Staging the Operas of Francesco Cavalli
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Staging the Operas of Francesco Cavalli: Dramaturgy in Performance, 1651–1652 Andrew Eggert Submitted in partial fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2014 © 2014 Andrew Eggert All rights reserved ABSTRACT Staging the Operas of Francesco Cavalli: Dramaturgy in Performance, 1651–1652 Andrew Eggert This dissertation examines four operas created by the composer Franceso Cavalli and the librettist Giovanni Faustini at the Teatro Sant’Apollinare in Venice in 1651– 1652 with regard to the relationship between musical dramaturgy and stage performance. All four operas—L’Oristeo, La Rosinda, La Calisto, and L’Eritrea—are preserved in manuscript scores that are part of the Contarini Collection in the Biblioteca Nazionale Marciana. Annotations in these sources document the complex process of rehearsing at the Sant’Apollinare and the ways that multiple considerations of production (including vocal casting, staging, and scenography) interacted with the evolving musico-dramatic structure. Several of these operas were revived later in the seventeenth century in new theatrical circumstances: L’Oristeo was revived as L’Oristeo travestito in Bologna in 1656; La Rosinda was reworked and presented under the title Le magie amorose in Naples in 1653; and L’Eritrea received multiple productions (including a Venetian revival at the Teatro San Salvatore in 1661). These case studies provide a fuller view of the relationship between Venetian opera aesthetics and the exigencies of performance on the seventeenth-century stage. Modifications to the original dramaturgy—such as inserted arias and sinfonie, added secondary comic characters, and cuts to recitative—were made with careful regard to the scenography of each production. This analysis demonstrates the critical importance of stagecraft in the interpretation of this repertoire both historically and in modern edition and performance. TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF EXAMPLES AND TABLES ..................................................................................................... iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ....................................................................................................................... xiv INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................................... 1 I. Historical and Biographical Context ..................................................................... 5 II. The Teatro Sant’Apollinare as New Venue for Opera Production ........ 11 III. Three Methodologies: Source Studies, Performance Studies, and Comparative Dramaturgy ....................................................................................... 16 IV. Synopses of the Sant’Apollinare Operas: L’Oristeo, La Rosinda, La Calisto, and L’Eritrea .................................................................................................... 25 V. Summary of Dramaturgical Considerations in Performance .................. 30 VI. Implications for Opera Studies and Contemporary Production ............ 35 CHAPTER ONE: L’Oristeo, 1651, and Cavalli’s Autograph Score as Record of Stage Performance I. The New Model of Presenting Opera at the Teatro Sant'Apollinare .... 38 II. The Dramaturgical Sources and Libretto Structure ..................................... 43 III. Cavalli's Autograph Score as Primary Source of Stage Production ...... 48 IV. Structural Adjustments at the Ends of the Acts .............................................. 52 V. Casting the Title Role and Musical Transpositions ...................................... 67 VI. Manuscript Records of Scenography in the Physical Production .......... 75 VII. Conclusion ..................................................................................................................... 79 i CHAPTER TWO: Magic and Theatrical Illusion in the Staging of La Rosinda, 1651 and 1653 I. La Rosinda at the Teatro Sant’Apollinare and in Adaptation .................. 82 II. The 1651 Production and the Challenge to Verisimilitude ...................... 83 III. Literary and Theatrical Models for the Depiction of Enchantment ...... 87 IV. Vocal Casting and Scenography Across the 1650/51 season ................. 91 V. Analysis of the Autograph Manuscript ............................................................... 93 VI. The Musical Realization of Enchantment in Cavalli’s Setting .............. 113 VII. Le magie amorose and the Scenography of a Neapolitan revival ....... 117 VIII. Conclusion .................................................................................................................. 