How Chemical Engineering Will Drive the 21St Century?

HowHow ChemicalChemical EngineeringEngineering willwill DriveDrive thethe 21st21st Century?Century?

TheThe MegaMega PossibilitiesPossibilities AheadAhead

Partha@ParthaGhosh

Partha S Ghosh How do you sense the “State of Health” of our Planet?

What is the Global GDP?

What percentage of Global GDP is Process Industry?

Partha S Ghosh Global Population 650 Years = US today: 300M

Note : Each dot represents 1 million people Boston Analytics Research 1. “Energy Consumption and Sources of Renewable Energy”, Amitabh Lath, (www.physics.rutgers.edu/~lath/Piscataway_2003.ppt) Partha S Ghosh Population 300 Years ago: 600M Pre-industrial revolution

World Carbon Dioxide Emission in Million Metric Tons (1980 to 2050*)1 70,000 60,000 65 Billion 50,000 Tons by 2050 40,000

30,000

20,000 Million Metric Tons Million Metric 10,000

0 1980 1990 2003 2010 2020 2025 2050 Boston Analytics Research 1. Energy Information Administration (http://www.eia.doe.gov) Year Partha S Ghosh How Hot will Boston be?

Number of Hot Days in Boston (1961 to 2099)1

70 64.1 F

o 60

50 39.3 40 31.5 30 25.5 17.7 20 15.7 9.5 10

Days per Year over 90 Days per Year 0 1961 to 1990 2010 to 2039 2040 to 2069 2070 to 2099 Projections Lower emissions Higher emissions Boston Analytics Research 1. “Union of Concerned Scientists”, Joan Mclaughin/Globe Staff Partha S Ghosh Global Warming is Lethal?

Causes and Effects of Global Warming1

Cause Global Warming Effect

Other industrial activities, Changes in • Rise in Sea level 3% land use, 9% • Reductions in the ozone

Agricultural layer practices, 14% • Increased intensity and frequency of extreme Energy use and weather events Chlorofluor production, ocarbons, 57% • Impacts on agriculture 17% • Spread of disease

Greenhouse Gases (GHG e.g. CO2) Boston Analytics Research 1. “Causes of Global Warming” (http://library.thinkquest.org/26026/Statistics/causes_of_global_warming.html) Partha S Ghosh Sea level is expected to Rise: How much?

1 350.0 Estimated Sea Level Rise in cm (2000 to 2100) 345.0

300.0

250.0 212.7 200.0

150.0 116.7 100.0 54.9 56.2 38.0 50.0 17.1 23.8 13.0

Estimated Sea Level Rise (cm) Estimated Sea 4.8 0.0 2000 2025 2050 2075 2100 Conservative Scenario High Scenario

Boston Analytics Research 1. “Estimates of Future Sea Level Rise”, John S. Hoffman` Partha S Ghosh Annual loss of Forest land 16.2 Mn Hectares

Annual Change in Forest Area (000 ha per year) 1990 to 2005)1 1,538 Europe 211 Asia -661 Oceania & Australia -804 North & Central America

-8,053 South America -8,415 Africa

-16,184 World

-20000 -15000 -10000 -5000 0 5000

Boston Analytics Research 1. “Extent of forest resources”, (http://www.mongabay.com/deforestation.htm) Partha S Ghosh In fact the US has lost considerable forest area

Change in Forest Area in the US (1620 to 1920)1

1620 1920

Partha S Ghosh Dynamics of Deforestation and Ecology: Require Repurposing our Chemical Engineering Knowledge

• Less CO2 taken in • Burning Trees adds even more

CO2 HYDROSPHERE • Less photosynthesis takes place ATMOSPHERE • Increased risk of fire

• Increase in Flash Floods • Loss of vegetation • Aquatic Habitat Degraded • Decrease in no. of species • Leads to increasing infestation • Flow of Water Changes DEFORESTATION1 • Less Oxygen in the • Decrease of pollinators & seed waterways dispersers • Loss of human diversity

GEOSPHERE BIOSPHERE • Soil Erosion

Boston Analytics Research 1. “The Choice: Doomsday or Arbor Day”, (http://www.umich.edu/~gs265/society/deforestation.htm) Partha S Ghosh The Essential Points: 1.Indeed Challenging & Interesting times ahead

Partha S Ghosh Powerful Forces at Work?

