to road construction 6 other( ) 5. Do you think the construction of the road bring you any development opportunity? (1) Yes (2) No (3) Uncertain (4) D.K. 6. Do you think the construction of this road bring your and negative impacts? (1) Yes (2) No (3) Uncertain (4) D.K. 7. Will your living be affected during the construction of this road? (1) Yes (2) No 8 Are you willing to participate in the construction? (1) Yes (2) No (3) Uncertain If yes, how will you participate? 136 (1) Provide labor (2) provide construction materials (3) trade near the building site (4) other ( ) 9. Land requisition issue: a. will the project occupy your land? (1) Yes (2) No (3)D.K. b. If the road construction has to occupy your field, in which manner do you expect to get compensated? (1) Currency (2) Land (3) Job arrangement by government (4) Others( ) C. How long do you hope to get compensated after the land acquisition? (1) 2 months (2) Half a year (3) Above 1 year D. In case of compensation by currency, which mode do you desire? (1) At a time (2) By installments (3) Anyway 10.a. will project occupy your house? (1) Yes (2) No (3)D.K. b. If the highway construction needs to relocate you, are you willing? (1) Yes (2) No (3) No answer c. If yes, how would you like to be compensated? (1) Pay money (2) Rehousing (3) Job arrangement (4) Others d. If you are to move, where will you move? (1) Near the original dwelling place (2) other counties in Guiyang (3) Town (4) Others e.If your children are to be engaged in this Project, who do you prefer, son or daughter? (1) Son (2) Daughter (3) Either 137 Appendix 7: Social Assessment Questionnaire for (World Bank Financed) Guiyang Transportation Project for the urban project I. the family’s basic information NO. Kinship with Sex Age Ethnic Religion Marriage Education registered Occupation householder identity permanent 1 1 Buddhism 1 Married 1 Illiterate residence 1.worker 1Householder M 1 Han 2 2 2 Semiliterate (Hukou) 2.Commercial 2 Spouse 2 2 Miao Christianity Unmarried 3 Primary and boss 3 Child F 3 Bouyei 3 Islam 3 school housing 3.Commercial 4 Daughter or 4 Dong 4 Taoism Divorced 4 Junior high employee son in law 5 Hui 5 Local 4 Bereft of school 1.Guiyang 4.civil servan 5 Grandchild 6.Gelao religion spouse 5 Senior high city 5. Enterprise 6 Parent 7.Others 6 None school Hukou, employee 7 randparent (specify) 7 Others 6 Secondary holding 6.retied cadre 8 Sibling (pls. school and living 7.Unemployment 9 Others (pls. specify) 7 Junior in own worker specify) college house 8. Retired 8 2. Guiyang worker Undergraduat city 9. student e Hukou, 10. others 9 Postgraduate living in 11.non- the rented employment house 3.Non- Guiyang city Hukou, holding and living in own house 4. Non- Guiyang city Hukou, living in the rented house 1 138 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 II. Family economy 1. Family asset 1.1 House worth RMB Yuan zFloor space M2 zHouse arrangment 1. single room 6. 1 living room and 2. 1 living room and 4 badrooms. 1 badroom 7. 2 living rooms and 3. 1 living room and 4 badrooms. 2 badrooms 4. 1 living room and 8. others ( specificy) 3 badrooms. 5. 2 living rooms and 3 badrooms 1.2.Vehicles worth RMB Yuan z Bicycle (s) z Car(s) z motorcycles z others 1.3.Home electrical appliances worth RMB Yuan z Color TV(s) z Camera(s) z Refrigeratory(s) z Air condition(s) z washing machine(s) z Land phone(s) z Computer(s) z Cell phone(s) z Sound box(es) z Fanner(s) z vidicon(s) 1.4.other assets worth RMB Yuan in which furnitures worth RMB yuan 139 kitchen appliances worth RMB Yuan 2. Family annual income RMB Yuan. zFamily wage icome RMB( zInvestment income RMB( ) yuan/month ) yuan/month zRent incom RMB( ) zOther income RMB( ) yuan/month yuan/month 3. Family annual expenditure RMB Yuan. zFood yuan/week zentertainments zclothes yuan/year yuan/month zgift yuan/year zeducation yuan/year zcommunication and other zmedical and health information fee carehealth protection yuan/month yuan/month zrent and water and zothers yuan/year. electricity fees yuan/month 4. In your opinion, your family’s present financial condition ( ) a) very good b good c neither, nor d bad e) very bad 140 III. Traffic and living environment 1. The traffic to the main publics No. Public name Walking time Riding tim (minute) (miniute) 1 Bus station 2 School 3 Supermarket 4 Vegetable market 5 bank 6 police station 7 Hospital 8 Post office 2. Your family and you go to school/wor mainly by a) foot e) employee bus b) bicycle f) Private car c) bus g) taxi d) motocycle h) others 3. You think your family’s present living environment is Very satisfactory Neither bad Very satisfactory nor bad 1. traffic 5 4 3 2 1 2. natural 5 4 3 2 1 environment and sanitation 3. shopping 5 4 3 2 1 4. water and 5 4 3 2 1 electricity 5. medical 5 4 3 2 1 treatment 6. social 5 4 3 2 1 security 7. financial and 5 4 3 2 1 information services 8. education 5 4 3 2 1 9. entertainment 5 4 3 2 1 141 Iv. The attitude and suggestion to the project. 