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CENSUS OF INDIA, 1911. VOL-CME V. BENGAL AND SIKKIM PART IV. ADMINISTRATIVE VOLlTME BY L. S. S. O'MALLEY, OF THE INDIAN CIVIL SERVICE, FllLLOW OF THE ROYAL STUISTICAL SOOIETY, SUPERINTENDENT OF CENSUS OPERnrONS, BENGAL. OALOUTTA: BENGAL SECRETARIAT BOOK DEPOT. 1913. PREFACE. THIS volume consists of a general reVlew of the census operations in Bengal as constituted at the time of the census. It has been laid down by the Census Oommissioner that it should be prepared solely for the use of the next Provincial Superintendent; but as the GovArn­ ment of Bengal has ordered that copies should also be supplied to District Officers, I have ventured to go beyond his instructions a little and include certain matter that may be of use to them at the next census. L. S. S. O'MALLEY. TABLE OF CONTENTS. CHAPTER I -THE TAKl'lG OF THE CEN~l S. PAGE The GeDer~l Vlllage Reglster-PrehIDmary Arrangements-House nurnbermg-PrehmmdlY Enumera­ tlOn--Fmal Census-SpecIal Arrangements-Industnal Census-FOlms-Cost of EnumPlahon­ ~hscenaneous Statistwal Statements 43 CHAPTER II -THE COMPILAflON O~' THE REbUL1~ Genelal Accl)unt of the System-Shp cop)mg- Sortmg-GompllatlOll 48 Stat, stlc:!l Statements 77 CHAPTER III -'l'HE GOST OF THE CENSOS The Cost of the Census 78 DetaIled Statements 79 CHAPTER IV.-TliE CE~SUS OF SIKKIM The Census of SlkklID REPORT ON THE CENSUS OF BENGAL AND SIKKIM, 1911. ADMINISTRATIVE VOLUME. --+-- CHAPTER I. THE TAKING OF THE CENSUS. A.-.. The General Village Register. THIS volume deals with the cenSllS procedure in the Province of Bengal and the State of Sikkim as constituted at the census of 1911. Bengal then comprised tho present Province at Bihar and Orissa, and the following parts of tho Presidency of Bengal-the Presidency and Burdwan Divisions, the District of Dal'jeeling and the State at Oooch Behar. 'fhe procedure adopted in the census of Calcutta is dealt with in another volume. 2. In its resolution reviewing the results of THE JURISDICTION LI~TS. the census of 1901 Government remarked :- "1'he first step necessary in the arrangements for a CenSuS is the preparation of a compJet,e list of villages. :rhis is a matter of special difficulty in Bengal, owing to the absence of a village l'evenU,l agency and to the fiLct that no attempt has ever been mad.e to keep the records of the revenue survey up to date. In ll1allY places the old survey mauzas have changed theh' names and their boundaries have been lost sight, of, 01' can only be trace(l out laboriously with the aid of large scalE' maps or by questioning the agenti'; of the local Zall1illdars. These enquiries have to be repeated at each succeedhlg census, owing to the extensive changes which take place all aucount of (1) changes in the course of tho great rivers that run through this province; (2) the temporary character of the houses in n~any parts, which results in a constant chn,nge in the formation of villages­ hamleLs growillg into villages, and village;:! si.nking to the status of hamlets; (3) the habit of changing village names; and (4) the constant change of village sites in Chota Nagpur and other remote tracts, where lalld is plentiful and fresh clearances fol' cultivation are ma(le every two or three years. Fol' these reasolls. the preliminary j nstructions were issued early in the cold weather of 1899-1900, so that the necessary local enquiries might be carried out during the touring season un<ler the direct slll)ervision of tIle District Officers. TheRe instructions provided. Cor the preparation of complete lists of inhabited villages, Rhowing the mauza in which each village was Rituated, the number of houses in each and the nameR oi the persons qualified to act as superViKOl':; and enumerators:' 3. In compiling the village lists, considerable difficulty was oxperienced owing to the general absence of up-to-date and accurate lists of ll1auzas. In some districts, where there had recently been a cadastral snrveYl the thanawari lists furnishod tho information required, but. plRE'whero thfl only a 2 CHAPTER I.-THE TAK1NG OF THE CE~f:)lTS. records available were the Boundary Commissioner's lists, ~.t!., lists of survey villages or mauzas, which were compiled, thana by thana, for all districts in which there had been a revenue survey. They had Leen prepared between 1853 and 1880, and represented the Rtate of things vvhich existed at the time they were prepared. Since then the bonndaries of thallas and districts had been extensively rearranged, and great changes had taken place owing to the Rhifting of rivor channels in deltaic country. In many parts such changes had llot been noted. in the lists, with the result that they had become obsolete: elsewhere, attempts had been made to correct the lists in accordance with these changes, but the result was f~r froID satisfactory. It was found that the arrangelllent of mauzas, though supposed to be geogra­ phical. was not always systematic, and in a number of districts the lists were in a state of hopeless confusion. 