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Women of Action in Tudor England: Nine Biographical Sketches

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Women of Action in Tudor England: Nine Biographical Sketches It is not that they mourn the passing (though ironically it is also a of the old ways—"People say 'Oh them strength) is the absence of methodo• good old days.' But what was good of logical comment. Chamberlain writes them? You tell me!" (p. 81) The nothing about how she found her mere struggle to survive brought many speakers and whether they are represen• women to their knees. But there's a tative of the village social structure. fondness about the past, perhaps be• Other than a word or two about the cause women had to come together more speakers' identities—name, age, occu• and work together. In those hours pation, marital status, and the like— together there were moments to ex• and a short introduction to each chap• change stories and thoughts: "We'd be ter to give the following words a con• sitting with the older women till the text, she provides a minimal amount of Church bell went (to signify the editorial comment. There's no attempt start of gleaning), and I was sorry to to categorize and to explain. She start gleaning, because the best part lets each woman tell her tale. was before, listening to the older women's stories." (p. 29) The nature Kathy Kuusisto, Halifax of housework and employment outside tends to isolate younger women from 1. Eve Hostettler, "Reviews, Fenwomen," Oral History: The Journal of the Oral History Society, Vol. 4, No 1. (Spring 1976), p. 104. each other and older women. There is little to fill the hours of the day except television. The festivals of Women of Action in Tudor England: the village have been replaced by discos and the occasional bingo. Nine Biographical Sketches PEARL HOGREFE. Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1977. Pp. 263. Fenwomen: Portrait of women in an English Village, is a valuable contri• bution both to the literature of oral history and women's studies. The Pearl Hogrefe is well-known to stu• wealth of material collected through dents of the sixteenth century as the oral history cannot be duplicated, author of important books on Sir especially in the case of women. The Thomas More and Sir Thomas Elyot, two decision to practise contraception, of the most influential of the clas• and managing of weekly budgets, the sical humanists of the English Renais• problems of abandonment and bereave• sance. A major chapter in her The ment, plus the care and discipline of Sir Thomas More Circle (1959) discus• children are all subjects beyond legal ses how More attempted to demonstrate statute or the official contract and through the education of his daughters thus leave no written record for future that women were capable of benefiting historians.(1) One problem of Fenwomen from the kind of classical education largely reserved for men and that they though in keeping with the tenets of indeed had a right to such an educa• humanists like More, a number of tion . More1s example in this matter women acquired a classical education, was influential in a number of English some becoming writers, translators or households, and it was also in harmony patrons of letters. In reality a with the views of other humanists of woman's lot in England, so Hogrefe the day such as Linacre and Vives, maintained, was in many instances very while Erasmus, as is well-known, was far from that of the subservient converted to the same views after ignoramus so beloved of divines and spending time in More's house in com• lawyers. Indeed, other nations had a pany with More's daughters. In The saying that "England is a paradise Life and Times of Sir Thomas Elyot for women, a prison for servants, and Englishman (1967) Hogrefe once more a hell or purgatory for horses—for discussed attitudes to women in the the females have great liberty and Tudor period in her analysis of Elyot's are almost like masters." The Defense of Good Women (1540). That Hogrefe should then go on to Hogrefe's study, the first attempt to write a full-length study of the situ• analyse closely the social situation ation of women in the sixteenth century of sixteenth century English women, consequently came as no surprise. now has a sequel, Women of Action in Tudor England: Nine Biographical Tudor Women: Commoners and Queens Sketches. As she explains in her (1975) explored in detail both the Preface, this work grew simultaneously constant stream of advice to women out of her research for Tudor Women from moralists urging that they be and consists of nine brief biographies passive and subservient, and the cor• of remarkable Tudor women, distinguish• responding limitations imposed upon ed in their own particular ways by women by law and custom. The main "the desire and drive to accomplish concern of the book, however, was to something individual outside the dom• show that much of the advice of the estic circle—something they considered moralists fell on deaf ears, and that, a contribution to the public welfare." in the face of a system of public law In some respects one regrets that that denied a woman almost any rights, Hogrefe allowed her research to split there were active women in the period in two in this way. Tudor Women at• whose vigour and efforts enabled them tempted to provide a detailed picture to achieve high status in the main• of the historical and cultural context, stream of life as office holders, each facet of which was then illus• business people,guild members and trated by biographical sketches of managers of great estates. Further• both middle-class and aristocratic more, contrary to normal custom, women. It is a historical method that biographies of middle-class women is not as easily available, though here, surely, is where fresh research could have provided new and significant ma• terial. Her selection of nine women certainly shows that there were active women in the sixteenth century who did have an influence in matters of re• ligion, education, politics, letters and public welfare, but her elite group of nine active women is too small to convince us that our general notions about Tudor women need to be revised. Nor can Women of Action really justify itself (as the Preface appears to imply) as an attempt "to emphasize active women who have been mentioned only in biographies of their husbands." Though this may explain Hogrefe's choice of Mildred Cooke and Margaret Beaufort, Countess of Richmond Anne Cooke, her first two portraits, and Derby. National Portrait Gallery, it has no validity in the case of the no. 551. Artist Unknown. By kind per• remaining seven women (Bess of Hard- mission of the National Portrait Gallery wick, Catherine Willoughby, Mary Sid• ney, Margaret Beaufort, Catherine of has its pitfalls, and social scien• Aragon, Catherine Parr, Elizabeth I), tists and a good many historians would since all have been the subjects of no doubt find much to query in full-length biographical studies. Hogrefe's handling of data. Nonethe• Furthermore Women of Action also less the general effect of her book is appears to offer little in the way of illuminating and persuasive. By con• new information, though this is some• trast in Women of Action the detailed times difficult to be certain about, historical context, so important to since, although a list of Notes and our understanding of the achievement Sources is given, the specific sources of Hogrefe's female subjects, is con• for individual details in the text are densed into a mere nine-page Introduc• not. tion. Furthermore, her attention is What the book does offer, it seems to restricted to women (all of whom she me, is confirmation of the all-too- had discussed in her earlier book) of obvious fact that in the sixteenth royal and aristocratic status, presum• century marriage was the single most ably because information for detailed influential factor in providing a woman of ability and talents with the neces• Women of Action is thus a disappointing sary opportunities for their exercise. book. Though it is entertaining to Without her marriage to Lord Burghley, have biographical sketches of nine for example, Mildred Cooke's political such female worthies all within the acumen would have had no means of ex• covers of a single volume, the real pressing itself in the public sphere, opportunities for the assessment of and without her four marriages and the status of sixteenth century women consequent widowhoods, Elizabeth Hard- through the techniques of biography wick, who began with a mere forty which seem promised in the Preface and marks, would never have ended up with Introduction slip by. Perhaps not an income of 60,000 p.a. and the until the historical demographers pro• means of leaving behind architectural vide the necessary statistical data gems as splendid as any of those of will a more satisfactory understanding her wealthiest male contemporaries. of the status of Tudor women be pos• Similarly, without the accidents of sible. In the meantime we presumably fate that made Catherine of Aragon and have to remain content with glimpses Catherine Parr queens, neither could of a few remarkable characters who, have exercised to the full their re• through the accidents of birth, educa• spective talents. Nor, obviously, tion, marriage and (in many instances) could Margaret Beaufort, had she not timely widowhoods, managed to provide happened to have been wife to Edmond posterity with what for the moment Tudor and hence mother to a king, have must appear colourful exceptions to wielded her considerable influence in the general lot of their Tudor sisters. affairs of state.
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