Universidade Anhembi Morumbi Ricardo Tsutomu Matsuzawa

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Universidade Anhembi Morumbi Ricardo Tsutomu Matsuzawa UNIVERSIDADE ANHEMBI MORUMBI RICARDO TSUTOMU MATSUZAWA UM TERRITÓRIO COMUM Memória pessoal e memória cinematográfica nos filmes de Wim Wenders dos anos 80 SÃO PAULO 2008 RICARDO TSUTOMU MATSUZAWA UM TERRITÓRIO COMUM Memória pessoal e memória cinematográfica nos filmes de Wim Wenders dos anos 80 Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada à Banca Examinadora, como exigência parcial para a obtenção do título de Mestre do Programa de Mestrado em Comunicação, área de concentração em Comunicação Contemporânea da Universidade Anhembi Morumbi, sob a orientação do Prof. Dr. Gelson Santana Penha. SÃO PAULO 2008 RICARDO TSUTOMU MATSUZAWA UM TERRITÓRIO COMUM Memória pessoal e memória cinematográfica nos filmes de Wim Wenders dos anos 80 Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada à Banca Examinadora, como exigência parcial para a obtenção do título de Mestre do Programa de Mestrado em Comunicação, área de concentração em Comunicação Contemporânea da Universidade Anhembi Morumbi, sob a orientação do Prof. Dr. Gelson Santana Penha. Aprovado em ----/-----/----- Gelson Santana Penha Samuel José Holanda de Paiva Rogério Ferraraz RESUMO Tomando os textos, as entrevistas e os depoimentos publicados como guia, esta dissertação percorre a produção cinematográfica de Wim Wenders em um momento singular: a década de 1980. Este período compreende a ida do cineasta alemão para Hollywood e o conseqüente amadurecimento do seu processo de realização de filmes, como podemos observar refletido entre as produções de Hammet (1982), passa por Paris, Texas (1984) e termina em Asas do desejo (1987). As três películas são entrecortadas por uma série de acontecimentos que leva o diretor a confrontar a América idealizada de sua memória, construída através das produções hollywoodianas, com a realidade do sistema que ele vivencia. Este confronto se faz a partir de uma produção “paralela” de filmes de ficção e documentários que acaba por refletir sua condição de cineasta em busca de respostas para o conflito entre uma América experimentada na memória e um modo ideal de fazer cinema nela. A partir daí, dois tipos de produção se apresentam: 1) os “filmes de urgência”, no qual o diretor confronta a memória que ele tem do cinema americano, a vivência anterior como cineasta alemão e a experiência na América – ele percebe então que não faz parte do esquema de produção americano e, por isso, questiona sua identidade como cineasta; 2) os “diários filmados” no qual procura um lugar para dar continuidade de sua obra. Estas realizações vão levá-lo a transformar o seu olhar sobre a América e a renovar o seu olhar sobre a Alemanha. Os filmes de Wim Wenders da década de 80 espelham a procura de um cineasta pelo equilíbrio entre a memória pessoal e a memória cinematográfica no processo de fazer filmes PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Wim Wenders, Memória, Cinema. ABSTRACT This dissertation makes a review of the cinematography production of Wim Wenders during the 1980’s decade, using the texts, interviews and testimony as a guide. The period is important for it is when the German director goes to Hollywood, an it represents a blossoming in the making process of the movies – which is represented by Hammet (1982), Paris, Texas (1984) and Wings of Desire (1987). The three shootings are done in between a series of happenings that leads the director to confronting the America idealized on his memories – which is constructed by the Hollywood production – with the reality lived during his stay in United States. This confrontation can be seen through the analysis of the “parallel” production of fiction and documentary movies, whose reflect Wim Wenders condition of a moviemaker searching for answers to an America experienced in memories and the ideal condition of making a movie on it. Two types of movies can be presented from this point: 1) the “urgency movies”, on whose the director confronts the memory he has of the America cinema, the previous practice as a German director and his experience in America – Wenders realizes that he cannot fit on the American production system and questions his identity as a moviemaker; 2) the “filmed diaries”, on whose the director searches for place for continuing his work. The mentioned production transforms his impressions of America and renews the ones of Germany. The Wim Wenders’ movies of the 80’s mirror the moviemaker’s search for the equilibrium between personal and cinematographic memories during the process of making a movie. Keywords: Wim Wenders, Memory, Cinema. LISTA DE GRÁFICOS Gráfico 1- Os níveis de expansão da memória................................................15 Gráfico 2 - Cone da memória...........................................................................16 