4. These facts wore represented to Government, and in 1903 it was decided to revise the Boundary Oommissioner's lists and prepare up-to-date lists of mauzas in districts in which the Boundary Commissioner's lists had not been superseded by the thanawari lists prepared in the course of survey and settlement. This work was ell trusted to :Mr. Rowland N. L. Chandra, Depnty Magistrate and Deputy Collector, who pre- ~~:~~:~~. ~{E~~~::.· pared revised lists, known as Jurisdiction lists, for BANKURA. GAYA. the marginally-noted eighteen districts,'*' and also MIDXAPOIlE. l\[ClAFFARPlJR. maps, known as .Jurisdiction maps, which showed ~~~VGR:L:'. ~::~~ARA:>. the boundary of each mauza, its name and the 24-PARGANA~. SHAHABAD. serial number assigned to it in the Jurisdiction l\[UR~HIDABAD. CUTTA<'K. lists. In other districts settlement and survey NADIA. PURl. operations were in progress during the decade 1901-1910, and lists of mauzas or settlement villages had been compiled from the settlement records. The census officer of 1911 had thus a great advantage over his predecessor in having a9cnrate and reliab]p lists oE manzas as a basis for writing up the village register, which is intended to be a complete and accurate record of all inhabited areas. 5. In preparing the villag<' register, the mauza was taken as the unit (except in 4 districts), all residential villages or hamlets IJeing grouped nnder the mauza within which they wpre included. In the districts of Hazaribagh, Manbhum, Palamau and Darjeeling, where there had heen no revenue survey, this procedure could not be adoptea, and the residential village was, therefore, taken as the unit. As in l!-lOI, the latter was defined as "a gaon or gram together with its .adjacent tol'as, paras, 'YJattz's. pall£s, chaks, bi'1has, dlhs, sahis. and rnahalas, provided that none of these dependent collections of houses are so large or so distant from the central village as to form in tllPmselves true villages with distinct indi vidnal names. " Unlike the village, the mauza, i.e., either the revenue survey mamm in areas which were surveyed at the time of the revenue surveyor the mauza adopted as a unit in later district surveys, is a permanent unit, for each has its fixed boundaries and a definite pla~p and in the aggregate they makE' up the whole district. New villages or groups of houses with new names may spring up, but they do not affect the mauza which remains as bororf', unless, of course, it is diluviated. Conse­ quently, by adopting the mauza as the census unit and by ascertaining what inhabited villages or hamlets lie within each, it is possible to obtain a complete and accurate record of all inhabitod areas, and to compare the statistics obtained at each snccessive census. 6. The difference between the mauza and village was not always understood, and soon after I took up the appoint­ DIFFERENCE OF VILI,AGE A~ID )IAUZA ment of Census Superintendent, I found it necessary to issue the following instructions for the benefit of officers engaged in preparing lists of villages in places (e.g., in Lower Bengal) where the term mauza and its meaning are not generally known. ,. The term 'manza' means a parcel of land, which as a rule (. Similar mapB and list~ were also prepared for nine districts of H:ustern Bengal, viz .. Dinajpllr, Rajshahi, Ran~pur, PalllJa, Bogra, y[alda, ylymcnsingll, 'rippera aud ~oakhali. In these and other districts under the administration of the Government of l~a8tern Bengal and Assam the residential village was taken as the census uuit. THE GENl'~RAL VILLAGE nEGr8n~R. 3 is partly built over, hut mostly cllltinltod and waste, with a definite position and area, the boundaries of which ,vpre defined at thA time of the revenue Sl1l'vey. It usually 1>pars thp name of the main village or collection of houses fonnd 011 it when thp survey was made, but the two things must on no account he confused. It is possible that in many cases the inhabited portion of the mauza then 0xisting may have disapppared, or be now known by a different nam0. New vjJlages or groups of honses may also be establishpd. 01' existing villages may hecome depopulated and abandoned. 'rhe area of land included in thp mauza, 11O\y('yor, remains the same, and its position and Lonndaries continue unchanged. There is no such thing as a ne,Y mauza or sul1-lnauza; and the mauza cannot disappear, except by diluYJon or by transfl'r to some other thana.

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