1. Do you know Guiyang Transportation project? a) never c) Know something b) just heard d) Know clearly If yes, from which channel did you get aware? (1) Mass media (2) Government’s notice (3) Relative/friend (4) Others ( ) 2. Which project information did you know? (Multi - choice) 1 the beginning date 2 the project conduction seat (3) land requisition or house dismantlement plan (4)ressetlement compensation policy 5 issues relevant to road construction 6 other( ) 3. Do you think the construction of the road bring you any development opportunity? (Multi - choice) a) Improve traffic d) Improve community public b) Provide more employments services c) Increase investment chances e) others 4. Do you think the construction of this road bring your any negative impacts? (Multi - choice) a) Destroy natural environment b) Disturb residents’ living e Others (specify) c) Lead to the traffic safety problem d) Lead to the land shortage 5. Do you know the resettlement policies? a) don’t know b) know a litte c) know d) know a lot 6. If the road construction needs to relocate you, are you willing? (1) Yes (2) No If yes, how would you like to be compensated? (1) Pay money (2) housing arrangement (3) Job arrangement (4)Others (specify) 142 7. Do you approve of the road establishment? a very favorable b favorable c don’t care d) object 8. What are your attitude and suggestions on this road building? Appendix 8: The basic information of the project affected area Affected Road Road Start End The name of the No. villages name length(km) point point affected villages quantity Appendix 9: The basic information of administrative villages along the rural roads Note: this form is for the use of social assessment, and should be filled in by the affected administrative villages or the towns/xiang. Please fill in it faithfully, and make sure the relevant data of this form correspond with the published statistic. 1. The name of administrative villages. „Affiation: town/xiang, county „Road name: ; road No.: . 2 Population „Total population: the male: the female: „Ethnic minorities Name of population The proportion (%) minorities „The poor population „Migrant worker population 3. Economy „The corp land: mu Dry land: mu paddy field: mu „Per capita farmer annual net income RMB yuan „The main income sources of the villagers 4. Education „The school quantity: ; elementary schools; junior high schools; high schools. „Villagers’ education illiterates; semi-illiterates; people with elementary school education; people with junior high school education; people with high school/ technical secondary school education; people with college education at least. „The elementary school age children enrollment rate: %. Dropout rate: %. „The junior high school age children enrollment rate: %. Dropout rate: %. „ Classroom space: m2 „Teacher population: „ students attend school, students attend school inner villager; _ students attend school out of villages. 5. Medical treatment and sanitation zVillage hospitals/clinics quantity ; government owned hospitals/clinics; Private owned hospitals/ clinics zThe hospital/clinics space: m2 z villagers see a doctor inner villages; villagers see a doctor out of the villages. Adiministrative village government/ town government (Stamp) Mon. Dat. Year. Apendix 10: The county/city/district ethnic minorities’ basic information Note: this form is for the use of social assessment, and should be filled in by the affected County/city/district ethnic group and religion bureau. Please fill in it faithfully, and make sure the relevant data of this form correspond with the published statistic. No. Ethnic name Population Compact village Note 1 Miao 2 Bouyei 3 Tujia 4 Yi 5 Dong 6 Gelao 7 Bai 8 Hui 9 Man 10 Chuang 11 Shui 12 Mongol 13 Li 14 15 County/city/district ethnic group and religion bureau (Stamp) Mon. Dat. Year. Apendix 11: The basic information of the poor population County/ City/ District Note: this form is for the use of social assessment, and should be filled in by the affected County/city/district Pverty Rduction Office. Please fill in it faithfully, and make sure the relevant data of this form correspond with the published statistic. Pei capita Impoverish The name of farmer Impoverish Poverty No. family impoverish villages annual net population class quantity income 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 County/city/district Pverty Rduction Office. (Stamp) Mon. Dat. Year. Appendix 12: The photos of investigated sites and SA fieldwork Figure 1: understanding the natural resources in Jinjia Village, Baiyun District Figure 2: investigating the economic development in Guaozhai Xiang. Figure 2: the road functions map made by a villager of Yantang village Figure 3: Sex labor division made by Qinshan villagers in Xifeng County Figure 4: the community map made by a villager of Yantang village