The Mayas, the Sources of Their History

H M T E A Y A S,

THE SOUR CES OF THEIR HISTORY .

R L E PL N G E O N IN Y U C A TA N D . O ,

H I S A C C O U N T O F D I S C O V E R I E S .

Y J R . ST E PH E N SA L ISB U R , '

H M A Y T E A S,

THE C SOUR ES OF THEIR HISTORY .

D R L E PL ON G E ON IN Y C A TA N . U ,

H I S A C C O U N T O F D I S C O V E R I E S .

BY TE HE N AL BURY JR. S P S IS ,

IC AN AN TI UAR I AN OCIE TY OF FR OM PR OCE E D IN G S OE THE AME R Q S .

I 1 A PR I 25 1877 APR L 26. 876. AN D L , .

P R I V A T E L Y P R I N T E D .

W O R C E S T E R

P R E S S O F C H A R L E S H A M I L T O N .

1 8 7 7 . WITH THE R E SPE C TS OF THE

C O T T S .

THE AN D SO R C S OF HIS Y THE U E THEIR TOR ,

DR . LE G O IN Y CA A PLON E N U T N,

I L L U S T R A T I O N S .

MAP OF Y CA A F SP U T N , RONTI IECE .

L CA Y OF SCOV RI S AT C IC - Z A O LIT DI E E H HEN IT ,

D ICH - Z A A E X ME AT C I O ST TU E HU H EN T , O O 0

R CS F UN D H THE A ELI O WIT ST TUE , T H E M A Y A S

AN D C THE SOUR ES OF THEIR HISTORY .

P oceedi n s of Ame ic an An i ua i an Societ A ri 26 [ r g r t q r y, p l .

THE most compre h e n siv e and accurate m ap of Yucatan is h that which has b e e n copie d for this pamphle t . In t e se ve ral v um e of e e e of n are be ol s trav l , d scriptiv Maya rui s, to f m e e m e e en e d u e ound plans or or l ss co pl t , int d to ill strat

S e e but e are a e e m e p cial journ ys , th y only parti l in th ir tr at nt of e The Plan o de Yu ca ta n e e . e this int r sting country , h r

— h e f D n a de with pre se nte d t work o Sr . . Santi go Nigra

— e in 1 848 n o w e m e e x San Martin was publish d , and has b co

m l h e e fo r e n tre e e . e t e y rar It is valuabl to stud nt , it d sig at s — locali ti e s abbun din g in ruins those not yet critically e e e e e e e m e u xplor d , as w ll as thos which hav b n or thoro ghly

e i e —b e l m D inv st gat d y a p cu iar ark , thus , and it also shows roads and p aths use d in transportation and comm unication . Since its publication political change s have cause d th e divi sion of th e Pe nin sula into the Stat e s of Yucatan and Cam

e a e of re l e for th e p achy , which ch ng bounda i s has ca l d

n pre parati on of a n e w and improve d m ap . Such an o e is n ow be ing engrave d at Paris and will soon be issu e d

f D n . th e o . in this country . It is joint production Sr

A Perez e i e D n . e Hubbe . Joaquin and Sr Andr s znar , r v s d

m n e e . C . e by Dr . H r an B r ndt Th e e arly history of th e ce ntral portions of th e we ste rn 4 h e misph e re has particularly a ttr acte d th e atte ntion of

e a arch ze olo is ts e of c e a e e Europ n g , and thos Fran h v alr ady form e d l ear n e d soci e ti e s e n gage d spe cifically in sci e ntific and an u n n e a m e tiq aria i v stigations in Sp nish A rica . It is to th e Fre nch that cr e dit fo r th e i n itiativ e in this most inte re st in e of e e due e e an e x m l g fi ld inquiry is sp cially , pr s nting a p e which can not fail to be productiv e of good r e sults in ani m a the e m o f en a e m u ting nthusias all g g d in si ilar st di e s .

Th e m e a n e de a e an n i Société A ric i Fr nc ( associatio , l ke

o wn a n th e o f m e A e our , h vi g study A rican ntiquiti s as a

n e an d e e me m e in s pri cipal obj ct , lik ly to b co pro in nt thi

e of re e e e m e e ﬁ ld inquiry), has al ady b n bri ﬂy ntion d by our

an th e e e o f th e A n n u a i r e for 1 873 and Librari ; but r c ption , a sta te m e nt o f th e pre se nt co n dition o f th e Soci e ty in th e

Jo ur n a l des Ori en ta lis tes of e 5 1 8 7 6 e a F bruary , , giv s occ

f Th e sion or a m ore e x te nde d notice . Soci e ty was found e d

1 85 an d m n e m e e e e in 7 ; a o g thos ost activ in its cr ation w r M .

e dc . de . f e Brass ur Bourbourg , M Léon Rosny , and M Al r d

Th e e t o f th e f a s e t f h Maury . obj c s association , as o ﬁci lly ort ,

h o f th e an d of e e t e u e . w r , ﬁrst , p blication works coll ctions M

th e e e f e o f a e of m e A ae Aubin , l arn d ound r th ory A rican rch

e u m u th e ology , which i t was hop d wo ld throw uch light pon

‘ * hi e roglyphical history o f M e xico b efor e th e co n que st ; e d th e a of amm e of s con , public tion , gr ars and dictionari s th e n e a e o f me d the f d of ativ langu g s A rica ; thir , oun ation

’ ’ M . L A bb é B as s e u de B u u i n his His t i re des n ati n s ci vilis ees r r o rbo rg , o o da Mexi ue a s 1859 . . e ace s e a s of M . ub n as th e t ans a q (P ri , , vol I Pr f ), p k A i r l tor ” ’ th e m an us c Hi s t i a Tultec a as th e au th e Mémo zre s ur of ript or , thor of ’ l éc r i tur e u a tive et la e i n ture didacti u e des a n ci ens Mexi ca i ns in ﬁg r p q , w hi ch b e r eco n s tr ucte d th e s ys te m of Mex i c an ﬁg urative writi ng almost e n e an d as th e es e n w n e w a e m a n s th e ce e b a ed Boturi ni tir ly , pr t o r of h t r i of l r t c e c n and of m an e s ca e asu es a e ed in h is a us oll tio , y oth r hi tori l tr r , g th r v rio a e s tr v l . 5

fe o of ae m e Lan pro ss rships History , Arch ology , and A rican

a e f u th e e a n u t e o f ari of f r gu g s ; and o rth , cr tio , o sid P s , ou

u e m . e th e use m of n e m n e th e M s u s lik M u Sai t G r ai , und r auspice s o f such m un icipaliti e s as e n co urage th e ir foun da

f l s : tion , as ol ow

— A . M u s é e m e x ic a i n e .

— ’ B . Mus é e pér uvi en ne e t de l Amé rique du Sud .

— ’ ’ C . M us ée e th n og raphique de l A mériq ue du Nord .

- D . , Mus ée des A ntill es .

Th e list o f m e m b e rs co n tai n s th e n am e s o f distinguish e d

ae i n u e f e n m e m e a e a arch ologists E rop , and a or ig b rship lr dy n um e rous ; an d it is conte mpl a te d to add to this list p e rsons i n te re ste d i n ki n dre d studi e s from all p arts o f th e civiliz e d

w o . Th e u i n o f th e e an d e m e rld p blicat o s Soci ty , thos ad u n e a e m e e a m e E ss ai s u r lo d r its uspic s , co pr h nd , ong oth rs ,

’ ’ déo/i if r cm en t de Z E cr i i u r e li iér a tigu e dc Z A mér igu e 06 n

tra le Le n e 1 . . o de n e e n o f the , by M Ros y , Pr sid t Soci ty , vol i n f m e e e a olio , with nu rous plat s . This work tr ts critically th e m uch controve rte d q ue stio n o f th e sign iﬁca tio n o f

e an d f n e a k e fo r e i nte r re Maya charact rs , ur ish s y th ir p

’le tatio n A hr n l i e ié l h n éti u e des . C o o o li r ico o lso , g og yp /i p g

R ois A zié u es de 1 3 52 a 1 52 2 r etr o u vée da n s di verg es g ,

’ ’ ’ m a es a m er i ca i n es a n ti u es ex li u ée ei r écéa ée d u n e pp q , p q p

’ ’ i n - E trodu cti on ou r Z Izcr i i u r e m exi ca i n e b . , y M douard

M Th e a f h e m e c a adie r do Mon t au . ae o t j rch ology two A ri s ,

* “ In th e C n es s me can s s e d as Ju at Nanc F ance M. Leon o gr of A ri i t h l l t l y y , r , He c t c a de Ro s ny de li ve red a m as te rly addre s s o n th e Maya hi e roglyphics . ri i lly u r u an d II de analyzed th e atte mpts at decyph e rm e nt by Bras s e ur dc Bo bo rg .

a e nc Th e B s de Landa s d s c e e d a c ue t e me an i n . He Ch r y . i hop ﬁr t i ov r l to h ir g made out s e e n - o ne s n s w c n umbe Ro s u h as nc e as e d o ne und v ty ig , hi h r y i r to h red and - t o R s n h as a s de e m ned th e de in w c e s u d thirty w . o y l o t r i or r hi h th y ho l ” be e ad as a u e m e but i n e x ce n a case s m e . —r , r l fro l ft to right , ptio l fro right to l ft Th e u a Sc ence M n N e w Y Ma 1876 . 118 [ Pop l r i o thly , ork , y , , pp 2 6

th e e of e ve e e and thnography th ir nati trib s , th ir lan

e m u m b m um e f guag s , anuscripts , r ins , to s and on nts , all

i th e e of the e w e aim w thin scop Soci ty , hich it is th ir to make th e school and com mon ce ntre o f all stude nts o f

~ - mil r f m M . E e Bu n o u m e re u . A rican p Col bian history , an

e m e ae the e e a . Th e A rc/l i ves in nt arch ologist , is S cr t ry for 1 87 5 con tain an articl e on th e philology of th e

b an of e a a e . M xican l ngu g s , by M Au in ; account a r e ce n t voyage to th e regions th e le ast known of Me x ico

e e th e e n c o m and Arizona , by M . Ch . Scho b l ; last writt

de Wa e th e e n m e m unication of . M ld ck, s ior a ong trav l

B e de B th e e e . l rs ; an articl by M rass ur ourbourg, upon language o f th e Wabi of T ehua n tepe c ; an d an e ssay by

’ de Mo n t au e e Su r u el u es m a n uscr i ts u ra t s M . j , ntitl d q q p ﬁg if m exica i n s h th e a o f o ne o f e e m , in whic transl tion th s anu

m e of e x a m n e n . e a a d scripts , by M Ra ir z M xico , is i d critic lly ,

‘ ffe e e ffe e Th e e th e a di r nt v rsion is o r d . author arriv s at

n w e e far e fo r e e startling conclusio , that hav thus tak n v ritabl

e x m m a e e e th e M ican anuscripts, ny which w r writt n by

a e e w n o t e e the Spani rds, or by th ir ord r , and hich do xpr ss

m m e of e e of th e . e e k s nti nts Indians M b rs this Soci ty , also , too

. ' an active p art in th e d elib e ratio n s o f th e Congres i n ter n a ti on a l dcs A m ér i ca n is tes h e a i 1 8 5 n 7 . , which was ld at N ncy

m x m o f th e a e m e é a It was a a i l t E p ror Napol on III . , th t

n e u f The an Fra c co ld go to war o r an id e a . Sp ish as dis

e e e e e th e e of th e e cov r rs w r actuat d by lov gold , and d sire of e e the e e n e e o f xt nding knowl dg and i ﬂu nc christianity , promin e ntly by promoting th e te mporal and spiritual powe r o f th e m e u n h oth r ch rch . In the ir m i ds t e cross a n d th e ﬂag

f a n e e n o e n e e . The en e ve Sp i w r i s parably con ct d Fr ch , how r ,

m be e e x e n e a e f r clai to r ady to plor , i v stig t and study , o 7

s cie n e an h e e o f In c d t discov ry truth alon e . addition to

‘ th e Com miss i on Sci en t i u e da M exi u e of 1 8 62 h h i/ g q , w ic was und e rt ake n und e r the auspice s of th e Fre nch gov e rn m e n f e m s a was e t, and which ail d to acco pli h all th t hop d , h x n of e e e a e n t e E mpe ror Ma imilia I . M xico proj ct d sci tiﬁc e a o f th e o f n u ef e n xplor tion ruins Yucata d ring his bri r ig ,

n h h e while h e was sustai e d by t e assistance of t e Fr nch . Th e tragic de ath of this m onarch pre ve nte d th e e xe cution of

e eff for th e m e his plans ; but his charact r, and his orts i prov m e of e x e e fo r m e u f u e nt M ico , arn d this acco plish d but n ort nat

e th e e and e e of u e n of u an d princ gratitud r sp ct st d ts antiq ity ,

* e e o f e a e l him v n M xic ns who we r politica ly oppose d to . Th e atte ntion of scholars and stud e nts of Am e rican Anti

uitie s a u e Ce me e e q is p rticularly t rn d to ntral A rica, b caus

“ in a n n o f f m e th t cou try rui s a or r civilization , and pho

n e an d u e . i e an tic ﬁg rativ nscriptions , still xist and await

o In e n Am e are be f i nte rpre tati n . C tral rica to ound a gre at v ari e ty of ruins o f a highe r ord e r o f archite cture

Hum than any existing in Am e rica north of th e Equ ator . boldt sp e aks o f the s e r em ai n s in th e following lan gu age Th e archite ctural r e m ains found in th e p e ni n sula of Yucata n te stify m ore than those of Pal en qu e to a n aston

e are e e e e ishing d e gre e of civilization . Th y situat d b tw n ” e n m e a ‘ e of Valladolid M rida a d Ca p chy . 1 Pr scott says this

If th e e m th e e are e . r gion r ains on M xican soil so scanty , they m ultiply as we d e sc e n d th e sou th e aste rn slope of th e

e a e e th e e of an d e e Cordill ras , tr v rs rich vall ys Oaxaca, p n

hn ra a d x B M. Ge og raphi c de las len g ua s y c arta et og ﬂ c c Me i co . y

sc Be a Me x c 1864. n duc n . X . L a Situati n actual dc Oro o y rr , i o , I tro tio p o ’ ' i e - en e Mexi c 1864 la R aza i n d en a dc M xt co . B Don F anc sc m g y r i o Pi t l , o , , De dic ation

ews of Na u e a e 131 . t Vi t r , p g 8

r h f h a ‘ an th e m of t ate t e fore sts o C i pas d Yucatan . In idst h e e e e s we m e e th e e e dis t s lon ly r gion , t with ruins r c ntly c o e e o f e e e e n e — e n ue an d v r d s v ral ast r citi s Mitla , Pal q , l tzala na or m - w a e h h e a Ux al , hich rgu a ig r civilization th n ” an n n m ale ythi g ye t fou d on th e A e rican Con tin e nt . — The e arli e st a ccou nt in d e tail as far as we kno w o f a r i n e in the e of an d M yan u s , situat d Stat s Chiapas

Y n e e e i n th e a e of a n ucata , is pr s nt d narr tiv C ptain Anto io

‘ del 1 787 e e D escr i tion o a n a n ci en t Rio , in , ntitl d p f c it n e l His e s u ak y ar Pa en qu e . inv tig ation was ndert e n

5b e of th e a h e of e m th e l y ord r ut oriti s Guat ala, and pub i

a in e o f e u was m e in 1 822 In th e c tion Europ its r s lts ad . “ c u e of his a h e s a m a de o rs ccoun t ys , a Franciscan , Tho s

-S a of é a e be a t e e J e 2 1 1 7 87 oz , M rida , h pp ning to Pal nqu , un , ,

e t t e t e e f m th e of e u stat s hat w n y l agu s ro city M rida , so thward , the twe en i N o xcacab are th e r e m of m e Muna , T cul and , ains so

! On e of e m e e - t th e s o e e es . t n diﬁc th , v ry larg , has withs ood

' v f ti e an : s till f xi in n he r a e o m d e sts es e . T ag s , good pr rvatio

v m l s o n an n a ti e s g ive it th e na e of O xm uta . It stand e m e n e e d in e an d me e un e in c tw nty yar s h ight , asur s two h dr d

” f a on e fa ade . Th e a m e the e e y rds ach c ap rt nts , xt rior cor rido r th e a i es i n m e e e e e d , pill rs w th ﬁgur dio r li vo , d corat

’ wi e e zlizards f m e e e th s rp nts and , and or d with stucco , b sid s w i a re ue of m en l alm s e a i n the h ch stat s with p in th ir h nds, act of b e dr u ms a n d d e e m e i n e e es e ating ancing , r s bl v ry r p ct

’ " L those o bs e rvable at Pale nque f i Afte r sp e akin g o f the ex ist e n e o f m n e r u s in Y h e s h e e c a y oth r in ucatan , ays do s not

e e n e e e e th e e n o f th e consid r a d scriptio n c ssary , b caus id tity

n e n a n t of Y a an d P e e e a ci nt i h bita s uc tan al nqu is prov d , in his

Me x c C n ues N ew Y 1843 . . a e 404. o q t of i o . ork , . vol III , p g

e scr n an an c en c nea a en ue e 6 . t D iptio of i t ity r P l q , pag 19

‘ O i the e r e e m e o f e m ui d p nion , by strang s blanc th ir custo s , b l

an d ain e th e w e e f u e e ings, acqu tanc with arts , h r o s ch v stig s are d isce rnible in thos e monu m e nts which th e cur ren t o f

me n o t e t e a ti has y sw pt way.

Th e of u n e of th e a e of C a an d of ruins Y cata , thos st t hiap s th e I a of C um e are e e d e m a n e sl nd oz l , v ry spl n id r i s , and th y are all o f th e m situate d in a r e gion w h er e th e Maya lan

a e i s l s e n a a t th e t m e of th g u g sti l pok n , substa ti lly as i e

‘ n ale Spa ish discov e ry.

Do n M n e e of th e n i nh abi a u l Orosco y B rra , says India “ e i e ve n ef e te m e of tants, th r r g ul and t nacious charac r ak s h h t e May a s an ex ce ptio n al p e opl e . In t e o th e r parts o f M e xico th e conque rors hav e i mp ose d th e ir language upon th e ue e o e e m f e e conq r d , and blig d th g radually to org t th ir h e a e . In Y n o n t e e e nativ l nguag ucata , contrary , th y hav

re e e he r l n a e i s u e a e e p s rv d t i a gu g w th ch t nacity , th t th y hav succe e de d to a ce rtain p oint i n m aki n g the ir c onqu e rors

e t e e n be o f th e acc p it . Pr t ding to ignorant Spanish , a t u t e m e en it e e e e " th e l ho gh h y co pr h d , th y n v r sp ak but in

a a e obe in o nl o rde rs m e a a u e Maya l ngu g , y g y ad in th t l ng ag ,

t it e l th e m a a e of th e e n a so hat is r al y do in nt l nguag p insul ,

f a art of th e d s with th e o nly e x ce ption o . p i trict of Cam ” pe ac hy . T

’ o olludo s de th e i m of r In C g Historia Yucatan , s ilarity uins “ throughout this ter ritory is th us allude d to : Th e i ncon tes ta

uad des c ri tiv com arattvo de las len u as tn di en as de Mexi co Q ro p o y p g g ,

' “ b F an c s c me n e Me x c 1865 . 3 . Th e May a i s also s th e s e n y r i o Pi t l , i o , , p till pok n ua e the s and C a me n th e w n M n e C s in as c and l a g g of I l of r , to of o t hri to Tob o , a W so muc en ac a e th e nd ans e se ed s Pal e nque i n Ch i ap s . ith h t ity h v I i pr rv thi ua e a -da e s e a n o e s o a th e w es ﬁnd e ms e ves lang g th t to y th y p k oth r , th t hit th l s ” o blige d to le arn it i n orde r to make th e ms e lves unde r tood . ' a h i a de las L en uas Carta eth n r a h i ca de Mexi co b 1 G eog r p g , y og p , y ‘ ‘ Manuel s c Be a Mex ico 1864 . 156 . Oro o y rr , , , p 10 ble an alogy which e xists be twe e n th e e diﬁce s o f Pal e nqu e an d th e r uins of Yuc atan place s th e latte r u n de r th e sam e

t e e e o f w a e origin , although h visibl progr ss art hich is app r nt assigns diffe re n t e pochs for the ir So we

m e u e for th e th e i n have nu ro s authoriti s Opinion , that ruins

Chi apas a nd Yuc atan w ere built by th e s am e or by a kin

e e e ffe e n e o f m e an d th e dr d p opl , though at di r t p riods ti , that lan guage which pre v ails am on g th e Indian population of

e n th e e e th e me e that r gio at pr s nt day , is sa which was us d

th e m e of th e u by the ir ance stors at ti conq e st .

a n u x e 1 805 W e C ptai D pai , who visit d Yucatan in , rot a

e o f th e e n e e was e d scription ruins xisti g th r , which publish d é in 1 834 ; but it was re se rve d for M . Fréd ric de Wald e ck to call the atte ntion of th e Europe an world to th e m agniﬁce nt e m o f th e n i n Vo ae ittor es u e r ains Maya cou try , his y g p q et ar ch a eolo i u e dan s la rovi n ce de Yu ca tan en da n t y g p , p

’ 1 834—1 83 6 e a 1 des a n n ees 838 . , Folio , with plat s , P ris, This le arn e d ce nte nari an b e came a m e m be r o f the Antiqua

n e 1 8 3 9 e e th e ria Soci ty in , and his d ath was notic d at last

w n him m e the Ce e e e m e e ting . Follo i g ca l brat d East rn trave l

ler J . e e e n e e n u of , ohn L St ph ns , whos i t r sti g acco nt his two

1 840 1 84 1 e e In ciden t visits to that country in and , ntitl d s

' o tr a vel i n Cen tr a l A m erica 0/ti a a s a n d Yu ca ta n f , p , in

ume and I nciden ts o tra vel i n Yu ca ta n in two vol s , f , two

um e fam a e u e a n e at vol s, is too ili r to r q ir particul r otic this

n m a be e e h . e t e fa poi t It y not unint r sting to r cord ct , that

’ ~ e e e e x Mr . St ph ns voyag s and plorations in Yucatan we re m e f e th e e th e e of ad a t r sugg stion and With advic Hon .

‘ f n n . e I. m e m e f J o P e e . o oh R Bartl tt, rovid c , R , a b r this

’ e mi n i n E s n a n u n B F L os t s s i l s de la d o a t r . e r g o o ac p ol e Y ca a . y Di go —M d — é L e z de C ud ad 1688 . M ida 1845 Lib 1 endi x . op ogoll o , ri , r , , . V. , App A

of e e e an d m u en e a f ma was posse sse d gr at n rgy ch g r l in or tion ,

e and could Spe ak English with e ase an d corre ctn e ss . B ing

e e e d i n th e m m un h e m an of e highly r sp ct co ity , was a w ight an d n ue n e th e m e h e e f f m i ﬂ c , or in that k pt aloo ro all

a a a h e s e w as e poli tic l c b ls , in whic r p ct his conduct quit

n The Abbe a e de in e e . xc ptio al Br ss ur Bourbourg, his

’ ’ ﬁ zs toi r e des n a ti on s cim lizées du M exi u e n e e q , ack owl dg s the a u e t n e fu n i - him e n Ca e v l abl assis a c r shcd by S or sar s , whom h e d e scribe s as a l e a rn e d Yucateco and anci ent

* d e puty to M exico .

“ e a o m e of th e m e n e e e n ﬁve P rh ps s i pr ssio s r c iv d , duri g a

’ m n be e if e e . o ths visit , will pardon d introduc d in this r port

Y a e of e e e d e ucatan is provinc M xico , v ry isolat and but littl

n f e l sur . e m k own It is isolat d , ro its g ographica position , rou n de d as it is on thr e e side s by th e wate rs o f th e Gulf o f

e th e n e n but e M xico and Atla tic Oc a and it is littl known ,

e e m m e e n and mm a b caus its co rc is i signiﬁcant , its co unic tion

e e e e w e f e e . with oth r countri s , and v n ith M xico , is in r qu nt

f h b e e m It has e w ports . Approach to t e coast can only a co plish e d in lighte rs or small boats ; w hil e ships are oblige d to lie off a t o n a n o f th e n e o f th e e anchor , ccou t shallow ss wat r

e th e o f e e cov ring banks sand , which str tch in broad b lts

th e e n The f m around p ni sula . country is of a lime ston e or a

n an d v h s e e r e e e e t e e a . tio , is only slightly l at d abov Its g n al

e e e e e e ar a b e charact r is l v l , but in c rtain districts th r e t l l an ds ; a n d a mo untain ran ge runs n orth - e aste rly to the town of M a u e e e e u - e e e h axc n , and th nc xt nds so th w st rly to n ar t e

e e of th e e . Th e en erall of e e c ntr Stat soil is g v but littl d pth ,

e x e e fe e but is c dingly rtil .

’ "1 ’ His t i re des n ati n s ci vilizées da Mexi ue M L Abbe B as se o o q , by . r ur de

B ur u . IL a e 678 . o bo rg , vol . p g 13

e e are e th e e of th e v e Th r no riv rs in north rn part pro inc , an d n the e a m th e Uzu macin ta o ly riv rs Ch poton , and with its

e th e - w e e n e e are e e branch s , in south st rn portio but th r s v ral

m a e in th e en e o f a an d e m e of s all l k s c tr Yucat n , a larg nu b r

i The artiﬁcial ponds n th e ce ntral an d south e rn dist ricts . scarcity of wate r is th e o n e gre at natural difﬁculty to be surmounte d in m ost parts of th e co untry ; but a supply ean

m m n be a e e f e co o ly obt in d by digging w lls , though o t n at so

e e th e f m a e Th e e u gr at a d pth that cost is or id bl . r s lt is that th e m e of e m an d in th e e of r nu b r w lls is s all , citi s Mé ida and Campe achy rain wate r is fre qu e n tly store d in large ciste rns fo r d me e m th e e e e of e e o stic purpos s . Fro xist nc c not s or ponds with an in e xhausti ble supply of wate r at th e bottom of a e e e w e be e e and c v s , and b caus at r can r ach d by digging

n e eff an d e x e e th e e blasti g , though with gr at ort p ns , th ory pre vails in Yucatan that th e ir t e rritory li e s above a great

n e u a e ffe e of i n e u d rgro nd l k , which o rs a sourc supply thos

e n e e e e are e e u w . s ctio s wh r lak s , riv rs and springs , ntir ly nkno n

A e e fu m e e a an d the v ry h alth l tropical cli at pr v ils ,

e a i e th e we t an d th e e th e f me y r is d vid d into dry s ason , or r

. e Jam d u e the e e, n b ginning in a lasting ntil Octob r , latt r

n f h e u th e cov e ring the re m aini g portions o t e y ar . D ring

° e of 1 86 1—2 the e m m e e e f m 7 5 dry s ason , th r o t r rang d ro ° ° ° 78 e e m e J f m 7 8 82 to in D c b r and anuary , and ro to

h e e e a a A . a t in F bru ry , M rch and pril E rly in dry s ason

e e ux u th e are e n 0' the v g tation is l riant , crops rip ni g , and co untry is cov e re d with v e rdure ; b ut as th e se ason pro

re sse s th e n e a m n e u e g co tinu d drouth , which is l ost u int rr pt d , produce s th e sam e e ffect upon th e e xte rnal a spe ct of th e

o f th e e e ﬁ elds and woods as a northe rn winte r . Most tr s

e e e th e e e d e u th e los e th ir l av s , h rbag ri s p, and roads 3 14

e m e e a n e e n b co cov red with thick dust . Duri g xc ptio ally dry s e asons thousands of cattl e p e rish fro m th e e n tire lack o f u e e e e th e e a e e s bsist nc , ﬁrst having xhaust d h rb g and th n th e e e u e l av s and shr bb ry .

Th e f th e e n o w a 502 population o p ninsula is bout ,

73 1 f - ﬁfth s o f are an d e , our which Indians M stizos or

f- Th e n a n e of th e u hal bre e ds . ge e r l b usi ss co ntry is agri

a th e e e n e e a e cultur l , and t rritory is divid d into la d d st t s or fa m a e e are e e th e e e n r s , c ll d haci ndas, which d vot d to br di g

of e a n d e n n ik e n e m . cattl , to raising j or Sisal h p , and corn

n u are a an e e t Cotto and s gar lso products , but not to xt n

m of e m e of th e are to ad it xportation . So plantations

e e e an e of e e m e v ry larg , cov ring ar a six or s v n il s

u e an d e m n e of d n a e . sq ar , ploying hu dr ds In ia s as l bor rs F arm ho us e s upon th e larg e r e state s are built of ston e an d

me e e e m e n an d e e u e n li , cov r d with c t, g n rally occ py a c tral

e a e f m e m . e e position , with privat ro ds div rging ro th Th s

e are f e n e m an d are i n hous s , which o t v ry i posing palatial , te nd e d only fo r th e re sid e n ce of th e own e rs o f the e state and

e m - e m or u e e Th e for th e th ir ajor d os s pe rint nd nts . huts Indian labore rs are in cl ose pro xi mity to th e r e sid e nce of th e

e n th e a e are e n propri tor , upo ro ds which l ad to it , and g e r all e an a f m e e y construct d in ov l or with upright pol s , h ld toge th e r by with e s of ba rk ; and th ey are cove re d inside

d o f Th e f a n an . re e an d out with a coating clay roo s poi t d ,

m e e e w e also ad with pol s, and thatch d with stra . Th y have

m e a d th e m e f m no chi n ys , p s ok ﬁnds its way out ro various

e n e ef . Th e e ar op ni gs purpos ly l t huts hav no ﬂooring, e

e a th e mm m o f the e n larg r th n co on wigwa s north rn I dians , an d n but n e m Th ordinarily contai a si gl roo . e cattle

o f the e e a e imme e yards stat , c ll d corrals , diat ly join the 15

e e n e of the e are e a e r sid c propri tor , and suppli d with w t r by

c a m he e e r . t a e a e artiﬁ i l pu ping All hors s and cattl br nd d ,

m e th e e e vh ich are fe n e and roa at will ov r stat s , ﬁ not c d , e x e fo r th e e of e a an d e c pt prot ction sp ci l crops), r sort daily

e e e th e e to th yards to obtain wate r . This k ps h rds to

e The a n e are e g th e r . Indi labor rs also oblig d to re ly e ntire ly upon th e com mon w ell of th e e state for their f supply o wate r .

Th e of a are u e e m o f e n a e Indians Yucat n s bj ct to a syst p o g ,

ffe n e m e Th e e o f e di ri g but littl fro slav ry . propri tor an state

“ e e a fam a h ut a nd m o f a giv s ch ily , a s all portion l nd to

e fo r use an d th e a e f m cultivat its own , right to dr w wat r ro th e c o m m o n well e e e th e o f th e . , and in r turn r quir s labor

an n e a i n e e e e e n e n e e m ale Indi s o d y ach w k und r sup ri t d nc .

