Provenance of Medieval atlantes in the Cathedral, , based on geological and palaeontological investigations

Nyborg, Ebbe; Surlyk, Finn; Thibault, Nicolas

Published in: Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark

DOI: 10.37570/bgsd-2020-68-02

Publication date: 2020

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Citation for published version (APA): Nyborg, E., Surlyk, F., & Thibault, N. (2020). Provenance of Medieval atlantes in the Ribe Cathedral, Denmark, based on geological and palaeontological investigations. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark, 68, 15- 21. https://doi.org/10.37570/bgsd-2020-68-02

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Provenance of Medieval atlantes in the Ribe Cathedral, Denmark, based on geological and palaeontological investigations

EBBE NYBORG, FINN SURLYK & NICOLAS THIBAULT

Nyborg, E., Surlyk, F. & Thibault, N. 2020. Provenance of Medieval atlantes in the Ribe Cathedral, Denmark, based on geological and palaeontological investigations. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark, vol. 68, pp. 15–21. ISSN 2245-7070. https://doi.org/10.37570/bgsd-2020-68-02

An atlante is a corbel figure (or pillar support) sculpted in the form of a man carrying Geological Society of Denmark a heavy load. A group of well-preserved stone carved atlantes from c. 1250 carrying https://2dgf.dk the vaults of the Ribe Cathedral in western Jylland, Denmark, represents the antique titan Atlas and are up to 150 cm high. Their obviously foreign origin has so far re- Received 29 November 2019 mained uncertain. The figures are made of a relatively soft, sandy limestone. A new Accepted in revised form nannofossil analysis of small chips of the chalky and sandy limestone narrows the age 12 February 2020 of the stone down to the late Campanian (Late Cretaceous). Upper Campanian sandy Published online 13 March 2020 limestones of this type are exposed in the Münster Basin in North Rhine-Westphalia, western Germany. The Campanian Baumberger Sandstein in this region fits well © 2020 the authors. Re-use of material is with the atlantes in terms of lithology and age and is the only possible provenance permitted, provided this work is cited. of the stone. Around 1250 the Baumberger Sandstein was used for baptismal fonts Creative Commons License CC BY: as far north as Ostfriesland at the Dutch-German border, and it is a novel finding of https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ this investigation that it even reached Denmark. The stone was most likely floated along the rivers Lippe and Rhine and shipped via the Wadden Sea to Ribe. It is a remarkably long transport distance for historic commercial stone transportation in continental northern European art in the High .

Keywords: Ribe Cathedral, Medieval sculpture, provenance, late Campanian, coc- coliths, Baumberger Sandstein, Münster Basin.

Ebbe Nyborg [[email protected]], National Museum of Denmark, Frederiksholms Kanal 12, DK-1220 K, Denmark. Finn Surlyk [[email protected]] and Nicolas Thibault [[email protected]], Department of Geoscience and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 10, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark.

Corresponding author: Finn Surlyk

Medieval Denmark was particularly short in easily or arms. The figures in the Ribe cathedral comprise a workable stone for the building of churches and cast­ group of five up to life-sized atlantes, illustrating the les. The Ribe Cathedral, situated on the classical myths of the titan Atlas who was doomed to coast of Jylland, was thus built mainly of volcanic tufa hold up the celestial heavens eternally. The atlantes are which was floated from quarries near Cologne (Köln) shown in Figs 2–4; they are not easily accessible and in the Rhineland down the river Rhine and shipped only approximate sizes can be given. Most splendid along the North Sea coast (Fig. 1). However, this rock is a flower-garlanded young man trampling an old type was too porous for making any monumental and bearded man underfoot – evidently a personification artistic sculpture. Consequently, another imported of Youth (Juventus) vanquishing Old Age (Fig. 4). An- stone was used for the decorative corbel figures to other figure is a stout giant standing on a dragon (Fig. carry the weight of new vaults in the cathedral con- 2), while a third is a crouching man who once sported structed by the middle of the 13th century. An atlante is a prominent male member which was amputated for a corbel figure (or pillar support) sculpted in the form propriety’s sake during refurbishment in 1865 (Fig. 3). of a man carrying a heavy load on his head, shoulders Art history has long been aware that the sculptures

