Jacques Cartier

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Jacques Cartier U d'/of OTTAWA FC 3900300-109280-1 301 X35 P63514 1890 Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2012 with funding from University of Toronto http://archive.org/details/jacquescartiersaOOpope JACQUES CARTIER Sa Vie et ses Voyages PAR JOSEPH POPE Traduit de l'anglais par L. Philippe Sylvain (de la Bibliothèque du Parlement. OTTAWA. 1890 Enregistré conformément à l'Acte du Parlement «lu Canada, en l'année mil huit cent quatre-vingt-dix, par Jo^kph Pope, au bureau tin ministre de l'Agricul- ture, à Ottawa. 30'f ;C2>5 Imprimé par A. S. Woodburn, Ottawa, Ontario. L'HONORABLE AUGUSTE REAL ANGERS, LIEUTENANT - GOUVERNEUR DE LA PROVINCE DE QUEBEC, CETTE ESQUISSE DE LA VIE ET DES AVENTURES DU DECOUVREUR DU CANADA EST, AVEC LA BIENVEILLANTE PERMISSION DE SON HONNEUR, RESPECTUEUSEMENT DEDIER. PREFACE. Les journaux ont annoncé, au commencement de l'an dernier, que Son Honneur le lieutenant-gouverneur de la province de Québec avait, par l'entremise du comité littéraire et historique du Cercle catholique de Québec, généreusement offert une médaille d'argent et une autre en bronze pour les deux meilleures études sur "Jacques Cartier, sa vie et ses voyages." Les monographies pou- vaient être écrites en anglais ou en français et le concours était ouvert aux écrivains étrangers aussi bien qu' à ceux du pays. L'auteur de ce travail concourut avec quelques autres, et, le 25 février dernier, il avait le plaisir d'être officielle- ment informé, par le président et le secrétaire du comité, que son étude avait reçu le premier prix, dans la section anglaise. C'est cet essai qu'il soumet aujourd'hui au public. L'auteur, en publiant cette esquisse, ose espérer qu'il rencontrera, sur un champ bien plus vaste, des critiques aussi bienveillants que les juges du concours. Quelles que soient les imperfections de son travail, il peut se rendre au moins le témoignage de s'être efforce de faire ressortir, sous une forme véridique et sans prétention, les principaux faits qui se rattachent aux origines de l'histoire du Canada et de tracer une ébauche ressem- blante et fidèle de la grande figure qui anime ce tableau, C'est dans ce but qu'il a étudié et comparé avec soin les documents originaux, et vérifié attentivement les plus petits détails, chaque fois qu'il lui a été possible de le faire. L'auteur ne saurait laisser passer l'occasion qui se présente ici d'exprimer sa reconnaissance pour l'amabilité qu'il a toujours rencontrée auprès des bibliothécaires du Parlement, M. M. A. D. DeCelles et M. J. Griffin, ainsi que chez M. L. P. Sylvain, attaché à la Bibliothèque. À la générosité avec laquelle ces messieurs ont mis les ressources de la Bibliothèque à sa disposition et aux avantages qu'ils lui ont accordés pour les étudier, l'auteur doit une large part du mérite que peut avoir cet opuscule, son premier pas dans le domaine de la littérature. JOSEPH POPE. Ottawa, 2j avril i88ç. — —— so:m::m:.aj::r,:e3S. CHAPITRE I. INTRODUCTION. Introduction. —Premiers voyages en Amérique. —Comptes- rendus Scandinaves. —Biarne. —Leif Eriksen. —Helluland. Markland. —Vinland.