A n e e a in e account is k pt with ch Indian , which all xtra

- h a e fo r e f e cd e e . labor is cr di t , and is ch rg d suppli s urnish d

Thus th e I n dian be com e s ind e bte d to his e mploye r, an d

W e e fe is h eld upon th e e state by that bond . hil p r ctly

e a e m e if h e c an e h e e tre e to l v his ast r pay this d bt, rar ly

O i of l succe e ds in obtai n ing a re le as e . N r ght corpora

n m e e d law l a t w n e pu ish nt is allow by , hippi g is practic d

a e u pon m ost of th e e st t s .

e the are m e Th highways throughout country nu rous, but

are u e e but e e ge n e rally ro gh , and th r is littl r gular

h e m th e e comm unication b e twe e n t various towns . Fro citi s

a an d C m e v e a e e e of Mérid a p achy , public con y nc s l av at state d tim e s for som e of th e m or e i mportant town s ; but travell e rs to oth e r points are oblige d to de pe nd on private

‘ A f m é th e of transportation . railroad ro M rida to port

e o f e e m e e of Progre s o a distanc sixt n il s, was in proc ss

m e th e i e e of . being built, but wr t r is not awar its co pl tion 16

Th e e a i e the e of Y p ninsul is now div d d into Stat s ucatan ,

u o f d for a a with a pop lation with Méri a capit l , ‘ an d m e w a o f h as Ca p achy , ith a popul tion which th e of am e a Th e e me city C p achy as its capit l . gov rn n t

m a a e e m e b e b e is si il r to our st t gov rn nts , but is lia l to

o e Th e e are c ntroll d by m ilitary inte rfe re nce . Stat s

e e e u th e e n a e n m e e d p nd nt pon c tr l gov r nt at M xico , and se nd d e putie s to re pr e se nt th e m in the congre ss o f th e

In th e u w e e o f th e e Re public . so th st rn part e country th r

e e w n b e is a district v ry littl known , hich is i ha it d by Indians who hav e e scap e d from th e co n trol of the white s and are

e e a e e e e an e m e call d Subl v dos . Th s r volt d Indi s, whos nu b r

e m a e at a o n ba m a e is sti t d c rry a bar rous war , and k an u a th e f e w k th e w e ann al inv sion into ronti r to ns , illing hit s

n n W i an d such I dia s as will not join th eir fortun e s . ith th s e e the fe of fe an d e m e e xc ption , sa ty li prop rty is a ply prot ct d ,

ee m be e e m th e e e of th e and s s to s cur d , not so uch by s v rity

as th e e e fu a e of th e n of a l laws , by p ac l ch ract r i habitan ts l

Th e e of th e u e e f e . rac s trad co ntry , xc pt local tra ﬁc , is car

e u te m m m n a ri e d on by wate r . R g lar s a co u ic tion occurs m n e e e N e w Yo rk o ﬂ so th e of é a o thly b tw n an dR g port M rid , ’

a n a an d a a e f e te via H va , occ sionally b rqu s r igh d with corn ,

e e m he o f th e hid s , h p and ot r products country , and also

m m e of a e n e e e for carrying a s all nu b r p ss g rs , l av its ports

e an d the e e . e Havana , V ra Cruz Unit d Stat s Fr ight and passe nge rs alon g th e co ast are transporte d in ﬂat bottom e d

me of f e m e canoe s . Occasional consign nts r ight and rchan

e e f m e e d dis arriv by ship ro Franc , Spain and oth r istant ports . Th e citi e s o f Mérid a an d Cam pe achy are m uch like

e e Th e f m e o ula Havana in ge n eral app aranc . or r has a p p 17

of th e e e e o f th e e n n tion is r sid nc Gov r or , and co tains

th e u n o f th e e th e a e a —an m n public b ildi gs Stat , c th dr l i posi g

’ e diﬁce —th e al e e e a a e e f e e , Bishop s p ac , an ccl si stic l coll g , ﬁ t n

u e Th are e an d e e . e e e ch rch s , a hospital , jail th atr str ts wid

are t are a e . Th e e and laid out right angl s hous s , which

e e a o f o n e y are e of e a g n r lly stor , larg , and built ston l id

i n m ortar or ce m e nt ; and th ey are construct ed i n th e

e e n e Moorish styl , with int rior court yards surrou d d with

c the u a m e e . corridors , upon whi h vario s part nts Op n

The a re e e of a e w e n windows d stitut gl ss , but hav strong ood shutte rs ; and tho s e upon th e public stre e ts ofte n proj e ct like

an d are e e e a . bow windows , prot ct d by h avy i ron gr tings

The a n are ex e e e ere inh bita ts c dingly hospitabl , and th is

m uch cultiva te d soci e ty in both Mérid a an d Camp e achy .

th e e o f th e e u u m As busin ss country is chi ﬂy agric lt ral , any

of th e e e th e e o wn e th e r sid nts in citi s haci ndas in country , whe re th ey e n te rtai n larg e p artie s of fri e n ds at th e c el ebra

i of e u fe e an n i n th e t on a r ligio s stival on th ir pl tatio s , or

‘ Th e e e are m e imm e diat e n e ighborhood . p opl uch giv n to

am u e m e the e du e of fe are f e e s nts , and s rious ti s li o t n oblig d

h n n Th e Ca e to yi e ld to t e e joym e ts of th e hour . tholic r lig

ion pre vails e xcl usiv e ly, and h as a v e ry stro n g hold upon the

u e an d n th e e u e e pop lation , both whit India , and r ligio s s rvic s

o f th e u are e f me e e e m n e s ch rch p r or d with gr at c r o y, busin s

o f all e u e e e e kinds b ing s sp nd d during th ir obs rvance .

The n a m e aborigi l ruins, to which so uch att ntion has

e e e e are e e t h th e e b n dir ct d , scatt r d in groups hroug whol

n u th e a o f th e e n p e insula . Mérida is b ilt upon loc tion anci t

Tih oo an d th e m e a of th e n a e e e town , at ri ls I di n town w r us d f m in u . e e e th e its constr ction Sculptur d ston s , which or d

m e a of are b e e e th e orna nt l ﬁnish Indian buildings , to s n in ale he m n of t e e . A n a e walls od r hous s artiﬁcial hill, c ll d El ” as f m e th e e o f n e m e Castillo , w or rly sit an India t pl , and is c urious as th e only m ound re maining of all those e xisting at th e m e of th e f f th e m u ti oundation o Spanish city . This o nd

m th e e of n d m mm e is al ost only trac I ian work anship , in that i

e e e e m e u e diat locality , which has not b n r ov d or tiliz d in l ate r c o n s truc tio ns i It a pp e ars that a large p art of the buildi n g m ate rial throughout th e province was take n from

n e d e an d th e e m e of e e aborigi al iﬁc s, gr at nu b r ston church s of e e e e e e in th e m consid rabl siz , which hav b n built all s all

f o f th e e of towns in that country , is proo abundanc this m e at rial .

The o f m a be th e m me ruins Ux al , s id to ost nu rous and m n of i n th e e e e e the e i posi g any provinc , w r visit d by writ r i n m o f xe e n e e m e f m é co pany with a party si t g ntl n ro M rida ,

n f Th e o f who m two only h ad s e e the m b e ore . e xp e di tion

e of e th e a nd was e r was arrang d out court sy to visitor, p

Th e e n e w a n form e d on horse b ack . dir ct dista c s ot m ore

an x m e in h e e n th e e th si ty il s a sout rly dir ctio , but xcursion was m a e u m e a w e e so nag d as to occ py or th n a k , during which ti m e th e hospitality of th e h aci e nd as along th e

e e e e fo r e e and e n e m e rout was d p nd d upon sh lt r t rtain nt .

m e of th e n . e e e of e e x e So plantatio s visit d w r gr at t nt , an d m e a e G ua alké e e a ong oth rs, that c ll d y was sp cially

e e fo r e fo r th e e le notic abl its siz , and also b auty and e

e o f th e fa m u e of th e e e was ganc r ho s stat , which con

e e e o f e w as a a i n struct d ntir ly ston , and truly p lati l its

f c e . e . proportions This building . is ully d s rib d by Mr

Mé da 1 45 Lib . a u atan . B C ud . 8 . . c . VII. Hi s tori a de Y c y ogoll o ri , III , p

d Lib . IV. ca . XII. 1 Ibi . , p

b ecause th e ir m at e ri als hav e not b e e n r e quire d in con

s truc tin m e u f g od rn b ildings . Much o th e cou n try is thia

a e a nd of i t a re e w e e inh bit d , parts h avily ood e d . It is th r

th a t th e re m ains o f a prior civiliz ation hav e be st e scape d th e

a n o f m an m e b e e a e a n m . h d , or to dr d d th th e r a v age s of ti e

Th e e e e o f a i a are m e an d are en ston diﬁc s l nu rous , g

e rally pl ace d upo n artiﬁci al e l e vations ; th e y are n o t crowd e d

e e are e e n e tog th r , but scatt r d about si gly and in groups ov r

a e e e o f e Th e m n an a l rg xt nt t rritory . ost co spicuou s is

a am i a m u n u n th e of w a e artiﬁci l pyr d l o d , po top hich is ston

u n two e in e e to e e e n e b ildi g stori s h ight, suppos d hav b us d

as ﬁ a e m e O n e e o f m u e r a sacri ci l t pl . sid this o nd is p pe n dic ular ; the opposite sid e is approach e d by a ﬂight

o f n e e Th e o n th e th e e sto st ps . building top , and st ps

n by which th e asce n t is m ad e are in good pre se rvatio .

m e o f th e a e a re of m a e So l rg buildings gniﬁc nt proportions , and are m uch d e corate d with has re lie fs of human ﬁgure s

n The a d f e in n e an d e n e m e . ac s sto , with oth r sto orna nts write r doe s n o t r e coll e ct s e e ing any stucco ornam e n tation W e u u m e a u e e e e e . at this plac , tho gh s ch at ri l is s d ls wh r hat “ “ a re popularly calle d Hous e of th e Gov e rnor and Hous e

of th e n are e e e m a a e fo r e e fu Nu s , sp cially r rk bl th ir wond r l pre se rvation ; so that from a littl e distance th ey app e ar pe r fee e e e e o n e if t and ntir , xc pt at or two points which look as

Th e m the ar e of struck by artille ry . roo s in ruins various

e an d m o f e m b e m e e siz s , any th could ad habitabl with

e a e m th e u f littl l bor , on r oving r bbish which has ound its

n way i to th e m . Th e impre ssio n re ce iv e d from an insp e ction of th e ruins o f

x m a l w as e e e n U e U , that th y had b s d as public buildings , and

e e e of f e e an d n a e . r sid nc s o ﬁc rs , pri sts high dig it ri s Both 21

Ste ph e ns and Pre scott are of th e opinion that some of th e r uins in this te rritory we re b uilt an d occupi e d by th e dir e ct

e of th e wh o em n e anc stors Indians , now r ai as slav s upon

“ - th e soil whe re once th ey r ule d as lords ﬁ Th e antiquity of e e m n ev e e an e e e oth r r ai s id ntly go s back to arli r poch ,

If th e an dante date s th e arriv al of th e Spaniards . Indians o f th e ti m e of th e co n qu e st occupi e d huts like those o f th e

of - e all e e of e Indians to day , it is not strang that v stig s th ir

. e e e dwellings should have disappe are d Mr . St ph ns giv s an inte re sting notice of th e ﬁrst formal conveyance of th e

e o m m e th e n h e m e in prop rty f Ux al , ad by Spa is gov rn nt

1 6 73 w w as him th e e e e in , hich shown by pr s nt own r,

h th e f th e n e e whic act that I dians , th n , worshipp d idols

f h e e me o t e e e e m e e . in so xisting diﬁc s on that stat , is ntion d

n e e um e 1 6 88 e e th e e of A oth r l gal instr nt, in , d scrib s liv ry “ e in th e f w n In e of th e e an d s izin ollo i g words , virtu pow r a u thority by which th e sam e title is giv e n to me by th e

e a d m e m th e said gov rnor , n co plying with its t r s , I took by

n th e e de an d h e e m e ha ds said Lor nzo Evia , walk d with

e m e e me all ov r Ux al and its buildings , op n d and shut so

a e e a m e e n th e doors th t had s v r l roo s (conn ct d), cut withi

e e e e e e u f e n n e an d e e m spac s v ral tr s , pick d p all sto s thr w th

e e f m on e o f th e a, a down , dr w wat r ro g uad s (artiﬁcial ponds) o th e d e of m a e f m e e o f f sai plac Ux l , and p r or d oth r acts ” ‘ e e f are e n posse ssion . 1 Th s acts inte r sting as i dicating actual or re ce nt oc cupation ; and a care ful inv e stigation of docu m e e the u e te of th e e a e nts r lating to vario s sta s , which gr t r

are be e th e a e m part said to writt n in May languag , ight

a throw light upon th e history o f particular loc litie s .

nc den s a e i n Yuca an e en s vol . IL a e 445 . s of I i t of Tr v l t , St ph , , p g Hi tory th C n u s f e e sc . a e 370. e o q e t o M xico, Pr ott , vol . III , p g

nc de n s of a e in Yuca an vol. L a e 323 . 1 I i t Tr v l t , . p g 4 22

The are e e e Maya Indians short r and stout r, and hav a m ore d e licate e xte rior th an th e North Ame rican S a vage s .

e a fe e are m th e e o f e Th ir h nds and t s all , and outlin s th ir

e are fu e are e of e n e ﬁgur s grace l . Th y capabl during gr at f e th e o f f an d n e atigu , and privation ood dri k, and b ar e xposure to th e tropical sun fo r ho u rs with n o cove ring

fo r th e e e n th e e ffe e . e h ad , Without b i g in l ast a ct d Th ir

e n e e e i e e a d e m e an d e b ari g vinc s nt r subj ction n abas nt, th y

n u th e e n o t m ife th e shu and distr st white s . Th y do an st

e e f e of the e a e m a e e ch r uln ss n gro sl v , but intain an xpr ssion of i ffe e e an d are e e of m ndi r nc , d stitut all curiosity or a bi

e e s r h u of th e tion . Th s p e culiariti e a e doubtle ss t e re s lts h f tre atm e nt th ey have re ce iv e d for ge n e rations . T e hal

br e e ds . or e e fe e th e e , M stizos , pr r to associat with whit s r athe r than with th e Indians ; and as a rul e all th e dom e stic

e e u h e f m s rvic thro ghout t e country is p r or e d by that class .

e f e th e of m a - m u e M stizos o t n hold position jor do os, or s p r inte n de n ts of e e n of u e are stat s , but I dians p r blood

e m e m e n of ﬁ e s ldo ploy d in any positio trust or con d nce . Th e y are punctilious in th e ir obse rvance o f th e forms

e e m e of th e eli n um e u and c r oni s Catholic r gion , and a . ro s prie sthood is m aintain e d large ly by th e contributions of this

Th e e e e h e e e . t e e f l rac control x rcis d by cl rgy is v ry pow r u , and th e ir assista nce is always sought by th e White s in case s

e Th e a are f f o f controv rsy . Indi ns indol e nt and ond o

' e e th e o ﬁe rS ‘ th e m of sp ctacl s, and church an opportunity

e e m fe of e do f c l brating any ast days, which th y not ail to

e m e e avail th s lv s .

W e n th e e e e o f C n e h n visiti g larg stat hactu , b longing to

D on Jos é m ez m e —e of Do ingu , thirty il s south w st Mérida , at

e Orkintok th e e saw e sugar rancho call d , writ r a larg 23

“ ruin similar to that calle d th e House of th e Nun s at

m i n f a . o e Ux al It was a bu ldi g a quadrangular sh p , with apartme n ts op e ni n g on an i n te rior court in th e ce n tre of h t e a a e . Th e e e qu dr ngl building was in good pr s rvation ,

me of th e m e e e d e f r and so roo s w r us as d positori e s o corn . Th e visiti n g party bre akfaste d in o ne of th e large r

m n m e e as m e apart e ts . Fro this haci nda an xc ursion w ad

a i m to Maxc nu , to visit an art ﬁcial ound , which had a pas

e th e n e wi e e e n sag into i t rior , th an arch d ston c ili g an d

* e u e e th e re taining walls . This passag was pon a l v l with

e of th e m u n e n e e bas o d , an d branch d at right a gl s into oth r

a e f n f f n a e e in e e pass g s or hu dre ds o ee t . Nothi g pp ar d th s

e a e e The n was passag s to indic te th ir purpos . labyri th

e th e of n e e th e re visit d by light ca dl s and torch s , and p caution o f usi n g a lin e of cords was take n to se cure a

e e e x n e e e c rtainty of gr e ss . A thorough ploratio was pr v nt d

a f e by the obstructions of th e débris o f th e f lle n roo . Oth r artiﬁci al m ounds e ncounte re d e ls e wh e re had d e pre ssions

th e u e e th e f of e upon top , do btl ss caus d by alling in int rior

a e e n o o f th e passage s or ap rtm e nts . Th r is account e a of Y m for e xcav tion ucatan ounds historical purpos s , though Cogoll udo says th e re we r e othe r m ounds e xisti n g “ 1 542 e e e de K e at Mérida in , b sid s El grand los u s ,

c e rtainlv h e a e e which , av now dis pp ar d ; but no account

Th e m e o f the ir construction has com e down to us . T sa

th e t e of th e author also says , that, with s on constructions

u e an d e e e b e e th e Indian city ch rch s hous s w r uilt , b sid s

e and of th e e a o the conv nt church M jorada, and ls church

f th e an and e e m e m e o Francisc s , that th r was still or at rial

n den s of T a e in Yuca an e e n s vol. I. a e 212 . I ci t r v l t , St ph , , p g

' H n C l ud . Lib . III. Ca . XI. 1 i s to ri a de Yucata . ogo l o , p 24 ef f l "P r or e e e e b ui d . e ce l t oth rs which th y d sir d to It is th n , tainl e th e e m n e e y, a plausibl supposition that gr at ou ds w r m any of the m constructe d with pass age s li ke that at O rkin a

n d e h e f e f m e tok, a that th y av urnish d ro th e ir int riors

e u e e e e e th e 6 work d and sq ar d ston s , which w r us d in con

’ struction of th e m od e rn ci ty of Mé rida by th e Spanish

e conqu rors . Whe n th e Spanish ﬁrst invade d Me xico and Yucatan th e y

w e m m m e of e m brought ith th a s all nu b r hors s , which ani als

e e e re un n w th e n e an d e e m e us e w r nti ly k o n to ativ s , w r ad

‘ ful not Only as cav alry but also in cre ating a supe rstitious

e e e e for th e n e e th e n a r v r nc co qu rors, sinc I di ns at ﬁrst

e r garde d th e horse as e ndowe d with di vin e attribute s . Cortez in his e xpe dition from th e city o f Me xico to Hon

1 524 e th e e of C s e duras in , pass d through Stat hiapa n ar th e e e ue —of e e ve ruins call d Pal nq , which anci nt city , how r , n o me m a e the n of e x e — ntion is d in accou ts that p dition , and re ste d at an Indian tow n situ ate d upon an island in Lake

Pe e m was e n th e e t n in Guate ala . This island th prop rty o f an e m an e of e ] igr t trib Maya Indians ; and B rna Diaz , “ th e a o f th e e e n a e histori n xp ditio , says , th t its hous s

f te e n e th e s un m and lo ty ocallis glist d in , so that it ight f ” be se e n for a distance o two le ague s . According to

e t C e e e ef m n Pr sco t , ort z on his d partur l t a o g this f e n e e on e o f e e e e ri dly p opl his hors s , which had b n disabl d

h Th e fe e e e e by an injury in t e foot . Indians lt a r v r nc fo r th e ma m e wa e e th e m s ani l , as in so y conn ct d with y

rio us f th e m n W e e te power o e whit e . h n th ir visitors h ad e e ffe e e th e e gon th y o r d ﬂow rs to hors , and as it

e e fo r him m m e e o f is said , pr par d any savory ss s poultry ,

His t ri a de Yucatan . C lud . Lib . Il l . Ca . . o ogol o , p VII 25

such as they would have administered to the ir own sick . Und e r this e x traordinary di e t th e poor animal pin e d away

e Th e ff e d a a e ef e and di d . a right Indi ns r is d his ﬁgy in ston , an d u o ‘ on e of e eo m a e placing it p n th ir t callis, did ho g to it as toa At th e h aci e n d a of D on Manu el Cas ares

a e Xu um ﬁf e e m e no -e f m m a! c ll d y , t n il s rth ast ro Mérida , a nu ber of ce m th e n s of se e m rros , or ounds , and rui v ral s all

ne u e r ele va on e e e sto str ctur s built on a tiﬁcial ti s , w r point d o ut to th e Write r ; and his atte ntion was call e d to two sculpture d h e ads of horse s which lay upon th e ground

h m n e n e e e in t e n eighborhood of so e rui d buildi gs . Th y w r o f th e e of fe e e e e c u t f m m e s e siz li , and r pr s nt d , ro solid li ton , th e e a and ne of es th e m e e h ds cks hors with an clipp d , so that it stood up from th e ridge of the ir n e cks like th e m an e of

h e z The m of th e e t e r . b a work anship ﬁgur s was artistic, an d th e nfe ence m e the m e Was e e e i r ad at ti , that th s ﬁgur s

Se ed h as e ef On u a On had rv as r li s r ins in th t vicinity .

e n on n th e fa of th e e e e of e e e m ti i g ct xist nc th s ﬁgur s to Dr .

He ma e e who was a e Yu Carl r nn B r ndt, bout to r visit catan , in 1 86 9 h e m n fes e d mu e e in e em , a i t ch int r st r gard to th , and e xpre sse d his inte ntion to visit thi s pl antation whe n h e should

e e s e f e be in Mérida. But lat r inquiri hav ail d to discover any

e e n furth er trace of the se ﬁgure s . Dr . B r ndt had e ve r se e n an e resen of e u m ine in Ce Ame i y r p tation hors s pon ntral r ca,

‘ and conside red th e e xiste nce o f th e sculptures the more

“ or f m th e fact e we e n the notew thy, ro that hors s r unk own to

e Th e n ative s till th e time of th e Spanish discov ry . write r Suppose s that th e se ﬁgure s we r e sculpture d by Indians afte r " ue e e e e e u n the conq st, and that th y w r us d as d corations po

m e an d th e s am e buildings e re cte d at th e sam e ti by hands .

f Mexic . esc . . a e 294. His tory of th e Conques t o o Pr ott, Vol III , p g 26

At th e n of m Z m th e e s aw tow Iza al , and also at ila , writ r

a a m e e e gig ntic artiﬁci l ounds , with ston st ps l ading up to

h e e are n o e m of a broad l e v el sp ace on t e top . Th r r ains

e e e e e n bu t e e m e structur s on th s l vatio s , it s s probabl that

the e w as e e . At am spac onc occupi d by buildings Iz al ,

th e e of the a which was traditionally sacr d city May s , a hum an face in stucco is still attache d to th e p e rpen dicular

f o n e of th e m e e m u Th e fa e sid e o s all r c rros or o nds . c is

an d be ee n f m e of e . gigantic siz , can s ro a long distanc It m a h e e e e e e n of Z am th e f e y av b n a r pr s ntatio na, ound r

f u a w e o Mayan civilization in Y cat n , to hos worship that

e e city was e sp cially d dicated . From this slight gla nce at th e re mains in th e Mayan t e rri

e are le d fe w u e In tory w to say a words abo t th ir history .

a e e of u e i th e of th e th e bs nc all a th nt c accounts , traditions

an d th e of e an d e e Mayas , writings Spanish chronicl rs ccl

’ ffe th e m e fo r o ur e M L A bé i s ti s . b s a c . , o r only at rial obj ct

e de th e e e e a e Brass ur Bourbourg , l arn d Fr nch tr v ell r and

’ ae t i n His toire des N a tion ivili Arch ologis , his s C sées a u

’ ’ ’ Mem gu e at de l A mér zgu e Cen tr ale du ra n t les s iécles

n tér i eu rs d Ch ris to h Colu m b e e volumi a p , has giv n a v ry n ous and inte re sting account of May a n history prior to th e

was e e a arrival of Europe ans . It coll ct d by care ful study

f an d M m i e o Spanish ayan anuscripts , and w ll s rve at le ast to op e n th e w ay fo r furth e r i n ve stigation to those wh o do

ee fe e e Th e e not agr with its in r nc s and conclusions . w ll kn own i n dustry and e nthusiasm o f this scholar hav e contri bute d v e ry largely to e ncourag e th e study of Am e rican

ae u e n m e h as e e m A rch ology in E rop , and his a b n ost prom in e ntly associate d with th e late r efforts of th e Fr ench

' of e i i n th e sci e ntiﬁc study M x can antiqui tie s . A bri ef

n Th e n of r e of th e Spa iards . rui s Mayapan a e situat d in th e e n e of th e n e e - f m e f m c tr provi c , about tw nty our il s ro

f xm a a a — e an e o . thos U al May p n , Tulh situat d upon a br ch

’ of th e Tob aseo e — l alen ue are e e th e m riv r , and q , consid r d ost anci e n t citi e s o f Ce ntral Am e rica . Z am na howe ve r was re ve re d by th e Mayas as the ir

e a e e a d th e m e e of e gr t st lawgiv r, n as ost activ organiz r th ir

e fu e e f t e e pow r l kingdom . H was a rul r o h e sam rac as

fe w af e th e Votan , and his arrival took place a years t r

n Th n buildi g of Pale nque . e ﬁrst e nclosure of Mayapa u e th e fﬁ e e s rround d only o cial and sacr d buildings , but lat r

was m x en e t e o e o f the this city uch e t d d , so that i b came n

n m e l arge st of ancie t Am erica . Z a na is said to have r ig ned m an e e n e y y ars , and to have introduc d arts a d scienc s which

e n H w s I e m . a u e t m n rich d his ki gdo e b ri d a za al , which b ecam e a shrin e whe re multitude s of pilgrims r end e re d

m e to f o f e as ho ag this ben e actor their country . H re W e e e f e re on stablish d an oracl , amous throughout that whol gi , which was also resorted to fo r th e cure of dise ases . Mayan chronology ﬁxe s th e ye ar 2 5 8 of the Christian e ra

th e e e th e - X us e f m f m as dat wh n Tutul i , a princ ly a ily ro

f m n n e e e a e i . Tulha , l t Guat ala d appear d Yucatan Th y con cili ate d the good will of the king of Mayapan and re nde re d

e m el e of the o f h e u l- Xius th s v s vassals cr wn o Maya. T T tu f u e Tih oo f e e e of o nd d Mani and also , a t rwards th mod rn city

h e ih kv Mérida . T divinity most worshippe d at T oo was Ba l m - C a m th e P of th M the e m le u h a , riapus e ayas, and gr at te p e re cted as a sanctuary to this god was but little inferior to ” f z m — e m e o . It e the iza u n a th e t pl I a al bor title Ya n K , most

f em e e e e e e b eauti ul t pl . A l tt r from Fath r Bi n v nid a to “ P IL e of h in ese m Th hilip , sp aks t is city th ter s, e city is 29

30 e e th e n e an d e da h m e l agu s in i t rior , is call d Méri , w ich na it take s on account of th e b e autiful buildin gs which it c on

e u e th e e e e of n i h as tains , b ca s in whol xt nt cou try wh ch b e e e e o n e e a u f h a n m w l s e e e t . n discov r d , not so b ti u b ith

Th e are e u e o f am m e e s e buildings ﬁn ly constr ct d h r d ton , h e m e an d are 3 0 fe e e . t e laid without c nt , t in h ight On

m m o f e e e e are f m e n e d n su it th s diﬁc s our apart ts , divid i to ce lls like those o f th e m onks,which ar e twe n ty fe e t long a n d te n f Th e f th e a re of e e e t wid e . posts o doors a singl

e an d h a e a e t e f u e . The e e ston , roo is va lt d pri sts h v st blish d

n e n of n in th e h as e e a co v t St . Fra cis part which b n dis

It e e e fo r the cov e re d . is prop r that what has s rv d worship of' th e d e m on should be tr ansform e d i n to a tem ple fo r th e ” e i e f o ale s rv c o Gr d . Lat e r in history a pri n ce n am e d Cukulcan arriv e d from th n — n e w e st and e stablish e d him se lf at Chiche Itza . Owi g

u a e th e n e h e as e a e to q rr ls in Maya t rritory , was k d to t k the u e m e e m e n o f th e e m e n s pr gov rn t pir , with Mayapa as th e a m an a e m e th e e m e n capit l city . By his g nt gov rn t was

e e e lu e e e n e divid d into thr abso t sov r ig ti s , which upon occa

n Th e e e n u e e sio m ight act toge th e r an d form o n e . s v s cc d in g sove r e igns of Mayapan e mb e llish e d an d im prove d th e

n w m e th e u as e e . co try , and it v ry prosp rous At this ti city of x m a e n e on e o f th e u u - Xius e U l , gov r d by T t l , b gan to rival th e city of M ayap a n in e x te nt of te rritory an d in th e n um

‘ b e r of a s ; Th e n o f N o xc ac ab Kab ah Boc al its vass l tow s , , and N ehpat we re am ong its d e p e nd e nci e s .

Th e d ate of th e found ation of Ux m al has b e e n ﬁx e d at

d n e 864 . e e a e u e e A . D . At this poch , gr at v n s pav with sto ,

’ ’ ’ e s é s s ur l Collecti o n des Mém oi res s u r Z Am rique , R eouct l de Pi ce e

- Méx i ue tr ad. ar Te rn aux C m an s . 307 . q , p o p , p 5 30

e e c e th e m e m a e of e e w r onstruct d , ost r rkabl which app ar d to hav e b e en that which e x te nds from th e inte rior to the shore s of th e s e a e m e n th e - opposit Cozu l , upo North East coast , and th e highway which le d to Izam al co n structe d for th e

n e e e be conv e n ie n ce of pilgrim s . A lo g p e ace th n r ign d

e e th e n e of th e e e e tw n pri c s s v ral principal citi s, which was brought to an e n d by an alliance forme d a gainst th e

n f a Th e e of e n m Ki g o M yapan . rul rs Chich and Ux al dare d ope nly to co n d e mn th e conduct of th e king of

e e h e e m e e e Mayapan , b caus had ploy d hir lings to prot ct

m e f o wn e e wh o e e e hi s l against his p opl , w r provok d by

e a n fe e e e e his tyrannical x ctio s , and had trans rr d his r sid nc

Kim e ch t and e e h e to p , upon which own n ighborhood , alon ,

e e a f e e e e e e b stow d his roy l avors . His p opl w r sp cially

e the of a e e e n outrag d by introduction sl v ry , which had b

o m A n e of e a hith erto unkn wn to th e . cha g rul rs at Mayap n f e th e e th e e m e ail d to allay troubl s in pir , and by a con s irac of th e e e e e th e n e w o f p y ind p nd nt princ s , tyrant

a n e e an d h e efe e e e M yapa was d pos d , was d at d in a thr

a e th e of Th e a e w as d ys battl at city Mayapan . pal c

e th e n f m e e m ur tak n , and ki g and his a ily w r brutally

e Th e was e e th e m e was d re d . city th n giv n to ﬂa s and ef l f n l t a vast and de so ate h e ap o rui s .

e one of th e - K n e of m Th n Tutul ius , pri c Ux al , on his

e r was n e e e e th e e of e m e r tu n , crow d and r c iv d titl supr

e e th e m onarch o f the Mayas . This king gov rn d country

e m e x e e e the with gr at wisdo , t nding his prot ction ov r f e m e e e of th e f m e ffe n or ign rc nari s or r tyrant, and o ri g

e m m far ‘ f m xm l e e are n o w th an asylu not ro U a , wh r h e e m of th e Po ckboc Sakbaeh e t e . r ains towns , and L bna

t e e e the o f was e e l I is b li v d that city Mayapan th n r bui t, 31

e x e of m e o f f m e e n e and ist d shorn so its or r gr at ss , but a e a th e e of e in th e n m l t r it was ag in caus diss nsion ki gdo ,

n e e e a and was agai d stroy e d . This v nt is said to h v e occurre d

A 1 4 4 a h e e n 6 . Pe e e fo r m in . D . c t n r ig d in Yucatan ore

a e e an d e e w as e of e a abun d th n tw nty y ars , th r a p riod gr t

h n ance and prospe rity . At t e e d o f this tim e th e country

w as e e e e of e . e e subj ct d to a s ri s disast rs Hurrican s occurr d , doi n g ‘ incalculable damage ; plagu e s followe d with gre at

e of fe an d e th e e of the d struction . li ; thus b gan d population

h e e an d th e e . e t e e e p ninsula Th n Spaniards arriv d , xist nc o f a w e in a am e en d Indi n po r Yucat n c to an .