LISTA DE ABREVIATURAS E SIGLAS APO – Aussenparlamentarische Opposition . FFA – Filmförderungsanstalt. DEFA– Deutche Film AG ao meu amor AGRADECIMENTOS Universidade Anhembi Morumbi Gelson Santana, Rogério Ferraraz, Samuel Paiva, Bernardette Lyra, Marcos Brandão, Maria Ignês, Eduardo Vicente, Vicente Gosciola, Valdir Baptista, Luiz Vadico, Claudia Lago, Alexandre Marino, André Hernan, Reinaldo Cardenuto, Celso Viviani, Thaís Saraiva, Theophilo Augusto, Claudia Dallaverde, Suzana Reck, Maurício Monteiro, Mario Cassettari, Roger Pascoal, Daniel Gambaro, Gisele Sayeg, Leandro Maciel, Carolina Baggio, Yuriko Matsuzawa, Sumiko Ariga, Suzushi Matsuzawa, Paula Dias Aguiar e Ananda Carvalho SUMÁRIO RESUMO ............................................................................................................................... 4 ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................... 5 LISTA DE GRÁFICOS ................................................................................................................. 6 LISTA DE ABREVIATURAS E SIGLAS ........................................................................................... 7 INTRODUÇÃO .................................................................................................................... 12 CAPÍTULO UM - MEMÓRIA E WENDERS ................................................................................... 14 A QUESTÃO DA MEMÓRIA : BERGSON E HALBWACHS ........................................................... 14 WIM WENDERS .................................................................................................................. 18 CINEMA NOVO ALEMÃO ...................................................................................................... 22 CAPÍTULO DOIS – HOLLYWOOD E OS FILMES DE URGÊNCIA ...................................................... 28 HAMMETT .......................................................................................................................... 28 UM FILME PARA NICK ......................................................................................................... 32 O ESTADO DAS COISAS ...................................................................................................... 51 CAPÍTULO TRÊS - DIÁRIOS FILMADOS DE WENDERS ................................................................ 66 DIÁRIOS FILMADOS ............................................................................................................ 66 OS DIÁRIOS EM WENDERS .................................................................................................. 67 QUARTO 666 ..................................................................................................................... 72 EM BUSCA DE OZU ............................................................................................................. 75 NOTAS SOBRE ROUPAS E CIDADES ..................................................................................... 86 CAPÍTULO QUATRO – UM OLHAR SOBRE A AMÉRICA E A ALEMANHA ........................................ 97 PARIS , TEXAS .................................................................................................................... 97 ASAS DO DESEJO ............................................................................................................. 115 CONCLUSÃO ....................................................................................................................... 128 BIBLIOGRAFIA ................................................................................................................. 130 FILMOGRAFIA DE WIM WENDERS .......................................................................................... 133 FICHA TÉCNICA DOS FILMES DE WIM WENDERS NA DÉCADA DE 1980: .................................... 136 Todos os filmes começam com memórias, todos os filmes são também uma soma de muitas memórias. Por outro lado, muitas memórias nascem através de filmes. O cinema criou também, ele próprio, muitas memórias. WIM WENDERS 12 INTRODUÇÃO Esta dissertação estuda a questão da memória na obra do diretor alemão Wim Wenders. O objetivo é observar de que forma seus filmes incorporam a memória pessoal do realizador através dos seus escritos e entrevistas, bem como a “memória coletiva”. Dessa forma, a pesquisa engloba esses dois territórios que se entrelaçam. Delimitamos um período: a produção cinematográfica de Wenders na década de 1980, apesar de retomarmos elementos de suas outras obras. A década concentra um momento singular para a discussão de sua obra em vários aspectos e abrange sua ida para Hollywood e o conseqüente amadurecimento do seu processo de realização fílmica. Neste período, Wenders se permite e tem condições de experimentar e realizar temáticas
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