Changing Ecology

65 Billion Increasing Tons of CO2 Population

Rising Temperature Equity

Increasing Sea Level Deforestation

Finite Resources

Partha S Ghosh Powerful Forces at Work: Clash of Perspectives?

Changing Ecology Digitization Wall Street requirements Expectations

65 Billion Tons of CO2 Increasing Population

Rising CO2 Equity Temperature

Deforestation Increasing Sea Level

Finite Resources

Partha S Ghosh Most of the world is still in the early stage of Economic development

Energy Consumption per Capita vs. GDP per Capita (2004)1 140

120 Canada

100 US 80% of Global 80 Population

60 Russia France Japan Kazakhstan Czech Germany UK 40 Ukraine Republic Italy Malaysia Thailand

(‘000 KWHr / Capita) Romania Energy Consumption Energy Consumption 20 Brazil China Turkey Indonesia Egypt Philippines India 0 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 40000 45000 GDP / Capita (US$) Boston Analytics Research 1. Energy Information Administration - EIA (http://www.eia.doe.gov/) Partha S Ghosh Future Natural Gas requirement of Asia

Overview of Energy Scenario (In BCM) Country 2001 2010 2015 2020 2025 India 22 65 90 114 143 China 28 54 74 102 142 Japan 79 91 99 108 119 South Korea 20 28 37 43 51 Other Asia 139 153 173 198 230 Total 288 391 473 565 685

Partha S Ghosh If China & India consumes energy @ 25% of US/capita total energy consumption will increase by 41.6 T KwHr

Actual vs Estimated* (2004)1 200 172.4

41.6 150 130.8

100 (Trillion KWHr)

Energy Consumption Energy Consumption 50

0 Actual Estimated* * Per capita energy consumption of the selected countries is 25% of US per capita energy consumption

Partha S Ghosh Old Path or New Path: Time to Choose?

Plastic Consumption per capita in Selected Countries vs. GDP per capita (2003)1,2,3

140 2 Developing and R = 0.8631 120 Moderately Developed Germany US Countries Singapore 100 Japan per capita (in kg)

80 Canada

60 Malaysia 40 Hungary Highly 20 Thailand Developed China Poland Countries Indonesia Plastic Consumption Plastic Consumption 0 India 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 40000

GDP per capita (in US$) Boston Analytics Research 1. http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_11-9-2003_pg5_12 2. Poland and its investment opportunity – BCG Report 3. http://www.eia.doe.gov/ Partha S Ghosh On the other hand Oil Production Capita has been declining at a rate of 1.2% annually

– Iranian Revolution

1973 – Yom Kipper War

1946 to 1980 – The growth in world wide wealth

*Measured in barrels of oil per person per year (b/c/year) Boston Analytics Research 1. “Peak Oil – The Beginning of an End”, (http://earthtrends.wri.org/pdf_library/data_tables/ene4_2005.pdf) 2. “BP Statistical Review of World Energy June 2006”, BP Plc (http://www.bp.com/statisticalreview) Partha S Ghosh Cleary we are at the End of a Long Era?

Economic Development Curves High

Information Revolution

Industrial Revolution 2 (Internal Combustion Engine)

Productivity of Society Productivity of Industrial Revolution 1 (Steam Engine)

2005 ~2010 Low Time

Partha S Ghosh The Essential Points: 1. Indeed Challenging & Interesting times ahead

2.The Process Industry will become more dominant & will be the driver

Partha S Ghosh Mega Challenge = Managing a Mega Transition to avoid Mega disruption

13501900 2005 ~2010 2050

Era of Extraction & Mono dimensional Value Creation

• “Unconstrained” Processing of Earth’s resources • New Relationship of Space & Time • Supply to Fuel Unidirectional Demand

1. Concentrated Next Era Paradigm? Economic Growth 2. Ecological disequilibrium Role of Chemical Engineers ? 3. Complex Politics of Supply Chain Holistic Approach?