Th e f e e e e e or going is n c ssarily an abridg d , hastily writt n , a nd v e ry im pe rfe ct ske tch of so me of th e m ore promin e nt facts co n n e cte d with th e suppos e d e arly history of Mayan

e e e e e e civilization , which hav b n brought tog th r with car ,

e e a th e Abbe e de labor , and gr at l boration , by Brass ur

u u of h e e d e Bourbo rg . M ch t is history is acc pt as corr ct from th e we ight of th e authoritie s which support and cor

e th e w e u e an e n on e th e roborat it , but hol s bj ct is still op in opi n ion of schol ars an d a rch aeologists .

Th e e ed Abbe n o w m e but th e e of his l arn is no or , r cord

e x in e th e m e labors ists his publish d works , and in i puls which

- We e e h h e gave to arch ae ological inv e stigations . r c ive t e f e o f e f m . e e ﬁrst notic his d ath ro Mr Hub rt How Bancro t, wh o pays th e following e loqu e nt tribute to his m e m ory “ Brasse ur de Bourbou rg d e vote d his life to th e study of

e e er A me rican primitiv e history . In actual knowl dg p

a n e e m a n e e e a e t i ing to his chos n subj cts , no v r qu ll d or

h m e e e n an e f e e approach e d i . B sid s b i g ind atigabl stud nt,

th e e e of fe h e was an e l egan t write r . In last d cad his li , h e conce ive d a n e w and complicate d theory re specting th e 32

of th e m e e e e th e n of origin A rican p opl , or rath r origi

e a f m m e m e Europ ns and Asiatics ro A rica , ad known to

’ e m e an th e world in his Q u a tr e L ettr es . His att pt d tr s lation of th e m anu script Troa n o w as m ad e in s upport o f

e e o f th e e a e of th e this th ory . By r ason xtraordin ry n atur

’ e e e e an d th e u e - e n e vi ws xpr ss d , a thor s w ll known t d ncy to

m a e n u e h f d n build gniﬁc t struct r s on a slig t oun atio , his

e n e e e e e fo r th e m a b lat r writi gs w r r c iv d , ost p rt y critics

e m e e n u e e m ee utt rly inco p t t to nd rstand th , with a sn r, or

m a m e e ee e e e th e e e . what s s to h v gri v d writ r or , in sil nc

th e e m e n e e n o t Now that gr at A rica ist is d ad , whil it is

e t e e e e be e e e e a lik ly tha his th ori s will v r r c iv d , his z l in th e a e o f n a an en e an d th e m a a e c us a tiqu ri sci c , ny valu bl f works rom his pe n will be be tte r appre ci a te d . It will be n e r e e a e e e a e lo g anoth r sh ll und rtak , with qu l d votion ” th e e e e and ability , w ll nigh hop l ss task . Am ong th e historic al re cords re lating to th e aborigi n e s of Am e e e n e m e e an th e Spanish rica , th r is on or valuabl th m u of e de — e n of u a n an script Di go Landa S co d Bishop Y c ta ,

1 5 7 3 —w ve e an d e de in , hich was disco r d publish d by M .

n un of th e m n e an d Bourbourg . It contai s an acco t a n rs

m of th e a n n e n of m e of t e custo s May I dia s , a d scriptio so h ir

e f m e m e e fur chi towns ; and or i portant than all b sid s , it

e an e th e m a e k e nish s alphab t, which is ost prob bl y that is known to us fo r r e ading th e hie roglyphics which are

Th e a f n m of th e u . e ound upo any Y catan ruins alph b t ,

m e fe e f m a at m e f e m e e x though i p r ct in its l , y so utur ti plain , n o t n th e n n th e m n of o ly i scriptio s, but also a uscripts this

e e A e m o f e e anci nt p riod . lthough an att pt its discov r r , to

Th e N a e Race s h e ac ﬁc a es N me a B ube r tiv of t P i St t of orth A ric . y H t H .

Banc f . San F anc s c 1875 . . IL a e 780. ro t r i o , Vol , p g 33 m ake use of th e alphab e t fo r int e rpre ting th e charact e rs of th e m u Tr oa n o h as fa e f an script , il d to satis y scholars , its study still e n gage s th e atte ntio n o f othe r le arn e d arch ae

i an d an a e olog sts tiqu ri s . Bishop Lan d a giv e s th e followin g d e scription of May an “ m : e e on a a e anuscripts or books Th y wrote th ir books l rg ,

e a e e f u e in f an d e n e be highly d cor t d l a , do bl d olds clos d

e e two an d e e e m tw n boards , th y wrot on both sid s in colu ns

e th e f Th e e e m e o f th e corr sponding to olds . pap r th y ad

o f e e an d a e e a o n o n e roots a tr , g v it a whit v rnish which

u as w e a n m e n of co ld write we ll . This art w kno n by c rt i

an - e u e of e e e of e e e high r k , and b ca s th ir knowl dg it th y w r

m e e e m e e e th e in u . uch st d , but th y did not practic art p blic

e e e e a a e e e i This p opl also us d c rt in char ct rs or l tt rs , w th which they wrote in the ir books o f th e ir an tiquiti e s and

e e n e : m e o f e e an d of e an d th ir sci c s and by ans th s , ﬁgur s ,

e n n e u e e e e by c rtai sig s in th ir ﬁg r s , th y und rstood th ir writ

We n an d m a e e m u e au e m . i gs , d th nd rstood , and t ght th foun d am on g th e m a gre at n u mb e r of books of th e se

e e o f e e u e e n ta e n n l tt rs th irs, and b ca s th y co in d othi g which d h ad n ot e an d falsitie s . o f th e e w e e sup rstitions d vil , burn th e m all ; at which th ey we re ex ce e dingly sorrowful an d

” 9“ e troubl d .

’ C o olludo s de e e an n In g Historia Yucatan , th r is accou t of e u of n u e a a a d str ction I dian antiq iti s by Bishop L nd ,

a e a —af e of we e n c ll d an uto d , which giv a translatio “ h as a e for an u u n This Bishop , who p ss d ill strio s sai t am th e e ss of t n e an e xtra va ong pri t his provi c , was still

- n fa an d e a e a h e e m e ue . ga t natic, so hard h rt d th t b ca cr l

R elati on dos ch s es de Yucatan . B e de Landa a s 1864 . o y Di go , P ri , , pp 34

O ne of th e e e n him h avi st accusatio s against , which his

e f th e f m apologists could not d ny or justi y, was a ous

u —da- fe hi h e ee e m a to , in w ch proc d d in a ost arbitrary and d e spotic m an n e ri Fathe r Land a d e stroy e d m an y pre mous m em - da m e orials , which to y ight throw a brilliant light ov r o ur a e e n e e m im e n e tr a nci nt history , still v lop d in an al ost p ble h in chaos u ntil t e p e riod o f th e conque st . Landa saw

he m e e a t an d books that could not co pr h nd , cab lis ic signs ,

v i n invocations to th e d e il . From note s n a le tte r writte

th e Y a Je m e 1805 we by ucat n suit, Do ingo Rodrigu z , in , offe r th e followi n g e num e ration of th e article s de stroye d an d u b rn e d .

5000 d ls of di s nc f ms and d mens i ons . I o , ti t or i

13 G ea s n es a h ad s er ed as a a s . r t to , th t v lt r

2 2 ma l s ne s of a us f ms . S l to , v rio or

27 R l s o f s n s and e c s o n d ee s i ns . ol ig hi rog lyphi , r k

197 as es of all d m en s ns and u e s . V , i io ﬁg r

e e e are en of we e Oth r pr cious curiositi s spok , but hav no ” d e scription of th em . C aptain Antonio del Rio give s an account of anothe r “ e of n e Hue e tan : Th e d struction Mayan a tiquiti s , at g

of a n e de e in Bishop Chi pas , Don Francisco Nu z la V ga,

D i oces a n Con s ti tu tion e m e 1 7 02 his , print d at Ro in , says , that th e tre asure consiste d of som e large e arth e n vase s of o ne e e e e of th e m e m e pi c , clos d with cov rs sa at rial , on which we re r epre se nte d in ston e th e ﬁgure s of th e anci ent p agans

e am e ar e in th e e m e c/zc lcizi/i u i tls whos n s cal ndar , with so ,

are a n e of e e e which solid h rd sto s a gr n color , and oth r u e u e e e of a s p rstitio s ﬁgur s , tog th r with historical works Indi n

e e e e a e f m e an d e e n origin . Th s w r t k n ro a cav giv n up, wh

His t i c d Yu c tc n . C ud . Lib . . endix 1 . or e c ogoll o VI App A ,

of a e e of th e e of th e its char ct rs to thos oth r two , and

Th e D r es den Codex e e e in sculpture d tabl e ts . is pr s rv d

n Th e M a n u cr t Troan o th e Royal Library of Dre sd e . s ip w as f a u th e e 1 86 5 d th e é ound bo t y ar , in Madri , by Abb

n m e m f m of Br asse ur de Bourbourg . Its a co e s ro that its

an d i n e in . poss ssor Madrid , Sr Tro y Ortolano , noth g what

f n Th e i e e v e r is known o its origi . orig nal is writt n on a

of m a u e a e f e en fee e strip g y p p r , about ourt t long, and nin n e w e th e u f e of e e i ch s id , s r ac which is cov r d with a whitish

n o n th e e are e a re d e var ish , which ﬁgur s paint d in bl ck , , blu

n f e fan - e - ﬁve f and brow . It is old d lik into thirty olds , pre s e nting wh en shut m u ch th e app e aranc e of a m od e rn

e a m Th e h e e h e larg oct vo volu e . i roglyphics cov r bot sid s of th e e th e e e e i pap r , and writing is cons qu ntly divid d nto

e e a e e ﬁve n e n e ee s v nty p g s , ach about by ni i ch s , having b n

a e e e u e f e th e e f e app r ntly x c t d a t r pap r was old d , so that ” th e f e n ot e f e h e e m e olding do s int r e r with t writt n att r .

e e a m an u el e of It is probabl that rly scripts , as w l as oth rs e a u n th e e m e e but of e l ss ntiq ity tha abov ntion d , gr at bistori

m a e e t e m e am n th e h e of th e cal i port nc , y r ain buri d o g arc iv s many church e s an d conv e nts of Yucatan and it is also true

a e m e fo r e m e e ee e e th t a syst atic s arch th has n v r b n pros cut d . A thorough e xaminatio n of e ccle siastical and antiquarian col e be a ‘ s e rvic e th e e l ctions in that country , would to stud nts of ae be n e efe e arch ology which ought not to lo g r d rr d .

Th e discove ry of th e contin e nt of Ame rica was m ad e

e e n th e n of e n ar this P ni sula , and accou ts arly Spanish vo yage rs co n tai n m e agre but still valuabl e d e scriptions o f th e e e th e m e was country , as it app ar d at ti it ﬁrst visited by

4“Th e Na e Races th e ac i c a es . B Hu e we Banc ft. tiv of P ﬁ St t y b rt Ho ro Vol .

IL a e 771 . , p g 37

e a m a b e n e e a m n m e Europ ns . It y i t r sting to c ll to i d so of th e m a e n e e e e an d t circu st nc s con ct d with th ir voyag s , wi h th e e e m e of b th e a a an d a first s ttl nt Yucatan y Sp ni rds , lso to n otice bri efly som e o f th e difficulti e s m e t with in obtai n

f - in h n e ing a oot hold t e w world .

um u f u an d a e in 1 502 lef th e Col b s on his o rth l st voyag , , t

u h e n of a an d n u - e e So t r coast Cub , saili g in a So th w st rly

e n e a e u a a a an n o w e Bon acc a dir ctio r ch d G n j , island call d , o n e of a u m e n f m u an d gro p thirty il s dista t ro Hond ras ,

h e n n m an h e th e shor e s o f t w e ste rn co tin e t . Fro this isl d

a e u as far as . an am a an d e e e u e s il d so thward P , th nc r t rn d to

o n w a n af e six m o n th e Cuba his y to Spai , t r passing onths

’ n a of a am 1 5 06 of um u North e r co sts P n a . In two Col b s

m a n De n we e n in th e u f co p nio s , Solis and Pinzo , r agai G l of u a e x m n e th e e as far Hond r s , and a i d coast w stward as th e u f of u e fo r a e th e n G l D lc , still looking a pass g to India

w n d e e e n . e e e a e n a a Oc a H nc th y s il d orth rd , discov r d a

e a o f u a u a un w as e gr t part Y c tan , tho gh th t co try not th n

e x e n o r w as an n m e . plor d , y landi g ad

Th e ﬁrst actu al e x plor ation was m ad e by Fran cisco He r

m e de a 15 1 7 n e o n th e an Las na d z Cordov in , who la d d Isl d

h e f un n e we an d a e Mu e re s . e e g H r o d sto to rs , ch p ls

a e wit e e a e in e th tch d h straw, in which w r arr ng d ord r — s e v e ral idols r e s e mbli n g wom e n wh e nce th e n a m e which

h e an a e e a i e s e e h a e e e . T t e Isl nd r c iv d Sp i rds w r ston sh d to , for th e m e in th e n e w n e e e o f a ﬁrst ti world , sto diﬁc s rchi te c tural e au an d e e e th e e of th e a e b ty, also to p rc iv dr ss n tiv s ,

h o e a o f e an d e w wor shirts and clo ks whit color d cotton ,

e a ~ e e o f fe e an d e e n am e n e w c ar with h d dr ss s ath rs , w r or t d ith

' m la an d e w els of an d e . drops j gold silv r Fro this is nd ,

e n an de e e Catoch e w h e n am e f m th e H r z w nt to Cap , hich d ro 6 38

n e e him m e of th e e wh o e e a sw r giv n by so nativ s , , wh n ask d ”

was n e e Cotoh e a e . what town it , a sw r d , , th t is , a hous A little farth e r o n th e Spaniards as ke d th e nam e of a l arge “ ” n n Th e e Te c tatan e . e e tow ar by nativ s answ r d , “ ” m e n e a n d th e a d which a s I do not und rstand , Spani r s

u th e m e e e e e e tho ght that this was na , and hav v r sinc giv n to th e c o untry the corrupte d nam e Yucatan . H er n an d ez the n

He e am e e Kim e ch th e e . w nt to C p achy, call d p by nativ s

e th e e f of th e m e f e m e land d , and chi town and hi s l brac d e e an d h e e e e e e a fe e ach oth r, r c iv d as pr s nts clo ks, ath rs,

e e a n d se a se t i n e e e larg sh lls , crayﬁsh gold and silv r , tog th r

e e e n e a with partridg s , turtl dov s, gosli gs, cocks , har s , st gs an d e a m e e e at e m e oth r ni als , which w r good to , and br ad ad f f f m n n an d n e o . ro I dian cor , an abunda c tropical ruits

e e e e n e e i e Th r was in this plac a squar sto tow r w th st ps ,

th e t0 o f e e was an h ad on p which th r idol , which at its

e c e a m a e e e e if e e e e sid two ru l ni ls , r pr s nt d as th y w r d sirous

f n e e w as e e e - e o de vouri g it . Th r also a gr at s rp nt forty se v n fe e in e de a t long , cut ston , vouring lion as broad as an ox .

w m a um C m This idol as b e s e re d with h an blood . ha poto n was e x e e e th e e e e e e in a n t visit d , wh r Spaniards w r r c iv d

e m an e e e efe e th e e wh o hostil n r, and w r d at d by nativ s ,

e e n n e f and m e two e m kill d tw ty , wou d d ﬁ ty , ad prison rs , who

e f e e . e e u n e th y a t rwards sacriﬁc d Cordova th n r t r d to Cuba , an d e e th e e of a an e th r port d discov ry Yuc t , show d e v arious ute nsils in gold and silv e r which h e had tak e n from th e e m e Kim ech d e e th e n e of t pl at p , and clar d wo d rs a

e e e e an d e e country whos cultur , diﬁc s inhabitants , w r so diffe re nt from all h e h ad pre viously se e n ; but h e state d th at it was ne ce ssary to con qu er th e n ative s i n orde r to

h e e e e e a t e . obt in gold , and rich s which w r in th ir poss ssion 39

Ne ithe r Kimpe ch nor Champoton we re und e r Me xica n

e but e e f e e f e e e th e a a an d rul , th r was r qu nt tra ﬁc b tw n M y s th e e e u e de subj e cts o f th e e mpire of Anahuac . Di go V lasq z

e n m e e o f C h e e L o was at that ti gov rnor uba , and plann d anothe r e xpe dition i n to th e rich country just discov e re d .

u e u e d an d a e e th e m m an o f Fo r ships , q ipp pl c d und r co d

J a de a e 1 5 1 8 sto e d at u n Grijalv , sail d , in , and ﬁrst pp th e n of m e w as e fam th e Isla d Cozu l , which th n ous with

u a b e n of n m e o f Y c tan Indians , y r aso an an ual pilgri ag

e m e e e th e e which its t pl s w r obj e ct . In th e ir progr ss along th e th e n a a m a m a e e i coast, vig tors saw ny s ll diﬁc s , wh ch

e for e bu t w e e n e th y took tow rs , which r othing l ss than

e a e e e th e o f th e se a altars or t oc llis , r ct d to gods , f h f m prote ctors o th e pilgrims . On t e ﬁ th day a pyra id

me v e the u mm o f e e w as ca in i w, on s it which th r what

e e be a e o n e of th e e m e e app ar d to tow r . It was t pl s , whos e le gant and symm e trical sh ape m ad e a profo und impre ssio n

e e e m e of upon all . N ar by th y saw a gr at nu b r Indians m n m h n e m a e for the aki g uc ois with dru s . Grij lva wait d m ef e e m e n e f e s orrow b or dis barking, and th s tting his orc

' in e m e th e e m e e e battl array , arch d towards t pl , wh r on

v h e an e , th e f e W th e arri ing pl t d standard o Castil . ithin

n h e f e e th e e of sa ctuary ound s v ral idols , and trac s sacri

Th e a n of th e e e e a e m ef e ﬁce . ch plai ﬂ t cel br t d ass b or

v th e m e the astonishe d nati e s . It was ﬁrst ti that this

e e e e f m e th e n e w e th e rit had b n p r or d on contin nt, and

n a e e e f e n e a e co m I dians ssist d in r sp ct ul sil c , lthough th y

f m W e th e e pre h en d e d n othing o th e ce re oni e s . h n pri st h ad e e e f m th e th e o e th e d sc nd d ro altar , Indians all w d

a e e e e e u em str ng rs p ac ably to visit th ir hous s , and bro ght th

i e e an abundance of food of all kinds . Gr j alva th n sail d along 40

h an Th e m e of th e n t e coast of Yucat . astonish nt Spa iards at th e e of th e e e d e n u i asp ct l gant buil ings , whos co str ct on gav e th e m a high id e a o f th e civilization of th e cou n try ,

e e as e e Th e e e e e to incr as d th y advanc d . archit ctur app ar d th e m m uc h sup e rior to anything th e y had hithe rto m et with i n th e n e w an d e e ou t e m m e world , th y cri d with th ir co and r

e f u N ew n m e as e m a n e that th y had o nd a Spain , which a h r i d , and from Yucatan has b e e n applie d to th e n eighbori n g re gions

of th e m e e f th e in that part A rican contin nt . Grijalva ound citi e s an d village s of th e South - we ste rn coast like thos e he

e e e an d th e n a e e e m e e of th e had alr ady s n , tiv s r s bl d thos

m n e am north and e ast i n dre ss and an rs . But at Ch poton th e n e e ef e h os tile ~an d e e e a us e India s w r , as b or , , w r r dy to

n th e ir arms to re p el p e aceful a dva n ce s as well as aggre ssio s .

Th e n e e e e e f e u e Spa iards succ d d how v r , a t r a bloody str ggl , in gaining posse ssion of Champoton an d putti n g the In di ans

e e a a e n t th e e to ﬂight . Th nc Grij lv w southward to riv r

an d e an n e e w the of C e n tla Tobasco , h ld i t rvi w ith Lord ,

a e e e him e e n e e m u a who cordi lly r c iv d , and pr s ts w r ut lly e xchange d . Still th e n ative n obl e s w e re not slow in showing that th ey w e re troubl e d at th e pre se nce o f th e strange rs . Many

me e e th e e th e We e n ti s th y indicat d with ﬁng r st rn cou try ,

e e e e m a th e a m e m s te ri and r p at d with ph sis word , at th t ti y

Eu e h f e . Th e e e ous to rop ans , Cul ua, signi ying M xico ﬂ t

e e h a e th e a of Me x as th n sail d nort w rd , xploring co st ico far e e e m m n e . a as V ra Cruz , visiting s v ral ariti towns Fr

dc e af e a e e e u cisco Mont jo , t rw rds so c l brat d in Y catan history , was th e ﬁrst Europ e a n to place his foot upon th e soil o f

’

ex . e e G ri alva s n e e th e e M ico H r , j i t rcours with nativ s was of th e m f e d e an d e m of e ost ri n ly d scription , a syst bart r was 41

e e e n e fo r a e of an stablish d , by which in xcha g rticl s Sp ish m ufa e e e of a e a e of e a an ctur , pi c s n tiv gold , vari ty gold n orn m e n e n e w e e a u a of ts rich d ith pr cious ston s , and q ntity cotton m n e e m e e e ne . n e antl s and oth r gar ts , w r obtai d I t nding to

e e e e fu e e e pros cut his discov ri s rth r , Grijalva d spatch d th e se

e e a ue u a m m a e obj cts to V l sq z at C ba , in ship co nd d by

e de a e o f th e P dro Alvar do , who also took charg sick and w n f h e x n a m e f t e a e n ou de d o t e p e ditio . Grij lva hi s l h n sc d e d th e e x far P th e e e n am M ican coast as as anuco ( pr s t T pico),

i e wh e nce h e r e turn e d to Cuba . By th s xpe ditio n th e e e n f m o f a e x a e e an d xt r al or Yucat n was ctly asc rtain d , th e e xiste nce of th e m ore pow e rful and e xte nsive e m pire m of Me xico was ad e kn own .

n th e of at n n e Upo arrival Alvarado Cuba , bri gi g wond r ful un o f e e i n Y n e x acco ts his discov ri s ucata and M ico , toge th e r with th e valuabl e curiositie s h e h ad obtai n e d in

a n e e e a e e th th t cou try , V lasqu z was gr tly pl as d with e r e sults o f th e e xpe dition ; but was still co n sid e rably disappointe d th at G rijalva h ad n e gle cte d o ne of th e chi e f

e of e m e of f n purpos s his voyag , na ly , that ounding a colo y in

u e e x e n th e n e wly discove re d co ntry . Anoth r p ditio was r e solv e d on fo r th e purpos e of e stablishi n g a p e rm an e nt foot

in th e n e w e th e m m n d e hold t rritory , and co a was intrust d

e e a n e f to He rn an do Cortez . This r nown d capt i sail d rom

n e u 1 9 1 5 1 9 w e e o f e e e Hava a, F br ary , , ith a ﬂ t nin v ss ls ,

h of m which we re to re nd e zvous at t e Island Cozu el . On

a e u ue u e a th e n e l nding , Cort z p rs d a paciﬁc co rs tow rds ativ s, but e nd e avore d to substitute th e Roma n C a tholic re ligion for th e idolatrous rite s which pre vaile d in th e se ve ral te m

He f e a e pl e s of that sacre d Island . ound it si r to induce th e nativ e s to acce pt n e w im age s th an to give up those which 42

e h ad e e Af e th e n th y hith rto worshipp d . t r charging I dians

” to obse rve the re ligio us ce re m oni e s which h e had pre

e an e e n m e f m an e w scrib d , d r c i vi g a pro is o co pli c ith his

e e e e a e Catoch e fol wish s , Cort z again sail d and doubl d c p , lowi n g the conto ur of th e gulf as far south as th e rive r

. e e e m n n th e ob ec Tobasco H r , dis barki g , otwithstanding j

of th e h e e of Ce n tla tions Indians , took poss ssion , a

em a e fo r e e n an d n an d e e town r ark bl its xt t populatio , a c ntr of a e th e e n e m e of e e n e tr d with n ighbori g pir M xico , wh c

e e m e an d f e e ma n w r obtain e d uch tribut riche s . A t r r i i n e re lo n e n e e in e g th g ough to ngag a sanguinary battl ,

e n e in e e for th e C e which d d a d cisiv victory Spaniards , ort z ree mb arke d an d we nt forward to his famous conqu e st of

e x M ico .

m th e me e e ef th e e hi s Fro ti wh n Cort z l t riv r Tobasco , m ind was ﬁx e d upon th e attractio n s o f th e m ore distan t

n of e i an d n the e of f e la d M x co , not upo pros cution urth r discove ri e s upon th e We ste rn shore s of Y ucatan ; and u n til

1 5 24 for e of m e ﬁve e e u , a p riod or than y ars, this p nins la

e m a e n n h e f e b t . e e e r in d u otic d y , Spaniards Th n Cort z l t

e x h e a e e fo r e of M ico , which had lr ady subjugat d , a journ y

e an d for th e e o f discov ry to Honduras , purpos calling to

for and u t n o f account, insubordination us rpa io authority,

a de m h e h ad e u e Cristov l Olid , who pr vio sly s nt to that

He e e e fr m th e n e f re gion from Ve ra Cruz . r c iv d o pri c s o

Xic alan c o' an d m an d a th e Tobasco aps ch rts , giving natural

f th e u th e m of th e r a e fe a e o . tur s co ntry , and li its va ious St t s His m arch lay through th e South e rn bo u n d a ri e s of the gre at

a m e e e e th e a of e a M yan e pir . Gr at w r priv tions this ov rl nd m e e e an d a e arch , which pass d through a d solat uninh bit d

e an d e th e of P e e e of th e r gion , n ar ruins al nqu , but non

w e m e e e n e w fa e . r aind r r wou d d . or orn out with tigu For tun ate l th e n n o t f the e e u v y, India s did ollow r tr ating s r ivors n e e n e m e e w e e x e m a e d‘ i to th ir tr nch nts , or th y ould hav t r in t th e an The e m n an o f f e e a e e Sp iards . r ts this orc n xt pp ar d at

a m e a e e e e e e e e m e C p chy , wh r th y stablish d a pr carious s ttl nt , an d e e e a in 1 5 35 w r at last oblig d to withdraw, so th t not a

n e m a e Spa iard r in d in Yucatan .

D o n n de e of th e e Fra cisco Mont jo , son Ad lantado , was

e f e f m a i n 1 53 7 e m n s nt by his ath r ro Tob sco , , to att pt agai h n f n He m e m e n m t e co que st o Y ucata . ad e a s ttl e t at Cha

f e two e a of th e m d e e e x eri~ poton , and a t r y rs ost ish art ning p

e n c e s e a e e f u e e e the an a . at this plac , b tt r ort n O p n d to Sp i rds The ve te ran Montejo m ad e ove r to his son all th e powe rs

e him th e m e e e th e e of giv n to by E p ror, tog th r with titl Ad el a n tado ; a nd th e n e w gove rnor e stablishe d him se lf at

Kim e ch in 1 540 e e h e f e p , wh r ound d a city , calling it San

m m e Fran c isco de Ca p e achy . Fro the nce an e xp dition

e w a th e Tih o o an d a e e w nt north rd to Indian town , s ttl m e w as m e w as e mm e e nt ad , which attack d by an i ns body of Th e m of a m e e . e nativ s s all band Spani rds , a littl or

e e e e fu in e than two hundr d in all , w r succ ss l holding th ir

n n th e de of e e ei grou d , and , turni g ti battl , pursu d th r

f n n e e a e a d e e m e a e . r tr ting o s , i ﬂict d upon th gr t slaught r

Th e n a s e e m e e u e n e e a e I di n w r co pl t ly ro t d , and v r again r lli d f The e f o r e e e . e th e e e . a g n ral battl conqu rors ound d pr s nt

of é the e of th e n e l city M rida on sit I dian town , with all l ga f m e J or aliti s , in anuary ,

n d But though co q ue re d th e Ind ians we re not subjugate .

e e e e e a e e o f th e a Th y ch rish d an inv t r t hatr d Sp niards , which m n fe e e f o n e e e a n e e a i st d its l v ry possibl occ sio , and it r quir d

Hi s t r i a de Yu catan . C ud . Lib . 111 ca . V II. o ogoll o , p th e m n e s th e i n sur ut ost watchfuln e ss and. e e rgy to suppr s r e ctions which from tim e to ti m e broke o ut ; and th e c o m ple te paciﬁcatio n of Yucatan was not s e cu r e d b e fore th e

e a 1 54 y r 7 .

n H M an n n n n e i n th e Ho . e i a e e a L wis . org , i t r sti g rticl

“ ’ ” N m e an e e e n e M on tezu m a s D in n er orth A ric R vi w , titl d , “ m ake s th e state m e nt that Am e rican aboriginal history is b as e d u pon a m isconce ption of Indian life which has ” r e main e d substa n ti ally u n qu e stio n e d to th e pr e s en t ho ur .

