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Asian Journal of Science and Research, 2013, 3(6):29-45

ISSN : 2249-7412 CODEN (USA): AJPSKY

Studies on ethnomedicinal used by malayali tribals in Kolli hills of , Tamilnadu,

Vaidyanathan D., M. S. Salai Senthilkumar and M. Ghouse Basha*

P.G and Research Department of Botany, Jamal Mohamed College (Autonomous), Trichirapalli, , India ______

ABSTRACT

An ethnobotanical survey was carried out among the Malayali tribals in various villages of kollihills, Nammakkal District, Tamilnadu, India during July 2011 to june 2013. A total 250 of ethnomedicinal plants belonging to 198 genera and 81 families and 21 habitats, 228 dicotyledons, 22 monocotyledons were reported with the help of standardised 50 tribal informants between the ages of 40-75. The study shows a high degree of ethnobotanical novelty and the use of plants among the Malayali reflects the revival of interest in traditional folk medicine. The medicinal plants used by Malayalis were arranged alphabetically followed by botanical name, family name, local name, habitat, plant parts used, mode of preparation and ethnomedicinal uses.

Key words: Medicinal Plants, Ethnomedicine, Malayali Tribals ______

INTRODUCTION

Plants are the basis of life on earth and are central to people’s livelihoods. Tribal people are the ecosystem people who live in harmony with the nature and maintain a close link between man and environment. Indian subcontinent is being inhabited by over 53.8 million tribal people in 5000 forest dominated villages of tribal’s community and comprising 15% of the total geographical area of Indian landmasses, representing one of the greatest emporia of ethno-botanical wealth(Albert , sajem and kuldip gosai, 2006).

Traditional medical practices are an important part of the primary health care system in the developing world (Sheldon et al., 1997). Herbal medicines are comparatively safer than synthetic drugs. Plant- based traditional knowledge has become a organized tool in search for new sources of drugs and neutraceuticals (Sharma and Mujundar, 2003). The ethno botanical survey can bring out many different clues for the development of drugs to treat human diseases. Herbal medicines are assumed to be of great importance in the many developing countries (Ghosh, 2003). Considering the current rate of deforestation with the concurrent loss of biodiversity, there is a need for accurate documentation of the knowledge and experience of the traditional herbalists (Grierson and Afolayan, 1999). In this paper, we report the information gathered from Malayali tribals on the plants used for treatment of various diseases in Kollihills of Tamil Nadu, India.

29 Pelagia Research Library M. Ghouse Basha et al Asian J. Plant Sci. Res., 2013, 3(6):29-45 ______MATERIALS AND METHODS

Study area Tamil Nadu is situated in southern end of India, east of Kerala and south of and states. The area of investigation Kollihills is located in Nammakkal district, Tamil Nadu and has an area of 418.5 km latitudinal and longitudinal range of Kollihills are 11 10 – 11 30 N latitude 75 30 E longitude respectively. The hill is bounded by Nammakkal in the south and south west. is in the North East. Attur Taluk is in the North and Trichirappalli district in the east. Kolli hills are also called as sathuragiri or square hill. The hills contain of high rising peaks and ravines. The highest point in kollihills is 4663 feet above M.S.L, but the general level of the upper surface of the hills is not more than 35000 feet (1000m). Its eastern and northeastern flanks drain either into Thurayur valley of the periyar. Forest occupies 44% of the total geographical area. Farming activities occupy about 56% of the area.

Malayalis (Malai=hill, ali=dwells) were believed to have migrated from Conjeeveram probably in 1962 A.D, they are Tamil speaking hill tribes and all are mostly agriculturalists. Their pure population can be seen in kollihills (Thurston and Rangachari, 1909). Malayali is one of the 36 scheduled tribes of Tamil Nadu (Jayasree, 2002) and the population of Malayali tribes forms around 54% of total schedule tribes have a general knowledge of medicinal plants that are used for aid remedies, to cough, cold, fever, headache, poisonous bites, and some other simple ailments. The Malayali tribes are abiding in the deep forest area are still dependent on medicinal plants for their primary healthcare and treatment of various diseases. Malayali still supplement their food by gathering roots and tubers from the nearby forest areas. They are extremely hard working and can survive without the help of modern facilities. They are socio-economically backward and most of them are very poor. They are also engaged in seasonal collection of honey, bee wax and some minor forest produce. They cultivate edible plants, like tapioca, pine apple, banana, milts and sash crops such as pepper, coffee, jack fruit glove and cereals like ragi, thinai, makkasolam, samai and panivaraku.

The field work in the villages of Malayali in kollihills was commenced from July 2011 –June 2013. The Malayalis settlement was located through a number of field surveys and there were many number of informants between 40 and 75 age were consulted to gather medicinal information. Resource persons with knowledge of medicinal plants were selected based on the experience in the preparation of medicines, whether he/she is a professional medicine man or women, their willingness to share their traditional knowledge and there was of acquiring knowledge as per the methodology (Jain, 1989). The information was collected through interviews and discussions among the tribal practitioners in their local language (Tamil). The responses on the plant prescribed, such as part of the plant used, medicinal uses, detailed information about mode of preparation (decoction, paste, powder and juice) from the usage either fresh or dried and method of application.

The collected plant species were identified taxonomically using the Karnatic flora (Gamble, 1935) and the flora of Tamil Nadu Carnatic (Matthew, 1983), Indian medicinal plants, dictionary of medicinal plants, poorviga maruthuva nool kalangiyum. The identified plants species were then conformed to the herbaria of Rapinet, Trichirappallai. ABS Botanical garden, Yercaud.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The present investigation revealed that the malayali tribal of the kollihills region were using 250 species of plants belonging to 81 families for medicinal use (Table-1). Among 77 were herbs, 69 were big trees 42 were shrubs, 12 were vine, 6 were sub shrub, climber and climbing shrub, 5 were straggler, 4 were liane, 3 were shrubby herb, shrubby, twining shrub, under shrub and climbing herb, 2 were straggling shrub, 1 were sub shrubby, rambling shrub, small trees, erect culms, bulb and woody shrub. The most commonly represented families were Euphorbiaceae 14 and Acanthaceae 14 (Table-2). They were using this plants to cure diseases like fever, cough, leukemia, asthma, disorders of tooth, diabetes, scabies, piles, stomach pain, indigestion, diarrhea, menstrual disorder, uterine disorders, infertility, rheumatism, jaundice, aphrasoadic, ear diseases , joint pains, inflammation, cold, cough, skin diseases, ulcer, bone fracture psoriasis, kidney stone, pimples, gas trouble, back pain, blood pressure, post natal problem, hydrophobia, lactation, venereal diseases whopping cough, dandruff, constipation, paralytic, ophthalmic obligation, chest pain, blood purification, corroborant, arthritics, labor pain, epilepsy, wounds, dog bite and poisonous bites , scorpion and insects (Table -3). This is consistent with the general observations made earlier in relation to ethno botanical studies on some of the other tribal communities of Tamil Nadu,

30 Pelagia Research Library M. Ghouse Basha et al Asian J. Plant Sci. Res., 2013, 3(6):29-45 ______(Karthikeyani, 2003) on Irular Tribe, (Rajendran, et al., 2002) on Valaya tribe, (Visvanathan, 1997) on Malayali tribe, (Alagesaboopathi et al., 1999 ).

