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Influence of Diet on Urinary Ph, Urine and Serum Biochemical Variables, and Blood-Ionized Calcium Concentrations in Healthy Dogs*

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Influence of Diet on Urinary Ph, Urine and Serum Biochemical Variables, and Blood-Ionized Calcium Concentrations in Healthy Dogs* H. K. Gleaton, J. W. Bartges, and D. P. Laflamme Influence of Diet on Urinary pH, Urine and Serum Biochemical Variables, and Blood-Ionized Calcium Concentrations in Healthy Dogs* Heather K. Gleaton, DVMa Joseph W. Bartges, DVM, PhDb Dottie P. Laflamme, DVM, MS, PhDc aHolly Tree Animal Hospital 1332 South Highway 14 Simpsonville, SC 29681 bDepartment of Small Animal Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine The University of Tennessee Box 1071 Knoxville, TN 37901-1071 cThe Ralston Purina Company Checkerboard Square St. Louis, MO 63164 I ABSTRACT to aid in management of fiber-responsive dis- Urolithiasis is a common cause of lower uri- eases (Diet B; CNM Canine DCO [dry], Ral- nary tract disease in dogs. Diet influences urine ston Purina Co, St. Louis, MO); a diet formu- composition, and dietary change is often in- lated to aid in management of chronic renal corporated into medical management of failure (Diet C; CNM Canine NF [dry], Ral- uroliths. The purpose of this study was to de- ston Purina Co, St. Louis, MO); and a diet de- termine the influence of four diets on urine pH signed to aid in prevention of struvite urolithi- in healthy dogs. Sixteen adult dogs of various asis (Diet D; Prescription Diet Canine c/d breeds, ages, and weights were fed four diets in [dry], Hill’s Pet Nutrition Inc, Topeka, KS). Latin Square design: a diet formulated for Diets were fed for 21 days. On day 21, blood adult dogs at maintenance (Diet A; ProPlan and urine samples were collected before feed- Canine Chicken and Rice Adult [dry], Ralston ing one-half of daily caloric requirements, and Purina Co, St. Louis, MO); a diet formulated urine was collected 4 and 8 hours later. A bio- *This study was supported by a Summer Student chemical analysis and ionized-calcium test Research Grant from Ralston Purina Company, were conducted on blood samples, and a com- Checkerboard Square, St. Louis, MO 63164. It was plete urinalysis and urine pH determined by a conducted while Dr. Bartges was on faculty in the Department of Small Animal Medicine, College of pH-electrode were conducted on urine sam- Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, ples. Thirteen dogs completed the study. Athens, GA 30602. Serum phosphorous concentrations were 61 Veterinary Therapeutics • Vol. 2, No. 1, Winter 2001 significantly lower and urine pH was signifi- tenance adult foods is reported to promote cantly higher when dogs consumed Diet C struvite urolith dissolution in dogs and cats.3,6,7 when compared with the other three diets. A In cats, dietary modification is thought to be postprandial effect on urine pH was not important in preventing sterile struvite recur- demonstrated when dogs consumed any diet. rence.5 The role of diet in preventing infection- Other urinalysis parameters were not different induced struvite uroliths is less clear. Because between dogs or diets. Diet does influence struvite is more soluble in acidic urine in cats, urine pH in healthy dogs; however, healthy researchers have extrapolated that consump- dogs produced urine with an acidic pH except tion of diets inducing aciduria might be bene- while consuming a diet specifically formulated ficial in dogs as well. The purpose of this study to produce alkaluria. Furthermore, crystalluria was to determine the influence of four diets on was commonly found in these healthy dogs re- urine pH in healthy dogs. gardless of the diet. I MATERIALS AND METHODS I INTRODUCTION Dogs Urolithiasis is a common cause of lower uri- Sixteen adult dogs of various breeds, 1 to nary tract disease in dogs and was diagnosed in 12.5 years, and weighing 2.2 to 55 kg, were re- 3638 of 676,668 dogs (0.53%) admitted to cruited from faculty, staff, and students at The veterinary teaching hospitals in North America University of Georgia College of Veterinary between 1980 and 1993.1 The most common- Medicine (Table 1). All were considered to be ly found mineral in canine uroliths is magne- healthy based on results of historical informa- sium ammonium phosphate hexahydrate (stru- tion, physical examination, complete blood vite).2 For struvite uroliths to form, urine must cell count, serum biochemical analyses (urea be oversaturated with magnesium, ammoni- nitrogen, creatinine, phosphorous, calcium, um, and phosphate ions. Furthermore, pH in- sodium, potassium, chloride, total carbon fluences struvite solubility; struvite is more sol- dioxide, albumin, total protein, glucose and uble in urine with a pH <6.8 and less soluble