125 CHAPTER THREE: Dramaturgical Metamorphoses in the Staging of La Calisto, 1651 I. Twin Princesses for the Opera Stage: La Calisto and L’Eritrea ............ 127 II. Mechanized Theatrical Technologies as the Basis of an Operatic Subject .......................................................................................................................... 130 III. Background of Scenic Technology and Torelli’s Impact on Venetian Dramaturgy ................................................................................................................ 135 IV. The Sources and Their Relationship to Staging ......................................... 142 V. The Concept of Metamorphosis in the Musico-Dramatic Action ........ 145 VI. Conclusion .................................................................................................................. 180 ii CHAPTER FOUR: L'Eritrea 1652, 1654, 1661: Comparative Dramaturgy of Cavalli in Performance I. The Genesis and Reception of L’Eritrea in Venice ..................................... 182 II. Documentary Sources of the First Performances ....................................... 187 III. The Circulation of L’Eritrea from Venice to Bologna and Back ........... 191 IV. The Transformation of a Prologue ................................................................... 197 V. The Reduction in Prominence of the Chorus from 1652 to 1661 ...... 201 VI. The Increased Role of Commedia dell'Arte Characters ........................... 205 VII. Altering the Balance of Scenographic Transformations ......................... 207 VIII. Conclusion .................................................................................................................. 224 EPILOGUE I. Summary of Conclusions: The Interaction of Dramaturgy and Scenography .............................................................................................................. 228 II. Application of Comparative Dramaturgy to Repertoire Beyond Venice .......................................................................................................... 230 III. Implications for Contemporary Stage Production .................................... 231 BIBLIOGRAPHY ..................................................................................................................................... 235 iii LIST OF EXAMPLES AND TABLES NB: All illustrations from manuscript scores are included with permission of the Biblioteca Nazionale Marciana and may not be reproduced. “Su concessione del Ministero dei Beni e delle Attività Culturali e del Turismo – Biblioteca Nazionale Marciana. Divieto di rirproduzione.” Example 1.1: Cavalli, L’Oristeo, Act I, Scene 15, Biblioteca Nazionale Marciana, It. IV, 367 (=09891), f. 34v. Example 1.2: Cavalli, L’Oristeo, Act I, Scene 15, Biblioteca Nazionale Marciana, It. IV, 367 (=09891), f. 36r. Example 1.3: Cavalli, L’Oristeo, Act I, Scene 15, Biblioteca Nazionale Marciana, It. IV, 367 (=09891), f. 36v. Example 1.4: Cavalli, L’Oristeo, Act I, Scene 15, Biblioteca Nazionale Marciana, It. IV, 367 (=09891), f. 37r. Example 1.5: Cavalli, L’Oristeo, Act I, Scene 15, Biblioteca Nazionale Marciana, It. IV, 367 (=09891), f. 37v. Example 1.6: Cavalli, L’Oristeo, Act II, Scene 18, Biblioteca Nazionale Marciana, It. IV, 367 (=09891), f 60v. Example 1.7: Cavalli, L’Oristeo, Act II, Scene 18, Biblioteca Nazionale Marciana, It. IV, 367 (=09891), f. 61r. iv Example 1.8: Cavalli, L’Oristeo, Act II, Scene 18, Biblioteca Nazionale Marciana, It. IV, 367 (=09891), f. 61v. Example 1.9: Cavalli, L’Oristeo, Act III, Scene 8 (Scena Ultima), Biblioteca Nazionale Marciana, It. IV, 367 (=09891), f. 78r. Example 1.10: Cavalli, L’Oristeo, Act III, Scene 8 (Scena Ultima), Biblioteca Nazionale Marciana, It. IV, 367 (=09891), f. 78v. Example 1.11: Cavalli, L’Oristeo, Act III, Scene 8 (Scena Ultima), Biblioteca Nazionale Marciana, It. IV, 367 (=09891), f. 79r. Example 1.12: Cavalli, L’Oristeo, Act III, Scene 8 (Scena Ultima), Biblioteca Nazionale Marciana, It. IV, 367 (=09891), f. 79v. Example 1.13: Cavalli, L’Oristeo, Act III, Scenes 5–6, Biblioteca Nazionale Marciana, It. IV, 367 (=09891), f. 70r. Example 1.14: Cavalli, L’Oristeo, Act II, Scene 6, Biblioteca Nazionale Marciana, It. IV, 367 (=09891), f. 46r. Example 1.15: Cavalli, L’Oristeo, Act I, Scene 5, Biblioteca Nazionale Marciana, It. IV, 367 (=09891), f. 15v. Example 1.16: Cavalli, L’Oristeo, Act I, Scene 5, Biblioteca Nazionale Marciana, It. IV, 367 (=09891), f. 16r. Example 1.17: Cavalli, L’Oristeo, Act III, Scene 8 (Scena Ultima), Biblioteca Nazionale Marciana, It. IV, 367 (=09891), f. 74v. v Example 1.18: Cavalli, L’Oristeo, Act I, Scene 7, Biblioteca Nazionale Marciana, It. IV, 367 (=09891), f. 20v. Example 1.19: Cavalli, L’Oristeo, Act I, Scene 6, Biblioteca Nazionale Marciana, It. IV, 367 (=09891), f. 19r. Example