TABLE – 1: Distribution of plants under different Habits

S. No. Habits No. of Species 1. Herb 77 2. Tree 69 3. Shrub 42 4. Vine 12 5. Sub shrub 6 6. Climber 6 7. Climbing shrub 6 8. Straggler 5 9. Liane 4 10. Twining shrub 3 11. Climbing herb 3 12. Shrubby herb 3 13. Shrubby 3 14. Under shrub 3 15. Straggling shrub 2 16. Rambling shrub 1 17. Small tree 1 18. Erect culms 1 19. Bulb 1 20. Woody shrub 1 21. Sub shrubby 1 TOTAL 250

TABLE – 2: Families with maximum number of Genus & Species

S. No Family No. of Genus No. of Species 1. Euphorbiaceae 9 14 2. Acanthaceae 7 14 3. 8 9 4. Asclepiadaceae 9 9 5. Fabaceae 6 8 6. Mimosaceae 5 8 7. Apocynaceae 7 8 8. Rutaceae 7 7 9. Solanaceae 3 7 10. Caesalpiniaceae 3 6 11. 4 6 12. 6 6 13. Verbenaceae 5 6 14. Lamiaceae 5 6 15. Moraceae 3 6 16. Menispermaceae 4 5 17. Sterculiaceae 4 5 18. 3 5 19. Convolvulaceae 4 5 20. Amaranthaceae 3 5 21. Burseraceae 4 4 22. Piperaceae 2 4 23. Zingiberaceae 4 4 24. Liliaceae 4 4 25. Araceae 4 4 26. Malvaceae 2 3 27. Oxalidaceae 2 3 28. Meliaceae 3 3 29. Vitaceae 2 3 30. Sapindaceae 3 3 31. Poaceae 3 3 32. Capparaceae 2 2 33. Tiliaceae 2 2 34. Rhamnaceae 2 2 35. Anacardiaceae 2 2 36. Myrtaceae 2 2 37. Lythraceae 2 2 38. Plumbaginaceae 1 2 39. Ebenaceae 1 2 40. Loganiaceae 1 2 41. Scrophularaceae 2 2 42. Chenopodiaceae 2 2 43. Polygonaceae 2 2

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44. Aristolochiaceae 1 2 45. Myristicaceae 1 2 46. Urticaceae 1 2 47. Dioscoreaceae 1 2 48. Arecaceae 2 2 49. Ranunculaceae 1 1 50. Magnoliaceae 1 1 51. Annonaceae 1 1 52. Nympheaceae 1 1 53. Papaveraceae 1 1 54. Cruciferae 1 1 55. Violaceae 1 1 56. Cochlospermaceae 1 1 57. Dipterocarpaceae 1 1 58. Erythroxylaceae 1 1 59. Balsaminaceae 1 1 60. Crassulaceae 1 1 61. Droseracae 1 1 62. 1 1 63. Onagraceae 1 1 64. Passifloraceae 1 1 65. Begoniaceae 1 1 66. Aizoaceae 1 1 67. Apiaceae 1 1 68. Alangiaceae 1 1 69. Campanulaceae 1 1 70. Myrsinaceae 1 1 71. Sapotaceae 1 1 72. Oleaceae 1 1 73. Salvadoraceae 1 1 74. Boraginaceae 1 1 75. Pedaliaceae 1 1 76. Nyctaginaceae 1 1 77. Proteaceae 1 1 78. Santalaceae 1 1 79. Musaceae 1 1 80. Amaryllidaceae 1 1 81. Agavaceae 1 1 TOTAL 198 250

Medicines were prepared in the form of powder, decoction, paste and juice. It was also observed that some plants were used in the form of preparation. Several plants were used in the form of powder. Some plants used in the form decoction, paste, juice, in some cases fruits are used as medicine both in fresh and dried form. Among different plants parts used by Malayali tribes in Kollihills, the are most frequently used for the treatment of disease. External applications and internal consumption are involved in the treatment of wounds, snake bite, headache and skin diseases. In the present study, some of the medicinal plants are belonging to Red data list categories.

In general, fresh parts of the plants are used for the preparation of medicine. When fresh plant parts are unavailable, dried parts are also used. The rhizome and leaves are exploited commercially as excellent source of income. But unfortunately due to their over exploitation there is a great danger of their extinction. Hence, efforts must be taken to protect these species in this area by involving the local communities in preservation and conservation aspects.

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TABLE – 3: Medicinal Plants utility by the tribals in the Kollihills

S. Plant Botanical Name Family Name Local Name Habitat Ethnomedicinal Uses Mode of Administration No. Part used Climbing 1. Naravelia zeylanica, DC. Ranunculaceae Vatamkolli Leaves Skin diseases juice used for paralysis and externally applied shrub 2. Michelia champaga, L. Magnoliaceae Champa gam Tree Leaves Scorpion bite Leaf juice is taken orally. Root paste for external application. Root bark 3. Annona squamosa L. Annonaceae Sitaphal Tree Root, bark Scorpion bite decoction orally Climbing Whole 4. Cissampelos pareira, L. Menispermaceae Appatta Diarrhea. Whole plant is used shrub plant 5. Cocculus hirsutus, Diels. Menispermaceae Kattukodi Small tree Leaves Leukemia Leaf juice taken internally fir cure Leaf paste applied on bitten area and also root Climbing 6. Tiliacora acuminate, Miers . Menispermaceae Perunkattu kodi Leaf Snake bite decoction given in 50ml immediately and thrice a day shrub till relief from suffering. Climbing Whole 7. Tinospora cordifolia, Miers . Menispermaceae Senthilkodi Gas trouble Plant juice is taken internally shrub plant genuine drug 8. Tinospora sinensis, (lour.) merr Menispermaceae Por seenthil Herb Stem Oral decoction Rhumatic arthratis Made into paste. Then 1 teaspoonful of this mixture is Urination problem in 9. Nymphaea nouchali, Var. Nympheaceae Alli Herb Root administered in every 15-30 minites interval for 2 children days Root, Latex and yellow juice of plant orally. Root paste for 10. Argemone mexicana Linn., Bilayat Papaveraceae Perammathandu Herb Scorpion bite latex local application 11. Brassica juncea, Hk. f. & T. Cruciferae Kadugu Herb Leaves Ear wound To use internally Leaf paste mixed with coconut oil is used for sores 12. Cadaba fruticosa (L.) Druce. Capparaceae Vizhuthi Shrub Leaves Bone fracture and leaf paste mixed with egg applied externally Leaves of the species could be more nutritious than 13. Cleome gynandra , L. Capparaceae Nalvelai Herb leaves could most exotic leafy vegetables. Fever, 14. Hybanthus enneaspermus , (L.) F. Muell Violaceae Orithal hamarai Herb Leaves Decoction from the leaves taken. aphrasiadic Bone fracture Gum from the bank applied externally for bone 15. Cochlospermum religiosum , (L.) Cochlospermaceae Thanukku Tree Bark General health fracture Dysentery, diarrhoea and 16. Shorea roxburghii, G. Don. Dipterocarpaceae Gugilia maram Tree Root Orally administered (100g / day for only one day) cholera 17. Ceiba pentandra (Linn.) Malvaceae Gratean Java cotton Tree root Scorpion bite Paste of roots for external application 18. Sida acuta , Burm. Malvaceae Pazham pasi Sub shrub Leaves Cut wound Paste made from leaves applied It is useful in blood, According to Ayurveda, the plant is tonic, astringent, seed, throat, urinary system emollient, aphrodisiac and useful in treatment of 19. Sida cardifolia, L. Malvaceae Kuruthan kanni Sub shrub leaves, related troubles, piles, respiratory system related troubles. Bark is considered Roots phthisis, insanity etc. as cooling. diarrhoea 20. Helicteres isora, L. Sterculiaceae Valampuri Shrub fruit Fruit powder is mixed with water and given to drink and blood dysentery. Actinodaphne malabarica plant bark paste of this plant Whole topically to bruised part with the bark paste of Pterospermum suberifolium 21. Pterospermum suberifolium, Lam. Sterculiaceae Vennanthai or polavu Tree plant of the body. mixed together and applied topically to bruised part of the body. Bark, Abortifacient, gonorrhea, Decoction used, seed oil administered internally 22. Sterculia foetida, L. Sterculiaceae Pootha karappan Tree fruit,seed skin disease intches and other skin disease Wound fractures and 23. Sterculia urens, Roxb. Sterculiaceae Senthanku Tree Leaves Leaf juice applied externally cracked skin leukemia Whole Cough Plant extract boiled and taken orally. 24. Waltheria indica, L. Sterculiaceae Sub shrub Chem poondu plant Haemorrhages Roots chewed to control internal Leaf, root 25. Grewia gamblei, Drumm. Tiliaceae Karadi kasavu Shrub Scorpion Bite Leaf juice and root bark is taken orally bark 26. Triumfetta rhomboidea, Jacq . Tiliaceae Karadi otradai Sub shrub Leaves, Abdominal colic children Leaf infusions are given to. A decoction of the leaves 33 Pelagia Research Library M. Ghouse Basha et al Asian J. Plant Sci. Res., 2013, 3(6):29-45 ______