Provenance of Medieval atlantes in the Ribe Cathedral, Denmark · 15 had a foreign origin (Helms 1870), but until now it has In 2017 a new sample was taken, this time from only been observed that similar but smaller sculptures the giant behind its dragon, to be investigated in carry the central vault in the castle chapel at Kobern more detail. A calcareous nannofossil analysis was south of Cologne (Nyborg in press). This paper pre- conducted on the new sample. A smear-slide was sents an identification of the origin of the carving prepared following the procedure described in stone of the atlantes in the Ribe Cathedral. Thibault & Gardin (2006). As our results indicate a Late Cretaceous deposit, a recent standard Boreal nannofossil scheme focusing on the Campanian to lower Maastrichtian is presented along with other Biostratigraphic analysis stratigraphic markers for that time interval (Fig. 5). The atlantes in the Ribe Cathedral all have the In 1979 a geological identification of the sculpture same lithological composition and the new sample stone was attempted by us, and we found that the consists of a light-coloured chalky and sandy lime- material was a relatively soft chalky and sandy lime- stone of a type well known from the Münster Basin stone belonging to the last part of the Cretaceous, the in North Rhine-Westphalia, western Germany (Fig. late Campanian – early Maastrichtian. Deposits of this 1). A precise age for the Ribe sample was provided by age have been accessible in the Paris Basin, around the analysis of the calcareous nannofossil assemblage Hannover in northern Germany, in Denmark, Belgium in the carbonate matrix. Calcareous nannofossils are and at Maastricht in The Netherlands, but they mainly the remains of calcifying phytoplanktonic organ- consist of pure chalk. isms which are particularly abundant in Cretaceous

North A Ribe B North Durham Sea Sea Ostfries- -land

Wadden sea Münster basin Hannover

Maastricht Köln Hannover

Mainz Reims Caen Strasbourg Sens Maastricht Westphalia Nevers region

C

Cretaceous deposits of the Münster basin Outcropping or immediately below Quaternary deposits Underground

Fig. 1. A: Map showing the location of Ribe and relevant German locations cited in the text along the Rhine and Lippe rivers. B: Early Campanian palaeogeographic map of the western Peri-Tethys area with location of the Münster Basin and relevant French and German towns mentioned in the text. After Philip & Floquet (2000). C: Map showing the distribution of Cretaceous sediments in the Münster Basin, compiled by Geologische Dienst Nordrhein-Westfalen, https://www.gd.nrw.de/ge_ev_stratigraphie.htm

16 · Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark marine carbonates. Their rapid evolution makes them an excellent group for relative dating. The assemblage of the Ribe sample is well-preserved, with abundant nannofossils (Fig. 6). The presence of Tranolithus orionatus, Zeugrhabdotus bicrescenticus, Broinsonia parca parca and B. parca constricta together with the absence of Eiffelithus eximius and Orastrum campanensis may constrain the assemblage to nan- nofossil zone UC16 (Burnett 1998). Zeugrhabdotus praesigmoides (syn. T. stemmerikii Thibault 2010) is common, which further constrains our sample to the upper Campanian below the top of subzone UC16S2 where this taxon gets extinct (Fig. 5; Boussaha et al. 2016; Thibault 2016a). Watznaueria barnesiae and W. cf. W. manivitae are common forms of the assemblage, and this feature is typical of the late Campanian warm optimum that took place across subzones UC15eBP to UC16S3, these species becoming much rarer in the early Maastrichtian. We also note abun-

Fig. 3. Atlante from the Ribe Cathedral. Young man crouching. Originally he sported a prominentFigure male 3 member until it was removed in 1865. Atlante is about 1.5 m high. Photo: Folmer Iversen.

