Online Publication Date: 1st June 2012 Publisher: Asian Economic and Social Society

Qajar Rule in : in the Qajar Government Events that Changed the Fate of Iran

Vahid Rashidvash (Department of Iranian Studies, Yerevan State University, Yerevan, )

Citation: Vahid Rashidvash (2012): “Qajar rule in Iran: in the Qajar government events that changed the fate of Iran” International Journal of Asian Social Science, Vol.2, No6, pp.841-849.

International Journal of Asian Social Science, 2(6), pp.841-849

Qajar Rule in Iran: in the Qajar Government Events that Changed the Fate of Iran

Abstract

The history of each society is a futurity of ups and downs got over by its nation. The basis of their future will be made by the past, particularly if their precedent returns to the ancient times. Individual´s dependence on the present world, on one hand, and the past, on the other hand, represents the importance of the Author (s) chronology. This article tries to study scientifically a main and decisive part of the , namely the when Vahid Rashidvash it is a cause of deep and expanded changes since then. The main Department of Iranian Studies, object of this study regarding the expanded and complicated Yerevan State University, Yerevan, Armenia. changes in this time, is to consider the role and the effect of E-mail: [email protected] relations between Iran and in the form of the Golestan and Turkmanchy treaties in the early of the Qajar.The most important outcomes resulted from these two treaties are the separation of some parts from Iran, people's dissatisfaction and determining the Araxes river as the major border between Iran and Russia.

Key words: Qajar Dynasty, Iran, Russia, Culture, Golestan Treaty, Turkmanchy Treaty

Introduction the Great was the founder of the empire and he is the first to establish the charter of human The Iranian plateau with 2600000 Km² area rights. In this period Iran stretched from the (about 55000 square Para sang) is a special Aegean coast of Asia Minor to Afghanistan, as geographical unit in Asia, and Iran with well as south to Egypt. 1648195Km² area located in the southwest of Asia and the Middle East. Iran has truly The Achaeamenid Empire was overthrown by covered %63 or about two third of Iranian Alexander the Great in 330 BC and was plateau and the rest belongs to other countries. followed by The Seleucid Greek Dynasty. Present Iran was historically referred to as After the Seleucids, we witness about dozen Persia until 1935 when Reza Shah Pahlavi successive dynasties reigning over the country, formally asked the international community to Dynasties such as Parthian, Sassanid, Samanid, call the country by its native name, Iran. But In Ghaznavid, Safavid, Zand, Afsharid, Qajar and 1959 due to controversial debates over the Pahlavi. name, it was announced that both could be used. The First inhabitants of Iran were a race In 641 Arabs conquered Iran and launched a of people living in . When the new vicissitudinous era. , who were the Aryans arrived, they gradually started mingling followers of Zoroaster, gradually turned to with the old native Asians. Aryans were a Islam and it was in Safavid period when Shiite branch of the people today known as the Indo- Islam became the official religion of Iran. Since Europeans, and are believed to be the ancestors Qajar dynasty on, due to the inefficiency of the of the people of present India, Iran, and most of rulers, Iran intensely begins to decline and gets Western Europe. Recent discoveries indicate smaller and smaller. The growing corruption of that, centuries before the rise of earliest the Qajar monarchy led to a constitutional civilizations in Mesopotamia, Iran was revolution in 1905-1906. The Constitutional inhabited by human. But the written history of Revolution marked the end of the medieval Iran dates back to 3200 BC. It begins with the period in Iran, but the constitution remained a early Achaemenids, The dynasty whose under dead letter. During World Wars I and II the

the first Iranian world empire blossomed. Cyrus occupation of Iran by Russian, British, and

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Ottoman troops was a blow from which the Saadi, Hafiz, Rumi and Omar Khayyam is well government never effectively recovered. In known around the world. As all Persians are 1979, the nation, under the leadership of quick to point out, Farsi is not related to Arabic, Ayatollah Khomeini, erupted into revolution it is a member of the Indo-European family of and the current Islamic republic of Iran was languages. One more art intertwined with founded.Throughout Iran's long history, in spite Persian culture, worth mentioning, is the art of of different devastating invasions and cooking. Persian foods, accompanied by herbs occupations by Arabs, Turks, Mongols, British, and spices are product of the creativity, skill Russians, and others, the country has always and patience of many generations of cooks. maintained its national identity and has developed as a distinct political and cultural Qajar Dynasty entity. The Qajars were a Turkmen tribe that held Persian Culture ancestral lands in present-day , which then was part of Iran. In 1779, following With a long-standing and proud civilization, the death of Mohammad Karim Khan Zand, the Persian culture is among the richest in the Zand Dynasty ruler of southern Iran, Agha world. Two and a half millennia of inspiring Mohammad Khan, a leader of the Qajar tribe, literature, thousands of poets and writers, set out to reunify Iran. Agha Mohammad Khan magnificent and impressive architecture, live defeated numerous rivals and brought all of Iran customs dating back to Zoroastrians over 3000 under his rule, establishing the Qajar dynasty. years ago, and other unique characteristics of By 1794 he had eliminated all his rivals, the nation are rivaled by only a few countries. including Lotf 'Ali Khan, the last of the Zand Throughout the history, this grand treasure of dynasty, and had reasserted Iranian sovereignty Persia was gradually transferred to eastern and over the former Iranian territories in western nations. Iran's significant contribution and the . into the world civilization in many respects is indispensable. Many ceremonies of the ancient Agha Mohammad established his capital at Persians are the basis of western , a village near the ruins of the ancient celebrations.Among the ceremonies still being city of Ray (now Shahr-e Rey). In 1796 he was held are Norouz, Charshanbeh Suri, Sizdah formally crowned as shah. Agha Mohammad Bedar, Yalda Night and Haft Sin. Sitting around was assassinated in 1797 and was succeeded by Haft Sin and reciting Hafez, visiting family and his nephew, Fath Ali Shah.Under Fath Ali friends during Norouz celebration, night of Shah, Iran went to war against Russia, which Charshanbeh Suri and jumping over the bonfire was expanding from the north into the Caucasus in the hope of getting rid of all illnesses and Mountains, an area of historic Iranian interest misfortunes, spending Sizdah Bedar, the 13th and influence. Iran suffered major military day of the New Year, in nature, are old defeats during the war. Under the terms of the interesting traditions coming from the Treaty of Golestan in 1813, Iran recognized Achaemenid Empire. Russia's annexation of Georgia and ceded to Russia most of the region. A Another eminent feature of Persian culture is second war with Russia in the 1820s ended art. In fact culture and art are two closely even more disastrously for Iran, which in 1828 interwoven concepts forming the soul of human was forced to sign the Treaty of Turkmanchai civilizations. Persian exquisite carpets, subtle acknowledging Russian sovereignty over the soulful classic music, outstanding tile work of entire area north of the River (territory unique blue mosques, old influential comprising present-day Armenia and Republic architectural style and countless brilliant of Azerbaijan). Fath Ali's reign saw increased literary works are famous in the world. Persian diplomatic contacts with the West and the or Farsi, is one of the world's oldest languages beginning of intense European diplomatic still in use today, and is known to have one of rivalries over Iran. His grandson Mohammad the most powerful literary traditions and Shah, who fell under the influence of Russia