Barks, to bring down fever and is used against dysentery. In Gabon and DR Congo an stem, to prevent diarrhea infusion of the leaves is used as a cure for colic. leaves Snakebites are treated with the leaves in Rwanda and the pulped root in Tanzania. In Mauritius a decoction of leaves and roots is drunk against coughing and a decoction of the roots alone in case of poisoning by poisonous fish. 27. Erythroxylon monogynum, Roxb. Erythroxylaceae Devadaru Shrub Leaves Anti aptide Leaf paste taken internally 28. Biophytum candolleanum W. Oxalidaceae Perumani vaatti Herb Leaf Scorpion Bite Leaf powder is taken orally Whole Grounded and applied and externally on the affected 29. Biophytum sensitivum, DC. Oxalidaceae Theenda nail Herb Poisionousbite plant area 30. Oxalis corniculata, L. Oxalidaceae Pulichan Herb Leaves Dysentery Induce to child leaves, seeds, and stems are also edible if cooked. leaves, snakebite Juice from balsam leaves treats warts and also 31. Impatiens balsamina, L. Balsaminaceae Kasi thumbai Herb seeds, and skin disease snakebite, while the flower can be applied to burns to stems cool the skin 32. Aegle marmelos, (L.) Corr. Serr. Rutaceae Vilvam Tree Leaves Diarrhea Leaf juice used Root pieces mixed with black pepper and decoction Cough,phlegm 33. Atalantia monophylla, Corr. Rutaceae Kattu elumpichai Tree Root isprepared 10-15 ml decoction is given orally twice a (antitussive) day to get relief 50 ml of root juice mixed with hot water is used to 34. Limonia acidissima L. Rutaceae Vila Tree Root snake bite treat Kattu karuvepilai or Wounds 35. Murraya paniculata, (L.) Rutaceae Tree Leaf The leaf paste is applied over the wounds to heal Kurunthu 36. Naringi Crenulata (Roxb.) Rutaceae Maga vilvam Tree Root snake bite taken orally to curing. Rue oil and infusions of rue were formerly used As antispasmodics and Applied or rubbed on the skin it has a rubefacient Whole emmenagogues. It is effect (for rheumatic pains). The most frequent, 37. Ruta graveolens, L. Rutaceae Sathapu Tree plant recommended in herbal intentional use of the plant has been for induction of leaves treatment of insomnia, abortion. headaches, nervousness, abdominal cramps, and renal troubles. Fruit Cure fever, diarrhea, 38. Toddalia asiatica,, Llam. Rutaceae Mila karanai Straggler Whole cough, wound and ulcer, Fruit are useful plant Fits 39. Boswellia serrata, Roxb. Burseraceae Vellai kunkilium Tree Leaves skin diseases. Leaf juice applied externally Rheumatic pains & Gum is used with gingili oil in rheumatic pains & 40. Canarium strictum, Roxb. Burseraceae Karunkungiligum Tree Bark Chronic skin diseases Chronic skin diseases such as psoriasis. such as Psoriasis Leaves are crushed and mix with lime juice 2 times a 41. Commiphora caudate, Engl. Burseraceae Pachai kiluvai Tree Leaves Stomach ache day for 2 days. 42. Garuga pinnata, Roxb. Burseraceae Karuvambu Tree Leaves Asthma Juice of the leaves is used Leaves ground with ginger applied externally for 43. Azadiracta indica, A.Juss. Meliaceae Veppa maram Tree Leaves stomach pain. poisonous insect bites and young leave juice taken for 44. Cipadessa baccifera, Miq. Meliaceae Pullippan chedi Shrub Leaves Control diarrhea Leaf paste is taken orally Small Leaves paste is applied topically on the body to treat Leaves, 45. Melia dubia, Hiern. Meliaceae Malai vempu Tree pox, rheumatism and skin The young twigs are used as toothbrush to develop seeds diseases. strong teeth Fruit, root, leaf, Wounds, ulcer, fever, 46. Ziziphus mauritiana , Lam. Rhamnaceae Kattu illanthai Tree Decoction, infusion bark, vomiting, diarrhea flower Relief stomach disorders 47. Ventilago madraspatana, Gaertn . Rhamnaceae Vambadamkodi Liane Root Root bark is used and fever.

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Leaves crushed with salt and ginger and applied 48. Cayratia pedata, Juss. Vitaceae Pannikodi Liane Leaves Scabies Ulcer externally Leaf paste mixed with milk applied internally

Bark, Stem and leaf paste is used to cure bone fracture and 49. Cissus quadrangularis, L. Vitaceae Pirantai or Pada kizhgu Shrub Leaves, gas trouble. root paste used Root Leaf extract is given to drink for 2 days to expel the 50. Cissus setosa, Roxb. Vitaceae Puli naralai Vine Leaf Worms intestinal worms Whole Cure Dandruff 51. Cardiospermum halicacabum, L. Sapindaceae Kothan kodi Vine Leaf juice taken orally for a period of 2 days plant Dysentery Fever,Rheumatism, skin infections and diarrhea, pains of hepatic or splenic origin, uterine colic and Leaves other disorders involving The stem and roots are used, The plant decoction is 52. Dodonaea angustifolia, L.f. Sapindaceae Virali Shrub Stem, smooth muscles. It is also useful Roots used as an antipuritic in skin rashes and for the treatment of sore throat, dermatitis and haemorrhoids Coughs, and for bathing Leaves, 53. Lepisanthes tetraphylla, Radlk. Sapindaceae Gukamathi Tree for fever, wood for Leaf extract Soft wood carving toys Body pains and 54. Lannea coromandelica, (Houtt.) Merr. Anacardiaceae Udaya maram Tree Leaves Leaf paste applied inflammation Dysentery and treat 55. Mangifera indica , L. Anacardiaceae Ma maram Tree Seed Dry seed powder with cow’s milk cures diabetics. 56. Abrus precatorius, L. ssp. Fabaceae Kundumani Straggler Root poisonous bite Root used for external 57. Canavalia virosa Baker. Fabaceae Kattu thambatan Vine flower Asthma Young pods are eaten with diet for asthma. Fresh leaf paste with the paste of Pepper (Piper 58. Clitoria ternatea, L. Fabaceae Sanku poo Vine Leaf swelling of legs. nigrum) is applied on swelling of legs. Two spoonfuls of root paste is administered with a 59. Dalbergia latifolia, Roxb. Fabaceae Eatti maram Tree Root Menorrhagia: glass of water daily once for 7 days Grind the 15-20 g of fresh leaves in clay pot and add 60. Dalbergia sissoo, Roxb. Fabaceae Desi maram Tree Leaves hotness of body. 250 mL of water slowly and drink after filteration in afternoon time Whole 61. Indigofera aspalathoides, Vahl. Fabaceae Sivanar vembu Sub shrub Diarrhea Whole plant juice taken internally plant About 500g of dired seeds are made into a fine powder and boiled in water along with equal quantity of the powder modefrom the dried seeds of Setting of the fractured Tamarindus indica to make a paste. Paste is applied 62. Mucuna atropurpurea, DC. Fabaceae Iruvi Liane Seed bone on the fractured area and bandaged tightly using a clean cloth. After one week the bandage is removed and the paste is applied for re binding. This procedure is repeated for 3-4 times for proper The roots are crushed and rubbed on the stomach to 63. Mucuna gigantean, DC. Fabaceae Perum poonai kali Vine Roots Stomach to cure cure stomach upset. 64. Cassia alata L. Caesalpiniaceae Seemaiy agathi Shrub Leaf snake bite Paste of leaves is applied externally on the spot 65. Cassia ariculata, L. Caesalpiniaceae Avvarai Shrub Seed Diabetes Seed are used Leaves, Heart pain, skin Seed are used 66. Cassia fistula, L. Caesalpiniaceae Sarai konnai Tree Seed, disease,fever, abdominal Decoction of the flowers flower pain, and leprosy