PROBLEMS ≈ OPPORTUNITIES Holistic Approach

Renewable and Energy Clean Energy Source

Ecology Equity

Energy ,Food and Health for All Sustainable Economic Developed Partha S Ghosh Scope of the Field?

Chemical Industry’s Future (?): Two Strategic Vectors Balance? Conservation driven

Future Chemical Engineer Balance of Ecology

Consumption driven Perspective? Point Balance of Economic Holistic/Integrative Solution Advance Solution Partha S Ghosh Expanded Field?

Chemical Industry’s Future (?): Two Strategic Vectors Balance? Conservation

Carbon Free Systems Approach to Energy Energy & System Transportation Management Future Chemical New Engineer Chemistry Recycling of Waste for the Car Agro based Recycling Chemical Lighter

Balance of Ecology Products Industry Today Improved Consumption functionalities Process Intensification Perspective? Point Balance of Economic Advance Holistic Solution Solution Partha S Ghosh Strategic Direction of Chemical Industry

Positive Create New Investment in Next Game generation Knowledge Intensive Energy/Materials Solutions: “Small is beautiful” Ecology Balance of Balance Energy Efficient consumption

Negative

Negative Positive Balance of Economic Progress

Partha S Ghosh Mega Challenge = Managing a Mega Transition to avoid Mega disruption

13501900 2005 ~2010 2050

Era of Extraction & Mono dimensional Value Creation

• “Unconstrained” Processing of Earth’s resources • New Relationship of Space & Time • Supply to Fuel Unidirectional Demand

Multi vector Multi –tier 1. Concentrated Renaissance Economic Growth 2. Ecological disequilibrium 3. Complex Politics of Supply Chain An unique opportunity for Chemical Engineers Critical Assets

Thermodynamics Chemical Industry’s Knowledge Asset (How far?)

Kinetics Extraordinary (How fast?) Knowledge base Size Reduction (Rooted in the early Stages of Industrial (Surface Properties ?) Revolution) Transport Phenomena

(Flow Mechanisms?)

Partha S Ghosh And Look for Mega possibilities @ the Intersection of Conventional Engineering & New Technologies

Chemical Fundamentals In flux of New Methodologies • Thermodynamics • Genomics • Kinetics • Proteomics • Transport sciences • Micro fluidics • • Nano technologies Conventional Unit 110010100111 Operations New Convergence Technologies • Separation processes • Large database • Reactors tools • Heat & Mass transfer •Predictive models asystems •Increased interactivity

Partha S Ghosh The Promise of Chemical Industry has to be applied in Multiple Scales Three Scales of Knowledge Application

Holistic /Tera Scale Perspective Large Scale Systems Dynamics Tera Scale Issues 1 •Global Ecological Balance ? • Energy Balance ? • Social Structures ?

Current Scale 2 1. Efficiency 2. Conservation 3. Recycling Raw materials

Scales of Engagement Scales of Micro Nano Cellular /Nano Scale 3 Level functionalities

Microscopic Perspective

Partha S Ghosh The Promise of Chemical Industry has to be applied in Multiple Scales Three Scales of Knowledge Application

Holistic /Tera Scale Perspective Large Scale Systems Dynamics Tera Scale Issues f 1 •Global Ecological Balance ? o • Energy Balance ? • Social Structures ? cess o r es P n Current n li Scale 2 io 1. Efficiency at 2. Conservation iscip 3. Recycling Raw materials liz ia e d

Scales of Engagement Scales of l tip Micro Nano CellularSoc /Nano l Scale 3 Level functionalitiesMu

