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Uncovering the Relationship Between Aquatic Thermophiles and Human Bacterial Pathogens

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Uncovering the Relationship Between Aquatic Thermophiles and Human Bacterial Pathogens Uncovering the Relationship Between Aquatic Thermophiles and Human Bacterial Pathogens Professor Costantino Vetriani Professor Frank T. Robb Professor Vetriani collectsCREDIT: microbial Dr Donato biomass Giovannelli from the hydrothermal system of Milos island, Greece. CREDIT: Dr Donato Giovannelli UNCOVERING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN AQUATIC THERMOPHILES AND HUMAN BACTERIAL PATHOGENS Thermophiles thriving on hydrothermal vents are opening new avenues towards understanding the chemical mechanisms of human diseases. Here we discuss the work of Professors Costantino Vetriani and Frank Robb, who isolate these extreme microorganisms and study their metabolism, towards the development of novel biotechnological and therapeutic applications. Active deep-sea hydrothermal vents releasing hot fluids at the bottom of the ocean Hydrothermal Vents: Teeming with Life scientists – Professor Costantino Vetriani the adaptations of these bacteria to at Rutgers University and Professor Frank extreme environmental conditions. In 2003, Hydrothermal vents arise as a result Robb at the University of Maryland – and Professor Vetriani and colleagues conducted of volcanic activity on the seafloor. In their contributions to expanding our experiments to study the structure and volcanically active areas, water enters cracks understanding of the biochemistry of these composition of microbial communities in in the Earth’s crust, dissolves minerals, and important marine environments. This pair mixtures of cold seawater and fluids heated becomes super-heated by the magma below. of scientists first started working together by magma at hydrothermal vents on the This hot water can then erupt as a geyser back in 1995, when Professor Vetriani East Pacific Rise – a mid-ocean ridge that from a hydrothermal vent, where water joined Professor Robb’s research group as a runs from the Gulf of California to South temperatures can change from near freezing postdoc, and their collaboration continues of Easter Island in the Pacific Ocean. The to 400°C over short distances. The dissolved to this day. aim of their research was to describe the minerals crash out of the water upon contact different stages of colonisation of vents with the cold seafloor, gradually leading to The Importance of Thermophiles by bacterial populations and to uncover the formation of a chimney around the vent. any associations between the microbial Hydrothermal systems support an colonisers and the chemical regimes in the In hydrothermal vent communities, the first enormous diversity of microbial species vents. The results were quite interesting step in the food chain are chemosynthetic that is, in many places, comparable to – in vents with fluids flowing down the bacteria – bacteria that extract energy that of a rainforest. One of the most chimneys, the microbial communities were from reactive inorganic compounds such abundant groups of bacteria are known as dominated by Epsilonproteobacteria, while as hydrogen sulphide. These bacteria Epsilonproteobacteria. This group of bacteria in parts of the seafloor with no flow, the can exist as either free-living, or in include the families Campylobacteraceae microbial communities were dominated by symbiotic relationships with creatures and Helicobacteraceae, represented by the Gammaproteobacteria related to the family such as vesicomyd clams, vestimentiferan pathogenic Campylobacter that can cause Thiotrichales. Fundamental studies like tubeworms, and bathymodiolid mussels. gastrointestinal infection in humans and these have at least two direct applications Shrimps that host sulphur-dependent Helicobacter pylori, a well-known cause of – they help to improve mathematical bacteria can also be found near ulcers in the stomach and duodenum in models describing the transfer of energy hydrothermal vents. humans. Disentangling the evolutionary and carbon on the seafloor and to explain relationships between deep-sea vent the role of microbial communities in The microbial communities in these active, Epsilonproteobacteria and human pathogens transforming the carbon into biomass, which hot, venting chimneys have been increasingly can therefore provide insight into the origins becomes available for higher life-forms. studied since the late 1970s. They have of virulence in pathogens. In fact, several studies have found that attracted many groups of scientists from Epsilonproteobacteria not only dominate around the world as research opportunities Professor Costantino Vetriani is a communities on the surface of vent grow and potential commercial applications microbiologist immersed in the ecology chimneys, but they are also common