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Access to Justice and Locus Standi Before Nigerian Courts

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Access to Justice and Locus Standi Before Nigerian Courts Access to justice and locus standi before Nigerian courts By Alex Cyril Ekeke (Student No. 13251873) Submitted in fulfillment of the requirement for the degree LLM In the Faculty of Law, University of Pretoria 2014, April Supervisor: Prof. Magnus Killander Co- supervisor: Dr. Solomon Ebobrah i © University of Pretoria Declaration I declare that this dissertation is my original work and has not been submitted for the award of a degree at any University. ________________________ Alex Cyril Ekeke ii © University of Pretoria Summary Locus standi is a Latin word for standing. Traditionally, it implies that a litigant must have sufficient interest to apply to the court for the enforcement of the right of another person, challenge the actions of the government, have a court declare a law unconstitutional or even to litigate in the interest of the public otherwise the application will not be successful. The interpretation of locus standi before the courts in most common law jurisdictions is liberal. Nigerian courts, however, interpret the principle of locus standi strictly, in the sense that standing is accorded the person who shows cause of action or sufficient interest. This position denies access to justice to many Nigerians who are poor or have no knowledge of their rights as the courts position on standing prevents NGOs or other individuals from applying to the courts on their behalf or litigating in the interest of the public. Presently, the Fundamental Rights (Enforcement Procedure) Rules 2009 regulate the practice and procedure for the enforcement of human rights before Nigerian courts. The Rules encourage the courts to ‘welcome public interest litigation in the human rights field’ and not to dismiss or strike out human right cases for want of locus standi. However, it is doubtful if the courts will accept this invitation. This study looks at the context of the interpretation of the principle of locus standi by Nigerian Courts and its effect on access to justice and public interest litigation by NGOs and individuals. It also examines the impact of the provision for locus standi of the Fundamental Rights (Enforcement Procedure) Rules 2009. Finally, this study provides an analysis of the interpretation of this concept in other common law jurisdictions such as Kenya, India, United Kingdom and South Africa who once interpreted the concept strictly but now interpret it more liberally. This comparison is necessary to show that Nigerian courts are isolated in their position in the interpretation of locus standi and that there is need for the courts to conform to international best practice. iii © University of Pretoria Contents Access to justice and locus standi before Nigerian courts .......................................................................... i Declaration .............................................................................................................................................. ii Summary ................................................................................................................................................ iii Contents................................................................................................................................................. iv Chapter one ............................................................................................................................................ 1 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Background .............................................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Problem statement .................................................................................................................... 3 1.3 Research questions ................................................................................................................... 4 1.4 Research methodology ............................................................................................................. 4 1.5 Significance of the study .......................................................................................................... 5 1.6 Literature review ...................................................................................................................... 5 1.7 Structure .................................................................................................................................. 9 Chapter two ........................................................................................................................................... 11 The context of locus standi in the Nigerian legal system..................................................................... 11 2. Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 11 2.1 Locus standi before Nigerian courts ....................................................................................... 11 2.1.1 The origin of restrictive interpretation of the rule locus standi in Nigeria ........................ 18 2.1.3 Standing to sue in public interest litigation before Nigerian courts .................................. 33 2.2 Effect of the provision of locus standi on the Fundamental Rights (Enforcement Procedure) Rules 2009 ........................................................................................................................................ 40 2.2.1 Legal effect of a preamble ............................................................................................. 41 2.3 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................. 48 Chapter three ......................................................................................................................................... 50 iv © University of Pretoria Comparative analysis of the constitutional provisions and interpretation of locus standi before the courts in Kenya, India, United Kingdom, South Africa and the African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights .................................................................................................................................. 50 3. Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 50 3.1 Locus standi before the Courts in United Kingdom ................................................................. 50 3.1.1 Judicial Review under Part 54 of the Civil Procedure Rules 1998 in the UK.................... 59 3.2 The interpretation of locus standi before the Kenyan courts .................................................... 63 3.2.1 Locus standi before the Kenyan 2010 Constitution .......................................................... 70 3.2.2 The liberalisation of locus standi in the Constitution of Kenya (Protection of Rights and Fundamental Freedom) Practice and Procedure Rules, 2013 ........................................................... 74 3.3 The interpretation of locus standi before the Indian Courts ..................................................... 75 3.3.1 The effect of the liberalisation of locus standi by the Indian Courts on the poor, helpless and disabled members of the society .............................................................................................. 82 3.3.2 The simplification of mode of commencement of public interest litigation in India ......... 86 3.4 Locus standi before South African Courts .............................................................................. 88 .................................................................... 89 3.4.1 Locus standi under the Interim Constitution 3.4.2 Locus standi under the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 ..................... 91 3.5 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................. 94 Chapter four .......................................................................................................................................... 96 Summary, recommendation and conclusion ....................................................................................... 96 4.1 Summary ............................................................................................................................... 96 4.2 Recommendations .................................................................................................................. 97 4.3 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................. 99 Bibliography ....................................................................................................................................... 101 Books and journals .......................................................................................................................... 101 Internet sources and reports ............................................................................................................. 104 Case law .......................................................................................................................................... 108 v © University of Pretoria Legislations ....................................................................................................................................
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