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Stomach troubles Snake bite Properties: Sweet and bitter in flavor, cold in nature, it is related Whole to the large intestine 1.5~3g for laxation, 5~10g for purgation. The herb is 67. Cassia siamea Lam. Caesalpiniaceae Poonavarai Tree Plant channel. soaked in boiling water for 5 minutes for oral laxative Functions: Relieves administration constipation by removing stagnancy and inducing purgation. 68. Senna occidentalis, L. Caesalpiniaceae Paayavarai Subshrub Root Stomachache Root extract taken internally Eye infection Female 69. Tamarindus indica, L. Caesalpiniaceae Puliya maram Tree Fruit The unripe pods are cooked and taken for abortion contraception 70. Acacia pennata, (L.) Willd. Mimosaceae Seenkai mul Straggler Stem Asthma Fresh stem sap sucked once daily until cured. Paste of leaf and root bark along with root bark of Leaf, root, Treat snake and scorpion jasminum angustifolium Vhal and rhizome of Cyperus 71. Albizia amara, Boiv. Mimosaceae Usilai Tree bark bites and skin diseases. rotundus Linn. Is heated with neem oil and applied externally on affected places for 10 days 72. Albizia lebbeck, (L.) Mimosaceae Vagei Tree Leaves scorpion bite Tonic is taken orally Velugu Chinta Bark, Stem bark paste used as an external application 73. Albizia thompsonii, Brandis Mimosaceae Tree Skin diseases, ulcers stem, leaf Leaf paste used as an external application 74. Entada pursaetha, DC. Mimosaceae Paparan kottai Liane Leaves Inflammation Paste of cotyledons applied externally Snake bite Stem A glass of infution of fresh stem is administered, 5 gm 75. Mimosa hamata, Willd. Mimosaceae Nintral surungi Herb Cure Sexual weakness in Seed powdered seed in boiling milk is taken for 7 days male Whole Prevent Excess menstrual 76. Mimosa pudica , L. Mimosaceae Thotta sinungi Herb Whole plants used plant bleeding Acute bacillary dysentery, enteritis, diarrhea: use 15 colds, sore throat, Thoonka moonsi Bark, to 30 gms dried material in decoction. 77. Samanea saman, (Jacq.) Mimosaceae Tree headache. maram leaves A decoction of the inner bark or fresh cambium and Diarrhea leaves is used to treat. 78. Kalanchoe pinnata (Forsk) Pers . Crassulaceae Katakataka Herb Leaf Scorpion bite Leaf paste for external application Whole 79. Drosera burmannii, Vahl. Droseracae Alukanni Herb Blood dysentery Whole plant paste is given to cure plant Stem bark extract is administered 3 spoonfuls twice a day for 3 days. Leaves with tubers of Dioscorea pentaphylla are taken in equal quantities and ground. Stem bark 80. Anogeissus latifolia Wall. Combretaceae Vellai naga maram Tree Cough 2 spoonfuls of paste mixed with a spoonful of honey leaves is administered daily once for 3 d. Meanwhile paste soaked in hot water and is inhaled daily once for 3 days 81. Combretum ovalifolium, Roxb. Combretaceae Oodang kodi Straggler Bark Jaundice Bark juice is administered orally against jaundice. Bark, Menstrual problem The juice made of the leaves was also once used as a 82. Terminalia arjuna, W. & A. Combretaceae Marutham Tree leaves Dysentery, earache cure Whole 83. Terminalia bellirica, Roxb. Combretaceae Thandri Tree Stomach problem Fresh powder used plant Digestive, antiseptic and 84. Terminalia chebula, Retz. Combretaceae Kadukkai Tree Fruit Fruits are used diuretic The young leaves may be chewed, swallowing the 85. Psidium guajava, L. Myrtaceae Gyyaa Tree leaves Diarrhea juice or boiled and drunk. Bark, Chest pain, painful Bark ground with ghee taken internally seed powder 86. Syzygium cumini, (L.) Myrtaceae Naval maram Tree Seed menstrucation, diabetic taken internally 87. umbellatum, Burm. Melastomataceae Sarkarai vilvam Shrub Leaves Skin disease Paste applied on pimple to disappear Paronoicsia, liver and Leaves, 88. Lawsonia inermis, L. Lythraceae Maruthani Shrub general weakness Extract of root is given twice a day as health tonic root Gynaecological Disorders

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Flower extract was administered orally at variable 89. Woodfordia fruticosa, Kurz. Lythraceae Kattathi Shrub flowers diabetic mice doses in mice with or without combination with glyburide to different groups of mice Reduces cholesterol level, 90. Oenothera glazioviana, Micheli. Onagraceae Anthi mantharai Herb Seed taken internally sedative Powder from the seeds and block pepper taken with 91. Passiflora edulis, Sims. Passifloraceae Thatpoot Vine Seeds Asthma milk to get relief 92. Coccinia grandis (L.) J.Viogt Cucurbitaceae Koovaikodi Vine Leaves Ulcer Leaves juices are taken internally Climbing 93. Luffa cylindrica (L.) Roemer Cucurbitaceae Nurai peerku leaves snake bite Milk is given internally to treat. herb Juice from the leaves taken after urination in the 94. charantia, L. Cucurbitaceae Paavakkodi Vine leaves Menstrual disorders morning 95. Momordica dioica, Roxb. Cucurbitaceae Athalai Vine Leaves Vermifuge Leaf juice used 96. Trichosanthes cucumerina, L. Cucurbitaceae Pei putal Vine seeds Fever, tumors Seed extraction was done by cold maceration method 97. Trichosanthes palmate, Roxb . Cucurbitaceae Savari Vine leaves Asthma Internally Narayana sanjeevini- Sub 98. Begonia malabrica, Lam. Begoniaceae Leaves Asthma complaints Leaf juices with ginger taken internally Kaltamarai shrubby 99. Mollugo pentaphylla, L. Aizoaceae Par padagam Herb Leaves Cooling purpose Leaves boiled in water and taken Leaves,w Nervous problem Leaves juices are taken internally for nervous 100. Centella asiatica, Urb. Apiaceae Vallarai Herb hole plant brain tonic. problems. Whole plant used 101. Alangium salvifolium, Wang. Alangiaceae Alangil Tree Root Skin disease Root bark applied externally Root, 102. Canthium coromandelicum, (Burm.f.) Rubiaceae Karai Shrub Diuretic Root & Leaves paste used for diuretic Leaves Leaves, 103. Neanotis monosperma (Wt. & Arn.) Rubiaceae Kodi urinchi Herb Root, Scorpion Bite Powder of leaf, root and stem - External application stem The decocted leaves are used externally to alleviate pains caused by the pains caused by haemorrhoids. The root, Leaves, 104. Pavetta indica, L. Rubiaceae Pavattai Shrub haemorrhoids. pain of pulverized and mixed with the ginger and rice-water, root piles. is given in dropsy. A local fomentation with the leaves is useful in relieving the pain of piles. Erumbarathan or 105. dicoccos, Gaertn. Rubiaceae Tree Leaves Easy delivery Leaf extract mixed with banana taken orally earkolli maram Rheumatoid arthritis, 106. Randia dumentorum , Lam. Rubiaceae Marakarai Shrub fruits The fruits dried coarse powder inflammatory disease Whole 107. Spermacoce hispida, L. Rubiaceae Nathai suri Herb plant, Cure diarrhoea, Internally to use Tonic to the body seed, root Paralysis, dental pain, tonsillitis, sexual 108. Anacyclus pyrethrum , (L.) Asteraceae Akkara karam Herb Root Try powdered root with milk use internally weakness, impotency, diabetes 109. Centratherum anthelminticum, O. Kze. Asteraceae Kattu seeragam Herb Seed Anti adiabatic effect Dried seed powder to use internally Manchal karisalan Whole 110. Eclipta alba (L.) Hassk. Asteraceae Herb snake bite whole plant juice is given orally to treat kanni plant 111. Eclipta prostrata L. Asteraceae Karisalan ganni Herb Leaves snake bite Leaf paste is applied externally to treat 112. Emilia sonchifolia, DC. Asteraceae Seedevi senkaluner Herb Root Diarrhea the juice of the roots to treat Joints paints, 113. Kleinia grandiflora, (wallich ex DC.) Asteraceae Muyal kathu Shrub Leaves Leaf paste applied Ear problem Whole 114. Vernonia cinerea Less . Asteraceae Mukkutti punta Herb Scorpion bite Whole plant juice is taken orally. plant Whole 115. Wedelia urticaefolia, DC. Asteraceae Manjalkarisalai Shrub Jaundice. Juice from this plant with keelanelli taken internally plant Whole Rheumatic joint pains, 116. Xanthium strumarium, L. Asteraceae Marul oomathai Herb Externally used for pasting plant muscle spasms, itching 117. Lobelia nicotianaefolia, Heyne Campanulaceae Kattu pukai illai Herb Whole Antispasmodic & Decoction, root paste applied