H e consid e rs th at th e accoun ts of Spanish write rs w e re

e e a a an e e x a e n an d u e ﬁll d with xtr v g ci s , gg ratio s abs rditi s ,

’ a th e e m n f e e e and th t grand t r i ology o th old world , cr at d u e e m n a n was u n nd r d spotic and o archi l institutio s , drawn po to e xpl ain th e social an d political conditio n of th e In di an “ He e t e th e e of a a e . r c s stat s , hat whil histori s Sp nish A m e rica m ay be truste d in wh ate v e r re l ate s to th e acts of th e n a an d th e e n a e Spa i rds , to acts and p rso al char ct ristics o f th e In di a n s ; in wh ate v e r re lat e s to Indian soci e ty an d

e m e e a e a n of fe e are gov rn nt , th ir soci l r l tio s and plan li , th y

e e u e e e a e n n an d e w wholly worthl ss , b ca s th y l rn d othi g kn o ” r told th at of e e . On th e e n we a e nothing ith r oth r ha d , “ n n e u be e x a n e as m e e a n d I dia soci ty co ld pl i d co pl t ly ,

e d e fe th e e e of e und rstoo as p r ctly, as civiliz d soci ty Europ or

” 9“ m e n n e a an a . . a A rica , by ﬁ di g its x ct org iz tion Mr Morg n propose s to accomplish this r e sult by th e study of th e m an n e rs an d c ustom s o f In dian race s whose histori e s are b e tte r

In th e fam a a of th e u an d e known . ili r h bits Iroq ois , th ir

e mm n m of n an d th e n of practic as to co u is livi g , co struction

h e k e th e a e n . an n t th eir dw lli gs , Mr Morg ﬁ ds y to all p latial e diﬁce s e ncounte re d by Corte z on his inv asio n o f Me xico

N c an ev e w B s n 1876 . N . 25 1 a e 265 . me R . orth A ri i o to , April , o , p g 7 46

h e e e th e m e e m and wish s to includ , also , agniﬁc nt r ains in h e r e e e the t e . He e Mayan t ritory would hav us b li v , that

m e a e e of x m e - highly orna nt l ston structur s U al , Chich n Itza ,

e ue e e en e m e e and Pal nq , w r but joint t nt hous s , which should b e st udi e d with atte ntion to th e u sage s of I ndian tribes of

we e m e e n e an d f m which hav a or c rtai r cord , not ro con e m a e n t por n ous historical accounts of eye wit e sse s .

i ’ In n w r m m a be e . Mo an s e o f e a s r to Mr g lin argu nt , it y

a th e e em e n of e e n e s id , that agr t arly voyag rs and chro icl rs , o f m e e e m e th e m f who th r is so larg a nu b r , as to ain acts , is

e e e e m e n e we e strong vid nc that th ir i pr ssio s , as stat d , r f e u n at e an d e o f th e ound d po wh th y saw, not on pictur s

th e e un de c h ere d m m a a . e e i gin tion Mor ov r, xisting yp anu

e e th e e a an d m a scripts , tog th r with hi roglyphic l sy bolic l

n e in h e m inscriptions upon buildi gs , trac d c aract rs si ilar to

e f a m n e e e was thos ound in boriginal a uscripts , prov that th r

e e m the an d e e h a lit ratur a ong Mayan Azt c rac s , whic place s th e m i n a grade of civiliz ation far above that of

m mu i of we e co nist c Indian trib e s which hav any re cord .

e th e m of an e e Mor than all , anuscript Bishop Landa , y

e of e x n w e ai e witn ss piri g Mayan civilization , ith its d t l d account of the political and soci al relations of th e Indians o f n e m th e e e that cou try, is strong t sti ony to corr ctn ss o f th e ge n e rally acce pte d theori e s re gardi n g th eir social

h f n f and political syste ms . T e truth ul e ss o Bishop Lan

’ da s account is atte ste d by its conformity to othe r ao

un th e m and e of the co ts , aud to custo s usag s Yucatan

f to - a o e e e e e e . W Indi ns day , as d scrib d by r c nt trav ll rs e

r e n e th e me n f a e oblig d to co sid r argu t o Mr . Morgan i n sufﬁcie nt to de stroy the comm on opinions of thre e c en turie s and a f i n so far as e a e th e M i hal , r l t s to aya Ind ans . 47

n a the e n o c e Mr . Morga also s ys that Azt cs had stru tur s ” If th e n co mp arable with thos e of Yucatan . only grou ds fo r a e m e are a m n e m a n this st t nt , th t al ost no rui s now r i in

th e e c u of a i e that country , and that arly ac o nts Sp nish wr t rs , o f th e v e m e e s aw are e e h im n what th s lv s , consid r d , by , u trust

th e e o f e e m th e e of worthy , w ight probability s s , to writ r

e o n th e n a lie in u e th e e di re c~ this pap r , co tr ry , to q it oth r

m e . W e n e e f a a 1 5 19 h e e u tion h Cort z l t H v na , in , visit d Coz l , f m fo r e a f e m e an d Ce n tla an d e n a ous its b uti ul t pl s , , c rtai

i n m e x e e e . oth r towns C ntral A rica , on his way to M ico Havi n g thus see n th e wonde rful structure s of Ce ntral

m e a e th e an of a e x e A ric , is it not strang , that histori s th t p

i e m e f b e e n e dit on , and Cort z hi s l , should ﬁll d with wo d r

m e m e a e f e e e e and a az nt at wh t th y ound in M xico , to a d gr th a t dispose d the m to give a m uch more p articular account o f th e e a e of n n if e e e Azt c pal c s than Yucata buildi gs , th y w r infe rior to the m i n poi n t of archite cture ! M e xico has sin ce

m e e e m e n u a an d n that ti b n or populous tha Y cat n , its rui s have n a turally dis app e are d m ore rapidly in the co n struction of mode rn buildings but th e records o f its form e r civilization e in th e n o f th e e e an d th e n m e xist accou ts discov r rs , in u rous el o f u a n e th e m e m of e an d r ics antiq ity cont i d in us u s M xico , scatte r e d about i n th e arch aeological colle ction s of E urope

m Th e e e e e n e f n e and A e rica . c l brat d cal dar ston ou d buri d in th e Plaza M a or of e x an d e e e i n a y M ico , now pr s rv d th t

e m e th e n m a a em e of th e city , d onstrat s astro o ic l dvanc nt

A e e e m n e an d m n u m e n zt cs in an incontrov rtibl an r , that o t alo n e would e stablish the ir advance d position . Th e obse rv a tions an d conclusions of a trave ller an d arch ae

i of e e e e e th e of e olog st larg xp ri nc , as to condition C ntral Am e rica at th e time of its discov ery and se ttle me nt by the 48

an are n ne d th e ua e m a of . Sp iards , co tai in val bl onogr ph Dr

f n e n . e m an n e e th e e e o f th e e o C H r B r ndt , discov r r sit a ci t

e u h av n m e e a d of th e a u e of C tla, who i g ad a sp ci l stu y ntiq iti s

a ﬁve e x e e of e e e a th t country in p ditions , ach s v ral y rs dura

’ n e n e e a c e a o n e wh o tio , is titl d to sp ci l onsid r tion as

i e e f h e s e a ke th ﬁ w e e h e knows wh r o p This rit r , whil con c e d e s th e ins ufﬁci e ncy of consulting th e re cords of Sp an ish

e n e ae an d n u writ rs alo , thinks that arch ology li g istics will at l e ngth furnish us th e m e an s o f re adi n g the s e re cords w e e u t e e e e ith positiv r s l s, as w ll as h lp us to a b tt r

n e n n o f th e e of n n u d rsta di g arly history this co tin e t . He “ a e m e a w as e th e e e a t e th s ys C ntral A ric onc c n tr , or r h r e

n e a e of u m e c a s a e o ly th tr a tr ly A ri n , that is to y, indig nous ,

m e z a e d e velop nt and civili tion . It was sugg ste d by Hum

a f e u a m e e boldt h l a c nt ry ago , th t or light on this subj ct is

e be e e th e e x am n a n d m lik ly to licit d , through i ation co parison o f e m a n o f th e n e n fr m what palpably r i s a ci t nations , than o

u a n a m e e e u a d bious tr ditio s , or still or pr carious sp c l tion .

A n d u a e e m we e e n i s ch pal p bl r ains hav , in th ir a tiqu ti e s

n u and i n th e ir la guage s . Thus ling istic sci e nce h as be g un to invad e th e ﬁe ld o f Am e ri c an e thn ology : an d le t it n o t b e f e e e e orgott n that this sci nc is as littl bound , as it is

u e e f m th e e l e : ae m q aliﬁ d , to p r or whol task a on arch ology ust

n a W e m e m e u m e e . w l nd a h lpi g h nd ust hav us s , in hich th e a e m ai n o f th e e m e an pl stic r s anci nt A ric civilizations , e e a in fa fu m a as e ith r origin l , or ith l i itations , sh ll , in larg n m e as e b e e e an d u e u b rs possibl , coll ct d , duly gro p d and

a e e a the e m an e o f e l b ll d , ccording to plac and circu st c s th ir discov e ry .

Rema s on th e ce n es anc e n c z a n in C en a me ca and ei rk tr of i t ivili tio tr l A ri , th r

e a c a d s bu n . dd e ss bef e th e m e can G e a i ca c e g ogr phi l i tri tio A r or A ri ogr ph l So i ty ,

C . e mann Be end . N e w Y 1876 . by Dr . H r r t ork , ‘ 49

Th e pla n fo r th e study of Mayan and Central Am e ric an

m e m e n e d . e e e e a e th ology , as indicat by Dr B r ndt, s s to gr ost fully wi th th e vie ws e ntertai n e d by som e of th e late r write rs in th e u of th e m n e de n e an d p blications Société A éricai Fra c ,

in ir Th e of m a be u e e f. F s t e y th s stat d bri , Study Nativ

h e h n n e . Secon d T o f t e e e m La guag s , Study A tiquiti s th

T/tir d The f m of e m e e e . e m a s lv s , or ation Mus u s , wh r

te rials fo r ar chmolo ie al e e m a be e e g r s arch y brought tog th r ,

a e e a e m th e f an d m ade cc ssibl and av ilabl . Fro study o

n a me a a wa th e m aborigi l A rican history in this pr ctic l y, ost

f b e e e satisfactory re sults can not ail to r ach d .

e f be m e e e an d In this bri hour, it would i possibl to d scrib

e e e e e if th e e e n t lucidat this int r sting subj ct, ability w r o

n m a be e e e m e e e wa ting ; but it y acc pt d as a w lco s rvic ,

that draws th e atte n tion of this Soci e ty to an important

e th e Amé e de e an d e ﬁ ld , which Société ricain Franc , oth r

e ae are e ~ n e e Europ an arch ologists , r garding with i cr as d

inte re st .

DR PL I . LE ONGEON N YUCATAN .

THE ISCOV Y o r A A CA L D C AC - MO O AN D G MM D ER ST TUE L E H L, THE O U r LE N ICATION S or Dn . An e u s ns PLON G EON C ON CE R N IN G E PL A N S Y CA A S X OR TIO IN THE U T N PENIN UL A .

Proc ee di n s o f th e Am e ican An i ua an Socie A ri 25 [ g r t q ri ty; p l ,

THE m ost p e rfe ct r e mai n s of a high d e gre e of e arly civil izatio n on this contin e nt are to be found in ruins in the ce n

f me a f o f th e tral portions o A ric . Proo s extraordinary

e m e n of th e a of e e advanc t inh bitants thos r gions , in archi e e e e i are e i e e t ctur and art , at an arly p r od , not d r v d alon or princip ally fro m th e acco unts of Span ish voyage rs and

e w e e th e e m e of chronicl rs , hich agr substantially in stat nts

e e but m m e f m th e e - e e e th ir obs rvations , uch or ro w ll pr s rv d

n of n me e f e of e rui s u rous b auti ul buildings , construct d ston , m a of e m me e —el ef hie ny th orna nt d with bas r i s and roglyphics .

e x h o f th e me of In M ico , about which Spanish istorians ti

e f e e e m e Cort z and a t r , hav writt n with or particularity, th e v e stige s of th e civilizatio n of the 1 6 th or pre vious

e n e e i n e m e e e e e e the c turi s hav , a gr at asur , b n oblit rat d by more comple te and de structiv e subjugation suffe re d at th e

o f th e e b the u hands conqu rors , and y continuo s occupa P the tion of th e acquire d province s . robably e arly con structio n s of th e Me xicans we re not ge n e rally compose d of

e m a e a as e of th e e e so durabl t ri ls thos n ighboring p nins ula .

W h th e fa e m a ithout discussing t is point , ct r ains th t Yuca tan e e m of th e e of e m , tog th r with uch t rritory Guat ala ,

a and e n of a e Chi pas , Tabasco , is str w with ruins charact r which comm and th e ad mir ation and challe nge th e inv e stiga

W e of an e . e e C a tion tiquari s ald ck, St ph ns, h rnay , and 55

e de b e e e w e of Brass ur Bour ourg , hav brought th s ond rs an e a n f th e xtinct c iviliz tio n to th e k owle dge o world . Since

e i ve a e e e an d e e n e th r in stigations h v c as d , until r c tly , but littl

. 1 8 3 e e e e e e 7 . u has b n don in this ﬁ ld In , how v r, Dr A gus tus Le P e ve of th e an of Je e of e long on , a nati isl d rs y , Fr nch

a e a e e e his fe . e p r nt g , tog th r with wi , Mrs Alic Dixon Le n e an s e th e e of Plo g on , Engli h lady , attract d by w alth opp o rtunity offe re d to the m for archae ological study in

Y c e a and ve e e an d are u atan , visit d th t country , ha b n still

e e e e n an d activ ly ngag d in xploring its ruins , photographi g a of th e i i in m e a s t king plans bu ld ngs, and aking xc vation ,

e e e e th e e n a which hav r sult d in s curing to sci tiﬁc world , m as te rpi e ce of antiqu e sculptu re diffe ri n g e sse nti ally from ‘ all spe ci me n s known to e xist of Ame rican aboriginal

art.

Dr Le e an e his e e e . Plong on is nthusiast in chos n car r, that

W -Out th e e e an of an arch ae ologist an d an e xpl o re r . ith n rgy d

m a n h e e h e u n o t e strong i agin tio has display d , wo ld , alon

s i e e e the e of and una s st d , hav brav d dang rs and privations a prolonge d re sidence in the wilds surroun de d by pe rils from e x e a m e an d f m th e e u posur to a tropic l cli at , ro dang ro s prox

i c an be e n e of th e , im ty of hostil e savage s . All that l ar d

fe of i e a h e was e e an d li th s inv stigator is , th t ducat d at Paris , in 1 849 e f as an e e e e e w nt to Cali ornia ngin r, and th r laid h e v out th e wn of e . e n e e to Marysvill Th isit d P ru , and

a e o of u . tr velle d with Mr . Squir and t ok photographs r ins

He m e N e w i n 1 87 1 w ee e ca to York , ith thr valuabl paint

he e e o f e m to ings , which had procur d in P ru , two th said ’ be th e e the of J a de l C Murillo s , and oth r work u n astillo , ’ n n of e e e M urillo s ﬁrst m aste r . A lo g accou t th s pictur s “ ” f a 8 e th e N e w Y e o 2 1 7 1 . app ars in ork Ev ning Mail M rch ,

e m in th e me e a an d He took th to England sa y r, is said m to have sold the m to th e British Muse u . Since his

e e c a th e . Le n e re sid nc in Yu at n , both Doctor and Mrs Plo g on hav e b e e n e ngage d in arch ae ological studi e s and e xplora

am th e u o Ch e - a xma Ake tions ong r ins f ich n Itz , U l , and , and 56 th ey h ave also visite d oth e r ruins in the e aste rn part of e e e of th e e f m of Yucatan , tog th r with thos onc a ous islands C me an d Mu ere s e e e e the m e ozu l g , and hav th r pursu d sa m f e e o . e are e e e e syst inv stigation Th y at pr s nt at B liz , u a e e e e e to British Hond r s , wh r this xplor r is awaiting a r ply

e a Am e n e e e his app l , as an rica citiz n , to our Minist r at M xico fo r re dre ss fo r the loss of the statu e which h e had disco v e e ee e m e th e e me r d , and which has b n r ov d by gov rn nt to e e d e e be e e e M xico , without his knowl g or cons nt , to th r plac d

M e Th e e e o f in the National us um . writ r is in poss ssion ’ Le e m of Dr . e e mm a all any Plong on s l tt rs and co unic tions , of e m in n e e e u th E glish , and v ry int r sting to antiq arian

e e e d students . It is r gr tt that the shortn e ss of tim e since re ce iving th e more i mportan t of th e se docume nts will pre v ent doing j ustice to th e v e ry elaborate and e xte nde d m ate rial which is at hand ; but it is with the hope that inte r s t o e n m a be e Le P e e and co p ratio y awake n d in Dr . long on

t e f a e and his labors , hat this crud and unsatis actory st t m e n t an d m e fe e fe e e e e , _ i p r ct and hasty r r nc to his l tt rs , is

e e pre s nt d . ’ h n e u of Le P e e an d T e co spicuous r s lts Dr . long on s activ

e f th e ae e a w succ ss ul labors in arch ological ﬁ ld , bout hich e e be n o e are th e e f ue th r can controv rsy , wond r ul stat

h e e e C e - e e of which has disint rr d at hich n Itza , and a s ri s

1 3 7 h a e o f Y e p otogr phic vi ws ucatan ruins , sculptur s and

o f the ar m a e hi e roglyphics . All photographs e si il r to thos w e e e m n e e l hich app ar in h liotyp , di i ish d in siz , as il us f f a e o of . Le tratio n s o this p pe r . Th y consist portraits Dr Plo n ge on and of his wife ; 8 photographs of spe ci m e n sculp — ture am ong the m picture s of men with lon g b e ards ; 7 pho to ra h s of th e of Ake i the e m e of g p ruins , show ng arrang nt — so - calle d K a tu n s th e Maya m e thod of chronology ; 1 2 photographs of Yucat an India n s ; 6 0 photographs of th e r uins of a i al ; and 4 8 photographs of the ruins of

C e - e e e e th e hich n Itza , including tw lv vi ws r lating to dis

f - e c e c o ve r o e e . e y a statu call d Chac Mool Th s pi tur s , 57 and th e r elics found in th e e xcavation from which th e

e was e me e the e e e statu xhu d , as w ll as discov r d statu , are v e a n d e n a m aluabl acquisitions , stablish a stro g cl i to th e a e o f the e e gr titud sci ntiﬁc world . B e sid s the se arti

e th e a e an d fe e of fe m a e e cl s , origin l h ad t a l idol in plast r, f m the a of Mu e re s e e e e e . ro Isl nd g , hav b n discov r d by Dr

Le n e e e t e e u u b Plo g on , which hav not y b n bro ght to p lic no

e . L n Of ue e . e e e e tic this antiq ﬁgur Dr Plo g on says , in a l tt r “ to th e write r : Whilst at Muge re s Isl a nd I had th e good fortune to ﬁnd th e statue o f o n e of th e pri e ste sse s of the

e of the a e n e u n th e shrin M ya V us , whos r ins sta d at south e rn m os t e n d of th e a th e e of th e ff isl nd , on v ry brink cli .

was e e th e me n h o w n e It ntir , but , not knowing to ha dl this

e e e e e e e . was o nl obj ct, wh n ﬁrst disint rr d brok it to pi c s I y

h e f a nd f e e r f o f e e e t e e . a e e abl to sav ac t Th y ull int r st , n o t a e l n m only artistic lly sp aking , but a so historically , i as uch as the y se e m to prove th e anci e nt relations that e xiste d b e twe e n th e p eople of Mayapan an d th e i n habitan ts of the

f f a Th e e e e e of - e o . w st coast A ric t th , lik thos Chac Mool , ' a r e was th e m am er e ﬁl d like a saw . This custo ong p

of a a a e e - sons high rank in M y p n , as it is v n to day with . m e o f th e Af e the a are e t so rican trib s , whilst sand ls xac

e e e a o f e f o n th e fe e o f th e G u a n cbes r pr s nt tions thos ound t , th e e of th e an e m mm e arly inhabitants C ary Islands , whos u i s are ye t occasionally m e t with in th e cave s of Te n eriffe and

‘ h f e m ar t e e e o th e . e e a e e oth r isl s group Th s r lics , I c rtain , h e f n n h o f Mu e t e last o f high art to b ou d o t e Island g res . Th e s e a is fast e ating th e base of th e promontory whe re

the e a of e f e th e stands shrin . P rt it has alr ady all n into se a i n fe w e n o t e e m e , and a y ars a ston will r ain to indicat ” th e place whe re stood this altar . Th e photographs re lating to the discov e ry of th e statute of

C a - l a re f e e o f e e e e e h h c Moo ound in a s ri s tw lv pictur s , h r wit u pre s e nte d in th e plate s which follow . It is pon this dis c o ve r be e e f m M exi ca n M em ori a l t t y, as will s n ro his , ha r Le e e e m e an e D . Plong on has r li d or than upon y oth r 58 r The e of for f me e m e a n . sult his labors , a and r un r tio

e e m e n th e u th e statu was xhu d , accordi g to acco nt in

M exi ca n M em or i a l o n e e e Of n e r e a of , in c s qu nc i t pr t tions

e a m e h e th e e e c rt in ural tabl ts and i roglyphics , which discov r r an d le u Le n e f th e his ab coadj tor, Mrs . Plo g on , ound in buildi n g sho wn i n the picture s 1 and 2 on th e opposite

- - e u th e e a a . o f the s o a e G m pag , pon south st w ll c ll d y ‘ n asium w e a e e e ﬁ hich Dr . L Plonge on s ys was r ct d by the e e o f th e m e m of - h e r qu n Itza , to ory Chac Mool , hus

m a e m f e o f th e band . As y b s e e n fro a care ul insp ction pic

' e the n e buildin is e a e e of e tur , sto g d cor t d by a b lt tig rs , w an n am e t e a a n e m m a a e e e ith or n s p r ti g th , which y h v b n th “ ” e tote m . The e xact spot wh ence this statue was e xhum e d cannot h e

e n e u m th e e w e e e t c rtai ly stat d , tho gh a ong plat s hich r pr s n th e discov e ry are two which m ay re asonably be suppose d to

DE SCRIPTION OF PLATE . 1 R e pre s ents th e buildi ng at th e s outhe rn e x t—re mity of th e e as te rn w all of - th e so ca ed G mn as um de s c be d b e e ns a e s in Yuca an . IL ll y i ri y St ph Tr v l t . vol ,

a e 308 . i s s u e Le n e n ave e n a m nume n t e p g It ppos d by Dr . Plo g o to h be o t to h c ef a n Ch aco Mool hi t i .

2 . s c ure s w s th e u e n the s ame ed ce i n w c w e re Thi pi t ho pp r portio of iﬁ . hi h ” f und th e mu a a n n s has - e e s and e s ns w c ave a c ue o r l p i ti g , r li f oth r ig , hi h g l to th e d sc e th e a i ov ry of st tue . ws a Th e s ame 8 Sho prob bly th e locality whe re th e s tatue w as e xcavated . sc u u ed s a s a a e a in ctu e 8 i n th e e un d o n th e i are lpt r l b th t pp r pi r for g ro r ght , se e n e st n a a ns a m und . i n e s u sed na s n and se e r i g g i t o th ir ppo origi l , po itio , rv to i nd ca e the ide nt t the a e s In the e a th e s a s is ab the i t i y of loc liti . r r of l b prob ly h eap of s to nes formi ng the pede s ta l for th e s tone ﬁgure of a tige r s poke n o f in ” th e Mexi can Memo i l r a .

4. s is ba b an he e w i n me a d m n Thi pro ly ot r vi the i m di te ne ig hborhoo . A o g th e s ca e ed de b s is the s c u u ed e ad o f a s e e n w e n aws . tt r ri l pt r h rp t . ith op j

5 Re e s e n ts the s c u u ed s abs w c are s ee n a s in c u es 3 6 and 8 . pr lpt r l , hi h l o pi t r , e are u ne ua w d but the e n and c nes s was bab th e Th y of q l i th , l gth thi k pro ly s ame i n e ac h .

6 . A n e v e w th e scu u e b Th e s s ws b d e oth r i of l pt r d s l a s . ﬁr t ho a ir of pr y ; s is a a e n a e B e o a thi pp r tly tig r . oth of the m hold in the ir g ras p obj c ts f m a c a a e s i il r h r ct r .

NO . e e a es e c u es are de sc ed i n th e M xi an Mem i al TE S v r l of th pi t r rib e c or , ‘ b ut are e e diﬂe re ntl n umbe d th r y re .

e ’ ens T a e s i n Yuca an Vo l. IL a e 303 . St ph r v l t , , p g

o o The e of b rs fo r fame e mun e ra . r sult his la , and r ti n

at e was e xh me ac d n th e acc the st u u d , cor i g to ount in ’ ' M exica n rb cm or za l c e uen e of e e a i ns of , in ons q c int rpr t t o

e a m ra a e e s the d o e e c rt in u l t bl ts and hi roglyphic , which isc v r r and h is bl e f u th e a e ad r . Le n co juto , Mrs Plo g on , o nd in buildi n g sh o w n in th e pic t ure s 1 and 2 o n the oppo site

“ : a e u o n tin aemlh w e as t w a o f the sci - a e G m p g , p ll c ll d y

' ‘ n inn i 0 q u e v as w Dr . L ” e n s a e , hich th e e e ( i f I za i n the " te rn a r o f a d - Mu c h e r h us qu n t , y Ch h

a m a e m f e o o f the ic b nd . As y b se e n fro a c are ul insp cti n p

e th e sto n e b d n is e e e l of e r tur , uil i g d corat d by a b t tig s ,

an rn a me t s e a at n h em w ch ma a e be e with o n p r i g t , hi y h v n ” the tot e m . The e x ac t s pot wh e nce this statu e w as e xh ume d cannot he

e a nl s ta e d th u m o n the la es w re es e n c rt i y t , o gh a g p t hich p r t the disc ove ry are two widt h “may reas o n a bl y be ii il lQKMPd to

N L TE DE S CRIPTIO OF P A .

" 1 Re pres e nts th e buildi ng at th e southe r n e xtre mity of the e as te rn wall or

- - th e ao ca ed G mn as um de s b d b S e e ns s in Yuca an . vol. IL ll y i cri e y t ph Travel t , e t s s e r me n the a 308 I i s u d b D . n e n ave e n a m nu p g . ppo y Le Plo g o to h b e o t to ' Chieftai n Ch e e‘ mo m s we e 2 . s c ure h O W s the u e o i n th e s ame ed ce in w ic Thi pi t pp r p rt o of iﬁ . h h r ” f und the mu a a n ti n s has - e e fs and e s ns whi h m ; c ue to o r l p i g , r li oth r ig . c m l th e s e h e di cov ry of t e statu . “ 3 ws bab th e ca w e e W e Th e same Sho pro ly lo lity h r the s tatue as e xcavat d. scu u e d s abs th a a ea in ictu e 8 in the e ro und o n the r are lpt r l t pp r p r for g ight, s e e n e s t n a a ns a mo und i n e s u s ed na s n and e e to r i g g i t . th ir p po origi l , po itio , s rv nd ca e the i de nti l the ca i es In th e a o the s a s is ba th e i i t y of lo l ti . re r f l b pro bly

ea s t ne s m n the ed e s a the s ne u re a i e s o e n oil in . h p of o for i g p t l for to ﬁg of t g r p k . ” th e Mex i c an Memo r i al .

4. T s is bab a n t -t ru i i w e m e ne b d m n hi pro ly h c in th i m edi at ig h orhoo . A o g th e s ca e e d d e b s is the s cul ure d e ad o f a s e e n w o e n t Wa tt r ri pt h rp t . ith p ﬁ .

- s 5 Re e s e n l th e c u u e d s la bs w c ar s ee n also in ct ures 3 6 and 8 . pr t l pt r , hi h e pi , T e a re U n e ua wid but the on i n n d c ne ss was r bab th e h y of q l th , l g a thi k p o ly s e i n e ac am h .

6 . A n e e w the s c The ﬁ s s w a d re oth r vi of ul ptured s l abs . r t ho bir of p y ; s is a a e n a i B t cl! a thi pp r tly t ge r . oth of the m hold in the ir gras p Obj e c s m a c s i il r h aracte r .

NO E . e ve a of e se c u es are de sc i e d n he ex c n El ec tora l T S r l th pi t r r b i t M i a , but are e e d e e n num th r iff r tly be red .

”

e e ns T a e s in Yuca an . IL a e 303 . St ph r v l t , Vol , p g

e th e On e of t e e u e s h th e xhibit locality . h s pict r s ows sculpture d slabs which m ay ha ve d e corate d the mound

e e th e e was m e hi e wh r xcavation ad , and w ch again app ar o n th e side of th e op e ning through which th e s tatu e is s e e e m e n Th e a are e b e . u and n rgi g sl bs la orat ly wro ght, e e e th e o ne e m e in a nd r pr s nt , a tig r holding so thing his paw, th f l m e e o e e m e . oth r a bird pr y , with ta ons si ilarly ploy d During th e e arly portio n of his re side nce an d e xplora i - Le e w a t C e n . as e t ons hich Itza , Dr Plong on assist d by

e m e wh o a e a a e Gov rn nt troops , ct d as a gu rd ag inst hostil — *— In dians su bli vados as the se ru ins li e outsid e th e limits of te rritory “conside re d safe fo r occup ation ; and though this

e was a n an d th e e e prot ction soon withdr w , discov r r was

e e s e u m f e e oblig d to r ly ol ly pon ar s urnish d to his labor rs , still h e was not dishe arte n e d by the da nge rs o f his unde r e th e e of f e f m taking , nor dissuad d by app als his ri nds ro

e e a p rs v e ring in his l bors .

Th e o e e e e be e n e ﬁrst bj ct discov r d at this plac , as will l ar d f m th e M exica n M em or i a l w as e f n e e ro , a long ston , hal i t rr d mo th e e e be th e b e of a ng oth rs , which prov d to as a sculp

n Th e ho s til e I ndi ans (s ublie ados) s o ofte s pok en o f by D r . Le n e n i n h i s c mmun ca i ns are a d o f e e d na i e s Plo g o o i t o , bo y r volt t v , va rio us ly e s ti ma ted at from to Th e y are c all ed Ind ians ’ o f Ch an- Santa - C uz f m th e n ame o f e c e f wn i n th e s u r , ro th ir hi to , o th

e ast e n a of th e e n ns u a . u n ca u e s i n 1847 a r p rt p i l D ri g politi l tro bl , f m da le s n o f nd ans a a ns th e w e s ac e i n Yuc a an or i b ri i g I i g i t hit took pl t , e a e e a th e f n e ns w hi c h h as no t ye t be e n s ubd ue d . N rly v ry ye r ro ti r to w an d an a ns de n u on th e e o f es e e e s s uffe f m pl t tio bor ri g p t rritory th r b l , r ro n s d th e ir attack s ; th e ir i nh a bitan ts are s l a i n a d th e ir prop e rty is de troy e . f m d a e is s e ne m a at o ne me e s d e s s a d b e So or i bl thi y th t ti th ir ol i r , i to s u l ed w E n s a ms ad ance d t o w n 15 m e s th e c of pp i ith g li h r , v ithi il of ity

- - M da . As ma e s s and da a u two ﬁfths o f th e e of éri tt r t to y , bo t t rritory th e s a e i s i n e we and a a e num e o f th e es an a i ns t t th ir po r, l rg b r b t pl t t o n ns s i n th e p e i ul a are de e rted . ’ M da a n e man o f lar e A f e n d . D n . nd e s zna e e z of e ri , Sr A r A r I r , éri , g tl g u c s i and m uc n w ed e o f s s u e c n ms th e w e a p bli p rit h k o l g thi bj t , i for rit r th t “ t h e nc al nd an eade s i n th e e u n of 1847 w e e th e c uel pri ip I i l r r vol tio , r r ' Ci cili o Ch i and Jac n Pat th e a e as s as s na e d fo r h i s s m a , i to , l tt r i t y p thy

‘

th e es . re ce ncio s e n o f b Dr . L e n e n i s one with whit C Poot ( pok y Plo g o ), 60

ture d e n e of m th e m e e r clini g tig r , uch sa siz , proportions

e e u th e a e of - e and x c tion as st tu Chac Mool , as is appar nt f m h e e ro a photograph of the tige r in t e ge n ral coll ction .

