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Kajian Peran Dan Partisipa Pada Pemilihan Ke Peran Dan Partisipasi Politik Perempuan Pada Pemilihan Kepala Daerah Di Jawa Timu

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Kajian Peran Dan Partisipa Pada Pemilihan Ke Peran Dan Partisipasi Politik Perempuan Pada Pemilihan Kepala Daerah Di Jawa Timu EXECUTIVE SUMMARY KAJIAN PERAN DAN PARTISIPASI POLITIK PEREMPUAN PADA PEMILIHAN KEPALA DAERAH DI JAWA TIMUR KERJASAMA BADAN PENELITIAN DAN PENGEMBANGAN DAERAH PROVINSI JAWA TIMUR DENGAN BIDANG KERJASAMA UNIVERSITAS NEGERI SURABAYA TAHUN 2014 KAJIAN PERAN DAN PARTISIPASI POLITIK PEREMPUAN PADA PEMILIHAN KEPALA DAERAH DI JAWA TIMUR ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan Pertama, mengidentifikasikan peran dan partisipasi politik kaum perempuan di era reformasi, khususnya pada kasus Pemilukada di Jawa Timur. Kedua, Mengidentifikasikan kondisi-kondisi obyektif yang mempengaruhi peningkatan partisipasi politik perempuan dalam Pemilukada di Jawa Timur. Ketga, Mengidentifikasi faktor-faktor yang menghambat partisipasi politik perempuan dalam Pemilukada di Jawa Timur. Mix methodology (pendekatan kualitatif dan kuantitatif) digunakan dalam penelitian ini dan menghasilkan kesimpulan bahwa : 1. Partisipasi politik perempuan dalam Pemilukada di Jawa Timur masih terbatas pada tiga tipologi yaitu pertama, ikut serta dalam mencoblos/memilih kandidat kepala daerah. Kedua, mengikuti dan tertarik kepada isu-isu politik. Dan ketiga, keikutsertaan aktif dalam proses pemilukada ( berdiskusi dan menjadi tim sukses) 2. Faktor-faktor yang mendorong partisipasi politik perempuan adalah peningkatan kualitas pribadi perempuan melalui pendidikan, kemandirian ekonomi yang memu culkan kepercayaan diri, aktif dalam ormas, terkikisnya budaya patriarkhi, dan penafsiran sempit terhadap ajaran agama oleh modernisasi, dan penerapan sistem politik yang terbukaserta kebijakan affirmative action. 3. Faktor-faktor penghambat partisipasi politik perempuan adalah rendahnya tingkat pendidikan dan kualifikasi personal perempuan, rendahnya pemahaman terhadap hak dan kewajiban politik, tidak mandiri secara ekonomi, iferioritas perpempuan terhadap laki-laki, budaya patriarkhi yang masih kental, dan penafsiran ajaran agama yang sempit tentang pemiimpin perempuan Kata Kunci : Kajian Politik Perempun, Pemilukada, Jawa Timur 1 | Kajian Peran dan Partisipasi Politik Perempuan dalam P e m i l u k a d a Latar Belakang Masalah Perjuangan perempuan memperoleh kesetaraan dilakukan disegala bidang, termasuk hak politiknya. Analisis ilmu politik, prosentase perempuan lebih besar dalam komposisi demografi sebenarnya menguntungkan perempuan memperoleh hak politik dan terlibat dalam pengambilan keputusan kebijakan publik. Kenyataannya, jumlah anggota legislatif perempuan sangat sedikit. Data yang dikutip dari Inter-Parliamentary Union 2014, Indonesia menduduki peringkat ke-90 negara dengan jumlah prosentase tertinggi perempuan di legislatif 16,8 persen.1 Tidak saja pada keanggotaan legislatif, tetapi juga pada organisasi sosial politik. Kondisi demikian, berhasil mengarahkan kebijakan pemilu yang mendorong peningkatan jumlah anggota legislatif perempuan. Akhirnya hak politik perempuan dicantumkan pada pasal 65 ayat 1 UU No 12 tahun 2003 tentang Pemilu, menyebutkan “Setiap