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plant expectorant, eye diseases, asthma, dog bites 118. Plumbago indica, L. Plumbaginaceae Senkodi velli Herb Root Leprosy& leucoderma Root extract root has been used traditionally to treat various body 119. Plumbago zeylanica, L. Plumbaginaceae Venkodi vellai Herb Root liver diseases ailments Climbing worms, dyspepsia, and anthelmintic, alterative, tonic, carminative, stomachic 120. Embelia ribes, Burm.f Myrsinaceae Vaai vilakkam leaves shrub skin diseases. and anthelmintic properties. 121. Mimusops elengi , L. Sapotaceae Magilam Tree Fruit Infertility Fruit powder is mixed with honey and the fruits of Stop high menstruate, Trichopus zeylanicus , Terminalia bellirica , 122. Diospyros ebenum, Koen. Ebenaceae Karum Kaali Tree Leaves stimulate body stamina. Phyllanthus emblica and rhizome of Curculigo orchioides and taken orally 123. Diospyros Montana, Roxb. Ebenaceae Vakkanai Tree Bark Scabies Stem bark paste applied externally Climbing Whole ulcerative stomatitis, skin 124. Jasminum grandiflorum, L. Oleaceae Manmatha panam 70% ethanolic extact of leaves shrub plant diseases, ulcers, wounds, Leave paste applied externally for dog bite and 125. Azima tetracantha, Lam. Salvadoraceae Mul sanguyelai Herb Leaves Dog bite, Digestive internally taken for digestive. Cobra bite, venomous 126. Alstonia venenata, R. Br. Apocynaceae Anali vegam Shrub Root, fruit Root paste applied externally bits, skin disease Root, rheumatism, dysentry, Two gram leaf powder with honey is used five days to 127. Ervatamia coronaria, Steapf. Apocynaceae Nandhiya vatai Shrub leaves dyspepsia and diarrhoea. curse. Decoction of the roots is a taken as alterative. Root 128. Holarrhena pubescens, (Buch.-Ham.) Wall. ex DC. Apocynaceae Palai Tree Dysentery Decoction from the root bark taken to get relief Bark Hemorrhoids and Root, ulcerations leprosy, A paste of the root is externally applied , Paste of the 129. Nerium indicum, Mill. Apocynaceae Alari Shrub leaves ringworm and other skin root bark and leaves is used diseases Blood pressure, opacities of cornea, increase Root, 130. Rauwolfia serpentiana, Benth. Apocynaceae Sarpa gandha Shrub uterine contractions and Decoction of root is applied, powder leaves promote expulsion of fetus Pombu kala or Woody Piles, remedy for sterility 131. Rauwolfia tetraphylla, L. Apocynaceae Root, leaf Leaf juice nadu sarpakanthi shrub in women 132. Vinca rosea, L. Apocynaceae Nithiya kalyani Herb Leaves Anti cancer Leaf extract orally Toothache, toothbrush, 133. Wrightia tinctoria, R. Br. Apocynaceae Vetpalai Tree Leaves The leaves are applied folk medicine 134. Cryptolepis buchananii, R. & S. Asclepiadaceae Karunkodi Climber Latex Poisonous insect bits Milky latex applied externally Flower 135. Calotropis gigantea , R. Br. Asclepideaceae Earuku Shrubby Wound healing Flower powder to use externally powder Whole Whole plant roasted for a few minutes and paste 136. Caralluma umbellate, Haw. Asclepiadaceae Chirukalli Shrub Indigestion plant applied Siru kurunjan or Twining 137. Gymnema sylvestre, R. Br. Asclepiadaceae Leaves Sugar complaints Leaf powder mixed with milk are taken internally Sakkarai kolli shrub Twining Paste made from the root or this plant and aerial root 138. Hemidesmus indicus, R. Br. Asclepiadaceae Nannari Root Pimples in the face shrub of Aalamaram (Ficus benhalensis) applied externally Twining 139. Marsdenia brunoniana, W. & A. Asclepiadaceae Peru kurunjan Leaves Diabetic complaints Leaf powder mixed with hot water taken orally Shrub Uttamani or Urinal problem Fever, gas 140. Pergularia daemia, (Forsk.) Asclepiadaceae Straggler leaves Leaves juice used Vealiparuti trouble, asthma 141. Sarcostemma intermedium, Dcne. Asclepiadaceae Kodikalli Shrub Latex Stimulates vomiting In case of poisoning the plant milk is used 50 ml of leaf juice mixed with hot water is given 142. Tylophora indica ( Burm .f.) Merr . Asclepiadaceae Asthama kodi Herb Leaf Wound of snake bite. orally to treat snake bite. Paste from this leaf applied externally Poisonous bites, scorpion 143. Strychnos nux, L. Loganiaceae Ettimaram Tree Bark Bark ground with milk applied sting