Microscopic Perspective

Partha S Ghosh New technologies could indeed trigger a New Era

Process Industry Reconfiguration

Nano Information Technologies Technology

10011000101110

Upstream Downstream

Opto Technologies Biotechnology

Partha S Ghosh Towards an Agro cell based Economic Revolution? Development of a More Sustainable Economic Model High

Towards improved Information new Revolution socioeconomic structures with a Industrial Revolution 2 “new agro” based (Internal Combustion revolution Engine) Symbiosis Agro-cell of Multiple Disciplines Based z Genomics / Biosciences

Productivity of Society Productivity of Industrial Revolution 1 z Unit operations (Steam Engine) z Bio Catalyst

z Convergence technologies (4 C’s)† Low Time

Partha S Ghosh For Example: An Agro Complex?

Resource Industry Critical Issues Resource Industry Critical Issues

Cereal Crops z Increase in yield (kg / hectare) Chemical Industry z Quality and consistency? Vegetables Fruits z Distribution system? Dyes and Food and z Down stream value addition Flowers Tea and branding? Pigments Beverage Algae Vegetables z Knowledge sharing and awareness building? Natural Rubber Aqua Products Polymers z Development of low cost process equipment and Starch and Epoxy controls? Cotton Fiber, z Cost Effectiveness? Glues z Storage and distribution system? Fabric z Quality consistency? Lignins Silk z Economics of scale and cost z Familiarity with fashion trends? and Alcohol competitiveness? z New application on Solvent and Jute Fashion development? Starches Chemicals Bio-mass z Knowledge sharing z Low cost equipment Jute Stick Board z Knowledge sharing application Wind Farming development? Furniture / development? Energy z Promotional activities? Chip Board z Machinery development for Seed Oils Constrn. rural use? Renewable Wood z Development of hot stamping Starches technology? Sugar Cane Paper, z Knowledge Sharing and Specialty Chemical Industry Straw Paper application? z Low cost machinery Herbs Pharmaceu Jute Board and development? z Awareness building? ticals and Packaging z Incentives for corporate sector? Medical Plants z Involvement of university Waste Woof Pulp Ayurvedics professionals?

Algae / Azola z Incentives for corporate Rapeseed z Promotion of new application sector? based on agro? Perfume Lequerella Oil and Vegetable Oil z Venture funds “bottom up” z Availability of venture funds? Personal development? Lubricants Castor Seed z Creation of down stream pillars? Flowers Care Partha S Ghosh Biotechnology could enable production of better breeds of trees enabling fast and healthy reforestation Tree Breeding and Seed Production Processes1

3. Breeding: After testing, better wild parent trees are selected for the breeding program. The aim is to increase the extent to which the 4. Production: desired characteristics are shown in every Cuttings from the wild subsequent generation parent trees are grafted in the orchard in a random pattern and allowed to cross- pollinate

1. Selection: The selection process involves the finding 2. Testing: In the wild trees which testing phase, possess the desired researchers try to find traits (e.g. pest those parent trees resistance, superior that carry the best growth or form etc) genes for the desired characteristics Partha S Ghosh Biocatalysts: Using enzymes as catalysts for synthesis in mild conditions? Biocatalysis in the Manufacture of Polymers1

Polymer is obtained under mild process conditions and is environmentally friendly

Enzymes act as biocatalysts enabling precision polymer synthesis

Partha S Ghosh Development and fine tuning of Biofuels Technologies could open up new vistas

FeedstocksFeedstocks ConversionConversion FuelFuel EndEnd-Use-Use

Thermochemical Conv. ConsumerConsumer HydrogenHydrogen ResiduesResidues GasificationGasification FuelFuel CellCell VehiclesVehicles

Agricultural Syngas Agricultural PyrolysisPyrolysis Syngas Methanol Residues Methanol Residues LiquifLiquif && HTUHTU