Th e e of m f m w c w as w w as h ad , hu an or , hi h anting,

f e f n m e n e le of e a t rwards ou d at so dista c , in a pi carv d

Th e the h as - e e f e . e e e e e e ston s n xt obj cts that app ar d w r r li s , e m 5 Th e m of e e 3 6 8 . pr su ably thos pictur d in , , and ound

n e e e th e e m e w as . sto s Wh r xcavation was ad , according to Dr Le n e th e e de u e th e e fﬁ of th e Plo g on , p stal that s pport d gy

e W was mm e e th e of th e h e of tig r . ork co nc d at top ap

e w e e e e e e e the ston s , hich w r rud ly thrown tog th r , r nd ring

f an e e w as m e labor di ﬁcult d dang rous . An xcavation ad m e u 7 me e in e w w as e e as ring t rs d pth , hich prot ct d by a

e e - e a e u e urn tr stl work , and at this d pth rough calcar o s ston was e e t e e d an d s cur d which con ain d a littl ust , upon it a

n h e e of th e a e e e e e . e t coars arth cov r This was n ar h ad st tu ,

e a The of e n th e e which th n ppe are d . work lib rati g statu e A require d a d e e pe n i n g o f th e tre nch 1 }1 m e te rs mor .

e e e e f m e e of pictur in h liotyp copi d ro a s ri s six photographs , showi n g th e various positions assu me d by th e ﬁgure during the e of e n be n e th e proc ss xcavatio , can co sult d upon

e f l of w as a e s cond page o lowing . This work art r is d by

r Le n h e of fe te n D . e t e Plong o , with assistanc his wi and

am w e c nv nc e d a th e re l of our nd ans of th e ir later leade r s . I ll o i th t vo t I i w l n e e b e u an e n d fo rc e as h as b e e n us far e e nded . i l v r bro g ht to by , th pr t ca l s unf una e ace n e an d w el des er e s th e e if w e fol I l thi ort t r obl , l it v titl lo w di s p as s io n ate ly th e s uffe ri ng s it h as h ad to e ndure from th e re mote ime s o f th e c n ues un l th e e s e n w a s s o m dera e s o t o q t ti pr t , ith h bit o t , f u a s o m d h a n th e n u man e a me n o f c il as we as r g l , il , t t o ly i h tr t t iv ll e s e re lig io us authoriti es h as b ee n abl e to e xas p e ra te th e m . Th ir h av b e en a wa s th e s uffe n s th e a rs —n eve th e en men s — a ac c m an l y ri g , l bo r j oy t th t o p y ” e en nd ea a n e x e n e n n u e nlig ht nm t a h lthy m or lity . A t d d a d u prej d i c ed acc un o f s e e n h as us e e n u s ed at M da c a e d o t thi r b llio j t b p bli h éri , ll ” His t ri a de las R ev luci n es de Yucata n . . e a Ba ue i ro o o o , by Sr D S r pio q , i n tw o v lumes w c c e s a e d f m 1840 1864. For e a s a o , hi h ov r p rio ro to y r c o n s t an t military s urve ill an c e o f th e mai n ave n ue s o f appro ac h fro m th e e as te rn and s o uth - eas t e r n s ec tio ns o f th e s tate h as b e en m ai nta i ned at a g re at e x p e ns e to th e g ove r n me n t w itho ut affordi ng ade q uate pro te ctio n ag ai ns t p e riodi ca l ho s til e i nc urs io ns . a e own e u h e Indi n labor rs , by his ing n ity , and wit out oth r e ngin e e ring apparatu s than he had contrive d from th e ee e m use of the f m h e tr s and vin s, aking also bark, ro which

e e . . Le e v e e e construct d rop s Dr Plong on , in a pri at l tt r to th e e Th e e ve o f e writ r, says , statu is car d out a singl block of e f i b auti ully white and homoge ne ous lim e ston e . It s n e th e e men e e ak d , and p culiar orna t susp nd d by a rib

e th e a of the e t e e th e bon ti d on b ck n ck , tha is s n on

e n f n m e th e e m o . ch st, is disti ctiv ark high ra k This sa ornam e nt is se e n o n th e ch e sts of all the p e rsonage s who we re e ntitle d to carry thre e fe athe rs on th e ir he ads .

The band that compose s the h e ad - dre ss was form e d of

e e of an a e e e e is pi c s octagonal sh p , join d tog th r, and f a Th e aste n e d by ribbons also on the back of the h e d . e e e e of fe e the ﬁgur had brac l ts and gart rs ath rs , and sandals , quite diffe re n t from those use d by th e pre se nt inhabitants of th e we e e th e fe e e and e em e country , r ti d to t and l gs , r s bl

e f th e m mm e of th e G ua n c/tes th e e n thos ound on u i s , anci t

of th e a a . e e e e e ar inhabitants C nary Isl nds Th r w r no laps,

a e e e i n e of the e a on are but squ r tabl ts app ar plac rs , which h &c . of t e e th e m e &c . hi roglyphics giving na , condition , , ,

h ue e e e e e e t e . p rsonag r pr s nt d by stat It is not an idol, but e 1 a true portrait of a m an wh o has live d an e arthly lif .

“ e e e him e e e e in e t hav s n r pr s nt d battl , in councils , and in cour

m w e e fe th e e e . a r c ptions I ll acquaint d with his li , and The e e m m ann e r o f his d e ath . sci ntiﬁc world ow s uch to

Le P e fo r th e re of th e m Mrs . long on storation ural paintings whe re his history an d th e customs of his p e ople are por traye d ; and wh e re Stephe ns has b e e n un abl e to se e more fe w e s h e h as e e the o f e o than a ﬁgur s, discov r d history a p ” ple and of th e ir l e ad e rs . “ Th e m e C M00] m th e m e of na , hac , or Bala , and na s his e Hu u n ca A a c th e e the e of two broth rs, y and , latt r build r ’ ‘ of th e e x m a are n ot e th e House Gov rnor at U l , giv n by e are e th e m me e e us a t random . Th y writt n on onu nts Wh r 9 62

r e e en e e h e u n e e m pr s t d , writt n in c aract rs j st as i t lligibl to y f e e an d m e f e ou l n e e . wi ys l , as this pap r is to y in ati l tt rs Ev ry p e rson re pre se nte d o n th e se m on um e nts is known to us by

m e e e e e th e a th e fe e the m e na , sinc ith r ov r h e d or at t, na is e W e a n e e writt n . have tr cings of th e mural pai tings as s n on th e walls of th e i n n e r c ha mbe r of the m o nume nt raise d

th e e n f h e r b d by qu e of Itza to the m e m ory o hus an ,

Ohac - m for e e e th e Mool . Ste ph ens istook it a shrin wh r winn e rs at th e gam e s of ball we re wont to m ake oﬁe rings

th e e u a e ou a e e to pr siding idol . In yo r p p r y h v copi d part of e n f m n e th e e o f his d scriptio o that o um nt . But statu

Ohac - was e x m e e f Mool not hu d in it as you ass rt , but our

e f m i n th e m of th e f e . hundr d yards ro it, idst or st No tr avell e r or w rite r has e ve r indicate d th e place wh e re it

e e e the m e n of me lay buri d , and it is by d ciph ring ani g so

DE S CRIPTION OF PLATE .

- 7 R epre sents th e statue o f C h ac Mool un cove red at th e de pth of 8 me ters . " At th e sides are se e n th e frame -w ork of t ru nks of trees of 2 to 25 i nches i n ” - me e s e cu e w t w s w n d a d n s . Th e i n ned ane on w c a d a i t r , r ith vi e li pl hi h it r to th e su face is s b e as are s me th e te n nd an ab e s i n w in r vi i l . o of I i l or r , ork g costume .

. Th e s a e s e 8 t tu h a now bee n draw n to th e u pp r part of the i nclined pl ane . T es a Ne a th e s cu u ed s a h e rop of h bi n bark are attach ed to th e ﬁgure . r lpt r l bs at th e a e ad s w n i n 3 5 and 6 Mrs . Le P n e n a ea s s e a ed . right . lr y ho , , lo g o pp r t 9 ws th e ca s an a s e e d to a se th e s a ue th e s ze of w c is a Sho p t th t rv r i t t , i hi h p a e n b c m a s n w th e u e th e nd an ne a p r t y o p ri o ith ﬁg r of I i r it. e n t e s Th e me d m n t 10 Appar tly h ame locality as 4. tho of ovi g he s tatue ove r a me n s of s cu u e and e m d m s i s n th e fr g t lpt r oth r i pe i ent s how .

1 1 . Th e s ze and a e a ance th e s a ue a as a e a a n as th e na a i pp r of t t , h lf l rg g i tur l ” s ze is e e d s nc c u e d e e w Dr . Le n e n s tandiii i n th i , h r i ti tly pi t r . tog th r ith Plo g o g e

' - e a h is d s c e . The e ad d es s a i n s and s anda r r of i ov ry h r , tr pp g l s are cl early d deﬁ ne . Th e s a ue i s see n o n th e ude w a n o n w c h ad 12 . t t r go hi h it bee n trans ported to

s e a d s ance 3 4 m e s . In th e e a is s een th e s ne c u c s e Pi t , i t of or il r r to h r h of Pi t , ’ ’ s u m un e d b a c s s de s c be d i n Ch or n a a Ci tes e t R u i n es Amer i ca i n es r o t y ro , ri y ,

and b . Le n e i n th M xi can m Ne a e 336 n e e Me i al . al t pag , y Dr Plo g o , or rly l he sm a w ns a e s m a C u c e s bu f m th e u ns of nd an u d n s ll to h v i il r h r h , ilt ro r i I i b il i g . It i s b ab e a s me th e c ces w s art a e be e as pro l th t o of hoi t ork of , too l rg to ily de s ed w e e ut o ut s i n th e c ns uc n e se e d ce s th e troy . r p of ight o tr tio of th iﬁ by n e s fanatic al co qu ror of th e l 0th ce ntury .

Th n N o r a . e umbers of th e picture s do no t agree w ith thos e i n the M exi can a Memo r i l .

(32

e e e n w i r e l e m e d e n ch ara te rs . r p r s t , ritt n just as int l igibl to y

y w fe a n d m s e f as a e is to o u in la e t e . e i l , this p p r y tin l t rs Ev ry pe rson re pres e n ted o n th e s e m o n ume n ts is kn own to us by

me e e t e e the a o r at th e fe e th e m e na , sinc i h r ov r h e d t, na

is w e We r c n o f th e m i e e n. ritt n . hav e t a i gs ural paint ngs as s

- t e tw n me i e on h i of the i n n e r e. li an i li e r o f the mon u nt ra s d b ti ! u e o e m o f he r u b y q e n f Itza to th e m ory h s and ,

h t s fr i i r w e e th e C a l o l . Ste ph e ns mistook it fo a shrin e h r Winn e rs at the g a m e s o f ball we re wo n t to m ake ri ﬁc ri ngs to th e e o In u a e o u a e u ic a a pr siding id l . yo r p p r y h v c p p rt of e Bu t the a ue of his d scription o f that m onum e nt . st t

ha - was n o t e x um e d o u e but f u C c Mool h in it as y ass rt , o r un N o dre d va rds f m i n th e m d of the f e . h ro it , i st or st tr avelle r or write r h as e ve r i n di c ate d the pl ace wh e re it la u ed and is de c e the me a o f m e y b ri , it by i ph ring ning so

’ Y D E SC R] IT ION OF FLATE .

- e s . 7 Re pre sents th e s tatue of Ch ac Mool uncove re d at. th e de pth of 8 m te r “ At th e s ide s are s ee n th e frame - w ork of trunks of tre es of 2 to 24} i nches in

” - d ete s ec u d w v i t w c it. w as d awn am e nes . Th e n ned ane on i r , r ith i li pl hi h r to

' ' th e su face is v s ib e as are 910 1l of th e te n Ind ian a e rs in w n r i l , l bor , orki g s e co tum . T s s . h e a ue n b aw e o f the nc ne l . 8 t t h a ow e e n dr n to th e upp r part. i li d p ane T e es of a n a ar at e e Ne a th sc u ured s h rop h bi b rk e tach d to the ﬁg ur . r e lpt labs ’ at th e a e ad s h o w n i n 3 5 and 6 Mrs . M: l lo u e o n a sars m a e d. rig ht , lr y , , g pm t 9 S ws th e ca s ta n at s e e d to a s e the s tatue th e s ze w ic is a ho p th rv r i , i of h h p a e n co m a s n w t t e t d n e ar p r t by p ri o i h h ﬁgure of h e I n i a n it. A a e nt t e s a e s 4 Th e me d of m vi n th e s a e 10 pp r ly h m locality a . tho o g t tu ove r me n s o f s c u u e an e s th e frag t lpt r d oth r impedi me nt is s how n . 1 1; Th e s ze and a e a ance f t e s a ue a as ar e a a in as t e n a u a i pp r o h t t . h lf l g g h t r l ” ’ - s ze is he re d s i nct ic u e d . tu any w Dr he l lon eo a s and n n th i . i t l y p t r gz r ith g t i g i e

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M M RIA PRE SE N TE D TO THE ME XI AN V R M T AN D T R E O L C G O E N EN , AF E W R D PUBLISHE D THE O I R OF YU T A S D: FF CIAL JO U NAL CA AN,

APRIL 19 AN D 2 1 , 187 6 .

To th e Pr esident h e Mex c i of t i an R ep ubl c,

SENOR D ON SEBASTIAN LER D O D E TEJAD A.

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AUG U ST US Do c o i n Me dicine me m e r o f th e I , LE PLONGEON , t r , b A ad e m o f c ie nces o f th e ta e o f alifo rnia o f th e Mi ros co ical c y S S t C , c p o ie o f San Franc is co o f th e h ilolo i al o ci e o f N ew o r S c ty , P g c S ty Y k , co rres po nding m e mber o f th e G e o g raph ic al and Statis tical S o ci e ty o f Me i o an d o f ari o us o h e r s ci e n i c s o ci e ie s o f E uro e of th e x c ; v t t ﬁ t p , nite d a e s o f Ame rica and of o u h Ame ri ca ci ize n o f th e ni ed U St t , S t ; t U t a es o f Am e rica re s ide n at res e n i n M rida a i al o f th e a e St t ; t p t é , C p t St t of uc a an to o u w i h due e s e ct s a : i nc e th e e ar 186 1 I am Y t , y , t r p , y S y dedica ed to th e i co n olo Of Ame ric an a i ui tie s wi h th e ec t gy nt q , t Obj t o f publis h ing a wo rk th at may m ake k no wn to th e wo rld th e preci o us arc haeo logical t reas ure s th at th e re gio ns o f th e s o - called ne w w o rld e nclos e ne arl un n o wn to th e w is e m e n o f E uro e and e e n to h o s e , y k p , v t of Ame ri c a i s e lf and h us fo llo w th e e ri ri uatio ns o f th e h uman rac e t , t p g u o n th e lane h a i p p t t t we nh abit . i th s o im o r an an o ec I is i ed th e differ e n c oun rie s o f W p t t bj t , v t t t th e A me ri can o n ti ne nt wh ere c o uld a h e r the ne ce s s ar luto t C , I g t y ma ion to c arr h rou h m wo r alre ad ommenced and i n a t y t g y k , y c , p rt 6 5

pu lis h e d Th e e s i es o f th e h uman race i n th me ri an o n i ne n b , V t g e A c C t t s i nc e th e mo s remo e i m ” t t t es . Th e N e w Yo rk Trib une publis h ed part o f my dis co urs e b efo re th e “ ” Ge o ra hi cal o ie o f N e w o r o n th e e s i es o f An i ui g p S c ty Y k , V t g t q ty, i n its Le ure h ee N o . ct S t 8 o f 18 73 . Af e r ra e rs in th e e ru ian Ande s th e Gla i ers o f B oli ia and th e t t v g P v , c v , D es e r s o f th e or th and N o r h - E as ar o f th e Me ic an R e u lic i n t N t t p t x p b , s ear h o f th e dw ellin s o f h e ir rimi ti e i nh a i tan s I re s ol e d to c g t p v b t , v is i u a an i n o rde r to e ami n at le is ure th e i m os in rui n s h a v t Y c t , x e p g t t o e r its s o il and wh o s e im e rfe c de s cri io ns h ad e ad i n te h e ns c v , p t pt I r S p , al dec Ch arna ras s eur de B o ur our and o h e rs . W k , y , B b g , t Th e a mo s h eric ac io n th e i ncleme nc ies o f th e we a h e r and mo e t p t , t , r h an all th e e u e ran e e a io n aide d b th e i m i o us and des ruc t , x b t v g t t , y p t t i ve h and o f i noran i co no clas s h a e de s ro e d and d es ro i nc es g t t , v t y t y s antly th e s e opera magna of an e nligh te ned and c iviliz ed g e n erati o n th at pas s ed fro m th e the at re o f th e wo rld s o me twelve th o us and

ears a o if th e s o nes i n h e ir elo ue n mu e ne s s do n o t de c ei e . y g , t , t q t t , v A nd unle s s th e fe w re as ures h a et re main i n a s a e o f mo e o r le s s t t t y , t t r e fec res er a i on be a h ered and s a ed h e will efo e lon dis a p r t p v t , g t v , t y b r g p e ar o m le el and wi h th e m th e las ra e s o f th e h i h ci ili za io n p c p t y , t t t c g v t , th e arti s ti c and s cie ntiﬁc c ulture atta i ned by th e arc hitects an d o th e r ar is s h a wo r e d and rais ed h e un der th e ro e c io n of e nli h ened t t t t k t m, p t t g t o e n a es lo e rs o f all h a was rand and of e e r h in h a o uld p t t t , v t t g , v yt g t t c lo rif h ei r g y t co un try . Th e res ul s Of m i n es i a io ns al h o u h made i n e rr i o rie s fo r id t y v t g t , t g t t b de n to th e whi e s and e e n to ac i c ndians o edie n to e i t , v p ﬁ I b t M x c an au h o rit s ur ro unded b o ns a n dan ers amid fore s s wh e e t y ; y c t t g , t , r ,

es ides th e wild eas s th e e rce ndi a ns Of Chan- an a- C ruz la i n b b t , ﬁ I S t y am us h fo r m e s uffe ri n th e an s o f h un e r in c o m an w i h m b ; g p g g , p y t y o un wife Alic e D i o n L e lo n e o n h a e s ur as s e d m m o s a teri n y g x P g , v p y t ﬂ t g

- h o es . da c an as s e r wi h o u oas i n h a th e dis co e ri e s o f m p TO y I t , t t b t g , t t v y W ife and mys elf plac e us i n ad vanc e o f th e trav elle rs and a rch aeol og is ts wh o h av e o c cupi ed th e ms elve s with Ame rican anti quiti es . R e t urni ng h o we v e r to c ivi liz ati o n with th e h o pe o f maki ng k no wn to th e s cie n i c w o rld th e f rui o f o ur la o rs am s o r to ﬁnd m s e lf t ﬁ t b , I r y y de aine d b ro h i i i e laws h a was i no ran of and wh i h re e n t y p b t v t t I g t , c p v t m e fro m pres enting th e un mis takable proo fs o f th e h igh civ iliz atio n and th e rande ur o f anc i e n Ame ric a of h is o ld o n inen t o f ro fe s s o r g , t ; t C t P

Agas s i z and o th er modern g eo log is ts an d arch aeo logi s ts . Th es e laws s anc io ned b an e lus i e and re ro res s i e o e rn me n , t y xc v t g v g v t ,

' h a e no t e e n re o e d u o th e re s e n i me b th e e nli h te ne d ro v b v k p t p t t y g , p g res s i ve and wis e g o v ern me nt th at rule s th e de s ti nie s o f th e M e x i can R e u lic and h e are a arri er h a h e ncefo r h will im e de th e i n es i p b , t y b t t t p v t

ati o n o f s cien ti c men a mo n th e rui ns o f ucata n and Me ico . i s g fi , g Y x It r n me n s li e in efie c t a s ran e fac t h a wh ile au o ra ic g o e , t g , t t t c t v t — k h o s e o f ur e G re e e and e rs ia do not i n e r o s e difficultie s h a t T k y, c , P , t p t t 6 6

o f H l a f e r i o erin th e s i e o f th e ur e to D r. e n ch i emann d s T k y ry S , t c v g t ele ra e d ro and th e e as u e s o f Kin iam to his c arr i n h is c b t T y tr r g Pr , y g ﬁndi ngs and pres e nti ng th e m to th e ci vili z e d wo rld ; th at o f G ree ce to ’ G e ne ral Ces no la s di s pos ing i n N e w Yo rk o f h is co lle c tio n o f Ph oe nic ian an i ui i es th e onl o ne i n th e wo ld fo und i n th e om s o f th e s land t q t ( y r ), t b I

of N r di e e n h a o f e rs i a h i nk o f re en i n Mr . Cypr us . o d v t t P t p v t g G eo r e mi h af er h e h ad di s i n e red fro m amo n th e uins of i ne eh g S t , t t r g r N v , th e e a r efor e las th e li rari e s o f th e i n s o f As s ria f o m carr i n y b t, b k g y , r y g th e re i ous olumes to th e ri ish Mus e um wh e re h e are to b e found p c v B t , t y

t - Me ico a f e r o da . alo n e a free i i e n o f a Re u li th e frie n d o f y I , c t z p b c , x , t s e ndin m fo r un e and ime s ee m s elf o li ed to aband o n i n th e p g y t t , y b g , mi ds Of th e fo res s th e e s and mos erfe c wo r s o f art o f th e t t , b t t p t k s ul o r u to th e res e n ime n o wn i n America ec aus e th e o e rn c pt , p p t t k , b g v ' m e n o f h is a i o n reclaims as its o wn o ec s fo und i n th e m ids O f t t N t , bj t t fo es s at re a d e h s elo w th e s urface of th e e ar h an d Of wh os e r t , g t pt b t ,

e i s e n ce it was n o t o nl i no ran b ut w as e e n uns us i i o us . x t y g t , v p c Th e h o o a h s of h es e o ec s and o f th e lac e s wh e re h e we e p t gr p t bj t , p t y r fo und are all h a wi h lans an d aci n s o f mo s i n e re s i n mural , t t, t p , tr g t t t g ain i n s can no w res e n : and h a af e s o man e e ns es ares p t g , I p t t t t r y xp , c ,

and dan ers unle s s o u Mr. res iden ons ide ri n th e h is o ri c al i m g , y , P t , c g t o r anc e o f m di s co e ies a nd wor s as an illus rio us man a lo e o f p t y v r k , t , v r ro res s and th e lo r o f h i s o un r i n th e n am e of th e na io n p g , g y c t y , t au h o rize me to car m ndin s and h o o ra h s lans and raci n s t ry y ﬁ g p t g p , p t g , to th at g reat co ncours e of all natio ns to whi ch Ame ric a h as j us t i n vite d e e r eo le o f th e e ar h an d wh i ch will be o e ned s h o rtl i n hila v y p p t , p y P d elph ia ; and wi th th e m th e m ate rial pro o fs o f my as s e r tio n th at Ame rica

i s th e c radle o f th e actual ci vilizatio n of th e wo rld .

e a in N e w o r on th e 2 9th o f ul 1873 we Mrs . Le lo n eo n L v g Y k J y , , , P g

and m s elf arri e d o n th e 6 th of Au us at ro re s o . W e re mai ned y , v , g t , P g i n rida f o m h a da e s tud i n th e c us o ms o f th e c o un r ac uir Mé r t t t , y g t t y , q i n friends and re arin to fulﬁl th e mi s s io n h a h ad ro u h us to g , p p g t t b g t

uca an vi z : th e s ud of its ui ns un il th e 6 th of o e m e r 1874. Y t , ( t y r ), t N v b , At h a e o ch th e e idemi o f s mall- o x h a h as made s u h ra a e s i n t t p p c p , t t c v g M rida and is e t a i e i n th e i n e ri o r illa es o f th e e nin s ula é , y ct v t v g P ,

e an to de elo i s elf. en or D . i o i o ri o en h e n G o e no r b g v p t S L b r I g y , t v r , no w in th a was a ou to is i th e o wns o f th e e as to s e e k g t I b t v t t t , k “ amon h ei r i nh a i an s th e aditio ns o f th e as if h e et ex g t b t t tr p t, t y y i s te d o r at leas amo n h e i c us o ms s o me o f h o s e Of th e i mi , t g t r t t pr i e dwelle rs o f h o s e lands e ed me to s a er am o n th e m th e vac t v t , b gg c tt g in e to ward o ff as mu h as os s i le th e e r i le s c our e h a h ea c , , c p b , t r b g t t t r t

e ne d h em . ac e ed th e c o mmi s s i o n and to th e es o f m o we r t I c pt , b t y p I

h a e o m lied wi th it with o u an re mune ra io n wh a e er . Af e r e x v c p , t y t t v t aminin th e ri nc i al i ies o f th e e as o f th e a e — un as e no illo g p p c t t St t T k , C t , E s i a and Ti i mi n— a he rin no es u o n h e ir co mme r e th e o c cu a p t z g t g t p t c , p

i o n s Of h ei r i nh a i an s th e rod u io ns of th e la e s tc . e tc . t t b t t , p ct p c , e , , e main i n i n h e m mo re o r les s ime we nall a i ed at alladolid o n r g t t , ﬁ y rr v V

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h i r n i s f h i i la nl th n a m re ma ns . Its h o us es t e e e m e . O t s v l g e o y e e i ro o es s h e i r walls rum le d are s ar el s e e n e n ea h th e h i re en ﬂ , t c b , c c y b t t ck g

ar e Of c o n ol ulus and c o wa e mec una . h es e o e s read h e m c p t v v , g ( ) T v r p t wi h h ei r le a e s and eau iful e als as i f to h ide th e lo od h a o n e t t v b t p t , b t t c s ained h e m and c aus e to b e fo r o e n th e s c e nes o f u ch er h e t t , g tt b t y t y w i ne s s ed . Th e h ur h alo ne s ad and melanch ol wi h o u doo rs its t c c , y , t t , s anc uarie s s ile n its ﬁo or a e d wi h th e urial s la s Of th e i ims t t, p v t b b v ct , s urro und ed b ara e s e t s ands i n th e m ids o f th e r uine d a o de s o f y p p t , y t t b th os e wh o us e d to g ath er u nde r its ro o f ; it is today con v e rte d i n to a e f l i r f fo rtre s s . Th e w s o d e s o th e pos t are th e Only h uman b eing s th at i nh a i h es e des e r s fo r man lea ues arou nd its o ld walls its elfr b t t t y g ; , b y, w id o wed o f its ells are all h a i ndi a es to th e ra e lle r h a Pis te b , t t c t t v t t o n c e was th ere . ' Afte r re s ti n we on in ue d o ur m arch to hich e n wh o s e rand g , c t C , g ramid o f 22 me e rs 50 c e n i me e rs h i h wi h its ni ne a ndenes py t t t g , t , c o uld b e s e e n fro m afar amids th e s ea o f e e a i on h a s u rro unded it t v g t t t t , r li h t o i n t i h h a alre ad as a s olita y g h us e h e mids t o f th e o ce an . N g t d y f n e e a s r alle n wh e w r ch e d th e Ca a p i ncipal o f th e haci enda of Ch ich en , a olo nel o ron ado had h ad cleaned to re c e i s th t C C v e u . At dawn o n th e fo llo wi n da 2sth o lo nel D iaz aus ed a a e s to g y , , C c p r p t He l i an c e n inels b e rai s ed an d th e h ous e to b e fo rtiﬁed . p ace d h s adv e s t . and made all n ec e s s ary a rra ng e me nts to av o id a s urpris e fro m th e

n di ans and to re s i s h em i n cas e Of a ac . F o r m ar immedia el I , t t tt k y p t I t y r m t c o mme nce d wor k . F o h e des c riptio ns made by th e t rav e lle rs wh o h ad re ce de d m e and h a h ad re ad e li e ed f e e n da s o r h e e p t t I , I b v ﬁ t y t r w e e ks would b e s uffici e n t fo r me to i n v es tig ate all th e rui ns . But o n th e 12 th o f O to e r o lo ne l D ia h a in re e i ed n o i e h a th e c b , C z v g c v t c t t ndians we re ro a l re ari n an a ac s e n to r in me from I p b b y p p g tt k , t b g th e ruins to c o mmunica e to m e th e news h a h e h ad to m a h imme , t t t rc

diatel . h ad re all s arc el co mme nc ed m s udies no wi hs andin y I y c y y t , t t t g I h ad wo r e d e e r da fro m s unris e to s un s e s o m an a nd s o im k v y y t , y m r r or an we re th e mo nume n s h a . e r s u e r ciall ede ce s s o s p t t t t t , v y p ﬁ y, y p h ad vi s i te d . re s o l e d to re mai n w i h m wife and c on i nue o ur i n e s i a ions I v t y , t v t g t l h e s h o uld b e c o m le ed i n S i e o f the dan e rs h a s urro unded unti t y p t , p t g t t made k no w n m unal e ra le e s olu io n to olo nel D iaz as in us . I y t b r t C , k g nl to a rm a fe w Of th e ndians h a rem ai ned wi h m e fo r did h i m o y I t t t , I

‘ no t wi s h e v e n a s ingle s oldie r of th e po s t Of Pi s te to ac co mpany me . Le a i n m i ns rum en s Of e o des and h o o ra h at th e ruins v g y t t g y p t g p y , I m ad e th e ch u rch o f Pis te m h e ad- uar e rs wh e re we we n e e n i h y q t , t v ry g t to s le e re urnin alwa s at da li h to Ch ich e n o ne le a ue dis an . p , t g y y g t , g t t It wo uld be too lo ng to g iv e h e re th e de tails O f my wo rk and i nv es ti

atio ns . E n o u h to s a h a from th e 28 th o f e em e r 1875 wh en g g y , t t S pt b , , I 6 9

e an to s ud th e m o nume n s u to th e 5 th of an uar 1876 wh en b g t y t , p J y . , , le a r ni n o f th e ro h i i i e la ws h a e al re ad me n i o ne d and h a o n g p b t v I v y t , t t ac co unt o f th e b e tte r req uire m e nts O f th e s e rvic e I was to dis arm my m e n i n e rru e d m wo r s h a i s to s a i n o ne h und red d a s h a e , I t pt y k ; t t y , y I v made s ru ulo us l e ac lan s o f th e r i nc i al e di c es dis co e rin c p y x t p p p ﬁ , v g h a h e i arch i ec s made us e i n h o s e re mo e im e s o f th e me tri cal t t t r t t , t t t , meas ure i its n h e m ade w th d ivi s io s . I av ﬁve h un d re d s t e re o s c o pi c ie w s fro m wh i ch h a e s ele c e d e i h e ual to h o s e h a acc o m a n v , I v t g ty, q t t t p y th is writi ng ; I h av e dis co v e re d h ierog lyph ic s wh ich I h av e caus e d to e a e ar i n a an d a e n h o o ra h s of s o me h at are s aid to r pp t ct , t k p t g p t b e a pro ph e cy of th e e s tablis h m e nt of th e e le ctri c t e le g raph b e twe e n Saci

alladolid o f to - da and Ho rida h a e res o re d mural ai n ti n (V y), (Mé ) I v t p gs “ o f re a m eri fo r th e drawi n and fo r th e h is o r th e re e al h g t t g , t y y v ; I av e t ake n e x act t rac ing s o f th e s am e wh ich fo rm a c o lle c tio n o f tw e nty

la te s s o me n earl o ne me te r lo n h a e dis co e red b as - re li efs p , y g ; I v v wh ic h h ave n o th i ng to e nv v i n th e h as - re li e fs o f As s yria and Babylo n ;

a nd uided b m i n e r re ati o ns o f th e o rname n s ai n in s &c . , g y y t p t t , p t g , , f h m o s in e es i n uil n i n i n h i s t i ll e &c . o t e di h he o r ca s a , t t r t g b g C c ( y p k i n h a e fo und amids th e fo re s e i h me ers under th e s o il a g) , I v t t , g t t ,

s a ue o f Ch aac mo l of alcare o us s o n e o n e m e e r fift - five c e n i t t , c t , t , y t m e te rs lo n o ne m e e r f e e n c en ti me te rs i n h e i h t a nd e i h c e n i g , t , fi t g , g ty t me ers wide w e i h i n f ilo s O r mo re and h is e rac e d wi h o u t , g g fi ty k , ; t I xt t t t o h e r mach i ne h a n h a i n e n te d b me an d m anufac ure d f ro m r un s t t t t v y , t t k a f n i ans h a e o e ne d tw o le a ues o f tre e s with th e m chete o my I d . I v p g o f c arri ag e ro ad to carry my fi nding s to c iv ili z atio n ; and fi nally I h av e b uilt a rus t ic c art i n wh ich to b ri ng th e s tatu e to th e h igh ro ad th at

fro m Oi as to M rida . h is s a ue Mr . res ide n th e o nl o ne le ads t é T t t , P t , y it s i nd i n th e w o rld s h o ws o s i i el h at th e a nc ie n i nh a i an ts o f k , p t v y t t b t me ri a h a e m ade in th e ar s o f d raw i n and s c ul u re ad anc es Of A c v , t g pt , v l t leas to h os e made b the As s rian Ch alde a n an d E ian e qua a t t y y , gypt t artis s . I will paus e a mo me nt to g iv e yo u an idea o f my w o rk s th at c o nce rn

s a ue and s o o n ri n to an e nd h is w ri in . G uide d as h a e s aid t t , b g t t g , I v

aid b m i nter re a io n s o f th e mural ai n i n s h as - reli e fs and j us t s , y y p t t p t g , , o th e r s ig ns th at I fo und i n th e m o numen t rais ed to th e m e mo ry o f th e h aacm o l b h i s wi fe th e ue e n o f Ch ich e n b w hi ch th e s to ne s Ch ie f C , y , Q , y h o s e wh o c an u nde rs and h e m di re c e m s e s s pe ak to t t t , I t d y t p , ls b th e i ns i nc o f th e arc h aeolo i s to a de ns e ar rh a s . a o i ns pi re d pe p y t t g t , p t io Kan s al f ro m th e ne i h e . nl o ne ndi an D es ide r o f th e th i ck t O y I , , g

- o f is al allado lid a o m an ie d me . i th h is machete h e b o rh o o d S V , cc p W a h amo n th e w e e ds i ne s and us h e s and reach e d th e Ope ne d a p t g , v b , I

was a s h a eles s h e a o f rou h s o n e s . A ro un d i t plac e I s ough t . It p p g t

- fs e lica el e e c u e d . Afte w e re s culpture d pie c es and h as reli e d t y x t r n th e us h and cle ari n th e s o t i t re s e n e d th e as e c cutti ng do w b , g p , p t p t

1 and 2 re re s e n . A lo n s to ne h alf i n e rred wh ich th e plate s N o . p t g , t

th e o h e rs a ra ed m a e n io n . cra i n a wa th e e ar h a mo ng t , tt ct y tt t S p g y t l O 70

f o m aro un d i t w i h th e machete an d th e h and th e efﬁ of a recli nin r , t , gy g

3 r re s e n s it. u a w as tig e r s o o n appe are d ; plate N O . e p t B t th e h e d m m wan in . Th is o f h uman fo r h ad th e h a i ne s s to ﬁnd s o e t g , , I pp , m e rs i a n amo n a ile o f o h e r car d s t ne s e d s e o . t t t , g p t v My i nte rpre tatio ns h ad b e e n c o rre c t ; e v e ryth i ng I s aw pro v ed it to

m a n n ra ll m n i t is . H un i n e . I t o nce c o ce t ted a y atte t o n a th s po t t g amo n th e eb ris c am e ac ro s s th e h as - relie fs s ee n i n la e s 4 2 an d 5 g d , I p t , , , i h - me wh ich c onﬁ rmed my c o nclus i o ns . Th s pile o f s to nes h ad be e n i ti s p as t th e pe de s tal th at s uppo rte d th e efﬁgy o f th e dyi ng ti g e r w ith a h um an h e ad w h ich th e o l e cs h ad h ro w n do w n wh e n h e i n aded , T t t t y v

h ic h e n at th e e i n ni n o f th e Ch ris ian e ra . C , b g g t i h rea e e r i o n aide d b le e rs m te n me n a ai n ut h es e W t g t x t , y v , y g p t ~ as re liefs i n th e lac e h e a nci e ntl o c cu ie d and wh i ch la e N O . 1 b p t y y p , p t

s h o ws .