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144. Strychnos potatorum, L. f. Loganiaceae Thethan kottai Tree Seed Poisonous bite Seed used Nettle rash, regulates menstruation,abortive, Infusion of the flowers taken in small doses regulates vermifuge. antiseptic and menstruation, where large doses are abortive. Juice of anti-inflammation Under Leaves, the leaves is antiseptic and anti-inflammation and 145. Heliotropium indicum, L. Boraginaceae Thel koduku poondu wounds, sores, pimples shrub flowers applied to wounds, sores, boils, gum-boils and on the face. scorption pimples on the face. castor oil, it is applied to bites, nophthalmia, scorption bites. It is also employedlocally cornea is inflamed or excoriated Whole 146. Evolvulus alsinoides, L. Convolvulaceae Vishnugaandhi Herbs Fever Fresh juice taken orally plant Narunthali or Whole Sterility in women, 147. Ipomoea marginata, (Desr.) Convolvulaceae Climber Fresh juice taken orally peru mookirattai plant hyperdipsia 148. Ipomoea staphylina, R, & S. Convolvulaceae Onnankodi Vine Leaves Diarrhea Leaf paste taken internally Bleeding piles and The juice of the leaves is used in bleeding piles and 149. Quomoclit pinnata L. Convolvulaceae Mayil maniccum Herb Leaves abdominal pain. abdominal pain. The plant is acrid, pugent, and sweetish and is Whole Cooling and tonic considered cooling and tonic. The juice of the plant is 150. Rivea ornate, Choisy. Convolvulaceae Musuttai Climbing plant Piles used in the preparation of an ointment for phthriasis and of another for application to piles. Toxic, provokes delirium Two handfuls of leaves are collected at the beginning with dizzy spells, Shrubby Leaf of flowering. Leaves are dried and infused in 1L of 151. Datura metal, L. Solanaceae Ponn umathai drunkenness, Herb Flowers hot water and filtered, then, one glassful drunk for 1 hallucinations and week visions. 152. Datura stramonium, L. Solanaceae Karu oomattai Shrubby Leaves Asthmatic complaints Leaf juice is taken internally Acidity, Nicotine can 153. Nicotiana tobacum, L. Solanaceae Pugaielai Shrub Leaves have useful the To use Orally therapeutic effects. 154. Solanum erianthum, D. Don. Solanaceae Kattu chundai Shrub Fruit Diarrhea Unripe fruits are taken internally 155. Solanum hispidum, Pers. Solanaceae Malai sundai Shrub Fruit Used to treat skin tumors. Used to treat skin tumors. The leaves are said to have sedative and healing Whole properties and are applied to cuts, Ulcers, wounds, 156. Solanum nigrum, L. Solanaceae Kunni keerai Herb Ulcer plant inflammations and skin diseases. A decoction of the leaves is used to treat yows. 157. Solanum trilobatum, L. Solanaceae Tuthuvalai Shrub Leaves Cough, fever Leaf juice is taken orally. Whole 158. Bacopa monnieri, (L.) Scrophularaceae Neerbrami Herb Dog bite. Paste of the whole plant applied externally plant diabetes, dysentery, earache, fever, gonorrhea, Whole headaches, jaundice, 159. Scoparia dulcis , L. Scrophularaceae Sarkarai vempu Shrub It is traditionally used in treatment Plant snake bite, stomach problems, toothache, warts Fruits The fruit as well as leaves and stems render water or Leaves milk mucilaginous when agitated with or steeped, in 160. Pedalium murex, L. Pedaliaceae Yanai vanangi Herb Gonorrhea Stem them, and for which property they have been advocated for gonorrhea. 161. Andrographis affinis Nees . Acanthaceae Keeri parandai Herb Leaves Snake bite Leaf decoction is given orally to treat 162. Andrographis alata, Nees. Acanthaceae Periya nangai Herb Leaves Snake bite Leaf paste and root paste used for external Whole 163. Andrographis echioides Nees . Acanthaceae Gopuran thangi Herb cobra bite The paste taken from fresh root is used to treat plant 164. Andrographis neesiana Wight . Acanthaceae Tarpoondu Herb Leaves snake bite Paste of leaves is applied externally on bitten site Whole About 25 gm, whole plant paste mixed for every 4 165. Andrographis ovata C.B.Clarke . Acanthaceae Kiriathu Herb snake bite plant hours upto 12 hours works as an best antidote for

39 Pelagia Research Library M. Ghouse Basha et al Asian J. Plant Sci. Res., 2013, 3(6):29-45 ______

snake bite 166. Andrographis paniculata Nees . Acanthaceae Siriya nangai Herb Leaves snake bite and fever Leaf paste mixed with milk taken internally 167. Andrographis serpyllifolia (Vahl.) Wight. . Acanthaceae Kattu pooraan kodi Herb Leaves snake bite Leaf decoction is given for the Treatment The paste obtained from the root has been used to 168. Barleria strigosa Willd. Acanthaceae Nilam baram Shrub Root antidote for snake bite treat Leaves are ground with egg and onion applied 169. Blepharis maderaspatensis, (L.) Acanthaceae Elumpu ottei Herb Leaves bone fracture. externally Plant pacifies vitiated vata, inflammation, arthritis, headache, hemiplegia, facial Whole paralysis, migraine, So the extract of the plants couldbe used as drugs for 170. Justicia gendarussa, L. f. Acanthaceae Neer notchil Shrub plant cough, bronchitis, various ailments dysmenorrhea, amenorrhea, fever, ascites, and general debility. 50 ml of leaf juice is given orally to treat snake bite. 171. Justicia tranquebariensis L. Acanthaceae Thavasi murungai Shrub Leaves cobra bite Leaf paste applied externally on the sight of snake bite work as an antidote Particularly in treatment 172. Lepidagathis cristata, Willd. Acanthaceae Karapan poondu Shrub Leaves Decoction of leaves is used internally for this purpose malarial fever Whole 173. Rungia pectinata, Nees. Acanthaceae Kodaka salai Herb Asthma, bronchitis Herbal extract drops used plants Juice of the roots and leaves with benzoin and suphur Leaves, Snake bite, ringworm, 174. Rhinacanthus nasutus, (Linn.) Acanthaceae Naga malli Shrub to apply on ringworm, Root and leaves are mixed with Root lesion lime juice and applied locally over the lesion Rambling Root, Bitter tonic, gonorrhoea, 175. Clerodendrum phlomidis, Willd. Verbenaceae Daluthalai decoction of the plant is considered as an alternative shrub leaves stomach trobles 176. Straggling Gmelina asiatica, L. Verbenaceae Kumizha Fruit Dandruff Crushed ripened fruits are applied externally shrub leprosy and scabies. cancers, chicken pox, measles, asthma, ulcers, swellings, eczema, Leaves, tumors, high blood Lantana oil is used externally for leprosy and scabies. 177. Lantana camara, L. Verbenaceae Unni Tree Roots, pressure, bilious fevers, Plant extracts are used as medicine for the treatment Flower catarrhal infections, tetanus, rheumatism, malaria and atoxy of abdominal viscera. abrotifacient; treating intestinal worms, venereal diseases, ulcers, The plant is abrotifacient; used for treating intestinal dropsy and stomach worms, venereal diseases, ulcers, dropsy and stomach ailments. purulent ulcers, ailments. It is also used in purulent ulcers, fevers and Whole 178. Stachytarpheta Urticaefolia, D.&G. Verbenaceae Tubutubu Herb fevers and rheumatic rheumatic inflammations. Juice of the plant is used plant inflammations. cataract against cataract and open sores. Infusion of the bark is and open sores. diarrhoea used against diarrhoea and dysentery. Leaves are used and dysentery. cardiac in cardiac troubles and rubbed in sprains and bruises. troubles and rubbed in sprains and bruises. 179. Vitex altissima , L. f. Verbenaceae Mailai notchi Tree Leaves Fever Leaves used externally Asthmatic complaints, Leaves boiled in water taken as inhalation juice taken 180. Vitex negundo, L. Verbenaceae Notchi Tree Leaves Rheumatic pains and internally epilepsy 181. Anisochilus carnosus, Wall. Lamiaceae Saetrupoonthalai Shrub Leaves cut wounds. Leaf paste applied externally 40 Pelagia Research Library M. Ghouse Basha et al Asian J. Plant Sci. Res., 2013, 3(6):29-45 ______

