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(Melastomataceae). Subban Murugesan, Annamalai Panneerselvam P.G Subban Murugesan et al. / Journal of Pharmacy Research 2012,5(8),4266-4270 Research Article Available online through ISSN: 0974-6943 http://jprsolutions.info Pharmacological studies on Memecylon umbellatum Burm.F. (Melastomataceae). Subban Murugesan, Annamalai Panneerselvam P.G. and Research Department of Botany and Microbiology,A.V.V.M. Sri Pushpam College (Autonomous), Poondi – 613 503, Tamilnadu, India. Received on:11-05-2012; Revised on: 18-06-2012; Accepted on:23-07-2012 ABSTRACT Various physicochemical parameters are established to validate standardization data of M. umbellatum in herbal drug industry. The test for loss on drying determines both water and volatile matter present in it. While the different ash values represent inorganic salts naturally occurring in the crude drug. As far as extractive value is concerned, higher values were recorded in high polarity solvents such as in alcohol, water which revealed the presence of high polarity compound in the plant material. Fluorescence analysis represents the characteristic colour under illumination which will be useful in identification of impurities in crude drug. These forms first report to detect the impurities on this selected plant. Key words: medicinal plants, Fluorescence, solvents, alcohol, INTRODUCTION In India, medicinal plant sector has traditionally occupied an important po- 100ml volumetric flask and added 25 sufficient water through the filter to sition in the socio cultural, spiritual and medicinal arena of rural and tribal dilute to volume. Poured the decoction into 10 stoppered test tubes (height- [1] lives . The discovery of reserpine (serpasil) from Rauwolfia serpentina by 16cm, diameter-16mm) in successive portions of 1ml, 2ml, 3ml, etc. upto Ciba in Switzerland in 1952, gave a new impetus to research on herbal drugs 10ml, and adjusted the volume of the liquid in each tube with water to 10ml. [2] in India . In India, medicinal plants as a group comprises approximately Stoppered the tubes and shake them in a lengthwise motion for 15 seconds, 8000 species and account for around 50% of all the higher flowering plant at the rate of two shakes per second. Allowed to stand for 15 minutes and [3] species of India . Millions of rural households use medicinal plants in a self- measured the height of the foam. The results were assessed as follows. If the help mode. Over one and a half million practitioners of the Indian System of height of the foam in every tube is less than 1cm, the foaming index is less Medicine in the oral and codified streams use medicinal plants in preventive, than 100. If a height of foam of 1cm is measured in any tube, the volume of [1] promotive and curative applications . In recent years, the growing demand the plant material decoction in this tube (a) is used to determine the index. If for herbal product has led to a quantum jump in volume of plant materials this tube is the first or second tube in a series, prepare an intermediate traded within and across the countries. Though India has a rich biodiversity, dilution in a similar manner to obtain a more precise result. If the height of the the growing demand is putting a heavy strain on the existing resources. While foam is more than 1cm in every tube, the foaming index is over 1000. In this the demand for medicinal plants is growing, some of them are increasingly case repeat the determination using a new series of dilutions of the decoction being threatened in their natural habitat. For meeting the future needs cultiva- in order to obtain a result. tion of medicinal plant has to be encouraged. Determination of Loss on Drying MATERIALS AND METHODS The loss on drying test is designed to measure the amount of water and volatile matters in a sample, when the sample is dried under specific condi- Physico-chemical analysis tions. If the substance is in the form of large crystals, reduce the size by rapid The powdered plant materials were morphologically and organoleptically crushing to a powder. The test should be carried out on a well-mixed sample screened and subjected to physico-chemical analysis in accordance with the of the substances. Weighed a glass stoppered, shallow weighing bottle that [4] WHO guidelines . The following various physico-chemical parameters were has been dried under the same conditions to be employed in the determina- analyzed. tion[5]. Transferred to the bottle the quantity of the sample specified in the related monograph, covered it and accurately weighed the bottle and the Determination of foaming index contents. Distributed the sample as evenly as practicable by gentle sidewise Saponins are substances of high molecular weight containing shaking to a depth not exceeding 10mm. Placed the loaded bottle in the drying phytoconstituents with detergent activity. Many medicinal plant materials chamber (oven or desiccator) as directed in the monograph, removed the which