bilirubin concentrations, and activities of ala- and therefore more likely to precipitate in nine aminotransferase and alkaline phos- urine with a pH ≥6.8.3 There are two types of phatase), and a complete urinalysis and aero- struvite uroliths: those that form because of a bic bacteriologic culture of urine obtained by bacterial urinary tract infection (infection- cystocentesis. The University of Georgia Ani- induced struvite) and those that form in the mal Use and Care Committee approved the absence of a bacterial urinary tract infection study. (sterile struvite). In cats, sterile struvite uroliths occur more commonly than infection-induced Diets struvite uroliths; however, in dogs, infection- Single batches of four commercially avail- induced struvite uroliths occur more common- able, dry canine diets were used, including a ly.4,5 diet formulated for adult dogs at maintenance Dietary modification may be important in (Diet A; ProPlan Canine Chicken and Rice the medical management of struvite uroliths. Adult [dry], Ralston Purina Co, St. Louis, Consumption of a diet restricted in protein, MO), a diet formulated to aid management of phosphorous, and magnesium and containing fiber-responsive diseases (Diet B; CNM Ca- a urinary acidifier when compared with main- nine DCO [dry], Ralston Purina Co, St. Louis, 62 H. K. Gleaton, J. W. Bartges, and D. P. Laflamme TABLE 1. Demographics of 13 Dogs Evaluated in the Study Breed Age (years) Weight (kg) Reproductive Status Walker tree hound Unknown (adult) 16.4 Male, intact Mixed breed 3 26.4 Female, spayed German shorthaired pointer 5 34.1 Female, spayed Mixed breed 1 12.7 Female, spayed Golden retriever 4.5 40.9 Male, castrated Mixed breed 1 12.6 Male, castrated Golden retriever 5.5 34.1 Male, intact Mixed breed 1.5 34.1 Female, spayed Miniature poodle 4.5 3.3 Male, castrated Boston terrier 12.5 11.7 Female, spayed Corgi Unknown (adult) 12.8 Male, intact Saint Bernard 1.5 55.0 Female, intact Labrador retriever 4.5 23.3 Male, castrated TABLE 2. Proximate and Mineral Analysis of Diets Nutrient Unit Diet A* Diet B † Diet C ‡ Diet D § Moisture % As fed 7.5 8.9 9.4 7.3 Crude protein g/100 kcal ME 6.3 6.9 3.6 4.8 Crude fat g/100 kcal ME 4.3 3.4 3.6 4.6 Crude fiber g/100 kcal ME 0.47 2.1 0.21 0.5 Calcium g/100 kcal ME 0.26 0.33 0.17 0.14 Phosphorous g/100 kcal ME 0.20 0.25 0.07 0.11 Potassium g/100 kcal ME 0.13 0.19 0.19 0.13 Sodium g/100 kcal ME 0.10 0.09 0.05 0.06 Nitrogen-free extract g/100 kcal ME 9.9 13.0 14.3 11.1 ME kcal/g of food 4.08 3.34 3.98 4.20 *Diet A = ProPlan Canine Chicken and Rice Adult (dry), Ralston Purina Co, St. Louis, MO, formulated between Jan- uary 1 and July 1, 1996. †Diet B = CNM Canine DCO (dry), Ralston Purina Co, St. Louis, MO, formulated between January 1 and July 1, 1996. ‡Diet C = CNM Canine NF (dry), Ralston Purina Co, St. Louis, MO, formulated between January 1 and July 1, 1996. §Diet D = Prescription Diet Canine c/d (dry), Hill’s Pet Nutrition Inc, Topeka, KS, formulated between January 1 and July 1, 1996. ME = metabolizable energy. MO), a diet formulated to aid management of ka, KS). All diets were formulated between chronic renal failure (Diet C; CNM Canine January 1 and July 1, 1996. Nutritional char- NF [dry], Ralston Purina Co, St. Louis, MO), acteristics of the diets are presented in Table 2. and a diet designed to aid prevention of stru- Diets were packaged in plain white bags so that vite urolithiasis (Diet D; Prescription Diet Ca- pet owners and investigators would not know nine c/d [dry], Hill’s Pet Nutrition Inc, Tope- which diet was fed. 63 Veterinary Therapeutics • Vol. 2, No. 1, Winter 2001 Experimental Design sults for microscopic examination of sediment In order to minimize differences attributable obtained after centrifugation were graded on to individual dogs, a randomized block experi- the following scale: for red blood cells/high- ment8 was chosen to allow comparisons be- power field (HPF), 0 = 0, <10 = 1, 10–50 = 2, tween diets consumed by the same dog. Dogs 50–100 = 3, >100 = 4; for white blood were randomly assigned to diet sequence. cells/HPF, 0 = 0, <5 = 1, 5–10 = 2, 10–50 = 3, >50 = 4; and for epithelial cells/HPF, crys- Feeding Protocol tals/HPF, and bacteria/HPF, 0 = 0, few = 1, Each diet was fed for 21 days with the first 7 moderate = 2, and many = 3. Urinary pH was days used to gradually transition the dog onto determined using a pH electrode. Urine from the diet. For days 8 to 21 of each period, the test the sample collected at 8 AM was also submit- diet was fed exclusively. The amount of food was ted for aerobic bacteriologic culture. Blood based on daily caloric requirements determined samples for serum biochemical analysis and by body weight (132 kcal/d/kg0.75); water was blood-ionized calcium concentrations were available at all times.
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