on are realised. and evolution of deep-sea bacteria and other animal surfaces. Because of their high Here, we discuss the work of two biomass, fast growth rates and adaptable WWW.SCIENTIA.GLOBAL example, Cetia pacifica, a new thermophilic bacterium isolated from samples collected from a black smoker chimney on the East Pacific Rise by Professor Vetriani’s research team, grew when nitrate or sulphur were available in the growth media. Because of these versatile metabolic characteristics, it is believed that Epsilonproteobacteria play a significant role in the ecological and biogeochemical processes of diverse environments on our planet, from marine geothermal habitats to the gastrointestinal tract of mammals. Linking Chemosynthetic Bacteria to Human Pathogens Quorum sensing (QS) is a communication mechanism between cells that depends on Frank Robb and postdoc Lydia Kreuter operate a specialised high temperature 200L fermenter. their density and the production of signalling CREDIT: Lisa Tossey, University of Delaware molecules. QS is used by bacteria to control gene expression, including virulence genes and functions associated with biofilm formation and host colonisation. One QS system that appears to be widespread across the bacterial domain and has been proposed to function as the universal language for communication between species, is based on a furanone derivative known as autoinducer-2 (AI-2) which is synthesised by the LuxS enzyme. In 2007–2008, Professor Vetriani and colleagues took part in a scientific mission to the East Pacific Rise aboard R/V Atlantis. Using the Deep-Submergence Vehicle Alvin, the researchers used experimental Costantino Vetriani collecting rock colonising microbial biofilms from the gas vents of microbial colonisation devices made of Tor Caldara, Italy stainless steel mesh to sample microbial biofilms. The samples were used in genomic metabolism, these bacteria are possibly the is surrounded by patches of the seagrass and phylogenetic studies to understand first to colonise the dynamic diffuse flow vent Posidonia oceanica, where temperatures the ancestry of the LuxS lineage and LuxS environments. range from 25 to 119°C. Epsilonproteobacteria gene flow in Epsilonproteobacteria. The were again remarkably abundant, results indicated that LuxS is conserved in Since then, many other studies have shown representing 60% of the total microbial all Epsilonproteobacteria and that the that these bacteria diverged in the tree of life, diversity. Molecular studies revealed the mesophilic strains, including pathogens, as antecedents of their human pathogenic presence of species that had only been shared a common LuxS ancestor nested relatives and developed novel systems for previously found at deep-sea hydrothermal within the thermophilic lineage, suggesting respiration, sensing and environmental vents, such as the chemolithoautotrophic that the epsilonproteobacterial LuxS lineage responses to changes in habitat conditions. bacterium Sulfurovum spp. originated in geothermal environments. Professor Vetriani is also hoping to increase Further, these analyses indicated two knowledge of bacterial communities in In addition to thriving at high temperatures, episodes of horizontal gene transfer: shallow-water (<200 m depth) hydrothermal certain Epsilonproteobacteria from deep-sea Helicobacter pylori acquired the gene from vents. For many years, these ecosystems vents grow in the absence of oxygen. By Enterococcus faecium, a Gram-positive were much less studied than deep-sea culturing them in the laboratory, scientists bacterium that also inhabits the human vents. An important characteristic of the have found that these bacteria use a diverse gastrointestinal tract. Moreover, marine shallow-water vents is that they are largely spectrum of electron donors and acceptors Gammaproteobacteria of the genera influenced by photosynthesis. This project such as hydrogen, sulphur compounds, Photobacterium and Vibrio, along with took Professor Vetriani and colleagues to nitrate and oxygen for cellular respiration Escherichia coli and other human associated Paleochori Bay, on the coast of the Island and even share the ability to use the bacteria, share a common LuxS ancestor with of Milos, in Greece. Here, the venting area same electron donors and acceptors. For Arcobacter nitrofigilis and Arcobacter butzleri, WWW.SCIENTIA.GLOBAL learn specifically how thermophiles can stabilise their proteins when exposed to extreme temperatures. The search for thermophiles has taken Professor Robb to some exotic places, including terrestrial and marine volcanic springs. His working hypothesis is that organisms with well-developed HSPs would have been able to survive closer to vents, where they could grow and reproduce rapidly in the warm water. In contrast, organisms that were safe from sudden heating, far from the vent, would run the opposite risk of finding
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