contain saponins cause persistent foam when an aqueous decoction stopper and left it also in the chamber. Dried the sample to constant weight was shaken. It was measured in terms of foaming index. Reduced about 1g of or for the specified time and at the temperature indicated in the monograph. the plant material to a coarse powder (sieve no.40) weighed accurately and After drying was completed, opened the drying chamber, closed the bottle transferred to a 500ml conical flask containing 100ml of boiling water. Main- promptly and allow it to cool at room temperature (where applicable) in a tained at moderate boiling temperature for 30 min. Cooled and filtered into a desiccator before weighing. Weighed the bottle and the contents. *Corresponding author. Determination of crude fiber content Subban Murugesan The crude fibre content of the powdered plant material was carried out by P.G. and Research Department of Botany and Dutch method[6]. If crude drug contains appreciable amount of fat or oil, it Microbiology,A.V.V.M. Sri Pushpam College must be removed first by extraction with suitable lipid solvent, before pro- (Autonomous), Poondi – 613 503, cessing. Weighed 2g of powdered drug in a beaker. Added 50ml of 10% v/v Tamilnadu, India. nitric acid. Heated to boil with constant stirring (till about 30 seconds after boiling starts). Strained through fine cotton cloth on a Buchner funnel. Gave Journal of Pharmacy Research Vol.5 Issue 8.August 2012 4266-4270 Subban Murugesan et al. / Journal of Pharmacy Research 2012,5(8),4266-4270 washing to the residue with boiling water (suction may be used). Transferred Determination of Extractive Values residue from the cloth to a beaker. Added 50ml of 2.5% v/v sodium hydroxide Extractive values of crude drugs are useful for their evaluation, especially solution. Heated to boil. Maintained at boiling point for 30 seconds, stirring when the constituents of a drug cannot be readily estimated by any other constantly. Strained and washed with hot water as mentioned earlier. For means. Further, these values indicate the nature of the constituents present quantitative determination, transferred the residue to a cleaned and dried in a crude drug. It was carried out by standard method of Kokate[7]. crucible. Weighed the residue and determined % of crude fibres. For micro- scopical examination, residue was suspended in water or alcohol (70%) until Batch process required for use. (i) Petroleum ether soluble extractive value Determination of Ash values Macerated 5 g of the air-dried drug, coarsely powdered, with 100 ml of Ash values of a crude drug is the inorganic residue remaining after incinera- Benzene of the specified strength in a closed flask for 24 h, shaking fre- tion, which simply represents inorganic salts, naturally occurring in drug or quently during the first 6 h and allowing to stand for 18 h. Thereafter, filtered adhering to it or deliberately added to it as a form of adulteration[4]. Hence, rapidly taking precautions against loss of petroleum ether, evaporated 25 ml the ash values are helpful in determining the quality and purity of a crude of the filtrate to dryness in a tared flat-bottomed shallow dish, dried at 105oC drug in the powdered form. and weighed. Calculated the % of petroleum ether soluble extractive with reference to the air-dried drug. (1) Determination of Total Ash Placed about 2-4 g of the ground air-dried material, accurately weighed, in a (ii) Hexane soluble extractive value previously ignited and tared crucible (usually of platinum or silica). The Macerated 5 g of the air-dried drug, coarsely powdered, with 100 ml of material was spread in an even layer and ignite it by gradually increasing the Benzene of the specified strength in a closed flask for 24 h, shaking fre- heat to 500-600oC until it is white, indicating the absence of carbon. Cooled quently during the first 6 h and allowing to stand for 18 h. Thereafter, filtered in a dessicator and weighed. If carbon free ash cannot be obtained in this rapidly taking precautions against loss of petroleum ether, evaporated 25 ml manner, cool the crucible and moisten the residue with about 2ml of water or of the filtrate to dryness in a tared flat-bottomed shallow dish, dried at 105oC a saturated solution of ammonium nitrate. Dried on a water-bath, then on a and weighed. Calculated the % of hexane soluble extractive with reference to hot-plate and ignited to constant weight. Allowed the residue to cool in the air-dried drug. dessicator for 30 min., then weighed without delay. Calculated content of total ash in mg per g of air-dried material. (iii) Benzene soluble extractive value Macerated 5 g of the air-dried drug, coarsely powdered, with 100 ml of (ii) Determination of Water soluble Ash Benzene of the specified strength in a closed flask for 24 h, shaking fre- To the crucible containing the total ash, added 25ml of water and boiled for 5 quently during the first 6 h and allowing to stand for 18 h.
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