Fig. 2. Atlante from the Ribe Cathedral. A giant standing on the back of a dragon. The sculpture is about 1.5 m high. The sample Fig. 4. Atlante from the Ribe Cathedral. Flower-garlanded investigated for calcareousFigure nannofossils 2 was taken in 2017 from young man trampling an old man underfoot. This atlante is the hidden back side of the dragon. Photo: Folmer Iversen. 50–75 cm high. Photo: FigureFolmer Iversen. 4

Provenance of Medieval atlantes in the Ribe Cathedral, Denmark · 17 dant Reinhardtites anthophorus. Hence, our sediments subzone (Fig. 5). The presence of common R. levis and cannot be younger than UC16S2, the last consistent Lucianorhabdus spp., both of which compose a signifi- occurrence of R. anthophorus being within this latter cant part of the assemblage, is another feature that

Traditional NW Germany Boreal UC macrofossil Belemnite Brachiopod macrofossil nannofossil Calcareous zones zones (UK) zones zones nannofossil Mortimore zones BP (Belemnites) NW Europe Schulz (1978, 1979) UC : Burnett (1998) et al. (2001) Surlyk (1984) biohorizons Ma Christensen (1988) & Schönfeld S: Boussaha et al. Magnetochrons 68 Age et al. (1996) (2016) tenuicostata- 7 not semiglobularis cimbrica 69 S2 Belemnella exposed pulchellus-tenuicostata 6 UC19 C. obscurus S1 R. levis Z. bicrescenticus, 70 upper lower occidentalis in B. sumensis 5 UC18 P. mgayae UK pulchellus-pulchellus UC17 T. orionatus subtilis-pulchellus B. parca constricta 71 4 S4 Belemnitella spinosa-subtilis 3 B. obtusa P. mgayae Maastrichtian Belemnella minor III lower lower S3 72 B. pseudoobtusa Z. praesigmoides common lower lanceolata s.l. Belemnitella acutirostris-spinosa 2 UC16 jasmundi-acutirostris 1 B. lanceolata s.s. S2 LCO R. anthophorus W. barnesiae and 73 minor II longicollis-jasmundi W. cf. W. manivitiae gri/gra S1 LCO Belemnitella tenuicostata- M. quaternarius upper upper common 74 minor I BP E. eximius longicollis langei R. levis e & Lucianorhabdus 75 ? polyplocum spp. Belemnitella O. campanensis 76 BP mucronata s.l. Belemnitella vulgaris d woodi 77 bas/spin lower upper UC15 P. stoveri 78 upper Belemnitella 10 µm R. levis UNZONED co/se BP 10 µm Campanian mucronata s.s. c 79 gr/se H. bugensis 80 Gonioteuthis co/gr BP papil. b L. grillii upper lower quadrata BP 81 senon. a C. biarcus 1 12 32 34 4 Fig. 5. Integrated lower (pars.) stratigraphic scheme for the Boreal Realm with an up-to-date calcareous nannofossil scheme for the Campan- ian – lower Maastrichtian. The grey zone indicates the age of our sample. Eprolithus floralis EprolithusEprolithus floralisfloralis LucianorhabdusEprolithus floralis cayeuxiiLucianorhabdusReinhardtites cayeuxii Reinhardtites (XPL) (XPL,(XPL) Gypsum) (XPL, (XPL)Gypsum) anthophorus(XPL) (XPL) anthophorus (XPL)

10 µm 10 µm

1 21 32 34 45 56 76 78 8 Eprolithus floralis EprolithusEprolithus floralisfloralis LucianorhabdusEprolithus floralis cayeuxiiLucianorhabdusReinhardtites cayeuxii ReinhardtitesReinhardtites levis TranolithusReinhardtites orionatus levis WatznaueriaTranolithus orionatusbarnesiae WatznaueriaWatznaueria barnesiae cf. Watznaueria cf. (XPL) (XPL,(XPL) Gypsum) (XPL, (XPL)Gypsum) anthophorus(XPL) (XPL) anthophorus(XPL) (XPL) (XPL)(XPL) (XPL)(XPL) W. manivitiae(XPL) (XPL) W. manivitiae (XPL)

5 65 76 78 89 109 10 Reinhardtites levis TranolithusReinhardtites orionatus levis WatznaueriaTranolithus orionatusbarnesiae WatznaueriaWatznaueria barnesiae cf. WatznaueriaZeugrhabdotus cf. ZeugrhabdotusZeugrhabdotus Zeugrhabdotus (XPL) (XPL)(XPL) (XPL)(XPL) W. manivitiae(XPL) (XPL) Wbicrescenticus. manivitiae (XPL) (XPL) praesigmoidesbicrescenticus (XPL)(XPL) praesigmoides (XPL) Fig. 6. Diagnostic calcareous nannofossils found in a sample taken in 2017 from one of the backsides of the dragon sculpture shown in Fig. 2. XPL: cross-polarized; Gypsum: view with cross-polarized light and gypsum plate. The white scale bars are 10 µm long in all images.