R es ol e d to m a e an e xca a io n at h is s o co mm e n ed m wo r v k v t t p t , I c y k as no t l n i n c o m r h e n din t e at th e uppe r pa rt Of th e h e ap . I w o g p e g h

dif c ul o f th e as . T h e edes ta l as i n all th e la er mo num e n s wh ic h ﬁ ty t k p , t t w ere rais e d i n C h i h e n was o f loo s e s o ne s wi h o u mo r a r wi th o u c , t , t t t , t

f an n . e n w r m o un re e me n o i d F o r o n s o e h a as e ed a h d d fell. c t y k t t t v ,

h e wo r w as h e nc e e re me l dan e ro us . o s s e s s ed no o o ls n o r T k xt y g I p t ,

m a h i ne s o f an de s cri io n . re s o r ed to th e machete o f m ndian s c y pt I t y I ,

t e t re e s Of th e fo re s and th e ine s h a t e n wine th e i run s . h t , v t t r t k I

rme a fram - r t t fo d e wo k o pre v e nt h e falli ng of th e s to ne s .

- Th is frame wo r a e ars in la e s 6 7 and 8 . . It is o m os e d o f k pp p t , c p tr un s O f re e s o f two to two - a nd- a - h alf i nch es i n diame e r s e c ured k t t , w i h ine s . In h is w a was a le to m a e an e a a io n two m e te s t v t y I b k xc v t r ,

ﬁf e n ime te rs s uare to a de h o f s e e n m e e rs . h e n fo und a ty c t q , pt v t I t o u h s o rt of urn O f c alc are o us s o ne i t o ntai ned a li tle d us and r g t ; c t t ,

u o n i t th e c o e r o f a c o ars e e a rth e n o t ain e d w i h e llo w o c h re . p v p , p t t y s n was la e d ne ar th e h e ad o f th e (This co ve r h a s i ce be e n bro ke n). It p c s a ue and th e u e r ar with th e h re e fe a h e rs h a ado rn i t a t t , pp p t , t t t t , p

e are d amo n lo o s e s o n e s lac ed a ro und it w i h rea care . o lo p g t , p t g t C

n e l D . Daniel rac o nis wh o h ad h a d a c Om e to is i and ri n m e T , t t y v t , b g

a fe w e r welc o me ro is io ns w as re s e nt w h e n i t w as d is c o e re d . v y p v , p v I co n i nue d th e w o r wi h re c au io n and h ad th e s atis fac io n afte r e x t k t p t , t ,

- - - c avati n o n e and a h alf me te rs m o re to s e e th e e n i re s a ue a e ar. g , t t t pp o n e m la in h is admira le s ec ime n o f anc ie nt art s e e i n th e C t p t g t b p , g eau o f th e car i n o f its e res s i e face was lle d w i h admi ra b ty v g xp v , I ﬁ t tio n i He nc efo rth th e Ame rican arti s ts c o uld e n te r into c o mpe titio n wi th h o s e o f As s ria and E t ! B ut o n c o ns ide rin its e no rmo us t y gyp , g w ei h i ts c o lo s s al fo rm it is h alf as lar e a ai n as th e n a ural s i e g t , ( g g t z ), I

“ m s lf e r wh lm a Ho w to rais e it fro m th e fe lt y e o v e ed with dis m y . pro fo un d b e d wh e re it h ad e e n d e os i ed ﬁve th o us and e ars a o b its b p t , y g , y f rie nds an d th e artiﬁc e rs w h o wi h e c es s i e care ra is e d th e e de s al , t x v p t aro und it ! h ad no mach in e s n ot e e n ro e s . Onlv te n ndian s I , v p I 71

ac om ani e d m e . Th e e n e r ris e was dif c ul b ut wh e n m an ish e c p t p ﬁ t ; w s , h e c o n ue rs dif ultie s and s mo o h ll o s s a acle s . q ﬁc , t b t Afte r s o me s lee ple s s nigh ts (th e idea o f b e i ng unable to pres e n t my di s co e ri es to th e W o rld d id no t let me e s res o l ed to o e n th e v r t), I v p e de s al o n th e e as s ide fo rm an i ncli n e d lane o ns ruc a a s an p t t , p , c t t c p t , m ake ro pe s w ith th e b ark o f th e h abi n (a tre e th at g ro ws i n th es e w o ods and e rac b h e s e m e ans m e m fro m th e lac e w he re it ), xt t , y t , y g p lay .

la e 6 re e s e n s th e o eni n m ade and th e i nc li ne d lane th e lo wer P t pr t p g , p , a r o f w hich o nl re a h e s to th e s h o ulde r o f th e s a ue wh ich i s s e e n p t y c t t , in th e bo tto m o f th e e x c av atio n. Its d e pth is k no Wn by co mparing th e h e i h o f th e n dian s andin ne a th e s ta ue and th e o ne wh o is g t I t g r t , la e a t h i r ar o f t e i n in p c d a t d p t h c l e d plane . Plate N o 7 re pre s e nts th e s tatue o f Ch aacmol at th e mom e nt o f i ts ar ri v al at th e uppe r part o f th e plane o n th e s urface o f th e e a rth ; th e c able s o f th e ha bi n b ark wh i ch s e rv ed to e xt rac t it ; th e co ns truc tio n of the a s ta n an th e ro fun di f th e e c p ; d p ty o xcav at io n .

la e N o . 8 re re s e n s th e ca s tan h a s e r e d me to rais e th e s atue P t p t p t t v t ,

th e s i e o f wh ic h o u ma no w Sr . re s ide nt c om ari n it wi h o ur z y y k , P , p g t y

s e r an t and th e ndi an s wh o aide d at th e wo r . Th e run o f a ree v I k t k t ,

- w me n al i c e s the i w i th two h e llo e d s o nes w e re th e funda e o f mach ne . t , t p s n s f o ne w re ure t t run w i n Th e e ri g o s t e s e c d o h e t k th v i es . Two fo r e d ole s wh o s e e tre m i ie s re s at e a h s ide o f th e e ca a io n and k p , x t t c x v t , th e fo r e d s tic s ie d u to th e s u e rio r ri n e m rac i n i t s e r e d as k k t p p g b g , v

- r arc bouta nt i n th e di re c tio n wh e re th e g eat e s t fo rc e was to be applie d .

A re e - ru n wi h its fo r s er ve d as a fulc rum aro und wh ic h w as w o und t t k , t k ,

A ole lac e d i n t e f r s e r ed a le e . s i th e c able o f b ark . p p h o k v s v r It i w th th e aid o f th is r us ti c caps ta n th at my te n me n we re able to rais e th e h e avy m as s to th e s urface i n h alf a n h o ur.

ut m wo r s were no t to e nd he re . rue th e s a ue was o n th e B y k t T , t t Su fa e o f th e earth b ut it was s u o unded b deb ris b ond e ro us r c , rr y , y p s o ne s and run s o f re es . Its wei h w as e no rmo us o m ared wi h t , t k t g t c p t m m n s e n th e o h e r an r e th e s tre ng th o f y fe w e . Th e o t h d wo k d by h e alwa s h ad th e e ar a e nti e to c a ch th e le as s o und h alv e s . T y y tt v t t Th e e o le o f C re c e nc io o o mi h th at was perc e i v ed in th e b us h . p p P t g t fall u o n us at an m o me n t and e te r mi na e us . T rue we h ad s e n i p y , x t , t n e l b ut th e fo re s i s h ic and i mme ns e and h os e o f Ch an- a n a s , t t k , t S t l C ruz make the ir way th ro ug h it with g re at fac i ity . n ro ads h e re we re no ne n ot e e n to c arr th e s a ue o f Ch aacm ol Ope t , v y t t to c iviliz atio n if I h ad th e me an s o f trans po rt . e ll h e n h ad e s o l e d th a c o s w h a t i t m i h th e world s h o uld W , t , I r v t , t g t , m s a ue —m s a ue h a was to es a lis h m fa me fo re e r k no w y t t y t t , t t t b y v a am o ng th e s c ie n tifi c c i rcle s o f th e civiliz ed wo rld . I h d to carry i t b ut alas ! alc ula e d w i h o u th e ro h i i i e laws , , I c t t t p b t v

r re s ide n to - da with g rie f w r i e i t i t i s u rie d in th e fo re s s S . P t, y , I t , b t , e rh a s h e o r wh ere my wife and mys elf h av e co n ce ale d it. P p t w ld will 72

o nl no w it b m h o o a h s fo r h a e e t to o en th re e lon y k y y p t gr p , I v y p g le a ue s o f ro ad to c o ndu i t to Sims and th e mo m e n i s alre ad g ct , t y h appro ac ing wh e n th e do o rs o f th e Ame ri can E xh ibitio n w ill o pe n . ith all h at h a e fai h i n th e us i e i n elli e n ce and a ri o is m W t , I v t j t c , t g , p t t o f t e m n wh u th e s ini s t i h e o r le e d t e of h e Me x can R e public . ill th e man wh o to lac e h is o un r at th e h e i h o f o h e r i il W , p c t y g t t c v i zed n a i o ns h as no wn h o w to im ro is e i n le s s h an th re e mo n h s t , k p v , t t , an as ro no mi cal o m mis s i o n and s e nd it to a an to o s e r e th e rans i t c , J p b v t t o f e n us w ill h e e r mi as k th e reates di s co e r e e r made V , p t , I , g t v y v i n Ame ric an ar h ae olo to re main lo s and un no wn to th e s i e n i c c gy , t k c t ﬁ m e n to th e artis s to th e a e lle rs to th e ch o i ce s o f th e n a io ns h a , t , tr v , t t t t are s oo n to gath e r at Ph iladelph ia ! N o ! I do no t b e lie v e it ! I do no t wis h to canno eli e e it ! , I t b v

Th e s e difﬁc ul i e s h ad co n ue re d ! la e N o . 9 ro es h o w h a in t , I q P t p v , v g foun d th m ea ns o f rais in th e s ta ue fro m th e de th o f its e de s al e g t p p t , I k n ew als o h ow to make it pas s o v e r th e déb ris th at i mpe ded its prog re s s . My fe w me n arm e d with le ve rs w e re able to carry i t wh e re t h e re was a rus ic car m ad e b m e with a ma c e t t y h te . With ro lle rs and le v e rs I was able to carry i t o v er th e s culpt ure d m n n w t s o ne s its co a io s h a s e e me d to o o s e i ts d e a r ure . B ut i h t , p , t t pp p t ro lle rs and le e rs alo ne c o uld n o t a e i t to is fo ur ilo me e rs v I t k P té , k t di s tan m uch les s to Di as dis an fro m is s i e e n ilo me e rs it t , t , t t P té xt k t ; n e a ar eded a c rt and th at c t a road .

Sr. re s ide n th e h ar h as e e n made th e ro ad h as e e n o e ne d P t , t b , b p i h o n n f t ta ue arri ed at W t ut a y e xpe n s e to th e State . I ﬁ te e n days h e s t v

i s as ro e d b la e 1 1 . e no r D . D an iel raco n is h is wife an d P té , p v y p t S T , h e ir o un s o n wh o h ad c o m e to is i us w i ne s s ed th e ri um h al t y g , v t , t t p en ranc e o f th e a Ch ief ain Ch aacmo l at Pis te th e rs re s i n lace t Itz t , , ﬁ t t g p t l ds fro m h i n t i a o e n e o n th e ro ad h at ea C ch e o Ph lade lph ia . I h v e p d m o re th an th re e kilo me te rs o f g o o d cart ro ad o f ﬁve to s ix me te rs i n width fro m is o ward Oi as but fo r reas o ns h a it i s o ut o f lace , P té t t ; t t p to refe r to h e re an d wh ich h a e not e e n a le u to th e res e n i me , I v b b p p t t to al er for h e do n ot de e nd o n me h a e s e e n m s elf co m e lle d t , t y p , I v y p to h urriedly abando n my w o rks o n th e 6 th o f th e pre s e nt mo nth o f

Jan uary . h a e c o me w i h all s e ed to rida fro m wh ich lace di re c to o u I v t p Mé , p I t y th e re s e n w riti n b ut until n o w h a i n to c o n e nd a ai ns i n e r ia p t g ; , v g t g t t , I h av e o btai ned no th i ng . In ie w o f th e re c edin rela i on and ndi n m s elf i n di s os i io n v p g t , fi g y p t to ma e efo re th e s c i e n i c w o rld all th e e lana io ns am li ca io ns k , b t fi , xp t , p fi t an d r e or s h at m a be de s i re d u o n th e rand d is co e r i es h a p t , t y , p g v —t t I h av e made i n my i n v e s tig ati o ns i n th e rui ns o f Chi ch e n ; amo ng o h e rs th e e i s te n e o f lo n - be arde d m e n am o n th e i nh a b itan s o f th e t , x c g — g t ins ula e ars a o la e 12 I c o nc lude as i n o u Sr . Pe n y g , p t ; , k g y , e s id e n to b e le as e d to c o nce de to m e Pr t , p

t To c arr th e s a ue s o f Ch aacmo l and s o me baa- re liefs h a l s . y t t , t t 73

h a e relati on to th e s o r o f h a h ie ftai n and are e res e n e d i n th e v t y t t C , r p t la e s 4 and 5 o e h e r with m m ural rac i n s lans and h o o ra h s p t , t g t y t g , p p t g p , o t t h e app ro ac h ing E x po s i tio n o f Ph ilade lph ia.

2 nd . To n a me me o n e o f th e m e mb e rs o f th e M exican C o mmi s s io n to h a E o s i io n fo r am th e o nl e rs o n wh o c an i e th e i nfo rma t t x p t , I y p g v ti o n and e xplanatio ns th at may make k no wn th e c e leb rated mo num e nts o f C h ich e n- t a and th e im o r an c e h a h e h a e i n th e re h is o ric I z , p t t t t y v p t t e uman r e in e r i h is to ry o f h h ac Am ca . a r e r i i 3 rd . To uth o iz my wo k and i nv es t g at o ns i n th e rui ns o f Y uca tan wh e re h o e to ma e o h e r dis co e ri e s e uall and e en e rh a s , I p k t v q y v , p p , m o re im o r an h an h os e m ade b m e u to th e res en d a e o rde rin p t t , t t y p p t t , g th at th e aid o f arme d force b e affo rd e d me fo r my p rot ec tio n and th at o f m wife wh e n e e r o ur i n e s i a io ns are m ade in lace s wh e re life is y , v v t g t p l endang e re d by h os t i e Indian s . Th a amo n th e o e c s wh ich th e Me ican n a i on h a t 4th . t g bj t x t v e o s e n d to th e E o s iti on o f h ilade l h ia a lac e b e re s e r ed to me s uffi ci e n x p P p , p v , t fo r th e s a ue s h as - reli e fs drawin s h o to ra h s and lans h a h e t t , , g , p g p p t t a v s i e t cau ed th s p itio n . a i n n s e ue nce f th e s h o r i me h a re mai n 5 th . Th t c o q o t t t t s be fo re th e o e ni n o f s aid E os i i o n and th e am o un h a e t e mains fo r me to p g xp t , t t t y r do ar i cula rl th e o e ni n o f a c art ro ad o f 13 ilo me ers i n a h ic , p t y p g k t t k fo rest i n a c o un r wh e re all res ou rce s a re wan i n o u m a h a e th e t y t g , y y v o o d ne s s to c o ns id e r th is e i ti o n at o ur e arlies c o n e nie nce wh ic h g p t y t v , g r ac e I do ubt not to o btain from th e illus t ri ous Ch i ef Mag is trate o f th e s u s cri in m e l Nati o n to wh o m I h av e th e h o no r o f b b g ys f.

TUS AUG O GE O . D . LE PL N N , M

MﬁRIDA an uar 2 7 187 6 . , J y ,

Th e refe re nces to lates in h is a e r do no t a ree wi h th e n um ers NOTE . p t p p g t b o n th e h elioscopic illus trations .

f a in hi h n - tza at abo u th e da e of th e a o e Be o re le v g C c e I , t t b v

em ri a l the s a u as h as n a a s a e w as con M o , t t e , bee lre dy t t d ,

fo s n a th e own of is é a fu ro coaled in th e re t e r t P t , c re lly p

n d Mrs . o n e o n an d h e w a th e . a te c te d fro m t e r by Dr Le Pl g , an an s wer fro m th e Mexic an G o ver n m e n t was eagerly

f on a a sim e f usa to a o w th e a waited . A ter l g del y , ple r l ll

l . . o n o n s t at ue to be exp o rted w as th e on y . reply Dr Le Pl ge i n th e n prep ared h is ph o t ograph s a nd a s m all collect o of

th n i at s to off a t th e relics fo r s hipm e n t to e U ted St e , be ered 6 h s i n s in offe in s Cen ten nial Exhib ition o f 1 87 . T e e tere t g r g 74 were acco mp an ied by a letter to th e Presiden t of th e Ge n te n n ial o mm iss io n oun tin th e a is a oin m n of C , rec g gre t d pp t e t

' n ot in a to s n th e s a u but en tre atin a a fu be g ble e d t t e , g c re l f h e i u Th e was e o n si a ion o t c t s . at M i a c der t p re letter d ed r ,

f n u us 3 0 1 876 . un o tu a a s and misun tan A g t , By r te del y ders d in s th e a i s a o m n tio n n a h th i de s g , rt cle b ve e ed ever re c ed e r tination an d in Ma h of th e es nt a w u h as d , rc pr e ye r ere p rc e w i by th e r ter . Th e relics are in teres ting s pecimen s of p ottery an d of th e o n am n ts or w a o ns h a w fo un wi h th e s atu wh os r e e p t t ere d t t e , e

a a io n h as n s i e d th e isco i f exc v t bee de cr b by d verer h ms el .

Th e Ja oin s an d F in s are a fu w o u h t an d de P t l t very c re lly r g , s ugges t ra ther th e ide a o f s electio n as symb o ls th an of o rdi im m n ts A o ion o r all o f th n a ry wa rlike ple e . p rt e a rticles m n io n d o h e wi h ash s w fo un in a s to n u rn e t e , t get r t e , ere d e , * w n n h o si a nd are sh o o t e o pp te p age .

Mé i a the a i al of the at of u a an h as an ins i r d , c p t St e Y c t , t

DE SCRIPTION OF PLATE .

r Le l n eo n A picture of th e relics foun d by D . P o g with th e statue which h e

- h ume d at Ch ich e n I a . Th e we re inte nde d fo r e h i iti n at hi lade l hia e x tz y x b o P p , th e r with the h t ra h s wh ich h a e een me nti ned but failed i n toge p o og p v b o , d s i n is not s u ose d h a th e a e we re th e o l reac hing th e ir e ti nat o . It pp t t bov n y or st alua le o f th e curi sities f und i n c nnecti n with th e s a ue th e mo v b o o o o t t . “ Th e th ree ie ce s o f o e r he ar th e ri inal la e ls Fr om th e Maus oleum p p tt y o g b ,

’ - - tai n h aac mol ti er Chi ch en Itza . t l s 5 0 of th e chi ef C ( g ) A ea t 00 years old. ” u us tus L e Plon eon M. D . The were found ne ar th e h ead of the s a A g g , y t tue. Th e dish o n th e lef stands on h ree s h or le s e rforated s o th a an t t t g , p t object mi h be s us e nde d fr m it. an d th e lar e r dish h as s imilar le s with g t p o g g , out Th e owl at th e ri h is decorated wi h raci s n pe rforation . b g t t t ng a d oth er e mbel lis h me nts .

are a e s and in s e ars fr m th e s land of o Be lo w x ﬂ t p o I C zumel. Ne xt follow fos sil s h e lls c llected b Mrs . A lice Le Plo n eon fro m an e cava i , o y g x t on at

- h iche n t a wh ich ma be us e ful in a s cie n i c in of View . C I z , y t ﬁ po t The ade oin s are e autiful s ecime ns and m a h a e e e n us ed fo r J P t b p , y v b ce re

- m nial ur ose s . Th e arro w h e ads are of in e r care full nis he d and o p p ﬂ t , v y y ﬁ , s at th s Th e s e also a are n l e h ave min ute groove e ba e . pp t y w re not i nte nde d fo r

tical us es . A o rti n or all of th e a o e artic les e x ce t th e prac p o , b v , p C oz umel

ﬁints were e n cl s ed in the s one urn s en of b Dr . Le l n e , o t pok y P o g o n in h is Mexi c an Memo r ial .

* See R elacio n dc las o s as de ucatan e i e d D e o d anda. C Y , g L By ’

L Abbé ras s e ur de o ur o ur . aris 18 6 4 a 3 2 . B B b g P , , p ge 7

' were ac c o mp an ie d by a letter to the Pre siden t of the Com te n n ial o mm is sio n o un tin th e e a is a oi n me n t of C , rec g gr t d pp t n ot e in a b le to s nd th e s tatus but e n treatin a a fu b g e , g c re l

id e r a o f i Th e wa a ri c o n s at m the u s . s Md a p ct re letter d ted , 3 u ust 0 “57 6 . Bv un fo unat a e and mi sun rs a n A g , rt e del v de t d i n s th e a o e m en tio n e n a h h i e s g , b v d ever re c ed t e r d ti n ati o n a nd in Ma c h o f the es e n t ea w e u h as , r pr y r er p rc ed b w e y the rit r . The re lies a re in tere sting specime ns o f p ottery an d o f the o n am nts o r w a o ns that we re fo un wi h the sta e whos r e e p d t t u , e excav ati o n h as be e n des cribed by th e dis co ve rer hims elf;

’ The Jad e i m n te a nd F in s are a fu w o u h a d l t very c re lly r g t , n

R i v rad ium th e id e a of s electio n as symb o l s than of o rdi

i m s o io n e r v w a rl ke i pleme nt . A. p rt n o r all of the articles h it me ntio n o e w h ash e s w e fo und i n a ston . urn ed , t get r , er e , “ h o w n he s i a e a nd are s n o t O pp o te p g .

Mé rid a the a i a o f the a e o f u a ta n has an in s ti , c p t l St t Y c ,

' ' ns s cm r ri ou or PL ATE .

c u r e f (n s l n eo n t A pi t e o f th e r lic s ound by a b P o g with the sta ue which he

- m l i h n Um . Th e we re inte nded fo r e h i tio n at hi lade l i e x li lw at Ch c e y x bi P ph a, ‘ - i ve r w i t h th e h t r a h s wh ich h a e be e n me n io ned but fa iled i p o og p v t . n

- e r ti It is not s osed th at the e w re g h ing th i des tina o n. upp abo v ere th e duty or

e s t r limh le of th e c uri o s itie s found in c nnecti n w ith the s atus th mo a o o t .

’ “ N ‘ ’ f b ori The th re e pi t a o po ttery e ar the ginal labe ls , From t he Ma us ol eum

- - th ema a te Ch ane m o t ti er Ch i che n Itza . At least bOOO ea s of] e n ( g ) y r old.

u a w n L e Plo n eon M. Th e we re fo und nea th e h ead of t e A g/ g , y r h statue. T s h o the le ft stands on th re e s h rt le s e rf ra ed o th he di n o g . p o t s at an obj ect ht be Kttn ‘ t ' u t l To m it an d the lar e r dis h h as s imilar le s t m ig t , g g , wi h out Th e h wl at th e r i h t ts de co ra e d wi h traci s pe rfo ra tio n . o g t t ng and oth er e mbel

‘ ‘ lla li fl ifi fl b .

e w re a es a nd ﬂint s ears fr m th e s land of Co B lo a x p o I zumel. Ne xt follow

s ! f s il s he ll c lle cted b Mrs . A lice Le Plo n eon fr m an e a o , o y g o xcav tion at l - w ma us ful i a s i n i u i t a h ic h be e n c e ﬁc in t of iew . Ch c ne z . y t po v Th e ade P ints a re imautiful s eei mc ns a nd ma h a e bee n used fo r J o p . y v ce re s - mo nial ur e s . Th e a rr w be ads are of flint. e r c are full nis hed an p po o v y y ﬁ , d ute r s at th e s e Th e s e als a are ntl w re o h ave min g oove ba . o pp y e n t inte nde d fo r

- tical us e s . o rti n. or all f t he a o e artic les e xce t the Co p rac A p o o b v , p zumel

ﬂint-s w e re enc l se d in the about: a r e s o e n of b Dr. Le lon e o n . o p k y P g in h is Mex i c a n Me mo r i a l . ‘ c e R e lac io n dc las o s as d e - uca tan e o L S C Y de Di g dc and a . By ‘

ab e B ras s e u de B o ur o ur . a ris 186 4 a e 8 2 7 . L b r b g P , , p g

' tution a E l M u s eo Yu ca teco foun in 1 87 1 un c lled , ded , der D n th e i io n o f . r n i d rect Sr . C e c e c o Ca rillo A n c o n a an d it is n w m n D n o a a . n . Jua o n o nt as In its c l ged by Sr Pe C rer . o

io ns are i s of an i u s u tu in s o n as as lect p ece t q e c lp re t e , pl ter c ts an d o t a n f om an i n a v s m a nus i s in th e p t ery t ke r c e t gr e , cr pt

May a an ua a nd in the an is h a im ints an d w o r l g ge Sp , r re pr k s

a i n h e n ins u h to t a. s to e h wi h o s o f rel t g pe l T e e , g t er t bject n atu ral his t o ry and s amples o f th e v a rio us wo o d s of th e

o un and a a in of u io si i s fo m a m us u m h a c try , c b et c r t e , r e t t pr o mise s to create and e n co u rage a lo ve of an tiquarian

s a h am o n th e o a a o whi h h as n th e o re e rc g pe ple , l b r c bee pr v i n o f th e Mus o N a io n a in th e i f M i Bu t i ce e c l c ty o ex co . t d o es n o t a a th a o a io ns h a as n at m ppe r t expl r t ve yet bee te pted . Th e c o nn ectio n wh ich th is ins titutio n h as with th e s t atue

o n on a i s o h disc o vered by D r . Le Pl ge r se fr m t e fact th at in F ua 1 877 a o m missi on was s a h to th e n i h ebr ry , , c de p tc ed e g b o rh oo d o f th e o w n of Pis te th e G o n o of u a an t by ver r Y c t ,

Juan P n n Dn . o o as un th e o s of . der rder Sr e C trer ,

i to of th e Mus o u a o an d aft a n a se n D rec r e Y c tec , er b ce of a m o n h u n in in th e s a u on a h e t , ret r ed , br g g t t e c ce led t er in ium h to Mé ri a Th e o mmi Dr . o n o n s by Le Pl ge , tr p d c

i n wa a o m ani a mi i a fo fo r o tio n and s o s cc p ed by l t ry rce pr tec , th e progress of th e retur nin g exped itio n w as the o cc asio n of a

a n e tion in th e to wn of zam a wh re o ms and gr d rec p I l , e p e

s s e s w m a whi h are s in a am h of addre ere de , c pre erved p p let

f i a i a a t Mé i a o n Ma h 1 2 a s . A n a o un o ts 7 p ge cc t rr v l r d , rc ,

‘ l f f o win Th e is give n i n the Periodico Oﬁci a o the day o ll g . e n tran ce of the s tatue was g reeted by a pro cessio n c o mpo s ed

of oﬁi cials so i i s an d hi n of th e u i s h o o s . , c et e , c ldre p bl c c l Th e s treets were ﬁlled with s pecta to rs an d addres s es were

i Th e fo o win is a uo tatio n m ade an d po em s we re rec ted . ll g q fro m this article

' The Statue o f Ch ac- Mo ol me asure s a little m o re th an 9 fe e t n Its eau ifu h ea is u n e to o ne s i e in a m e na i n in l e g th . b t l d t r d d c g a i u e an d it h as a fa e of fe o io us a e ara n e . It is c ut f o m tt t d , c r c pp c r e ta wi h i e . Sea e u on a e s a s ton e alm o s t as h ard as g ran t t d p p d l , t r n he a o me n it a ea s as 1f a o u to ai s e its arm s c osse d up o t bd , pp r b t r 7 6

i se f i i r t l n o rde r to e xe cute a cruel and blo o dy thre at . Th s p e cious o of n i ui i h f bject a t q ty s wo rt y o th e s tudy of thoughtful me n . His t o ry and archaeol ogy in th e ir grave and pro fo un d i nve s tig ations will ce rtainly dis co v e r s o me day the s e cre t which s urro unds all th e pre cious m o num en t s wh ich o ccupy th e e xpanse of o ur rich s oi an e i e n oof of the an ie n i i iza ion o f th e Ma as l, v d t pr c t c v l t y , n h n o w att racting the atte n tio n of the Old Wo rld . T e e trance o f th e Stat ue o f Chae - Mo ol in to th e C apital will fo rm an epo ch i n th e an n a s of Y u a an his o and its e m e m an e wi be l c t t ry, r br c ll acco mp anie d by th at of the wo rthy G o ve rn o r unde r wh ose ad min is tratio n o ur Mus e um h as be e n e nriche d with s o i n valuable ” a g ift.

