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Basic Skills in Interpreting Laboratory Data

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Basic Skills in Interpreting Laboratory Data INDEX 4K score, 612 determining respiratory versus rheumatoid arthritis, 505 4Ts score, 399 metabolic, 307 systemic lupus erythematosus, 509 5-alpha reductase enzyme, 593–594 metabolic acidosis, 308–309, 309, 310. Acute phase response, 500 See also Metabolic acidosis 5' nucleotidase, 334, 335, 636 Acute type B hepatitis (minicase), 349 metabolic alkalosis, 309, 310. See also 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP), 138 ADAM Questionnaire, 596 Metabolic alkalosis 13C- and 14C-labeled urea, 353 Addison disease, 219 respiratory acidosis, 310, 311 15/15 rule, 208 Adenocarcinoma of lung respiratory alkalosis, 311, 311 17-OHP, 578 anaplastic lymphoma kinase, 526 Acid-base homeostasis, 270–271 21-hydroxylase deficiency, 526 EGFR and, 525 Acid-base homeostasis, regulation of, 99m Tc-sestamibi imaging, 165 306–307, 307 Adenosine, 164 201 TI perfusion imaging, 165 Acid-base physiology, 306 Adenosine diphosphate (ADP), 394, Acidemia, 303 394 A Acid-fast bacilli and stains, 470 Adenoviridae, 456 A1c. See Glycated hemoglobin (A1c) Acidosis. See also Metabolic acidosis ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion), 136 Abacavir, 468–469 defined, 303 Adnexal tumors, hirsutism secondary to Absolute neutropenia, 387 lactic, 308, 309 (minicase), 577 Absorbance optical system, 28 respiratory, 310, 311 Adolescents Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and Activated clotting time (ACT), 408 excretion (ADME), 136 categories of substances abused by, 70 Activated partial thromboplastin time prerequisite drug testing of, 82–83 Accu Check Compact Plus, 200 (aPTT), 406–408, 418 Adrenal disorders, 218–219 Accuracy, 3, 55, 59, 61 Activated protein (APC) resistance, 403 Adrenal glands, 218 Acetaminophen Active metabolites, 99–100, 106 nomogram for, 79 Acute blood loss anemia, 374, 379 Adrenal insufficiency, 210 overview of, 106 Acute coronary syndrome (ACS), 152 ADVIA Centaur, 163 serum concentration of, in poisoning electrocardiographic findings in, 154, Afatinib, EGFR and, 140–141, 143 (minicase), 80 154, 154–155 Affinity chromatography in measuring toxicity from, 79 imaging studies and, 163–164 HgbA1c, 57 Acetoacetate, 204, 206, 240 laboratory tests used in evaluation of, Agar dilution, 430, 432–433 Acetone, 204, 206 155 Agarose gel electrophoresis, 27 Acid, defined, 303 biochemical cardiac markers, Agar proportion method, 471 Acid-base chemistry 155–160, 156 Agars, 423, 425 ABG assessments in, 307–308 minicase on, 155 Age-related differences. See also anion gap in, 305 Acute hepatitis, 342, 343, 349 Hematology; Kidney function tests; Liver function tests; Pediatrics arterial bicarbonate in, 304 Acute homeostasis, 271 in laboratory test results, 10–11, 11 arterial blood gas interpretation and, Acute kernicterus, 566 307 Acute liver failure (minicase), 350 in total blood volume, 548–549, 549 arterial oxygen saturation in, 305 Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), Agglutination, 31–32, 32 arterial partial pressure of carbon 387 Aging Males’ Symptom Scale, 596 dioxide in, 304 Acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML), Agranulocytosis, 387 arterial partial pressure of oxygen in, 387 AHFS Drug Information, 47 304 Acute myocardial infarction (AMI), 152 Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) arterial pH in, 304 Acute pancreatitis, 352 as category of liver function tests, 330, serum lactate in, 305 Acute pharyngitis, 479 330 terminology in, 303 Acute phase reactants (proteins) omega-3 fatty acids and, 187 venous oxygen saturation in, 305 defined, 373 in pediatric patients, 565 venous total carbon dioxide (serum infection and, 484–485 Quickview Chart on, 366 bicarbonate) in, 305 in rheumatic diseases reference range for, in traditional and SI Acid-base disorders juvenile idiopathic arthritis, 507 units, 636 classifications for, 307 overview, 500–501 statins and, 186 Note: Page numbers in italics indicate a figure; page numbers in boldface indicate a list, a Quickview Chart, or a table. Unauthenticated | Downloaded 09/27/21 08:44 PM UTC 640 BASIC SKILLS IN INTERPRETING LABORATORY DATA Albumin American College of Cardiology/ Androgen deficiency in aging males as category of liver function tests, 330, American Heart Association (ACC/ (ADAM), 594–595, 595 330 AHA) Androgen Deficiency in Aging Males liver function testing and, 331 Guideline on Treatment of Blood (ADAM) questionnaire, 596 Quickview Chart on, 362 Cholesterol, 179, 182 Andropause, 594–595, 595 reference range for, in traditional and SI Guidelines for Assessment Androstenedione, 593 units, 636 of Cardiovascular Risk in Anelloviridae, 456 Asymptomatic Adults, 185 serum, in pediatric patients, 564–565 Anemia(s) guidelines for C-reactive protein in urinalysis, 250 measurement, 501 acute blood loss, 374, 379 Albumin-bound testosterone, 594, 598 lipid guidelines, 208 aplastic, 