—Traditions basques. —Les Cabots. Gaspar Corte-Real. —Jean Denys. —Thomas Aubert. —Le baron de Léry. —Conquêtes des Espagnols. —Réveil des in- térêts français dans les découvertes maritimes. —Verraz- zano. —Doutes sur l'authenticité de sa lettre. —Jacques Cartier. CHAPITRE II. LE PREMIER VOYAGE. Naissance de Jacques Cartier. —Sa généalogie. —Sa jeunesse. Mariage. —Il est présenté au Roi. —Préparatifs pour un voyage en Amérique. —Départ de Saint-Malo. —Arrivée au cap de Bonavista dans l'île de Terreneuve. —Le havre de Sainte-Catherine. —L'Ile des Oiseaux.—Un ours. —Carpont. —La baye des Chasteaulx. —Il traverse le détroit de Belle- Isle. —Le port de Brest.— Preuves que les pêcheurs basques avaient déjà visité le détroit. —Le cap Double . —Course le long de la côte occidentale de Terreneuve. —Le cap Saint- Jean. —Les îles de la Madeleine. —Description de la côte occidentale de File du Prince-Edouard. —La rivière Mira- michi. —La baye de Chaleur. —Entrevue avec les sauvages. —Percé. —Gaspe. —Rencontre d'autres sauvages. —Il fait ériger une croix. —S'empare de deux sauvages. —Course le long de l'île d'Anticosti. —Dé ibérations. —Retour en France décidé. Le destroyt Saint-Pierre. —Le cap Thiennot. Arrivée à Saint-Malo. — —À. CHAPITRE III. LE DEUXIÈME VOYAGE. Giacieux accueil du Roi.— Cartier reçoit une nouvelle commis- sion. —Préparatifs d'un deuxième voyage. La Grande Hermine—La Petite Hermine— TJ Emerillon. —Départ de Saint-Malo. —Rendez-vous au Blanc-Sablon . —Le havre Saint-Nicholas . —La baie de Saint-Laurent. —Découverte de l'île d'Anticosti. —À la recherche d'un passage au Nord- Ouest . —Le Saguenay . —L'îsle aux Coudres . —Cartier avait- il des prêtres avec lui?— L'île d'Orléans. —Donnacona. Réception faite à Taignoagny et à Domagaya. —Le havre de Sainte-Croix. —Cartier choisit la rivière Saint-Charles pour y mettre ses vaisseaux.— Stadaconé. —Donnacona lui fait une visite en grande tenue. —Echange de civilités. Les Sauvages cherchent à dissuader Cartier d'aller plus loin. —Leur stratagème déjoué. —Départ pour Hochelaga. Ochelay. —Obligé de laisser son navire près de l'embou- chure du Richelieu. —Arrivée à Hochelaga. —Réception amicale par les sauvages. —Visite à la bourgade. — Descrip- tion de cette bourgade.—Sa situation.— Fortifications. — quelle tribu appartenaient ces sauvages?— L'Agouhanna.— Sa rencontre avec Cartier. —On apporte des malades à Cartier pour qu'il les guérisse. — Il s'efforce de leur donner quelque connaissance de la religion Chrétienne. —Visite au Mont Royal.— La rivière Ottawa. —Départ d'Hochelaga. Rivière de Fouez. —Retour au havre de Sainte-C»oix. CHAPITRE IV. LE DEUXIÈME VOYAGE (suite). Visite à Stadaconé.—Description de la ville. —Les Trudamans. Histoire du massacre. —Habitants de Stadaconé. —Culte religieux . —Mœurs et coutumes des sauvages —Le Petun L'Esurgny. —Histoires merveilleuses sur le pays du Sague- nay. —L'hiver s'annonce. —Neiges et gelées. —Le scorbut. Etat pitoyable des Français. — Ils implorent le secours d'en haut. —Service religieux.— Le remède est trouvé. Guérison. — Premiers signes du printemps. —Préparatifs du retour en France. — Abandon de la Petite Hermine. —Con- duite alarmante des Sauvages.