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Information to Users INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the tact directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter 6ce, while others may be from any type o f computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6” x 9” black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. UMI A Bell & Howell In&nnation CoQq)any 300 North Zed) Road, Ann Arbor MI 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 INFLUENCE OF ENDOPHYTIC PERENNIAL RYEGRASS, Lolium perenne L., ON THE POPULATION DENSITY OF TWO INSECTS AND PLANT SPECIES COMPOSITION IN MIXED TURFGRASS SWARDS DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School o f The Ohio State University By DOUGLAS SCOTT RICHMOND, B.S., M.S. ***** The Ohio State University 1999 Dissertation Committee: David J. Sheiiar, Adviser Approved by Tom K. Danneberger Ronald B. Hammond Casey W. Hoy Advisor Harry D. Niemczyk Department of Entomology UMI Number: 9919904 UMI Microform 9919904 Copyright 1999, by UMI Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. UMI 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Ml 48103 Copyright by Douglas Scott Richmond 1999 ABSTRACT The goal of this research was a practical strategy for using endophyte-mediated resistance to manage epigeal insects in turfgrass. Overseeding stands of Kentucky bluegrass, Poa pratemis L., (KB) with mixtures of endophytic and non-endophytic perennial ryegrass, Lolium perenne L., (PR+ and PR- respectively) altered turfgrass sward composition over time according to the seeding rate (kg/ha) and the cultivars used. Bluegrass billbug, Sphenophorus parvulus Gyllenhal, larval population density and damage were significantly reduced by overseeding, but damage varied between cultivars. In mixtures of PR+, PR-, and KB, S. parvulus larval populations decreased as the proportion of PR+ increased. No further decrease in S. parvulus populations was observed in swards containing >38.4±3.8% PR+. Plant-systemic insecticide application had little effect on sward composition or larval S. parvulus numbers when S. parvulus populations were low. However, when S. parvulus populations were higher, a lower proportion of PR+ was found in insecticide-treated plots. In swards containing only PR- and PR+, S. parvulus larval populations also decreased as the proportion of PR+ increased. However, no further decrease in S. parvulus populations was observed in swards containing >68.0±28.7% PR+. 11 In laboratory choice tests, adult male S. parvulus showed no preference between KB, PR- and PR+ . In non-choice assays more feeding punctures were observed on PR- and PR+ than KB. Feeding was strongly correlated with plant stem diameter. Longevity of adult male S. parvulus was reduced on PR+ compared with PR-, but was highly variable on KB. Bluegrass webworm, Parapediasia teterrella (Zincken), larvae showed no preference for KB or PR-, but both were preferred over PR+. P. teterrella survival to pupation and fresh pupal mass was the same on KB and PR-, but no larvae survived to pupation on PR+. In pots containing mixtures of PR+, and KB, P. teterrella larval survival decreased as the proportion of PR+ increased to 40.3±19.0%. No further reductions were observed in mixtures containing higher proportions of PR+. Emigration was only a significant determinant of larval population density in monocultures of PR+. Moderate proportions of PR+ significantly reduced insect pest population densities whereas higher proportions of PR+ provided no further reduction in insect populations. However, the relationship between insect population density and the proportion of PR+ is mediated by plant species composition. Plant characteristics, such as tiller diameter, provide additional sources of insect resistance for plant breeding. Insect movement plays an important role in determining insect density in polycultures of endophytic and non-endophytic plants, buy does not fully account for the relationship between insect population density and the proportion of PR+. Further study of the role of natural enemies, dose acquisition, and the physiological influence of endophyte toxins in determining insect population density in mixed stands of turfgrass are warranted. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am indebted to my parents Stephen and Barbara Richmond for their support during my graduate education. I would like to extend my most sincere gratitude to Dr. David J. Shetlar for his patience, guidance, and support as my mentor. The helpful advise and support of my dissertation committee members, Drs. T. Karl Danneberger, Ronald B. Hammond, Casey W. Hoy and Harry D. Niemczyk is also profoundly appreciated. I would like to recognize the turfgrass entomology laboratory at OARDC, Mark Belcher, Jason Holton, Eric Lingenfelter, Kevin McClure, Wade Pinkston, and Kevin Power, who’s knowledge and effort were instrumental in seeing this project to fruition. 1 also thank the entomology journal club at OARDC (Charlotte Bedet, Leann Beanland, Tim Ebbert, Graham Head, Lisa Fiorina, John Lloyd, and Motshwari Obopile) for many helpful discussions and general esprit de corps. 1 am grateful for the counsel of several faculty including Drs. Benjamin Stinner, Daniel Herms, David Horn, Richard Hall, William Lyon, Parwinder Grewal, and Robin Taylor. The cooperation of the OARDC/Secrest Arboretum grounds crew, and Jim Karcher in particular were also vital to completing this project. I thank Dr. M. Siegel of the University of Kentucky and Carl Petelle of Leisure Lawn Inc. for providing materials. Many thanks go to Dr. Kenneth Cochran, Director of Secrest Arboretum, for providing space for field studies. IV VITA October 7, 1967 .........................................................Bom - Wooster, Ohio December 22, 1990 ...................................................B. S., Biological Sciences Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH September 1991-March 1994 ....................................Graduate Teaching Associate, Graduate Research Associate, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH March 18, 1994 .........................................................M. S., Entomology The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH April 1994-Present .....................................................Graduate Research Associate OARDC, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH REFEREED JOURNAL PUBLICATIONS Richmond, D.S. and D.J. Shetlar 1996. Eclosion Time and Spatial Distribution of Overwintering Spruce Spider Mite (Acari: Tetranychidae) Eggs on Colorado Spruce. J. Econ. Entomol. 89(2):447-452 Keeney, G., M.S. Ellis, D. Richmond and R.N. Williams 1994. A Preliminary Study of the Nitidulidae (Coleoptera) in Shawnee State Forest, Ohio. Ent. News 105(3): 149-158 Williams, R.N., J.L. Blackmer, D.S. Richmond, and M.S. Ellis 1992. Nitidulidae (Coleoptera) Diversity in Three Natural Preserves in Portage County, Ohio. Ohio J. Sci. 92(4):82-87 FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Entomology VI TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................... ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................. iv VITA .......................................................................................................................................V LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................. x LIST OF FIGURES...............................................................................................................xi CHAPTERS: I. INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................I Definition of Turfgrass Arena to be Studied ............................................. 2 Economically Important Insects .................................................................. 3 Endophytic Fungi ......................................................................................... 6 Role of Endophytes in Host Plant Resistance ............................................7 Chemicals Associated with Fungal Endophytes ......................................... 9 Influence of Insect Feeding on Plant Species Composition .....................11 Other Factors Influencing Turfgrass Sward Com position .......................14 Vegetation Texture ..................................................................................... 17 Quantifying Turfgrass
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