387 Albuminuria, 250 American College of Chest Physicians causes of, 57, 373 Alcohol Evidence-Based Clinical Practice of chronic disease, 374, 379, 381 driving under influence of, 70 Guidelines, 400, 404, 405, 411 drug-induced hemolytic, 380, 380 HDL and, 179 American Society of Health-System erythrocyte morphology for differential Aldosterone Pharmacists, AHFS Drug Information, diagnosis of, 373, 374 47 potassium and effects of, 263, 269, 270, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 272 American Urological Association System 11, 380 Index (AUA-SI), 603–604 sodium and effects of, 264–265 hemolytic, 374, 379–380 Amikacin, 99 Alkalemia, 303 hereditary, 11 Amino acid chains, 493–494, 494 Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) with increased MCV (minicase), 375 Aminoglycosides, 112–113 as category of liver function tests, 330, 330 iron deficiency and, 377–379 Aminophylline, 106–107 evaluation of elevated concentrations iron stores and (minicase), 378 of, 334, 334 Aminotransferases, 330, 338–339 laboratory assessment of, 373–381 liver function and, 334 Amiodarone, 118 low platelet count and (minicase), 379 nonhepatic causes of elevated, 334, 335 Amitriptyline, 122–123 lymphopenia and (minicase), 386 in pediatric patients, 565 Ammonia macrocytic, 373, 375–377 Quickview Chart on, 364 hepatic encephalopathy and, 339–340 macrocytic, megaloblastic, 376 reference range for, in traditional and SI Quickview Chart on, 368 microcytic, 377–379 units, 636 reference range for, in traditional and SI myeloblast crisis (minicase), 382 Alkaline picrate assay, 240 units, 636 myelodysplastic, 387 Alkalosis. See also Metabolic alkalosis Ammonium sulfate precipitation assay, 599 normochromic, normocytic, 379–381 defined, 303 AmpC beta-lactamases, 436 overview of, 373 respiratory, 311, 311 Amperometry, 200 in pediatric patients, 567 ALK inhibitor, 141–142 Amphetamine pernicious, 376 Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), 518, 523, 535 Quickview Chart on urine drug screen physiologic, of infancy, 568 for, 88 Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, 224 rheumatologic diseases and, 503 reliability of drug screening (minicase), Altered serum binding, 104–106 juvenile idiopathic arthritis, 507 72 Altitude, laboratory test results and, 12 rheumatoid arthritis, 506 Amphotericin B, 271 Amenorrhea systemic lupus erythematosus, 509 AmpliChip® microarray, 143 defined, 572 sickle cell, 11, 381 Amylase, pancreatitis and, 351–352 differential diagnosis of, 574 signs and symptoms of, 373 Amylin estrogen status and, 577 typical laboratory findings for types of, analog of, 226 functional, 573–574 374 effect of, on glucose concentrations, Angiocardiography, 165 hyperandrogenism and, 576–577 193–194 Angiotensin II, 264 hyperprolactinemia and, 573 levels of, 195–196 Angiotensinogen, 264 hypothyroidism and, 573, 574 Anaerobic bacteria, susceptibility testing ovarian failure and, 574–576 of, 438–439 Angiotension-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, 209 physical examination findings Analgesic/anti-inflammatory drugs, 244. associated with, 572–573, 573 See also Acetaminophen Angiotension receptor blockers (ARBs), 209 polycystic ovary syndrome and, 576, Analytes, 3–4, 52 Anion gap, 305 576, 577 Analytical reliability, 144 Anion gap acidosis, 308, 309 primary and secondary, 572 Analytic specificity (interference), 56. See symptoms associated with, 572, 572 also Drug interferences Anisocytosis, 371, 372 uterine outflow obstruction and, 573 Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK), 519, Anterior pituitary dysfunction, 573 American Association of Clinical 526, 543 Antiasthmatics Endocrinologists (AACE), guideline on Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) caffeine as, 107 LDL, 182 inhibitor, 141–142 theophylline as, 99 Note: Page numbers in italics indicate a figure; page numbers in boldface indicate a list, a Quickview Chart, or a table. Unauthenticated | Downloaded 09/27/21 08:44 PM UTC INDEX 641 Antibiotic concentration gradient pregabalin as, 112 Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies, methods, 433–434, 434 tiagabine as, 112 498–499, 499 Antibiotics topiramate as, 112 Antinuclear antibodies (ANAs) detecting presence of resistance unbound serum concentrations and characteristics of, 496 mechanisms, 435–439 (minicase), 105 defined, 495 direct measure of activity, 429–435 valproic acid as, 110–111 in juvenile idiopathic arthritis, 507 interaction between sulfonylureas and zonisamide as, 112 in rheumatoid arthritis, 505 sulfa-type, 208 Antifungals in systemic lupus erythematosis, 507 pseudomembranous colitis induced by azole, 115–116 tests for (minicase), 357 data to aid interpretation of, 100 algorithm, 497 tests for bactericidal activity of, 434–435 flucytosine as, 115 overview, 495, 497–498 Antibiotic therapy Antifungal susceptibility testing, qualitative results, 498 empiric, 441 454, 455 quantitative results, 497–498 hospital-acquired pneumonia and Antigen
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