Th e e ion u in f o m th e a i in the ou n a rec pt , j dg g r rt cle j r l

i n w he in te n a o uo m us h a n im o s . as t b ve q ted , t ve bee p g It tio n of the au th o rities to pl ace th e s t at ue in the Yucatan

Mus u m b ut this u os was f a its mo a to e , p rp e de e ted by re v l

M i o a o nm e n s a m in th e m o n h of i to ex c , by g ver t te er , t Apr l , i e n rich th e N a tio nal Mus eum of th a t c ty .

the a o o in s o o a wi h o u th e o n s nt All b ve pr ceed g t k pl ce t t c e ,

o th e wish s f o n o n h h an d n a to o . o at a c tr ry e , Dr Le Pl ge , w t t

im was a s n f o m Mé i a in th e s an of oz um and t e b e t r r d , I l d C el ,

o e ff i i n w as theref re u n abl to o er o pp os t o . In o rder to f urnish f urther tes tim o ny to the high es tim a

tio n in which th e s tatue of Oh ac - Mo o l is h eld in Yuca tan

th e fo o win no i o ff to th e w i fo r u i a io n ll g t ce , ered r ter p bl c t ,

D n uan Pe o n on as i to of th e m us . J u . m by Sr C trer , d rec r e

e f to a o an d whi h aft wa a a in E 7 r erred b ve , c er rd ppe red

en s a m i en to of Mé i a of at n n 1 2 is ins t P , r d , d e A o , er ed e n tire

I n THE DIRE C TO R on THE U E T O FF CIAL S TATEMENT o M S O YUCA ECO .

To Sr . A UG US TIN D E L R IO,

Provis i o nal Governor of the State of Yucatan .

” A s h or h is o rical no i ce of th e s o ne i ma e Ch ac - Mo ol dis co v t t t t g ,

re i n th e c ele ra e d rui ns o f h ich e n - z a b th e learned Arch ae o lo e d b t C It , y M us eu i s Mr . Le lo n e o n to b e res e r ed i n th e a io nal m of g t , P g . p v N t

Me i co fo r wh ich lace it i s de s i ne d . x , p t MERID 1 7 8 7 . A, — Th e re e is in th e des e r s of u a an at a ou 36 lea ues 108 m iles x t , t Y c t , b t g 77 — fro m M rida s o me e r n o a le mo nume n al rui ns no wn b th e n am e é , v y t b t , k y

o f h ic n - h e a wh o s e o ri in i s los i n th e n i h o f ime . h eir s i u C Itz , g t g t t T t a io n i n th e h o s ile s e c io n o f re o lu io nar ndians Sublivados c aus ed t , t t v t y I ( ) , h e m to b e e r li tle i s i e d un i l to th e e ne ral as o nis h me nt an t v y t v t t , g t , m A er i can a elle r th e wis e arch aeo lo is and D o o r M r. Au us us Le tr v , g t ct , g t lo n e o n i n c o m an wi th h i s o un and mo s i n e lli e n wi fe ed P g , p y y g t t g t , ﬁx h i s res i n de ce amo ng th e m fo r s o me mo nth s to wards th e e nd o f 187 4. Th ey b o th g av e th e ms elv es up with e ag er ne s s to mak ing e x celle nt ph o to ra h ic i e w s o f wh a w as h e re wo r h o f no ice to b e s e n to th e g p v t t t y t , t mi n is r o f ro e c io n th e d e o s i o r wh i c h th e law ro ides i n o rde t y p t t , p t y p v r to o ai n th e i s t mi h ems el es to bt r gh ts o f o w n e r h ip . Th ey d id no li t t v

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h uman h e ad an d wh i h it i s res me d s urmoun e d th e mo nume n , c p u t t e fo r b e th e ti m e o f i ts de s t ruc tio n . E m lo i n a ro ec tio n o f li m s a nd run s o f re e s and ro idi n p y g p t b t k t , p v g a c a s an w ith ro e s ad e fro m th e ar o f th e ra e i ne b fo rc e o f p t p m b k g p v , y p e rs e v e rance th e le arne d Le Plo ng e on w as able to land upo n th e s ur fac e o f th e s o il th e mo s t no t e w o r th y arch ae o log i cal t re as ure which h as b e e n is t t d c o v e re d to h is day i n Y uc a an . no ran t o f th e laws o th e c o un r this m e r ca ra e lle r h o u h Ig f t y , A i n t v t g t h a h e mi h at o nc e call h ims e lf th e ro rie to r o f th e s a ue and s uc t t g t p p t t , c e e de d i n ri n i n it in 15 da s as far as th e u n inh a i e d o w n o f b g g , y , b t t Pis te two miles fro m th e rui ns u o n a w a o n c o n s ruc e d fo r th e ur , , p g t t p o se h id n it i n th e n e i h o rh o o d o f th e a o ve own wh ile h e i nfo rme d p , i g g b b t , h ms e lf a o is s Th i n e ti a le ra elle r c ame to i b ut h s uppo e d rig h ts . e d fa g b t v rida wh e re i n th e m e an ime th e G o er n me n o f th e a e as s e r e d Mé , , t v t St t t th at th e s tat ue was th e g e ne ral p ro pe rty o f th e n atio n and n o t th at o f o the di s c v e re r .

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s o g re at is th e i r dr e ad o f th e i r ﬁ e rc e e ne mie s . h re e mile s f rom is o ne o f th e m o s ad anc e d o s s o n th e e as e rn T P té , t v p t t f ro n ie r and e o nd th e mili ar line s s and the rui ns o f h i c h e n a . t , b y t y , t C Itz h e re la ur ie d s inc e ro a l 5000 e ars h a s u e r s tatue T y b , p b b y y , t t p b , o e th e r wi th o th e r m os r ec i o us reli cs at e i h me te rs unde r ro und t g t p , g t g , mids h i fo re s s un no w n to th e wh o le w o rld n o t o nl to th e m od a t t ck t , k , y e rn b ut als o to th e co m ara i el anc i e nt fo r i t h as e s c a ed de s ruc i o n , p t v y , p t t

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o f ale n ue i n aded all th e re i o ns w e s an d s o u h o f wh a i n o ur P q , v g t t t , da s i s all h e uca an e n i n ula r in t ed t s a ri a B acalar . F ro m h a y , c Y t P , v g t t la e follo wi n th e c o as h e ra a ed th e e as e rn ar o f th e co un r p c , g t , t y v g t p t t y, an d at o r ab o ut th e b eg i nni ng o f th e Ch ris ti an e ra lai d s i e g e to th e ci ti es o th e hol a nd wis e men Itzae s th e s e a o f a e r ad anc e d ci i l f y ( ), t v y v v i z ati o n wh e re r n n i e a s s ci e ce s a d rel io n o u ri s h d . Afte r a wear , t , g ﬂ y and ro racte d de fe n c e and man h ard- fo u h a le s th e e au iful p t , y g t b tt , b t

a i al fell at las i n o th e o w e r of th e i n ade rs . h e re in th e i m uls e c p t t t p v T , p o f h e i r i n oranc e i n th e h e a o f h e i r w rath th e de s ro e d man t g , t t , y t y y o ec s f a h e e n e h ir r a e mo t t l r bj t o rt. T y v t d t e g s par ic u a ly o n th e e ffigie s and o r rai s o f th e anc ie n i n s and rule rs of th e an ui s h e d wh en p t t t k g v q , and wh e re th e c o uld find h e m de c a i a i n m o s a nd re a in a re a y t , p t t g t b k g g t m an o f th e e a utiful s a ue s w rou h b th e ir s u ec s i n th e ir h o no r y b t t g t y bj t , as me m e n o es b hi ch h e re mem ered a n e ne ra e e i r m m r e t y w t y b d v t d th e o i s . Ch aacmol wh o s e h idi n la e th e i no re d as th e did h a o f h i s elde r , g p c y g , y t t ro th e r Hua nca w h o s e s a ue i s s ill wh e re h i s frie n ds de o s i ed it b , y, t t t p t , 1 2 me ers unde r th e s urfac e o f th e ro und e s c a e d th e fur o f th e e n t g , p y ra e d i c o n o clas s . N ot s o h o we e th e effi ie s an d em le ms th a g t , v r, g b t adorn e d and s ur mo un te d th e m o nume nt s rais ed to perpe tuate th e re me m ranc e o f h e i r m o s b e ne fl c e nt o e rnm e n and th e lo e h e ro fe s s e d b t t g v t , v t y p s fo r th ei r pe o ple . E v e n th e s e mo nume n ts th e m e lv e s w e re after wards

dis race d e i n us e d as lac es fo r h i s rio ni c e rfo rmance s . g , b g p t p Th e lac e s o f c o nce alme n o f th e s e and o th e r m os re ci o us reli cs p t t p , amo ng s t th em pro bably th e lib rarie s o f th e H - Me nes o r learne d an d wis e me n et to b e e ca a e d were re eale d to m wife and m s e lf o n de , y x v t , v y y

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t th e e lo e d o f h e r o wn h e ar Ch aac mol . Th e s ce n e of h is de a h rai s e d o b v t , t d t b is i mpre s s i ve ly po rtray e d o n th e w alls wh ich th e que e n caus e o e s t mem o r o f h e r h us and in th e two e uis i e ro o m , th e rais e d to h e y b , xq t f th e e as wall o f rui ns o f wh ich are yet to b e s e e n upo n th e s o uth e nd o t h os e ro o ms w e re a s h ri ne i nde e d b ut a s h ri n e W h e re th e gymnas ium . T , h e m em or o f h e r th e c o nj ug al lo v e o f th e q ue e n alo n e w o rs h ippe d t y 82

de par e d lo er . Sh e ado ned th e o u e r walls wi h h is e fﬁ i e s h is o e m t v r t t g , t t t i er and h is s h i eld and c o a of rms e wee n i e r and i e r. h ils g , t a b t t g t g W t o n a n admi rab ly polis h e d s tuc co th at c o v e rs th e s to n e s in th e i nt e ri o r o f th e ro oms s h e h ad h i s de e ds h is and h e r o w n life i n fac w i h th e , t , t

us o ms o f th e ti me ai n e d i n e autiful life - li e de s i ns s u e r l c t , p t b k g , p b y dr awn and s e r th e r i h e re we tly c olo re d . Th e h is to y o f th e twi n bro s s t fai h f ll - u o r ra e d . Th e re is als o a life li e li e nes s ain e d i n ril t y p t y k k , p t b lian l c o o rs o f Ch aac mo l . nh a il s u h re cio us wo r s o f art h a e t , U pp y c p k v e e n much defac e d m o re h an b ime b th e i m io us h ands of i no an b , t y t , y p g r t and ai n fo ols wh o h a e h o u h h e i r n ame s o f re a e r i n e e s t to th e v , v t g t t g t t r w o rld th an th e m os t re markable draw ing s o n wh ich th ey h ave i ns crib ed h e t m . Ch aac mo l is h e re re re s en ed f ull o f w ra h th e h and c linch e d i n an t p t t , al e rc ati n w i h i r l o h s o un e r ro h e r A ac. Th is la er aft er co wa d t t y g b t , tt , y m ur e — d r ing th e f ri e nd o f hi s i nfancy with th rus ts o f h is lanc e o n e unde r h is ri h . s h o ulde r lade ano th e r in h is lef lun n ear th e re i o n o f th e g t b , t g , g h e ar and th e h ird i n th e lum ar r i n—ne d to mal i n orde to t , t b e g o Ux r e s c a e th e e n e an c e o f th e ue e n wh o ch e ri s h e d h e ir o un ch ie f ai n p v g q , t y g t wh o h ad le d h e m o man At h e i r h e ad h e h ad co n t s y ti me s to victo ry . t ue re d all th e s urr un i n n ti n h i r i n s and rule rs h ad q o d g a o s . T e k g c o me fro m afa r to lay th e i r s c e ptre s and th e i r h e arts at th e fe e t o f th e i r r e t and c r E e n i n lo n e arde me n h ad p t y h a mi ng q uee n . v wh t e a d g b d e He h ad made h r p re s e nts and o ffe re d h e r th e i r t rib ute s and h o mag e . rai s e d th e fame o f th e ir b eautiful capital far a b o v e th at of any o th er iti e s i n e ad o e n e d th e c o un r to th e co m c M ayapan and Xib alb a . H h p t y me rce o f th e wh o le wo rld and me rch an s o f As i a an d Africa w ould , t b ri ng th e ir ware s a nd rece i v e in e xch ang e th e pro d uce o f th ei r fac to ri es

an d o f h e ir lands . In a w o rd h e h ad made Ch ich e n a rea me ro o li s t , g t t p i n wh o s e t e mples pilg r ims from all parts c am e to w o rs h ip and e v e n o ffe r h e i r w n r n i h e re als o ca m e t o pe s o s as a s acr iﬁce to th e Alm gh ty . T th e wis e me n o f th e wo rld to co n s ul th e E ~l en es wh o s e o n e n t , c v t , o e th er wi th h e i as ro n o mic al o s e r a o r m a b e s e e n at a s h o r t g t r t b v t y , y t

di s tanc e fro m th e o e rnm e n alac e and mus eum . h is urio us s o r g v t p T c t y , e t un n o w n to th e w o rld w as re e aled to m w ife an d m s e lf as y k , v y y , th e w o r o f re s torin th e ai n ti n s ad an c e d s e b s e and als o fro m k g p g v t p y t p, th e c areful s tudy of th e h as - re li e fs wh i ch ado rn th e ro o m at th e b as e

f Y u e ra h s o f h e s e h as - re lie fs i n o th e mo num e nt . o can s e ph o to g p t th e album I fo rward e d to th e Min is t ry of Publi c Ins tructio n . W e h av e als o in o ur po s s e s s i o n th e wh o le colle c t io n o f t rac ing s o f th e ai n in n p t g s i th e fun e ral c h amb e r. o ul is a ret o w n o f 4000 inh a i an s s i ua e d a o u 10 le a ues M t p ty t b t t , t t b t g fr m H a i n m n ian s it re s e n s ui e o Mé rida. v g ne v e r s uffe re d fro th e I d p t q t a h ri i n n n s is ri nc i all i n th e ma i n t v g appe aranc e . Its pro ductio s c o t p p y k g h e ne u n At th e ime o f th e an is h q e b ag s and th e rais i ng of ca ttle . t S p co n ue s t it w as th e s ite o f an im o r an s e tle me n if w e ma ud e q p t t t t , y j g fro m th e nu m r in i ts ic i n it b er o f m o unds an d o th e r e diﬁc e s s catte ed v y .

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a n s s Th e r ui ne fa rm - h s f d h i m e n at o ur di s po al. d ou e lie s at th e fo o t o a s m t rand is c clo e an ruc ure . Fro h e e a r i n m a e s i all i n o ld y p t t v , g j t c y b re lie f a ai ns t th e s k i s to b e s e e n th e mo s i n e re s i n and es re g y , t t t g b t p

s e r ed m o numen o f Ak e c o m o s e d o f h re e la forms s u e r o s e d . v t , p t p t p p Th ey te r mi n ate i n an im me n s e e s planade cro w ne d by th re e row s o f 12

olumns e ac h . Th e s e c olumns fo rmed o f h u e s uare s o ne s ro u hl c , g q t g y h e wn an d ile d o ne a o e th e o th e r to a h e i h o f 4 me e rs are th e , p b v g t t , K a tuns h a s e r e d to re c o rd ce r ai n e o ch s in th e h is o r o f th e na ion t t v t p t y t , s i i and i ndicate i n th i s c a e an ant q u ty o f at le as t 57 60ye ars . Th e m onu

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- h l r o n th e walls o f Ch ich e n I tz a . T ey rec a le d fo c ibly to o ur mi nds th e an i ue Gua nch es th e anc i e n i nh a i an ts o f th e C a nar s lands wh o s e t q , t b t y I , ’ i a n ic m ummie s ar e e t fo und i n th e s e ulch ral c a e rns o f T e ne riﬁe g g t y p v , and wh o s e pe c uliar s an dals w ith red s traps s o c lo s e ly re s e mble th o s e h e e di c s f e s e e n o n th e fe e t o f Ch aac mol . T ﬁ e o Ak e ar c o mpose d o f lar e lo c s o f s o ne e n e rall s uare o f e n o lo n in sh a e s u er g b k t , g y q , t b g p , p o s e d an d h e ld o e h er me rel b h e ir en o rmo us we i h wi th o th e p , t g t y y t g t , ut m n an e no t ar r in is tr n aid o f m o rtar o r c e e t o f y s ort . W did t y th s a g e a Th e malar a o th lac s ci ty mo re th an e igh t d ys . i f e p e v e ry s e rio u ly affe c ted th e h e al h o f m wife and o li ed us to h as e n ac to Tixk o t y , b g t b k W e ro u h w i us t e h o o ra h ie ws and lan s o f th e ri n k o b . h h b g t t p t g p v , p p c i nl uildi n s re r e i n n o t to e rfe o ur wo r b a c o m le e s ur e p b g , g tt g p ct k y p t v y o f th e wh o le o f h em s a e re d a s h e are o e a lar e e e n o f t , c tt t y v r g xt t g round . Our i n v e s tig atio ns i n Uxmal r e v e ale d to o ur mi nds s o me i nte res ti ng re t t e t d ti n facts i n th e liv e s o f th e th e b ro h er s o f h ra i o . In Chi ch en we di s co v e red th e place o f c on ce alme n t o f t h e two b ro th e rs Huancay an d

acmol. Th a o f th e h i rd ro h e r Aac was no t to b e fo und . Ye t Cha t t b t , , I n rs o s w as ce rtain i t m us t e xi s t s o me wh e re . Ma y pe n wh o are no t acq uai nte d with th e c us to ms and relig io us belie fs o f th os e ancie nt pe o ple h av e q ue s t io ne d m e o n th e s t ran g e ide a o f b uryi ng s uch b eautiful o e c s o f art at s o rea a de h et th e re as o n i s e r s im le . Th e bj t g t pt , y v y p ti o ns h a i nh a i e d th e wh o le o f e n ral Am e ri a—th e Ma as th e na t t b t C t c y , — ah uas th e Caras o r C arians h ad with th e i ame s e e e n o f to - da and N , , S v y, h e E tians o f o ld m an no io ns i n c o mmo n c on ce r ni n th e i mmo r t gyp , y t g ali o f th e s o ul and its e is e nc e af e r its e ar h l mis s io n was aec o m t ty , x t t t y rinc i l lis h e d . h e e li e e d h a th e s e n ti e n and i n e lli e n e ixa n p T y b v t t t t g t p p , p , whi c h i nh a i s th e o d s ur i e d th e d e ath O f h a o d , and w as b t b y , v v t t b y many m undan e e is e n e s o und to re ur n .to ear h and li e o th e r and b t t , v x t c ; 85 b ut th at b e tw een e ach s e parate e x is te nc e th at p ixan w e nt to a place of d eli h Caan wh e re it e n o ed all s o r s o f b lis s fo r a ro or i o na e g t , , j y t p p t t

im e and as a re w ard fo r th e o o n i a n e h ile o n e ar h . t , g d actio s t h d do w t ‘ a s s i n to a lac e of uni s h me n Metnal it s ufie re d all in ds o f P g p p t , , k e il s Th en it w as v duri ng als o a c er tai n ti me i n at o n em e nt fo r its s ins . to re urn an l a ut as th e m a e rial o d was t d iv e g ai n amo ng m e n . B t b y e e ris h a le h e made e ffi ies i n er fe c r e s e m lan ce to i t. Th es e w er p b , t y g p t b s o me tim es o f wo o d s o me i me s o f cla an d s o me tim e s o f s o ne ac cord , t y , t , i ng to th e w e alth o r s o cial po s iti o n o f th e i ndi vidual ; and afte r b urn i ng th e o d th e as h e s w e re e nclo s e d i n th e s a ue o r i n urns h a th e b y , t t t t y lace ne ar Aro un and e s ide h e s e e re ar ran e d th e we a o n s p d by . d b t w g p an d th e o rn ame n s us e d b th e d e c e as e d i f a war rior th e o o ls o f h is t y , ; t rade if a me c h anic an d o o s if a ri e s o r le a rne d man i n o rder th at t ; ; b k , p t , th ey s h ould fin d th e m at h and wh e n th e p ixan s h o uld c o me b ack and a nim a e th e s a ue o r ima t t t g e . n e ami ni n th e o rna T o re turn to o ur i nv e s tigatio n s at Ux mal . O x g n wn as m e nts o n th e c o rni c e o f th e E as te rn f ro n t o f th e m o num e n t k o “ Th e H o us e o f th e G o e rn o r w as s truc w ith h e i r s i milari y to v , I k t t

’ th o s e wh ich ado rn th e m o s t anc i e n t e difi ce o f Ch i ch e n a nd wh o s e c o n m o s arti cu larl s tr uc io n ud e da e s ac e ars . B ut wh a y t , I j g , t b k y t t p calle d my att e n ti o n w e re th e h i e ro glyph i c s th at s urro un d e d a s itti ng n fig ure plac e d o v e r th e m ain e n t ran c e i n th e c en t re o f th e b uildi g . aacmol and o n Th e re w e re plai nly to m e th e n am e s o f Huun cay and Ch , o h id es o f th e ure n o w h e adle s s th e n ame o f th e i ndi idual it b t s fig , , v e r w as i n e n de d to r e r e s e n A ac th e o un er ro h e r an d m urde r . t p t , , y g b t ri a e And o n th e N o rth - w es t c o rn e r o f th e s e co nd t e r rac e was h i s p v t res iden c e a e r e le an s ruc u re o f a m o s s i m le an d rac e ful arch i , v y g t t t t p g fo und a illar e c ture o rn am e n te d wi h h is to em . af erw ard s p t , t t I t m uch W ritt e n wi th h is n am e i n h i e ro glyph ic s an d a bus t o f m arble v e ry Aro und th e n e c is a c o llar o r n e c lac e s us tainin a me dallio n d efac e d . k k g t i s nam In th e ure th a ad o rns th e fa ade o f th e palac e h e i s W i h h e . fig t c e n te s i t in an d und e r h is fe e t are to b e s e e n th e o di e s o f h re e repres d t g , b t il h e s e als o e rs o na e s two m e n an d o n e wo m an a e d . nh app y p g , , fl y U t

las s . Th e are h av e b ee n m uti late d by th e h an d o f ti me o r o f i c o no c t y n de d e adles s b ut e nte r ai n n o d o u as to wh o m h ey we re i n e h , I t bt t t i s nt Huu n ca Ch aacm ol a nd th e ue e n h is wife . to rep res e , y, q , It b e s e e n i n re a w o rth y o f no ti c e th at Wh ile th e ph allic e mble ms are to g t il i n at mal h e re i s no t a s ingle rac e p ro fus i o n i n e v e ry o th e r b u d g Ux , t t ” H s e o f th e G o e rn o r o r i ts appur e n anc e s . o f th e m i n o r o n th e o u v , t ‘ li i c al e ﬁe rve s c e nc e w e de e r mi ne d to Yuc at an b e ing i n a s tate o f p o t , t uca ta n d C o umel o n th e E as t c o as t o f , v i s it th e i s la nds o f Mug e re s a n z , Y ds o f th e ndians and e i n t ak ing o ur ch ance o f falling i nto th e h an I b g

m urde red . e e m ar ed o n o ard th e o r i n l o n th e 20th o f Oc o e r 187 6 , w A c c d g y , t b , b k b ” f th e e e ni n th e i ri a s mall co as i n s lo o a nd wi h th e mis ts o g , V , t g p , t v nd we re lo s t i n th e h a e o f h o us es o f P rog re s o faded from o ur vie w a z 1 2 86

th e o i n rar inds re arde our o urne and o li ed us to h r zo n . Co t y w t d j y b g a as n t un il afte r te n i re s o m e c s t anch o r ne ar s h o re e v ery n igh t . It w o t t da s th a w e at las s aw th e di m o u line o f Mu e re s i s lan d r is e s lo w l y t , t , t g y m f the o e r th e wa e s . As w e d re w n e ar th e all and s le nder fo r s o v v , t c o c oa ree s rac efull wa i n h e ir ca s o f re e n fo lia e wi th th e t , g y v g t p g g ree ze wh ile h ei ro o s s e em e d to s ri n from th e lue wa e rs o f th e b , t r t p g b t o e an i n dic a e d th e s o wh e re th e i lla e h o us es la o n th e sh o re c , t p t v g y

unde r h ei r um ra e . e e n at a dis ance th e s o re s e n s ui e a t b g S t , p t p t q t ro man i m ere ro c ele a ed o nl a fe w fe e as ec . Th e i s land i s a t c p t k , v t y t a o e th e le el o f th e s ea s ix m ile s lo n and a o ut o n e - h alf a mile w ide b v v . g b i n its In s om e lace s i t i s s carce l 2 00 s e s ac ro s s . wides t parts . p y t p Th e o ula i o n o n s is s o f 500 s o uls mo e o r les s . Its ri nc i al i ndus p p t c t , r p p tr is s Fo n n rn n eans —th e s a le ar i cle s o f fo o d y fi hing . r I di a co a d b t p t — th rough o ut Y uc at an th e y de pe n d altog e th e r o n th e mai n land ; veg e a le s o f an i nd are an un no w n lu ur n o w i h s tandin h e re are t b y k k x y , t t g t h is lan s o me patch es o f g oo d v eg e table land i n th e ce ntral part . T e d pos s e s s e s a b e autiful and s afe h arbo r ; at o n e tim e i t was th e h av e n wh e re th e pirates th at i nfe s te d th e W e s t I n di an s e as w e re wo nt to s e e k r es fr m Th e i r name s a re to b e s een to - d a t o th e ir h az ardo us ca lli ng . y r udely c arv e d o n th e s ap ote b eam s th at fo r m th e li nte ls o f th e do o rw ays o f th e antiq ue s h rine wh o s e r ui ns cr o w n th e s o uth ernmo s t o in o f t e i s l p t h and . It i s to th is sh rine o f th e M aya Ven us th at as far do wn as th e S pan is h c o n ues il rims re ai re d e arl to o ffe r h e i r ra e rs and o ti e q t , p g p y y t p y v v r llud t ll u s p e s e nts to pro piti ate th at div inity . C og o o e s th at i t w as o n h e r altar th at th e prie s t wh o ac co mpan ie d th e adv e nture rs wh o fi rs t lan e n t e d d at th e i s land , afte r d e s troyi g th e e tfigie s o f h G o dde s s and o f h e r co m anio n s and re laci n h e m b a ic ture o f th e i r in Mar p p g t y p V g y , c e le b rated mas s fo r th e fi rs t ti me o n th o s e co as ts i n p re s e nc e o f a th ro ng f as n i e n t e a e to th e i s land th e name o to s h d a iv e s . Th y g v of Muge re s

(wome n). I was to ld th atfo r me rly many o f th e v o tiv e o ffe ri ng s h ad be en i di s nte rre d f ro m th e s and i n fro nt o f th e b uilding . Th e s o il at th at plac e i s ro fus e l s re wn with f ra me n s o f i m a es wrou h i n cla re re s e n p y t g t g g t y , p t i n o r io n s f w m s e lf s fo r g p t o th e h uman b o dy . I as y o tunat e as to fall i n w i h th e h e ad o f a ri e s e s s a e au iful i ece o f wo r m ans h i t p t , b t p k p , m oulde d ac co rdi n to th e m o s t e a c ro o r i o ns o f G re cian g x t p p t ar t. It h ad fo rme d part o f a b raz ie r th a t h ad s e rve d to b ur n pe rfum e s o n th e al ar n ea r wh ich a n d t us e ar t I fo und i t . I h pp e e o p t of th at v as e to h o ld s o me li ve co als and n o twi th s andi n th e m an e ars h a , g y y h ad e laps ed ‘ t t t s in ce it h ad las s e rved a mos s we e o do r aro s e and lled t t , t t ﬁ h e s m all

b uildi ng .

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did no t e e n no w o f th e na me . Th e s o e o f ec o o f N i s uc té v k y p k M , , o f Kan uh o f e e ns i e r uins of uildin s in h at la e wh e re h e k , xt v b g t p c , t y

fish and i nn ume ra le u le s s o r i n th e la o o ns wh ile c urle ws s ni e b t rt p t g , , p , d uc ks and o th er aq ua tic fo wls flo ck o n th e i r s h o re s ; and no t th e leas t o f th e gi fts with wh ich th e munific ie nt h and o f n ature h as s o b o un ti fully e n do wed h is de lic io us o as is o f th e o c e an i s its deli h tful an d s o f e t t g t , y

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m li - c els o r far s e a ch e c e r o ard . Th e i s land li e th e wh o le o f th e k k b , k uc a an e ni ns ula h as e ide n l e e n u ra is e d f ro m th e o to m o f th e Y t p , v t y b p b t s e a b th e ac tio n o f o lcani c re s and th e h in c o a in o f ara le lo a m y v ﬁ , t t g b o f s urpris i ng fe rtility wh i ch co v e rs a s ub s trat um o f c alcare o us s o n e s i s th e re s ul o f th e accu mula ion o f de tri i mi e d wi th th e t , t t t , x r i Th es duum o f an imal an d v e g e table life o f th o us an ds of ye ars . e re a r g te r pa t o f t his i s land i s as yet arch aeo log ically un e xplo re d . I h av e no d o ubt th at th o ro ugh e xplo rati o ns i n th e de pth s o f i ts fo re s ts an d o f th e c a e s w o uld r in to li h t ve r i n e res ti n re li s wh ic h v b g g y t g c , w oul re a th e ro u le n Ro u h an d ru e as i s th e c o n d p y t b a d ex pe ns e . g d s ruc io n o f th e mo nume n s o f th e is land th e ar ch i e cture o s s e s s e s t t t , t p th e s am e c h aracte r as th at o f th e mo re e labo rate ediﬁ c e s o n th e mai n

land . Th e s am e de s i n o f e n a l a ure wi th s o m e little diffe re n ce i n th e g t b t , co rni c e th e s am e rian ular arch th e s am e s h a ed r o o m s —lo n and , t g , p g ’ n arro w b ut all o n a mi ni ature s c ale . Th e s e e m mo re li e do lls h ous e s , y k n llin n e o f th e b e s t re s r s e s in ular th a dwe g s fo r man . O p e v ed o f th e g uildin s w as is i e d and two o h e r c on s ruc io ns co ns is i n o f i nd e b g v t , t t t , t g e nden and s e ara e a rc h es th e o nl o n e s w e e er me t w i h i n o ur p t p t , y v t

ram les i n uc a an . Th e e di ce for me d at o ne i me w i h th e two b Y t ﬁ t , t ri um h al arc h e s ar o f a s e rie s o f co ns truc i o ns no w c o m le e l t p , p t t p t y

r ui ned . was a e m le c o m o s e d as are all s ruc ures o f th e i nd o f It t p p , t t k ,

tw o a ar me n s a fro nt o r an te - c h am e r an d th e s anc uar o r h o l o f p t t , b , t y y

In h is c as e th e ante - ch am e r meas ure s 59 i n c h es in wid h b 2 h o lie s . t b t y ards and 33 i nch e s in le n h its h ei h t e i n 2 ards and 30 i n h e s fro m y gt , g b g y c

th e ﬂ o o r to th e ape x o f th e triangular arch th at s e rv e s as ce iling . Th e s an c uar i s e n e re d h ro u h a do o rw a 1 ard h i h an d 18 i nc h e s wide t y t t g y y g , and i s n arro w e r h an th e fr o n a a r me nts m e as ur i n o nl 34 i nch es t t p t , g y w e all r h i h a r s 29 n acro s s . Th e h o le edi ce is te rn 3 a ds 4 d i c h es ﬁ x y y g , y If e u e o f th e s ta u re o f th e uilde rs l o ng an d 4 yar ds w ide . w j dg t b b th e s i e o f th e uildin we m a re all im a ine th is to h a e e e n th e y z b g , y y g v b

in do m o f i li u is i e d b G ulli er . Th e t ri um h al arch e s re s e n k g L p t , v t y v p p t th e s ame ro o r io n s as th e em le h a e us de s c ri e d wh i c h i s p p t t p I v j t b , r e r i s tr ure Old e o le are no t wa nti n b y n o me ans th e e a li s t a c h a c uc t . p p g

wh o re e nd to h a e s e e nth e s e Alum- o b wh o m th e de s c ri e as re ach i n p t v , y b g t f t Th e te ll us o f h e ir h a i s th e e xt rao rdinary s ta ure o f 2 e e . y t b t an d mis c hi e o us ne s s ale s wh i c h fo r i l re call to o ur mi nd s th e v , t c b y “ leg e nds o f th e little pe o ple s o c re dite d am o ng all clas s es o f s o c ie ty Th e re c an b e no re as ona le do u bu t th at a e r d imin u i n I reland . b bt v y i e rac e o f m en b ut li le ad anc ed i n th e ar s of ivilizati o n d wel o n t v , tt v t c , t 89

h e s e is lands and alo n th e eas e rn c oas o f u a an and h a man o f t g t t Y c t , t t y th e e di ce s th e rui n s o f w hi ch are to b e s e e n i n h a ar o f th e co un ﬁ , t t p t r t are th e wor s of h e i r h ands as th e radi i on h as i t . y , k t , t t

The a ttem pt h as bee n m ade in th e previou s p ag es to brin g

the isc o i f n n is n a n t f d ver es o Dr . Le Pl o ge o a nd h o w cco u o his l a bo rs an d infere n ces i n t o s uch a fo r m th at th ey m ay be e as ily co n sidered by th os e co m peten t to dete rmin e th eir

im o an and Th a u of th e s t u a d p rt ce bearing . e v l e at e c lle

Chac ’ Mo ol as an a h a o o i a as u an n o u s , rc e l g c l tre re , c t be q e

tio n e d It. is h n ﬁ o f hi h . t e o ly remain in g h um an gure a g “ ” of art ﬁnis h in th e o un n o wn to h a n type , ed r d k ve bee dis co vered in Am eric a sin ce th e o ccup ation of May a terri

to in the l 6 th n u r y ce t ry .