Partai Politik Peserta Pemilu dapat mengajukan calon Anggota DPR, DPRD Provinsi, dan DPRD Kabupaten/Kota untuk setiap Daerah Pemilihan dengan memperhatikan keterwakilan perempuan sekurang-kurangnya 30%”. Dipertegas melalui Undang-undang No. 10 tahun 2008 tentang Pemilu Legislatif dan Undang-undang No. 2 tahun 2008 tentang Partai Politik (Parpol). Pasal 8 Butir d UU No. 10 tahun 2008, disebutkan penyertaan sekurang-kurangnya 30 persen keterwakilan perempuan pada kepengurusan parpol tingkat pusat sebagai salah satu persyaratan parpol untuk dapat menjadi peserta pemilu. Pasal 53 menyatakan daftar bakal calon peserta pemilu harus memuat paling sedikit 30 persen keterwakilan perempuan. Aturan tersebut menghasilkan kepala daerah perempuan, seperti Kabupaten Banyuwangi (Ratna Ani Lestari), Kabupaten Tuban (Haeny Relawati), Kota Surabaya (Tri Risma Harini), Kabupaten Probolinggo (Tantri Hasan Aminudin) dll. Tahun 2011, terdapat 16 orang bupati/walikota dan satu orang gubernur perempuan.2 Meningkatnya politisi perempuan (eksekutif dan legislatif) dianggap pelengkap atau “pemanis” pesta politik yang didominasi laki-laki. Kasus pencalegan, tidak sedikit caleg perempuan maju menjual feminitas dan popularitas. Kasus pemilukada, ditemukan kandidat perempuan mencalonkan diri sebagai kepala daerah untuk menjadi penerus kepemimpinan suami, orang tua, keluarga besar (politik dinasti). Kondisi ini menarik untuk dikaji. Terutama untuk mengetahui peran, bentuk partisipasi politik perempuan di tingkat lokal, khususnya pelaksanaan pemilukada. Rumusan Masalah 1. Bagaimana peran dan partisipasi politik perempuan pada Pemilukada di Jawa Timur? 2. Faktor apa yang mendorong perempuan berperan dan terlibat dalam proses politik Pemilukada di Jawa Timur? 3. Kondisi obyektif apa yang menghambat (constraint) partisipasi politik perempuan dalam pemilukada di Jawa Timur? 1 http://www.ipu.org/wmn-e/classif.htm 2 Data Kementerian Pemberdayaan Perempuan dan Perlindungan Anak 2011 2 | Kajian Peran dan Partisipasi Politik Perempuan dalam P e m i l u k a d a Tujuan Penelitian 1. Mengidentifikasi peran dan partisipasi politik kaum perempuan di era reformasi, khususnya pada kasus Pemilukada di Jawa Timur; 2. Mengidentifikasi kondisi-kondisi obyektif yang mempengaruhi peningkatan partisipasi politik perempuan dalam Pemilukada di Jawa Timur; 3. Mengidentifikasi faktor-faktor yang menghambat partisipasi politik perempuan dalam pemilukada; Manfaat Penelitian Penelitian ini bermanfaat bagi perempuan dan aktivis memperjuangkan haknya untuk memahami tentang perempuan dan perpolitikan lokal. Aktivis dapat mengambil sikap yang strategis. Meski masalah kondisi obyektif (salah satu di antaranya budaya patriaki) sudah dipahami benar, aktivis perempuan perlu mengetahui perubahan kondisi obyektif tersebut. Bagi pemerintah pemahaman ini perlu untuk kebijakan publik dan pembangunan wanita. Metode Penelitian Pendekatan penelitian ini adalah mix methodology, yaitu pendekatan kuantitatif (melalui survey, observasi) dan kualitatif ( melalui indepth interview). Pendekatan survey untuk mengetahui kondisi obyektif peran dan partisipasi politik perempuan dalam pemilukada. Indepth interview untuk mendalami fenomena keterlibatan perempuan dalam proses pemilukada, diberbagai setting sosial, budaya, di setiap daerah yang diteliti. Skema Penelitian Eksternal: Affirmative Action: Budaya Kesetaraan Sistem gender Sistem Politik Partisipasi politik: Ormas Pemilu a) Menjadi Kandidat Kepala dll Daerah Keluarga b) Menjadi Ketua Tim Pemenangan c) Menjadi bagian dalam tim pemenangan d) Terlibat aktif dalam merumuskan desain dan PEMILUKADA strategi pemenangan Perempuan (kontestasi politik) e) Terlibat aktif dalam kegiatan donasi tim pemenangan f) Terlibat aktif dalam kegiatan kampanye Jenis penelitian deskriptif, dengan variabel mandiri, tanpa memg) bandingMendiskusikankan dengan variabel lain. Jenis data yang digunakan gabungan data kuantitatif permasalahandan kualitatif. pemilu Data Internal: dengan pihak lain kualitatitf Pandangan digunakan untuk memperkaya hasil penelitian yangh) didapatMelihat/mengikuti dari indepthkegiatan Empowering role & terhadap kampanye interview. Lokasi di Kab. Tuban, Banyuwangi,status Tulungagung dan i) Kab.Ikut Jombang datang ke TPS dengan dan politik Civic Education mencoblos setting Tingkatpemilihan kepala daerah. Kabupaten tersebut dipilih karena daerah ini pernah Kemandirian j) Ikut datang ke TPS, tetapi pendidikan ekonomi tidak mencoblos (golput) Tingkat dll k) Tidak datang ke TPS Penghasilan 3 | Kajian Profesi Peran dan Partisipasi Politik Perempuan dalam P e m i l u k a d a dll Pendekatan mix methodology menyebabkan dua sumber data utama digunakan di penelitian ini, yaitu responden masyarakat umum (pemilih perempuan) dan subyek elit politik diantaranya: pelaku/praktisi politik, anggota tim sukses/pemenangan kandidat, penyelenggara pemilu, birokrasi pemerintah daerah. Jumlah responden 100, terbagi 25 responden untuk tiap daerah. Subyek penelitian diambil 5-10 orang setiap daerah. Tabel 3.2 Teknik Penentuan Informan No Jenis Identifikasi Informan Yang diwawancarai 1. Tokoh Masyarakat Formal Pemerintahan Daerah a. Eksekutif: Bakesbanglinmas b. Legislatif: Anggota DPRD Penyelenggara Pemilu a. Komisioner KPUD b. Panwaslu Partai Politik a. Ketua/Pengurus Parpol; b. Organisasi underbouw Parpol 2 Tokoh Masyarakat Informal Tokoh-tokoh Agama a. Kiai/Nyai b. Pendeta c. Biksu Tokoh-tokoh Adat/Ormas a. Ormas NU: muslimat, fatayat dll b. Ormas Muhammadiyah: Aisyiah, Nasyiatul Aisyiah dll c. Ormas Gereja dll 4 Pelaku/Partisipan Partisipan Aktif a. Pengurus Parpol perempuan b. Tim pemenangan kandidat kepala daerah perempuan Lokasi penelitian adalah kabupaten Banyuwangi dan Kabupaten Tuban dan Jombang yang pernah dipimpin Kepala Daerah perempuan hasil pemilukada. Kabupaten Tulungagung diambil karena belum pernah dipimpin Kepala Daerah perempuan. Data dikumpulkan melalui wawancara terstruktur dengan kuesioner pada responden pemilih perempuan dengan teknik simple random sampling untuk mendapatkan gambaran umum mengenai peran dan partisipasi politik perempuan dalam pemilukada, baik sebagai pemilih atau aktifis dalam pemilukada. Observasi dan wawancara mendalam pada subyek penelitian ditentukan dengan teknik purposive untuk memperoleh gambaran proses pemilihan kepala daerah dan kondisi obyektif yang ada di masyarakat. Indepth interview diharapkan dapat mengungkap secara mendalam keterlibatan perempuan dalam proses politik di tingkat lokal (pemilukada). Data kuantitatif diedit, koding , dientry sesuai keperluan dan tujuan penelitian untuk mempermudah analisis. Data dianalisis
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