Shrubby 182. Anisomeles indica (L.) Kuntze. Lamiaceae Paeimiratti Leaves snake bite Paste of leaf is taken to treat herb Shrubby 183. Anisomeles malabarica (L.) R.Br. Lamiaceae Peymarutti Leaves snake bite To drink which treat snake bite herb Cough, carminative, as an Leaves Fragrance intensity Mild Fragrance category 184. Ocimum basilicum , L. Lamiaceae Perum thulasi Herb Leaves antiemetic, as a sedative Spicy Dye parts Dye color and as a galactagogue Whole Diarrhoea,Cuts, Wound. 185. Orthosiphon glabratus, Benth. Lamiaceae Nai thulasi Herb Decoction plant Haemorrhoid 186. Plectranthus barbatus, (Andr.) Benth Lamiaceae Oomavalli Herb Leaves Cold and cough Leaf extract with pepper are taken internally The whole plant roasted with ghee taken orally and Whole 187. Boerhavia diffusa, L. Nyctaginaceae Mukkaratai Herb gas trouble applied externally to get relief from joint and plant rheumatic pains and root paste Leaf paste applied externally for dog bite and 188. Achyranthes aspera, L. Amaranthaceae Nayuruvi Herb Leaves Piles internally The Chinese herbal medicine, ABPS mediate anti-malarial protection, The immuno-modulatory effect of ABPS, two Whole anti-inflammatory dosages of ABPS (10 and 50 mg/kg) were used for 189. Achyranthes bidentata, Blume Amaranthaceae Sen naiyurivi Herb plant activities and is used to i.p. injection daily into the mice for consecutive 10 "nourish the kidney and days before infection liver, drain dampness and promote circulation Under Plant extract with Cuminum cyminum fruits and sugar 190. Aerva lanata, (L.) Juss. Amaranthaceae Sirupeeelai Leaves Cure Kidney stone shrub is given for 10 – 15 days In Amaranthus spinosus's Leaves In Amaranthus spinosus's plants, leaves and stem plants, cure pile and 191. Amaranthus spinosus, L. Amaranthaceae Mullu keerai Herb and stem, paste with palm oil used to cure pile and stomach stomach aches. poultice oil aches. The seed is used as a poultice for broken bones for broken bones 192. Amaranthus viridis L. Amaranthaceae Kuppa cheera Herb Leaves Scorpion bite Leaves used as emollient in scorpion sting. 193. Basella alba, L. Chenopodiaceae Kodi pasalai Herb Leaves Cure piles. Leaves boiled in water and taken internally 194. Chenopodium ambrosioides, L. Chenopodiaceae Kattu oomam Herb Leaves Skin disease Leaf juice applied externally Stimulant, diuretic, diaphoretic, Whole Sikapu atralari or emmenagogue, A cold water infusion is useful in gravel, colds and 195. Polygonum hydropiper, L. Polygonaceae Herb herb and kakkai karupu efficacious in coughs. leaves amenorrhoea. gravel, colds and coughs. The root is purgative. It is used as a substitute for Purgative, rhubarb rhubarb. A strong decoction of the root is applied to (Rheum spp.), dislocated dislocated bones. A paste of the root is applied to 196. Rumex nepalensis, Spr. Polygonaceae Kurukan sedi Herb Leaves bones, swollen gums, swollen gums. The leaves are used in the treatment of colic, Relieve headaches. colic. The juice of the leaves is applied externally to Alleviate body pain. relieve headaches. A decoction of the plant is used to wash the body in order to alleviate body pain. Whole 197. Aristolochia bracteatate, Retz. Aristolochiaceae Aaduthinna paalai Herb Wounds of snake-bite. Paste made from this plant applied externally plant Root, Snake bite, Menstrual Root paste used for snake bite. Leaf paste used for 198. Aristolochia indica, L. Aristolochiaceae Eswara mooli Tree Leave problem menstrual problem. Whole 199. Peperomia tetraphylla, (G.Forst.) Piperaceae Kalbirahmi Herbs Cold, Asthma Extract from entire plant and ginger taken internally plant Asthma, Bronchitis, 200. Piper brachystachyum, Wall . Piperaceae Kattu milagu kodi Climber Root Taken internally Indigestion, Anorexia Under 201. Piper longum , L. Piperaceae Thipili Fruit a tonic for tuberculosis Fruit Powder is taken in dosage of 1/2-1gm shrub 202. Piper trioicum, Roxb. Piperaceae Kattu milagu Climber Fruit Cough, cold Dried fruit used

41 Pelagia Research Library M. Ghouse Basha et al Asian J. Plant Sci. Res., 2013, 3(6):29-45 ______

Sperm increasing Seed paste with water administered orally to cure 203. Myristica dactyloides, Gaertn. Myristicaceae Jathi Kaai Tree Fruit dysentery. dysentery. Nutmeg is as excellent for the maintenance of healthy skin & the prevention of scar 204. Myristica fragrans, Houtt. Myristicaceae Jathikai maram Tree Fruit Fruit extract formation. Nutmeg also provides a spice highly valued by Indians for the flavor The plant yields small quantities of a gum resin. The Wood - strong, silky leaves contain rutin, though quantities are not Malai savuku or silver Leaves, textured, light, easily specified. Intense yellow and green dyes are obtained 205. Grevillea robusta, A. Cunn. Proteaceae Tree oake root, stem split, durable but porous, from the leaves. Root -rotting fungus, it is sometimes panelling, joinery used as a rootstock for the more susceptible species. A good fuel Cure pimples and skin 206. Santalum album, L. Santalaceae Sandanam Tree Bark Powder of wood is used diseases Powder of plant leaves and sakkarakolli (Gymnema 207. Acalypha racemosa, Baill. Euphorbiaceae Siruchinni Shrubby Leaves Diabetic sylvestre) leaves with milk taken internally 208. Acalypha indica, L. Euphorbiaceae Kuppa maeni Herb Leaves Scabies Leaves ground with salt applied externally Leaves are used as insect repellant in agricultural 209. Cleistanthus collinus, Benth. Euphorbiaceae Oduvan Tree Leaves Poisonous purpose fields and fruit used Leaves Leaf juice alone is also taken orally to treat snakebite. 210. Emblica officinalis Gaertn. Euphorbiaceae Nelli Tree snake bite and fruits 50 ml of fruit juice mixed drink which treat Anaphylaxis, ingredient, Plant used as an ingredient of medicines for cough cough and asthma; colic, and asthma; also used in colic, dysentery and diseases 211. Euphorbia rothiana, Spr. Euphorbiaceae Vandu kolli Herb Leaves dysentery and diseases of of genito-urinary tract. Latex applied to ... Euphorbia genito-urinary tract. rothiana Spr.) Erect undershrub. 212. Euphorbia heterophylla, L. Euphorbiaceae Pall sedi Shrub Leaves Induce dysentery To use internally Asthma, chronic 213. Euphorbia hirta, L. Euphorbiaceae Ammann pacharishi Herb Leaves Leaf juices is used bronchial infections 214. Euphorbia nivulia, B.-Ham. Euphorbiaceae Illaikalli Tree Bark Dog bite Stem mixed with green ginger is given to patients Straggling 215. Flueggea leucopyrus, Willd. Euphorbiaceae Vella poola Leaves Stomach ache. Leaves boiled and taken twice a day shrub Mouth wash,bleeding Latex 216. Jatropha curcas, L. Euphorbiaceae Kat amanakku Shrub gums and toothache. Latex used Bark Dental problem Bark is used to cure back pain and also use for kidney 217. Macaranga peltata, M.Arg. Euphorbiaceae Vattakanni Tree Bark Back pain, Kidney stones stones. the fruits must be cooked and then pressed through a 218. Phyllanthus acidus, (L.) Euphorbiaceae Ara nelli Tree Fruit Clear vision, cold, sauce sieve to separate the stones, . The juice is used in cold drinks in the Philippines Jaundice, Plant pacifies vitiated pitta and kapha, The young shoots of the plant are administered in the Whole anorexia, intermittent 219. Phyllanthus amarus, L. Euphorbiaceae Keela nelli Herb form of an infusion for the treatment of chronic plant fevers, urinary retention, dysentery constipation, ulcers and wounds 220. Ricinus communis, L. Euphorbiaceae Aamanaku Shrub Seed Reduce body heat Seed oil taken to internally and externally 221. Aristolochia heterophylla, Hemsl. Moraceae Palamaram Tree Leaves Ulcer Leaves juice taken internally Bark, Bark paste used for bone treatment and fruit are taken 222. Artocarpus hirsutus, Lam. Moraceae Kattupala Tree Strengthen the body Fruit internally Ulcer, stomach disorders, decoction of the leaves is used for stomach disorders. 223. Ficus exasperate, Vahl. Moraceae Paa perungai Tree Whole Hemostatic ophthalmia, The leaves are used for treatment of hemostatic coughs, hemorrhoids ophthalmia, coughs, hemorrhoids anxiety disorders,