Bio-OilBio-Oil FiberFiber Biochemical Conv. (Fischer-(Fischer- Gasoline ResiduesResidues Gasoline Tropsch)Tropsch) AnaerobicAnaerobic VehiclesVehicles DigestionDigestion CellulosicCellulosic BiogasBiogas Peren.Peren. CropsCrops FermentationFermentation && DistillationDistillation DieselDiesel Energy Energy MicrobialMicrobial Ethanol VehiclesVehicles Crops Ethanol Crops DigestionDigestion

BiodieselBiodiesel (Veg.(Veg. OilOil Extraction Extraction OilOil MethylMethyl CropsCrops Esters)Esters)

Partha S Ghosh Cellulosic ethanol is on the horizon

Process Description Pilot plants Fermentation Conventional ethanol from 2% of U.S. gasoline sugars (corn, sugarcane) are demand currently marginally energy positive. 100- comes from ethanol 110 gal/ton made this way from 7% sugar of corn Acid hydrolysis Strong acids are used to break Commercial plants in down cellulose into sugars. operation. Used mainly in niche markets for waste disposal. Thermal High temperatures convert Arkansas and Colorado gasification biomass into synthesis gas of carbon oxides and hydrogen. In the presence of a catalyst, these cellulose gases are converted to ethanol. Enzymatic Enzymes turn woody biomass Ontario reduction into sugars.

Partha S Ghosh Biomass Energy development will require a full range of conventional Chemical Technologies

Different Technologies to Harness Biomass Energy1,2

Biomass Combustion of biomass to produce electricity Combustion

Biomass Gasification is meant to convert solid carbon fuels into Gasification gaseous fuels

Biomass Carbonization converts biomass into biofuels / biocarbons Carbonization (charcoal and carbonized charcoal)

Biomass Biomass densification converts the loose biomass (agricultural Densification and agro – industrial wastes) into a densified fuel called briquettes

Biogas Biogas production involves the fermentation of cowdung, crop Production residue and kitchen waste in the absence of oxygen to produce biogas (mainly CH4, CO2 and other gases)

Partha S Ghosh Power & Energy: Large Scale Engineering systems thinking is essential

BioEnergy

Wind Farm PV Array StirlingEngines

Rooftop PVs TransmissionDistribution and

Fuel Cells

Microturbines Fuel Cells Reciprocating engines Commercial Residential Fuel Cells Microturbines Reciprocating engines Industrial

The Virtual Power Plant z Aggregates the output of thousands of micropower technologies z Peak shaving becomes power trading on the wholesale market z Coordination and control through a new communications infrastructure

Partha S Ghosh Solar Energy has the potential to address our growing energy needs in an environmentally-friendly way Basic Mechanisms of Solar Energy Conversion1

Fuel Light Electricity

Fuels Electricity

CO2 O2 H2 e e Sugar

sc M sc M H2 O H 2 O O2 Photosynthesis Semiconductor/Liquid Photovoltaic Junctions Boston Analytics Research 1.”Global Energy Perspective”, Nathan S. Lewis, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA Partha S Ghosh Poor efficiency and intricate material processing techniques are major issues with the solar cell

Major Issues with a Photovoltaic (PV) Cell 1,2,3 Light

Photovoltaic (PV) cells Polycrystalline Si provide technology in O2 H2 efficiencies as e semiconductors is low as 25% relatively complex. Require: New sc M electrolytes and Flat Plate Si crystalline catalysts to is better but yet H 2 O improve efficiency significant development of the PV cell will be required Semiconductor/Liquid Junctions/Photovoltaic

Boston Analytics Research 1.”Global Energy Perspective”, Nathan S. Lewis, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 2. “Solar Energy: The Ultimate Renewable Resource”, Bhavik Shah – www.physics.rutgers.edu 3. “Solar Energy Research at the Department of Energy. Big Deal!”, Dan Preston, John Stechschulte, Alok Tayi and Dave Zahora - www.mse.cornell.edu Partha S Ghosh Reducing cost of production of electricity by wind turbines could be a significant challenge Challenges in Using Wind as a Source of Power1,2,3,4