18 · Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark

9 109 10 Zeugrhabdotus ZeugrhabdotusZeugrhabdotus Zeugrhabdotus bicrescenticus (XPL) praesigmoidesbicrescenticus (XPL)(XPL) praesigmoides (XPL) is generally restricted to an interval comprising the the Lippe river which flows into the Rhine. In the upper zone UC15 to the base of subzone UC16S1 in town of Wesel, the products were reloaded and the Danish chalk (Thibault et al. 2012; Thibault 2016b). sailed upstream to the Rhineland or downstream to The coincidence of these features in the nannofossil The Netherlands (Fig. 1). It is undisputable that the assemblage tends to restrain the age of our sample Baumberger Sandstein was commonly exported to to subzones UC15eBP–UC16S1 (Fig. 5). The absence of the north already by the middle of the 13th century E. eximius is not necessarily a good diagnosis for the when finely sculpted baptismal fonts are found in base of zone UC16 as this species becomes very rare Ostfriesland at the Dutch-German border (Kroesen & toward the top of its range, making its extinction dif- Steensma 2011; Nyborg in press). The atlantes in the ficult to identify with confidence, and the range top Ribe Cathedral are so integrated in the architecture, is commonly diachronous. We also note the presence and the nature of the ornamentation is so delicate, of Eprolithus floralis, which gets extinct in the middle that they were almost certainly carved at the build- part of UC14cBP according to Burnett (1998) but has ing site in Ribe by German masons. been regularly observed higher up within UC15 in Close counterparts to the sculptures in Ribe are the North Sea and in the chalk of the Danish Basin not known from northern Westphalia, but at Kobern (N. Thibault unpublished observations). All taken in the Rhineland (Fig. 7), and it is thus assumed that together, these features point to an interval restricted the artists came from this area. It would be interest- to the upper Campanian subzone UC15eBP despite the ing to know if the sculptures in Kobern are also made absence of E. eximius, which is diagnostic for the top of Baumberger Sandstein, but this is unknown to us. of this subzone (Fig. 5). It is a novel finding of this investigation that Rhinish-Westphalian stone and art of this age reached as far north as Denmark. Written evidence indicates that the vaults and their atlantes of the Ribe Discussion Cathedral were set up before 1266 and that the initia- tor of the ambitious works probably was the Upper lower – lower upper Campanian chalky, sandy Esger (1246–1273) (Nyborg in press). The monumental limestones are not known in Denmark but crop out atlantes in the Ribe Cathedral are unique in northern in western Germany. In the 12th and 13th centuries, a Europe, forming a whole suite. Parallels may mostly favoured building stone of the Rhineland area was be found in French cathedrals such as in Sens, Reims, the upper Campanian Baumberger Sandstein (e.g. Nevers and Strasbourg, and in Mainz in Germany. Grimm 1990; Mutterlose & Wilmsen 2008). It consists of up to 70% CaCO3, 16% quartz, 3% feldspar and small amounts of glauconite set in a mainly micritic matrix. Despite being a shallow marine deposit, the Baumberger Sandstein is known to contain a relative- ly well-preserved and diverse calcareous nannofossil association assigned to zone UC15 and to the lower Belemnitella langei belemnite zone (Fesl et al. 2005). The B. langei belemnite zone falls right within nan- nofossil subzone UC15eBP (Fig. 5). Our sample from Ribe fits very well with this building stone in terms of both lithology and age (Fig. 6). The only possible provenance for the atlantes at Ribe is the Baumberger Sandstein, as there are no other rocks of this age and composition which could have been used (J. Eichler, personal communication 2019). A somewhat similar stone has been quarried near Prague in the Czech Republic, but in marked contrast to the Baumberger Sandstein it has not been used for sculptures. Because of its quality, the Baumberger Sandstein has been quarried at least from the 12th century, and since then it was used extensively and exported mainly as raw blocks (Noehles 1953; Karrenbrock 1989; Plehwe-Leisen 2010; Bergmann & v. Plehwe- Fig. 7. Atlantes in the Castle Chapel at Kobern in the Rhineland. Leisen 2018). From the quarries, carts were run to The sculpture is 50–75 cmFigure high. Photo: 5 Marburg.