The i o s of 00 an h a s si h u m an o un n an s d l p ve expre ve c te ce , th o ugh th ey are d isto rted in o rder to i ns pi re awe an d fe ar

i n th e ho d b ut n o a m was th m a to e i t th e be l er, tte pt ere de d p c

f i h e s an grace ul pro p o rt o ns of th e n u de ﬁgure . T y t d per

e n dicula rl a e f o m s oi o s of s o n an d are f om p y, c rv d r l d bl ck t e , r 1 to 1 5 f i n h i h Th e ﬁ u s u o n h m are b as 0 eet e g t . g re p t e

ie fs o u in n al y o n of th e n h of th e rel , cc py g ge er l ly g le gt

f o n whi th e ba k of th e o is a s ai h su fa and r t , le c bl ck tr g t r ce h u is co vered with e mblem s an d hie rp glyphics . T e s c lp tures o f Palen que Th ave m any of them m uch artis tic

au but th e ar e all o f h m a a h ﬁ u s as be ty , y t e tt c ed g re , it is bel ieved are al so th e be a utiful s t at ues of N in “ e velr i Even the sligh tes t t ouch i ng m akes a ﬁgure i n ” his s a u f o m h i h n - za h as all th e a a relief . T t t e r C c e It ppe r

an of in i n n as th e i n ss of a m an and m u h ce be g te ded l ke e , c

h o o i n is s kill is sh o wn in th e delin e ation of t e pr p rt o s . It

n i a h an d os s u o n a as a f o m e t rely det c ed , rep e p b e c rved r

he s am o of s o n as th e ﬁ u whi h i s it a h i h t e bl ck t e g re , c g ve g er

an i n s u u h an an o h i n m i a of w hi h we r k c lpt re t y t er A er c , c It is a n o w o h i u m h a ve o c ul a r pro of at this day . te rt y c rc s t an ce i h the c o ntro versy regardin g th e s eizu re o f th e s t at ue

’ e h e ns ra e ls in e n ral Ame ric a h ia as and uca an vo l. I. St p T v C t , C p Y t , ,

- a e 158 . Id . vo l . . a e 349 . E nc clo aedi a Bri annic a. o s ton p g 1 II , p g x y p t B ,

1859 Arti cle S c ulpture . 90

th e u atan G o n m n an d af wa s th at of by Y c ver e t , ter rd by

M i o h a n o o u t i n a to its au h n i i so far ex c , t t d b reg rd t e t c ty , as is no wn to th e w i has n ss on the a t k r ter , bee expre ed p r of th os e wh o wo uld n at ur ally be th e best j udges of o s fo un in h i wn n m on th e o n o n bject d t e r o cou try . A g Le Pl ge ph o tograph s o f s culptu res fr om Uxm al i s a head i n demi

i f whi h s m s in th e in am n s of th e fa h o s rel e , c re e ble l e e t ce t e of this s a u s o m u h as to o ff a s i in ik n ss and t t e c er tr k g l e e ,

’ this agrees with the theo ry of th e i n tim ate con n ection of

h i h n - z a an d U m a a o t in th e o mmuni a io n C c e It x l , d p ed c c t

Fo to H n . W s t . o J. . er

i o an a s o n ish o of u atan in his a oun t D eg de L d , ec d B p Y c , cc of h a o un w i n in 1 56 6 s a s of two simi a s atu s t t c try r tte , pe k l r t e o s h im at th e s am o a i hi h n - tza whi h b erved by e l c l ty , C c e I , c

‘ pl ace h e s peaks of as fam o us fo r its ruins ﬂ His descript io n “ is : fo un h s u u ion s as s an d o the o s I d t ere c lpt red l , v e , r bject , fashio ned with s o m uch skill th at n o o ne w o uld be tem pted to decl are th at that peo ple m ade th em with o ut i ns trume n ts of

h fo un a s o two m e n s u u a h m a of m a . et l T ere I d l c lpt red , e c de a sin s o n a nd i a o in to th e usa of th e gle t e , g rded cc rd g ge

h h h i h a s in a u ia an n n ians . m an d I d T ey eld t e r e d pec l r er , h ad e arin s in h i a s as th e n ians w a h m an d r g t e r e r , I d e r t e , a o in fo m a o io n hin th e n whi h n p t r ed pr ject be d eck , c e tered a h o in th e n an d hus a o n the s a ue was deep le eck , t d r ed t t ” a so s e ak s of th e a i of u in complete . He l p pr ct ce b ry g a ti s us the a wi h h i asbe s an d h e r cle ed by de d t t e r ,T “ s ay s : As rega rd s Seig n eu rs an d pe o ple o f s uperio r c o n

i ion h u n h i m ain s an d os it h i ash s in d t , t ey b r t e r re , dep t e r e

h h n i m h m as o ne a u n s . u s o s es l rge r T ey t e b ld te ple ver t e , e ” n h a is fo un d at za ma was an i n o w . c e tly d e , by t I l 1 Th e s ta t ue dis co vered s eems to res emble th o s e s p o ken of

l h i i i a by Lan d a in al t e pecul ar ties m en t o n ed . He lso refers to th e c us tom am o ng th e wo m e n of ﬁling th e teeth like

w n i n a s aw w hi h as o s h m to o am n a . , c c dered by t e be r e t l !

e la o s as de a n e ie Lan . Relaci o n d s C uc a d D o de da B . A Y t , g y L bbé J e o ur o ur . a ris 1 64 a 4 d . 1 B ras s e ur d B b g P , 8 , p g e 3 7 . ( I 9 7 . IId . 199 .

! Ia. 183 .

His ast dat is f o m iz i is h o n u as m l e r Bel e , Br t H d r , Septe ber

1 In h a e h e an no un e s th e a a io n of a a . t t l tter c prep r t p per fo r the Ro a G o a hi a o i o f o n on in whi h h e y l e gr p c l S c ety L d , c h i n s ays h e sh all give his res e arc es ex ten so . ft fou a s of oi and os u to an an d af A er r ye r t l exp re d ger , ter a l arge expen dit ure of m o n ey paid fo r s ervices in Openin g

o a s a in uin s an d ma in a a ion s . o n r d , cle r g r , k g exc v t , Dr Le Pl geo n ﬁn d s him self deprived of all th e m a terial resu lts of his l abo rs and s acriﬁces which co uld secu r e him an adequate

n W e h o th a h e m a soo n i us an d s a is retur . pe t y rece ve j t t fa o a m n t f o m the o n m n and a ﬁ i n o ct ry tre t e r g ver e t , tt g rec g

io n an m un at n f o m th e i n iﬁ w n it d re er io r s c e t c o rld .

In u in o f th e s u h s n th e a wi j dg g bject ere pre e ted , re der ll a in min h a fa s su s an ia sh o u no t be r d t t ct b t t ted ld be rejected , eve n if th e theo ries fo un d e d o n th em advan ce bey o n d th e

i h f n inf m a i n l g t o prese t o r t o .

In u us P on o n s n th . t e fo o win A g t , Dr Le l ge e ll g letter with th e reques t th at it s ho uld be p ublished in a fo rm which wo uld allo w of its pres en tatio n to th e Congres In ter n a ti on al deg

A m ér i ca n is tes whi h w o u h a t u m ou i , c ld be eld L xe b rg n the n h f m was in m o t o Septe ber . It pr ted i n the Bos to n D aily

is i n th e iss u s o f . 3d and 4th an d is n Advert er , e Sept , o w

a in th e s am in h is o n n i n Th repe ted e type t c ect o . e spelling of th e n am e Chac - Mo ol in th e letter was changed by th e w i f o m th at m o i h e t n t . o n on r ter r e pl yed ext by Dr Le Pl ge , whi h is in a ia Ch a a cm l c . v r bly o ; a liberty t ake n i n co us e n f h n n im ous f que c e o t e u a pre ere n ce in f av o r of the spelling Chac - Mool sh o wn in all th e written o r prin ted articles fro m

u a an a in to his is o v whi h h a Y c t rel t g t d c ery , c ve co me to o ur n i o b s er vatio . Co p es of the letter were s e n t to Luxem

o u an d a so to th e u au of th e i b rg , l B re S o c é té des Am eri ani e t i c st s a Pa r s . Ln . LETT E R FR OM D R . PLONGEON

l th m erch a n ts o f h ich e n IS N D F Z UM L e ar n in c mm uni cati n h e d b y e C LA O CO E , Y g o o Jun e 1 5 1877 . } , wi th th e trad ers f rom As i a an d A fri ca ; o r th e po

’ : - Ste h en Sa lts bu r r . es . W rces ter , Ma ss tiers a nd race f uln e ss o t th e p y , j , q , o li ten es s of con t g Wed n e s d a h e f u D e ar Sir . Th e L n d n Ti m es o f me n t o f th e c urt o f t , o o y , q ue en ; o f th e re ﬁ ne o ;

Jan uary 3 1877 c n tai n s vie ws o n th e pr o ecte d n eral ce re m nie s and of th e wa s t h e di s se d , , o j o , y y po c n res s o f th e s o - call e a A me r i cam s ts th a t is ex i le in as i n s o f ar ar us o g , o f th e de ad ; o f th e terr b v o b b o ec ted to b e h eld at Lu e m ur i n e ptem be r h u ri b e s of th e d es tru c ti n at th ei r h an d s p x bo g S Na a t ; o , ,

e r - n ex t . W as th e w riti n i n te n de d to r a d am ! i f ul m e tr lis h i ch e n It a t h e c e n g p of th e be aut opo C z , m u h a e f r e n ri It s o i t d id n ot m is s its ai m . It st tre o f ci il i ati n th e e m ri um o f th e c un t e s , v oz v z o , po o m f h e m an f M a a to th e ve ry c ore th e e n th us i as o t y c o mpris e d b etwee n th e eas te rn s h o re s o y d ream ers and s p ecula tors on th e p re hi s tor ic n a p an an d th e we s te rn o f Xib alb a ; o f th e i e r n n in e n A S f h e n ati n s of ti on s th at i nh abite d th s w s te c o t t . s u bs e qu e nt d e c ad e n ce o t o ; f or me I f el t i ts ch i ll e e n u n d er th e u rn i n ra s h e i r i n t rn al strif e d uri n l n a e s . , v b g y t e g o g g of th e tr i cal sun of ucatan n tw ith s t an d in I F o r h ere i n rec ni n time w e m u s t n ot c u n t b y op Y , o g , ko g , o r W do n ot i n th us am o r u h t to b e well i n u e d to th e m du rin th e n turie s b ut m i lle n ari e s . e . , o g , g ce f u r e ars th at m wif e an d m s elf are ram li n S e a i n i n d ul e i n c n ec t ure s —fo r e ril th e o y y y b g p k g , g o j , v y , m n h e rui n e i ie f th M d w ll l e e s n o r m f or su s iti n o g t d c t s o e ay as . s tu y of t h e a s av oo pp o o

True I am b ut a c l s e arch e r o f th e s tu e n h i m wh o ui e tl i n e sti ate s an d c m ares . , oo p to q y v g o p u m n u m n h e m i h ra h Le Pl n e n an d m s e lf h a e do s o e ts of t g ty c es t a t are n o Ho w far M rs . o g o y v m re b ut h a e l e ft th e h i st r of th eir as s a e on le to i nter re t th e m u ral ai n ti n s b as o , v o y p g b ee n ab p p g , e ar th wri tte n o n th e s t n e s o f th e alace s o f t h e i r relief s s cu l ture s an d h i e r l h i cs t h e results o p , p og y p , m h a e ee n ru lers u n th e te m le s o f th ei r d s . Th e l w f ou r la rs s h w . m e of th e , po p g o g o o bo o (So v b “ i n g fires of e n th u sias m do n ot ove rh eat late ly publish e d i n th e i llus tration His pan o “ m i m n i n n t h r ” h ti n o f h e a i at e ve i t e h an di w Am e ri can a o f Mad rid . T e e ca a t y g o , o k ) x v g of th e an ci e n t arti s ts an d arc h i te cts m a n i ce n t s ta tue o f th e It a i n g fi z k g , ’ — — h e s ci e n ce ot th e i t H M s i - r ut fi e th us an d ii . t a en c w s e h ac M l u ied a v z C oo , b bo o m en fill m h eart with a s ur ri s e a i n to adm i ra h is wif e t h e ue e n of , y p k ye ars a g o i , q

o ti n . i n ce f ur e ars we as k th e s t n e s t o dis h i c h en at e i h t m etre s u n d e r r un d o S o y C , g g o h e crets th e c n eal Th e rtrai ts of u s u s t ee n wre n ch ed fr m ou r close t e s y o c . po (th at s ta t e h a j b o th e an ci e n t i n s t h se of th e m en wi th l n h n ds th e M e i can e rn ment wi t h u t e e n k g , o o g a by x g ov , o v

eard s who se e m to h a e h el d h i h c ﬁi ce s n a l b u t th e h t ra h s m ay b e. s ee n b , v g a po og y, p o og p

e l h m i l r n . 12 am n th s e e e a e e c e f am iari e d th e res ide nce o f Mr . H e n D i 1 I o g p op , v b o z at y xo , No A n with us an d w e wi th th e m . At ti me s th e y a ear n s tre e t R e e n t ar L n d n an d th e e , pp b a y , g p k . o o , to our e e s to b e n o t ui te d e id of li fe n o t e n r i n s o f it in th e ﬂ u s t r c i on Hi s an —A m e n y q vo , g av g a p o

f r N o t un f re ue n tl th e h n wle d e o f th e l ace wh ere li e s th at ti t e ly d ea to o u voi c e . q y t e k o g p —Mool i n m e ani n o f s m e s cu l t u re of s m e c h arac te r of f H u un c a . t h e eld e r r th e r of h ac g o p . o , o y b o C , s me a in ti n —ti il th e n s cu re u n i n telli ibl e te rre a at t wel e m etr e s u n d er th e s u rf ac e—of th e o p g , ob , g , v

u li n —all of a s ud de n e c me s cle ar e as to s i te wh ere t h e H- Men es h id th e ir l i rari e s con p zz g , b o , y b — w un de rs tan d f ull of m e an in . tai n in th e h i s t r of t h e ir n ati n th e n le d g e . g g o y o k o

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— e l w w . s v ul e d to u s wh i e e e re als t ld o f th cu b k n wn o r wh a t w uld b e u seless if di s c e re d . g ; o o e o . o ov tom s o f th e pe ople ; of th e s cie n tiﬁ c ac q u ire m en ts It i s n ot th e plac e h e re to re f ute th e le arn e d p r o

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— Th e e l r i n o f h m numents g old th at belon gs to th e arc h ai c ti mes wh at of creation . xp o at o t e o ld d es n o t ! Or if h e w uld t urn u h is n s e o f as t e nerati n s all e ari n th e eculi ari ti es g o o , o p o p g o , b g p , at th e wealth of am e m n n e aus e h e n w s th e i d i s n cracies of th e u i l d ers h as con v mc ed Ag o b c k o o y b , th at th e g old a n d prec ious s ton e s th at c om pose it m e th at th e e n e rg ies of h um an m i n d an d in tellect w w r m e i n l i m Th e c m e ere w rough t b y artiﬁce rs h o live d f our th ou a e th e s a a l t e s . y o

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th e w n d e r of th e m de rn tra e ller w e re reared . t ms an d attai n me nts o f all s rts of t h e n ati ns o o v , o o o Is h e n o t i n ﬂ ue n ce d b th e s am e i n stin cts th e th at h a e l i e d on th e weste rn c n ti ne n t ef re y , v v o , b o s a m e wan ts th e s am e as i rati n s th e s am e m en i t was m e rica m u s t b e Stll l ll ed i L vie w of th e . p o , A , tal and h s i c al di s eas es ! m nu m e nts th e h a e lef t o r of th e h t ra h s p y o y v ; p o og p , I n s d r m n i n d li t traci n s o f m ural ain n c i e a a e o th e waters o f th e ti s . etc . e tc . wh ich are o k k g p g , ,

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t n ue o f Tta h ua n ti n s u u . Th e ir s u e cts f r m i n tim es s o re m te th at we h a e n o tradi ti n e e n o g y bj , o o v o v w e m i h e i h h e e r d i s tan t arts o f th e re uld th e f th e e en t. l t i s we ll k n wn th at t u c ua o v p p c o n o v o Q , als un d e rs tan d each th e r an d c am e i l li tim e was th e la n u a e o f th e in h a i tan ts of lli e alle o o , W g g b v y to c on s id e r th e m s elves as me m b ers o f th e s a m e i f C u zc o excl us ive ly bef o re i t b e cam e g e n eralize d

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th is we s te r n c n ti n ent i s as o ld i t n at ld e r th an w as F 0. o , o , m i f i si a an d u r e o r f ri c a . e a in th i s ue s e f am i l e s o In d ans th at li e i n th e re A E op , A L v g q So , v ti n to b e s e ttle d b h i m W h o m a acc m l i s h i t m te b ls n es s mall valle s of th e n d e s s rt o y y o p , o o o ( y A }, po I will re pe at h ere wh at I h ave s u stai n e d lon g ag o : e ve n tod ay a one as th e i n h abi t a n ts o f

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i h a e h ad m a n th us an d ears a o rela ti n s wi th i n ten . a s m all V ll a e n ear Pi ura v y o y g o E g , th e i n h a i tan ts of th e th e r arts o f S e a a lan uag e un n wn to th e i r n e i h r s an d b o p p k g k o g bo , th e e ar th us t as we h a e th e m t d Th is are sai d to e as il h ld c n e rs e wi th th e c li es j v o ay . y o o v oo of th vi m W n n h f r m u r l i n e c a e . h e a d o w di d th is i n te r act I c an p ove b y th e a p aint g s an d b as g

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t in re s i n s f r m n e arl e e r l n a li ttle m re th an 5800 e ars old sh ul d c me a s exp s o o y v y a g uag e o y , o o s e n in l de n times to th is in t I wi ll r ec u r d wn u n m e a n d a fte r p u ri n u n m h u m p ok o ( p o o po , , o g po y l l h ere af te r an d als b th e s m a l s ta tue s of tu m b e s e lf th e i r m s t d a m n in g an at h em as , c n s i n ), o y o o g a a mi ture f il ver n d r f un d m e at th e di c tate s 01 th ei r s ec tarian c h ari t to b y (a x o s a c oppe ) o , y , i n th e h u ac as of h i m u n e ar Tr u ill on th e th at lace er th e d r o f wh i c h D an te re ad C , j o p ov oo l ' Pe ru i an c ast an d th se of th e al e o f i eri ne si Va tra la perd uta gente . v o , by o v y

h i nch a . ’ asc iate o i e r n z v oi n n at C L gn s p a a c e tr e .

‘ ‘ ’ Th es e s tatue s wh i ch s ee m to el n to a er min e i s n th f ul i f s , b o g v y A n d y et ot e a t rea on te lls m e n t l a ci e n t d a e , g e n eral y r e pr es en t a m an s eated th at th e cli m ate of Ti ah uan ac sit uate d n e ar th e o .

cr s s - le g e d on th e b k f e h d g ac o a tur tle . Th ea i s s h res of th e l ak e of Ti ti caca fe e t a e th e o o , bov h d e r s a e , e c pt th e top , w h e e th e h ai r is le f t to s e a in u s t n o t h a e al wa s e e n w h at i : i s n o w v x , v y b , r n i ii g w , a d i s pla te d C h in e s e f as h i n . N o t n fre th e r wis e th e r un d ar u n d it an d fo r m an o o o g o o , y q ue n tl th e arm s are ex te n de d , th e h an d s res t m ile s arre n w uld n o t h a e ee n a le y b , o v b b u n illars i n s cri e d w it h c h arac te rs m uch re to u r u l To d po p b s ppo t th e pop ati on of a l arg e ci ty . ay s e m li n h i n e s e I h a e h ad on e of th es e cu r i us b g C . v o i t produce s m e rely a fe w oca s (a ki n d o f s m all po

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e in m uc h w rn b y ti me an d th e s alts con cr s of m ai e a n d ean Tiah u n m a t g s . a ac a b o o p z b o y , tain e d i n th e e ar th , i t was o n e o f th e m s t p e rfe ct s me d i s tan t e ri d h a e e n ed th e ri vile e o f o o p o , v joy p g

s I h a e s een . It was f un d i n th e al le of h i n b ei n s a r t th i n e thi s s u s i v o v y C g a e po . No g oppo s p po

c h . I s h we d i n a t l e rn d h in m n - a t o e d y o a a e a a ti n . On on e h an d i t i s a w ell n wn tac t th at o C , o , k o , an d was ui te a mus e d i n wa tch i ng h i s f ac e wh il e e wi n to th e c ni c al m ti n of th e earth th e w a q g o o o , His f e tur e tr ed h e exa m i n e d th e i mag e . a es b ay s o te rs re tre at co n ti nu ally from th e wes te rn c oas ts i i dl th e d iff e ren t e m ti ns th at re e d u n o f me ric a wh i c h ri s e at a c e rtain n wn rat i v v y o o p y po A , k o o

‘ h i m i n - ri i t u r r i w e s u e rs i i u s d cu s s se a t t s e e r c en u r . On th e th e r h an d th e an o f , o y , p , , p o v y y o , b k

’ f e ar . I as e d h i m i t h e u n de rs t d th e ch arac te rs y s te rs an d th e r m ari n e s h ells an d d e ri s k oo o o b , “ ” “ e n ra e d on th e i llars Ye s s aid b e th e s e ar e f u nd on th e s 10 e s f th e A n de to n e ar th ei r g v p , , o p o s th e a nci ent le te rs us ed i n h i n a e f re th e i n s um mi ts ob vi o uslv i n licate th at at s me tim e o r C b o , o ” e li ti n o f h s e i n u a e t d y Th a t — i n tin t h h m v t o s g o a . p o g O h e r th e s ea as c ove re d t e . 98

W h en was th at ! I wi ll le e to s e t ri ans to uest an d wh e re th e ani ards i e tre ate d f or av c a q , Sp c m ute le s t th e re n in h ld c arr us ac s afe t after th e d e f e a t th e su ff e re d a t th e o p , cko g s ou y b k y y to th at ti m e wh e n th e s pac e be twe en Ti ah uan aco h an d s or th e dwe lle rs o f th e c ou ntry n e ar and as te r Isla nd was d r lan d an d t h e alle s th e rui n s o f C h ich e n - I t a i s to b e s e e n E y , v y z , a n d plai n s n o w lyi ng u n d e r th e wa te rs an i mm e ns e buildi n g comp os e d o f th r ee o f th e u r d l tf r m Th u e r n e f r ms a Paciﬁc s war me d W i th i n du s tri s pe pose p a o s . e pp o o o us n r r r in h w s i telli e n t h u ma n e i n s w e re s tre wn te ace s up t t re e r ws o f t e l e c lu mn . , g b g , po g o v o w i th ci ti e s an d i llas i elde d lux u ri a nt cr s E ach c l um n i s c m s e d of e i h t lar e s uare v , y o p o o po g g q to th e i nh a i tan ts an d th e u re sh uld s h w s t nes ile d o n e u n t h e th e r wi th ut ce me nt b , ﬁ g o o o , p po o , o , th a t e le li ve d th er f re th e c re ati n f th e to a h e i h t of f ur m e tres an d i n d i cate a la s e of p op e be o o o g o , p w rl d . I rec il i th h r r t th m r i d o f 1 60 e ars in th e lif e of th e n ati n . Th es e s t nes a re o o W o ro a e e e ea y o o ,

e i n e en s us e c te d o f i n i n ti n u ch n h e o r we re , calle d Ka tun . e r tw en t ears am id b g v p s ua g s a Ev y y y ,

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o f s i a a d f rica . Hen ce th e s im ilari t o f m n c er em n i e s an d f e as ti n th e c r w n i n s t n e wa s A n A y a y o g , o g o i s a ti c an d m eric an n ti n s . Hen ce als th e laced u n th e su r ti n g s mall n es . Th e A A o o , o , p po ppo o ( e n erali ed i de a o f a delu e am n m e n wh os z h t rap h s o f t h i s m nu m en t ca n b e S e e n at t h e g z g o g , p o og o tradi ti n s re mo u n t to th e ti m e wh e n th e waters h us e of Mr . H . D i n . N o w as I h ave s ai d we o o xo ) , , th at c e re d th e lain s o f m e ri c a ur e A f h a e th i r t - s i x c lum n s c m s e d o f e i h t s ton es ov p A , E op , v y o o po g , ri c a a nd s ia l et t th e i r e d s in de d t h e r ti n s e ac h re re s e n ti n g a eri d of twen t e ar s wh i ch A b , va po o p p o y y , of th e g l e th e n o w ccu an d de s tr e d th ei r w uld i e u s a t tal o f 5760 ears si nc e th e rst ob y o py, oy o g v o y ﬁ i nh a i t n tun l d n h e r t b a ts . K a w as p ace o t e t r ace to th e i me wh cn t i n c e th a t i m e wh e n . o f c urse all co m mu n i th e ci t was a an d n ed . s h rtl af te r th e an i s h S , o , y b o o y Sp cati n s were ut e tw n c n ue t o c b ee t h e f e w i n divi d uals th at o q s . es cape d th e cataclys m b y takin g ref ug e o n th e O n th e n o rth eas t o f th e g rea t pyramid at h ig h lan ds th ei r i nte rc urs e h as e e n re ne wed at h i c h en - It a at a sh rt di s tan ce f r m th i s m n u , o b C z , o o o ‘ — d iﬁ e re n t a n d e r re m te e ch s a t ac t that I m e n t can b e s e en th e ra duated ra mi d th at. nc e v y o po , g py o ca n e as il r t m th m i n m l of t y p ove . Upo n a i e suppo rte d e a te p e h e

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la te cur ate o f t h e lace en r D m i n ue wh o h u s e s . He h a d a th at n n e b ut h e c uld p . S o o g z , o book o o

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f eet s s e ss i n o f h i s me n tal facul ti es an d o f an c a m e th e i n su rr ecti n of th e In d i a n s and th e ld po o , o , o ” n rri n m e m r . Ha in l s h i s wif e f ri n d i u e t of a ut e s als d e d . g o y v g o , bo o “ th e s a me a e as h i m se lf b ut a. s n rt ti me b e f re D o ou re mb e r wh at th e s ai d ! g , o o y book “ m i n ter i e w with h i m h e c m l ai ned of f eeli n N o w o n f th e th in s c m e to m m i n I e o s . d . t y v , o p g , g o y l n el an d th u h t th at as s n a s th e ear of s ai d th at th e re w as a ver o ld h u se called th e o y , o g oo y — y o m urn in was er h e w ul d ta e an th er wif e to Ak a b si b an d in th at h us e a wri tin wh i ch re o g ov o k o , o g , lf It was a un da m rn i n th at e m e t i ted th at a d a w u ld e wh n h n b h i ms e . S y o g w c y o com e t e i h a itan ts

f o r th e rst tim e . He h ad een to ch urch assi s te d o Sa ci w u ld c n vers e wi th th s e o Ho M eri d a ﬁ b , f o o o f [ ] f at m ass . Th e re th e rec lle c ti n o h i s de arte d b m ea n s o a c r d th a t w u ld be stretch ed b o o p y f o , o y ” - n i m an ll d h i l l n l n n li fe c om pani o h ad as s ai le d h d ﬁ e s o d p eop e ot be o gi n g to th e cou try .

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m u r l r ie n t i n it to h ld a l n c n s led h i ms elf i th h i s S iritu al f ri e n d i n o r y self s iﬁ c e n t y p oﬁc o o g o o W p , i n e rs ati n der th at I mi h t b e a le to ta e h i s rtra t . He c o v o . g b k po “ “ “ r s F ath er s aid I h a e ou e er e en i n Ch i re p eate d h is i s i t a f e w d ays late , a , , v y v b v

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e ce t th a h l h d een en ch an d f x p t t e p ace a b te or an d als o b y th e s olitary zi gzag se e n a bout th e m n n — — m an a e ars . a d th at it w as n ot g d to mi d y , y y oo dle o f th e c o rd followi ng its di rec ti on i n di

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m i n d . I im m ed i ate l we n t i n u est o t th e uil d y q s cri ti on s an me ri can R se tta s to ne . b p , A o — Ak — sn ame i n h e h ad m e nti n ed h e a b s i b . Th i g o t [ I wi ll n ow s ay a fe w w ords of th at lan g uag e th at — li te ral m ean s A k a b d ar , m vste i i ous ; s i b to h as Su r i ed u n lt r d h r h h ly , k , v v a e e t ou g t e vi cis si wri te B ut we e li e e th at an ci e n tl i t was calle d . b v y tud es of th e n ati on s th at s pok e

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