42 Pelagia Research Library M. Ghouse Basha et al Asian J. Plant Sci. Res., 2013, 3(6):29-45 ______

anxiety disorders, epilepsy, high blood pressure, rheumatism, arthritis, epilepsy, high blood cancer, intestinal pains, colics, bleeding and wounds. pressure, rheumatism, arthritis, cancer, intestinal pains, colics, bleeding ulcers, psoriasis, anemia, piles jaundice, vitiligo, Whole hemorrhage, diabetes, 224. Ficus hispida, L. f. Moraceae Peyathi Tree Fruit juice plant convulsion, hepatitis, dysentery, biliousness diarrhea. disorders Leaves, 225. Ficus mollis, Vahl. Moraceae Kattarasu Tree including asthma, To use internally bark diabetes, diarrhea, ... 226. Ficus racemosa, L. Moraceae Vell atthi Tree Latex Bone fracture To use externally Leaf decoction along with leaves of Naravelia 227. Pouzolzia cymosa, W. Urticaceae All vanangi Herb Leaves Skin disease zeylanica and cassia senna is heated with water and used to take bath for 30 days Anthelmintic and Leaves are anthelmintic and vulnerary; used as a vulnerary; cicatrizant for cicatrizant for gangrenous ulcers, in syphilis and gangrenous ulcers, in 228. Pouzolzia zeylanica, (L.) Benn. Urticaceae Kalluriki Herb Leaves gonorrhoea. Leaf juice is used as galactagogue. syphilis and gonorrhea, Poultice of the herb is applied to sores, boils and to galactagogue, relieve stomachache stomachache The ethanolic extracts of Alpinia calcarata rhizomes (ACRE) significantly reduced the body weight gain, diabetes of alloxan- blood glucose level, plasma total cholesterol (TC) and 229. Alpinia calcarata, Rosc. Zingiberaceae Sitharathai Herb Root induced diabetic rats triglyceride (TG) levels when given orally at a dose of 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg/day to the alloxan-induced diabetic rats for 21 days. 230. Curcuma longa L. Zingiberaceae Manchal Herb Rhizome snake bite Rhizome paste is applied externally 231. Elettaria cardomomum, Mat. Zingiberaceae Ealakaai Herb Fruit Mouth fresher To use internally Demonstrated advanced skeletal development and Root Reproductive and increased embryo resorption with the administration 232. Zingiber offiinale, Rosc. Zingiberaceae Ingi Herb Rhizome developmental toxicity of ginger tea (20 g/l and 50 g/l) during gestation days 6-15 233. Musa paradicica, L. Musaceae Vazhai Herb Bark Kidney trouble Stem & Spike are boiled and taken internally Root, Toothache Aphrodisiac 234. Curculigo orchoides, Gaertn. Amaryllidaceae Nilpanai Herb Rhizome Root paste are used in toothache and rhizome used purpose Thyroid Tuber Climbing 235. Dioscorea opposiifolia, L. Dioscoreaceae Kavali kizanku Tuber Reduce swellings. Tuber are used externally herb Climbing 236. Dioscorea pentaphylla, L. Dioscoreaceae Kattuvalli kodi Root Cough Internally to use herb Whole 237. Agave Americana, L. Agavaceae Kathalai Shrub To cure wounds Juice applied to cuts sores and wounds plant

Increasing lactation and 238. Asparagus racemosus, Willd. Liliaceae Thanni vittan kizhangu Shrub Root Root powder mixed with milk taken internally uterine disorder.

Paste from tuber applied externally to reduce Kanvalipoo or Tuber, Inflammation, 239. Gloriosa superb, L. Liliaceae Climbing inflammation and also used for abortion. Seed are Kazhappaikilangu Seed Abortion used for epilepsy. Cure pimples and skin 240. Sansevieria roxburghiana, Schult.f. Liliaceae Marul Herb Leaves The leaf is introduced diseases 241. Scilla hyacinthina, (Roth) JF Macbr. Liliaceae Kattu vengayam Bulb Tuber Inflammatory swelling Paste made from bulb applied externally 242. Caryota urens, L. Arecaceae Koonthal panai Tree Root, Gastric ulcers,snake bite Internally to use

43 Pelagia Research Library M. Ghouse Basha et al Asian J. Plant Sci. Res., 2013, 3(6):29-45 ______

Seed and rheumatic swellings and general weakeness, Tooth oilments. To boils and tender flowers for promoting hair growth Itching and scaring after Ash of the coconut shell mixed with coconut oil 243. Cocos nucifera, L. Arecaceae Thenna maram Tree Ash poisonous insect bites applied externally Rhizome, Cough,Laxative, diuretic, 244. Acorus calamus, L. Araceae Vasambu Shrub Rhizome To heat and take internally leaves anti oxidant Kattu karunai 245. Amorphophallus paeoniifolius, (Dennst.) Nicolson Araceae Shrub Corm Piles Corm boiled with tamarind are taken internally kizhangu 246. Arisaema tortuosum , Schott Araceae Kattu chenai Shrub Corm Cure piles. Corms boiled with tamarind taken internally 247. Cryptocoryne spiralis, Fisch. Araceae Kolla sapai Herb Rhizome Piles Internally ,Poor mans dosing drops dose Erect Whole 248. Cyanodon dactylon, Pers . Poaceae Arugam pulu Blood purification Juice of this plant used culums plant 249. Cymbopogan flexuosus, Wats. Poaceae Elumpichai pull Herb leaf Head ach Oral juice is used Vatta, pita,burning sensation, hyperdipsia, 250. Vetiveria zizanoides, Nash . Poaceae Vettiver Herb Root Oral and external uses skin disease, Hair problem

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CONCLUSION

The present investigation revealed that medicinal plants still play a vital role in the primary health care of the people. The information gathered from the tribal is useful for further researchers in the field of ethno botany, . This study offers a model for studying the relationship between plants and people, within the context of traditional remedies is obviously ensure therapeutically efficacy. The value of using ethno botanical information is to initiate drug discovery efforts. This study also gathered a broad spectrum of information concerning medicinal plants used by tribals. Due to lack of interest among the younger generation of tribal’s as well as their tendency to migrate to cities for lucrative jobs, we face the possibility of losing this wealth of knowledge in their near future.

Acknowledgement The authors are thankful to the elderly people of the malayali tribe for their valuable information shared regarding the ethnomedicine and healing practice of kollihills.

REFERENCES

[1]Albert L ,sajem and kuldip gosai, 2006 : Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 2(33):1-7. [2]Sheldon jw, Balick MJ, and Laird SA, 1997 : Economic botany 12 :1-104. [3]Sharma PP and Mujundar AM, 2003 : Indian journal of Traditional Knowledge 2:292-296. [4]Ghosh A, 2003 : Indian journal of Traditional Knowledge 2: 393-396 [5]Grierson DS and Afolayan AJ, 1999 : Journal Ethnopharmacology 67 :327-332. [6]Thurston F and Rangachari K., 1909 : Castes and Tribes of southern India. Vol, IV.Government press. [7]Jayasree G, 2002 : Ph.d Thesis University of madras library, Chennai. [8]Jain SK, 1989 : Society of Ethnobotany,Lucknow,India. [9]Gamble JS, 1935 : The flora of the Presidency of Madras, London: Adlard&son,Ltd. London. [10]Matthew KM, 1983 : The flora of the Tamil Nadu Carnatic. The Rapinat Harbarium, St.Joseph’s College, Vol.1- 3. Trichirappalli, India. [11]Karthikeyani TP, 2003 : Journal of Natural Remedies 3(2):159-166 [12]Rajendran SM, Chandrasekar K and Sundaresan V, 2002 : Indian journal of Traditional Knowledge 1: 59-71. [13]Visvanathan MB, 1997 : Ethnobotany 9: 77-79 [14]Alagesaboopathi C, Dearakan P, and Balu S , 1999 : Journal of Economic and Taxonomic Botany 23 : 391 – 393.

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