Provenance of Medieval atlantes in the Ribe Cathedral, Denmark · 19 Conclusion Christensen, W.K. 1988: Upper Cretaceous belemnites of Europe: state of the art. In: Streel, M. & Bless, M.J.M. (eds), The Chalk The atlantes from the Ribe Cathedral all consist of District of the Euregio Meuse-Rhine, 5–16. Natuurhistorisch the same light-coloured chalky, sandy limestone. Museum Maastricht and Laboratoires de Paléontologie de Calcareous nannofossil analysis indicates a Late l’Université d’Etat, Liège. Cretaceous, late Campanian age of a sample taken Fesl, S., Bornemann, A. & Mutterlose, J. 2005: Die Baumberge- from one of the atlantes. The combined evidence from Schichten (Ober-Campan) im nordwestlichen Münsterland the lithology and the age of the sample indicates the – Biostratigraphie und Ablagerungsraum. Geologie und Baumberger Sandstein exposed in the Münster Basin Paläontologie in Westfalen 65, 95–116. in Westphalia, northern Germany, as the only possible Grimm, W.-D. 1990: Bildatlas wichtiger Denkmalgesteine candidate for the provenance of the limestone blocks der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Herausgegeben vom used for carving the atlantes in the Ribe Cathedral. Bayerischen Landesamt für Denkmalpflege, Lipp-Verlag, The blocks were probably sailed down the Rhine and München, ISBN 3-87490-535-7. then farther on over the Wadden Sea to Ribe. The Helms, J. 1870: Ribe Domkirke. København. rather soft nature of the sediment indicates that the Karrenbrock, R. 1989: Baumberger Sandstein: Ausstrahlung sculptures were exported as raw blocks and carved westfälischen Kunstschaffens in den Ostseeraum. In: Hanse, at the building site by German craftsmen. D. (ed.), Lebenswirklichkeit und Mythos. Katalog zur Aus- We have used a combination of sedimentology, stellung des Museums für Hamburgische Geschichte, Band nannofossil analysis, art history and the history of 1, 497–505. Hamburg 1989. transport to obtain new insight into northern Euro- Kroesen, J & Steensma, R. 2011: Kirchen in Ostfriesland und pean art and historic commercial stone transportation ihre mittelalterliche Ausstattung, 224–234. Michael Imhof in the High Middle Ages. To our knowledge, this is Verlag, Petersberg. the first reported occurrence of Rhinish-Westphalian Mortimore, R.N., Wood, C.J. & Gallois, R.W. 2001: British Upper stone and art of this age in Denmark. Cretaceous Stratigraphy. Geological Conservation Review Series, 23. Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC), UK. ISBN 1861074883 Mutterlose, J. & Wilmsen, M. 2008: Field Trip POST4 – The Acknowledgements evolution of a Cretaceous epicontinental sea: from lacustrine via pelagic to turbiditic environments (Germany). 26th IAS We are grateful to Silke Voigt for establishing the Regional Meeting held jointly with the SEPM-CES SEDI- contact to German colleagues with insight into Me- MENT Meeting 2008, Bochum, Germany, September 1–3, dieval quarrying in Germany. We direct our sincere 2008, Excursion Guide Book, 113–143. thanks to Joachim Eichler, Ulrich Kaplan and Rein- Noehles, K. 1953: Die westfälischen Taufsteine des 12. und 13. hard Karrenbrock for their highly useful help with Jahrhunderts. Unpublished Phil. Dissertation, Münster. critical information and literature. We thank journal Nyborg, E. in press.: Ribes Atlanter. Rhinsk-Westfalsk byg­ reviewers André Borneman and Per Kristian Madsen ningsskulptur i Ribe Domkirke. Årbøger for Nordisk Old- for useful comments. kyndighed og