Varying wind supply require innovative Aerodynamic storage characteristics of solutions the blade: Knowledge of fluid dynamics and lubrication to improve efficiencies

Boston Analytics Research 1. www1.eere.energy.gov/windandhydro/wind_how.html 2. http://www.hawaii.gov/dbedt/ert/wwg/issues.html#intermittency 3. “Generic Wind Turbine- generator Models”, Western electricity Coordinating Council, Abraham E Partha S Ghosh Next Generation Nuclear plant design will require significant Chemical Engineering Knowledge

Production of Nuclear Energy in a Pressurized Water Reactor1

Steam Heat gives Exchangers energy to the turbine

Fission zone in the reactor Recycling of steam

Partha S Ghosh … Particularly in recycling of Spent Fuel

Challenges in Nuclear Fission1,2

The lighter elements in Spent Fuel are radioactive Need new forms reuse of fuel and chemical Energy treatment processes before disposal

Neutron Uranium Lighter elements (Ba/Kr)

Partha S Ghosh Not Either Or, it is all about Unification

A D

H 2 H2

Electrolizer Electrolizer CH4 Reformer

B E

H 2 Methanol Sun’s Electrolizer Rays Biomass O Direct Methanol Fuel Cell Photovoltaic Cells 2 Ethanol

C Specialized Applications F

H2 Cylinder Metal Hydride H2

O2 Cylinder Nuclear

H2 Tanker /Pipeline Partha S Ghosh Fuel Cells works by converting chemical energy to electrical energy On Demand

Basic Mechanism of a Fuel Cell1

Partha S Ghosh Fuel Cells have been around since the 19th century: Could we take on the Challenge of commercialization ?

Major Challenges in Using a Fuel Cell1,2,3

Fuel cell’s performance function of Overall efficiency of the cell Electrolytes and Catalysts Electricity is just 24-30% due to poor Knowledge of Fluid flow conversion of CH3OH to H2 Material science for advanced catalysts Systems design and catalysts and electrolyte systems

O 2 Fuel H2O H2 /CH3OH Cell Chemical engineers can experiment with different materials Size and weight of fuel cells Heat and electrode systems to come Process Intensification to reduce size up with cost-effective solutions and weight of cell

Boston Analytics Research 1. www.howstuffworks.com 2. “Changing the way America drives: WPI chemical engineer works on fuel-cell power”, WPI News & Events 3. http://www.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/fuelcells/fc_challenges.html Partha S Ghosh Heat Mining: Health & safety concerns due to materials ejecting from the Earth are issues that will need attention Challenges in Harnessing Geothermal Energy1,2,3,4

The steam coming out needs to be purified before it drives the turbine Chemical engineers can design a steam purification plant

Injection Injecting Hydro Doublet well water fracture

Many-a-times, hazardous gases and minerals may be released during heat extraction Engineers can develop a safety systems by which the toxicthe toxic substances substances would would not harmnot harm the surroundingsthe – justsurroundings like SHE mechanisms– just like SHE are mechanisms evolved for chemicalare plantsevolved for chemical plants

Boston Analytics Research 1. www.darvill.clara.net/altenerg/geothermal.htm#more ,2. www1.eere.energy.gov/geothermal/egs_animation_text.html 3. “Geopowering the West”,Susan Norwood, Sept 2, 2004, 4. “Geothermal Energy Development Overview”, National Park Service, US Dept. of Interior Partha S Ghosh An Opportunity in search of Creativity: Nano manufacturing will need committed work

Challenges of Nano-Manufacturing1,2,3

Deep understanding of molecular Scale-up of processes for behavior required for accurate cost-effective methods of positioning and attack of molecules manufacturing Knowledge in Quantum chemistry is essential

Molecule A Molecule B Product

Partha S Ghosh Shape Memory Alloys (SMAs) are materials that can recover from strain when they are heated above a certain temperature

Basic Mechanism of SMAs1

• The SMAs have two phases - the high-temperature phase, austenite (hard, inelastic, simple FCC structure) and the low-temperature phase, martensite (soft, elastic, complex structure). Transformation between these two phases at different temperatures leads to shape memory • Example: NiTiNol, CuZnAl etc.