—Cartier projette d'enlever Donnacona. —Sa conduite en cette circonstance. —Erection d'une croix. —Prise de possession du pays au nom du roi de France. —Les chefs sont faits prisonniers. —Départ de Sainte-Croix. —Arrivée à Saint-Malo. — CHAPITRE V. LE TROISIÈME VOYAGE. Cartier fait rapport de son voyage au Roi. —Retard dans le renouvellement de sa commission. —Causes probables du délai. —Préparatifs d'un troisième voyage. —Départ de Cartier. —Arrivée à Stadaconé. —Entrevue avec Agona. Choix du Cap Rouge comme quartiers d'hiver. —Cartier renvoie deux vaisseaux en France. —Charlesbourg-Royal. —Visite à Hochelaga. —Le Seigneur de Hochelay. —Les Sauts —Hypocrisie des sauvages. —Retour à Charlesbourg- Royal. —Préparatifs de défense. — Fin de la relation de Cartier. —Départ de Roberval de La Rochelle— Il ren- contre Cartier à St. Jean de Terreneuve. —Cartier retourne en France.—Prétendus motifs de sa conduite. —A quelle date Roberval fit-il son voyage ? CHAPITRE VI. DERNIERS ACTES DE LA VIE DE JACQUES CARTIER. Retour du troisième voyage.—Reddition des comptes devant une commission royale.— Preuves d'un quatrième voyage. Sa date probable.—Vie privée de Cartier.—Sa résidence a Saint-Malo—Limoilou.—Cartier reçut-il des lettres de noblesse ?—Fondation d'un 'Obit.'—Mort de Jacques Cartier. —Son éloge . —Conclusion —.. CHAPITRE I AVANT-PROPOS. Remarques préliminaires. —Premiers voyages en Amérique. -Comptes-rendus Scandinaves. —Biarne.—Leif Eriksen. —Helluland . —Markland . —Vinland . —Traditions basques —Les Cabots. —Gaspar Corte-Real. —Jean Denys. —Thomas Aubert. —Le baron de Léry. —Conquêtes des Espagnols.— Réveil de l'esprit français pour les découvertes maritimes — Verrazzano. —Doutes sur l'authenticité de sa lettre. Jacques Cartier. ANS son admirable étude sur lord Clive, Macaulay s'étonne que, tandis que l'histoire des conquêtes -(nT& des Espagnols en Amérique est familière au plus grand nombre des lecteurs, on soit si peu renseigné en Angleterre, même parmi la classe instruite, sur les pro- diges de valeur qu'ont accomplis les Anglais dans la con- quête de l'Inde ; et c'est avec raison, suivant nous, qu'il attribue cette étrange anomalie à la disparité entre les historiens de ces deux grands événements. Il est impossible de lire les ouvrages de Prescott, sans s'attacher vivement à son récit des conquêtes de Cortez ou de Pizarre. Au con- traire, les historiens des victoires anglaises dans l'Orient pèchent par une lourdeur de style qui ne peut que dégoûter le lecteur ordinaire. Lord Macaulay lui-même a cer- tainement contribué à faire naître le goût pour l'étude des affaires d'orient, mais si l'éminent historien vivait encore, nous pourrions lui signaler un contraste bien plus 12 frappant que celui que lui suggérait l'ignorance, parmi la classe moyenne, en Angleterre, des événements et des peu- ples de l'Inde. Nous voulons parler ici du peu de renseigne- anglais ments que les Canadiens et surtout les Canadiens précède possèdent sur la période de notre histoire qui l'épopée de Wolfe et de Montcalm. pays Le Canadien qui sait à peine comment et par qui le est qu'il habite a été racheté de la barbarie et du paganisme, bien moins excusable que ne l'était l'ouvrier anglais, au temps de Lord Macaulay, qui aurait trouvé difficile de dire le Surajah nom du vainqueur à la bataille de Buxar, ou si le il ne Dowlah régnait sur l'Oude ou sur le Travancore. Car l'électricité, faut pas oublier qu'avant l'ère de la vapeur et de extré- l'Inde était considérée comme un pays qu'habitait, aux peu de mités du globe, une race étrange, dont on connaissait plus, des chose et que l'on comprenait encore moins.
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