Historie, Copenhagen. Philip, J. & Floquet, M. 2000: Early Campanian (83–80.5 Ma). In: Crasquin, S. et al. (eds), Atlas Peri-Tethys, Palaeogeographic maps. Explanatory notes, pp. 145–152. Commission for the References Geological Map of the World (CCGM/CCMW), Paris. Plehwe-Leisen, E. v. 2010: Der Baumberger Sandstein – ein Bergmann, U. & v. Plehwe-Leisen, E. 2018: Der Baumberger „Modegestein“ für mittelalterliche Skulptur und Bauzier Sandstein. Ein Alleinstellungsmerkmal der Steinskulptur im Kölner Dom. Kölner Domblatt 75. Folge, Köln, 273–281. am Kölner Dom. Kölner Domblatt. Jahrbuch des Zentral- Schönfeld, J., Schulz, M.-G., Arthur, M.A., Burnett, J., Gale, A.S., Dombau-Vereins 83. Folge, Köln, 91–127. Hambach, U., Hansen, H.J., Kennedy, W.J., Rasmussen, K.L., Boussaha, M., Thibault, N. & Stemmerik, L. 2016: Integrated Thirlwall, M.F. & Wray, D.S. 1996: New results on biostratigraphy, stratigraphy of the late Campanian – Maastrichtian in the paleomagnetism, geochemistry and correlation from the standard Danish basin: revision of the Boreal calcareous nannofossil section for the Upper Cretaceous white chalk of northern Germany zonation. Newsletters on Stratigraphy 49, 1–24. https://doi. (Lägerdorf-Kronsmoor-Hemmoor). Mitteilungen des Geologisch- org/10.1127/nos/2016/0075 Paläontologischen Institut der Universität Hamburg 77, 545–575. Burnett, J.A. 1998: Upper Cretaceous. In: Bown, P.R. (ed.), Schulz, M.-G. 1978: Zur Litho- und Biostratigraphie des Ober- Calcareous Nannofossil Biostratigraphy, 132–199. British campan–Untermaastricht von Lägerdorf und Kronsmoor Micropalaeontological Society Series. Chapman and Hall/ (SW-Holstein). 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20 · Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark Schulz, M.-G. 1979: Morphometrisch-variationsstatistische consistent occurrences in the chalk: an example from the Late Untersuchungen zur Phylogenie der Belemniten-Gattung Cretaceous of Denmark. New Mexico Museum of Natural Belemnella im Unter-Maastricht NW-Europas. Geologisches History and Science Bulletin 71, 299–306. Jahrbuch A 47, 3–157. Thibault, N. & Gardin, S. 2006: Maastrichtian calcareous nan- Surlyk, F. 1984: The Maastrichtian Stage in NW Europe, and its nofossil biostratigraphy and paleoecology in the Equatorial brachiopod zonation. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Atlantic (Demerara Rise, ODP Leg 207 Hole 1258A). Revue de Denmark 33, 217–223. Micropaléontologie 49, 199–214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. Thibault, N. 2010: Calcareous nannofossils from the Boreal up- revmic.2006.08.002 per Campanian–Maastrichtian Chalk of Denmark. Journal Thibault, N., Harlou, R., Schovsbo, N., Schiøler, P., Minoletti, of Nannoplankton Research 31, 39–56. F., Galbrun, B., Lauridsen, B.W., Sheldon, E., Stemmerik, L. Thibault, N. 2016a: Calcareous nannofossil biostratigraphy and & Surlyk, F. 2012: Upper Campanian–Maastrichtian nan- turnover dynamics in the late Campanian–Maastrichtian of nofossil biostratigraphy and high-resolution carbon-isotope the tropical South Atlantic. Revue de Micropaléontologie 59, stratigraphy of the Danish Basin: towards a standard δ13C 57–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.revmic.2016.01.001 curve for the Boreal Realm. Cretaceous Research 33, 72–90. Thibault, N. 2016b: Reliability of calcareous nannofossil last https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2011.09.001

Provenance of Medieval atlantes in the Ribe Cathedral, Denmark · 21