Boston Analytics Research 1. Shape Memory Alloys (SMAs) Presentation - E3 AEROSPACE ENGINEERING RESEARCH - Moses Z. Horto and Ali A. Jafry Partha S Ghosh Current Research is directed towards improving the data quality and biodegradability of optical fibers

Issues in Transmission1,2,3

Research is on to enhance the size and quality of data transfer through a fiber Improve over systems For example tiny drops of fluid inside the functionalities of fibers and fiber in order to improve the flow of data biodegradability carrying photons resulting in fast transmission and improvement in quality

Boston Analytics Research 1. “10 emerging technologies that will change your world”, Technology Review, February 2004, www.technologyview.com 2. http://www.ntcresearch.org/pdf-rpts/Bref0595/B05C9404.pdfPartha S Ghosh 3. http://www.ims.uconn.edu/~rampi/ENGR166/Topic16.ppt#306,12,Properties of optical fibers As micro technologies develop macro systems solutions will become more affordable

Comparison of Average Electricity Generation Cost* ($cents/KWh)1,2,3 Capital Cost* ($/KW)1,2,3 5,544 Solar 41.1 4,053 Hydro 24.4 3,390 Biomass 12.5 910 Oil 11.0 1,363 Wind 9.9 Different methods of 1,842 Coal IGCC 7.1 generating electricity from coal 1,345 Coal CFB 6.3 1,511 Coal PF 6.1 2,118 Nuclear 4.1 Note : *These are only indicative figures. Actually, electricity generation cost varies across different territories as per the environmental and technological scenario. Boston Analytics Research 1. “The Cost of Generating Electricity”, Royal Academy of Engineering, March 2004 (213.130.42.236/wna_pdfs/rae-summary.pdf) 2. “Powering the Nation”, Parsons Brinckerhoff Ltd, MarchPartha 2006 (http://www.pbpower.net/inprint/pbpubs/powerthenation/powerthenation.htm S Ghosh ) 3. “Solar Energy in SGM, Renewable Energy Modeling Series”, Allen Fawcett, December 2004 (http://www.epa.gov/cleanrgy/pdf/fawcett- d6df) The Essential Points:

1. Indeed Challenging & Interesting times ahead

2. The Process Industry will become more dominant & will be the driver

3. 21st Century Chemical Engineer: Three in One Strategic Problem Solver

Partha S Ghosh We have the tools: We need the commitment to link Supply and Demand

SupplySupply-Demand-Demand DynamicsDynamics

SupplySupply DemandDemand zz CleanClean EnergyEnergy zz NewNew MaterialsMaterials zz SixSix SigmaSigma PowerPower zz PrecisionPrecision ControlsControls zz EfficiencyEfficiency ofof zz NanotechnologyNanotechnology ConsumptionConsumption zz LifeLife SciencesSciences zz EcologicalEcological balancebalance zz Miniaturization/ProcessMiniaturization/Process zz MoreMore advancedadvanced livingliving IntensificationIntensification andand workwork spacesspaces zz ConvergenceConvergence // BroadbandBroadband zz GlobalGlobal EquityEquity infrastructureinfrastructure

Partha S Ghosh The Chemical Engineer is a multi-disciplinary engineer a Strategic Problem Solver

Transport Thermo- Phenomenon dynamics Kinetics

Materials Biology/Genetics The Chemical Engineer Science Computer Science as Σ, O, H Management/Economics

Fields of Application

Design Engineering, Plant Operations, Process Optimization, Engineering balance of Living Systems, Energy Engineering, Material Research, Environmental Engineering, Biotech, Safety Engineering, Nano Engineering

Boston Analytics Research 1. http://www.ecs.umass.edu/che/ Partha S Ghosh Equipment efficiency?

Equipment Efficiency vs. Equipment (2004)1,2,3,4,5 100% Thermodynamic Efficiency=100% 20% improvement 80%

60% 35% improvement

40% 10% improvement 20% Equipment Efficiency

0% Lighting IC Engines Air Heaters Boilers Devices Conditioners Equipments

Boston Analytics Research Partha S Ghosh Where a long-haul Class 8 truck’s diesel fuel goes ?

Focus: End of Chain [Fuel] → [Engine] → [Drivetrain] → [Tractive Loads] 1.00 0.07 0.93 0.56 • ~38% efficient today: Engine & drivetrain • Represents >100 years’ R&D: Engine efficiency is more difficult to improve further than is end-use efficiency

End-use: Consider what would happen if we halved aerodynamic drag and mass

0.02 0.03 0.02 0.30 0.19

0.11 0.05 0.06

Total Primary Used in Driver Drive train Aero- Moves the Energy Hauling Losses* Losses Dynamic Platform Idling Engine Auxiliary Reaches Drag Rolling Hauls the Losses Losses Loads the Wheels Resistance Freight

Source: Technology Roadmap for the 21st Century Truck Program (DOE 2000), RMI analysis Partha S Ghosh Reduction in energy intensity could reduce world energy demand by 14% to 20% in 2025

World Energy Demand in Quadrillion Btu (2025)1 :If Energy Intensity is Reduced in Selected Regions

700 645.0 10.3 38.2 600 15.2 26.5 554.8 500 400 300 200

Quadrillion Btu Quadrillion Btu 100 0 Reduction Reduction Reduction Reduction 2025in India in Western in 2025US Projected in China Projected Europe Energy Energy Demand Demand after Assumptions: Reduction •Energy intensity is reduced by 35% for India and China •Energy intensity is reduced by 20% for Western Europe (WE) and US Partha S Ghosh The Essential Points: 1. Indeed Challenging & Interesting times ahead

2. The Process Industry will become more dominant & will be the driver

3. The 2st Century Chemical Engineer

4.A Vision of the Future

Partha S Ghosh The New horizons…

Frontier Areas Brief Description Ecology friendly, Sustainable and Alternative Energy Safe Energy for all Taking a bottom-up approach to manufacturing Nano-Manufacturing mechanisms at nanoscale to yield products of high quality with zero wastage

Efficiency of Usage of Materials e.g. Shape Novel Materials memory alloys, new fibers etc.

Partha S Ghosh … beyond current framework of plant design and engineering

Frontier Areas Brief Description

Microorganisms and enzymes to catalyze Biocatalysis reactions such as polymerization – without any harmful or toxic releases and at normal conditions

Genetic Production of healthier and fast-growing trees Reforestation using principles of genetics and biotechnology

Making optimum use of recycling to productively Waste Recycling utilize waste materials

Partha S Ghosh Last 5,000 Years……..Future Possibilities..

Economics of Linear Economics of Closed Mechanics: Extraction, Loop Harmony Exploitation & Experimentation

Solar , Wind Bio Mass Fuel Cells Agro

New Energy Clean and Power Water Technologies Broadband Clean Energy

Knowledge for Recovery/Recycle

Partha S Ghosh .. Chemical Engineering Education & Industry has to Rekindle the Sprit of Enquiry

High

“The Spirit of Enquiry?”

“Renewability” intensity

“Reconfigure” Current processes

Low Low High Conservation intensity The Journey forward . . .

Toward a New Integrated Vision for Intelligent Holistic “Mass & Energy Balance” Plays

Partha S Ghosh It is not in the Seeming , it is in the being, ….but even more in the Becoming . . . Lets wish for the best

Partha S Ghosh QuestionsQuestions ??????

Partha S Ghosh