potentials. Persian poetry with masterpieces of and made two unsuccessful attempts to capture

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Herat, succeeded him in 1834. When expenditure was slashed, and a distinction was Mohammad Shah died in 1848 the succession made between the privy and public purses. The passed to his son Naser-e-Din, who proved to instruments of central administration were be the ablest and most successful of the Qajar overhauled, and the Amir Kabir assumed sovereigns. responsibility for all areas of the bureaucracy. Foreign interference in Iran's domestic affairs During Naser o-Din Shah's reign Western was curtailed, and foreign trade was science, technology, and educational methods encouraged. Public works such as the bazaar in were introduced into Iran and the country's Tehran were undertaken. Amir Kabir issued an modernization was begun. Naser o-Din Shah edict banning ornate and excessively formal tried to exploit the mutual distrust between writing in government documents; the Great Britain and Russia to preserve Iran's beginning of a modern Persian prose style dates independence, but foreign interference and from this time. territorial encroachment increased under his rule. He contracted huge foreign loans to One of the greatest achievments of Amir Kabir finance expensive personal trips to Europe. He was the building of Dar-ol-Fonoon, the first was not able to prevent Britain and Russia from modern university in Iran. Dar-ol-Fonoon was encroaching into regions of traditional Iranian established for training a new cadre of influence. In 1856 Britain prevented Iran from administrators and acquainting them with reasserting control over , which had been Western techniques. Amir Kabir ordered the part of Iran in Safavid times but had been under school to be built on the edge of the city so it non-Iranian rule since the mid-18th century. can be expanded as needed. He hired French Britain supported the city's incorporation into and Russian instructors as well as Iranians to Afghanistan; a country Britain helped create in teach subjects as different as Language, order to extend eastward the buffer between its Medicine, Law, Georgraphy, History, Indian territories and Russia's expanding Economics, and Engeneering. Unfortunatelly, empire. Britain also extended its control to Amir Kabir did not live long enough to see his other areas of the Persian Gulf during the 19th greatest monument completed, but it still stands century. in Tehran as a sign of a great man's ideas for the future of his country. Meanwhile, by 1881 Russia had completed its conquest of present-day Turkmenistan and These reforms antagonized various notables Uzbekistan, bringing Russia's frontier to Iran's who had been excluded from the government. northeastern borders and severing historic They regarded the Amir Kabir as a social Iranian ties to the cities of Bukhara and upstart and a threat to their interests, and they Samarqand. Several trade concessions by the formed a coalition against him, in which the Iranian government put economic affairs queen mother was active. She convinced the largely under British control. By the late 19th young shah that Amir Kabir wanted to usurp the century, many Iranians believed that their rulers throne. In October 1851 the shah dismissed him were beholden to foreign interests. Mirza Taghi and exiled him to Kashan, where he was Khan Amir Kabir, was the young prince Nasser murdered on the shah's orders. When Naser o- o-Din's advisor and constable. With the death of Din Shah was assassinated by Mirza Reza Mohammad Shah in 1848, Mirza Taqi was Kermani in 1896, the crown passed to his son largely responsible for ensuring the crown Mozaffar o-Din. Mozaffar o-Din Shah was a prince's succession to the throne. When Nasser weak and ineffectual ruler. Royal extravagance o-Din succeeded to the throne, Amir Nezam and the absence of incoming revenues was awarded the position of prime minister and exacerbated financial problems. The shah the title of Amir Kabir, the Great Ruler. Iran quickly spent two large loans from Russia, was virtually bankrupt, its central government partly on trips to Europe. Public anger fed on was weak, and its provinces were almost the shah's propensity for granting concessions autonomous. During the next two and a half to Europeans in return for generous payments to years Amir Kabir initiated important reforms in him and his officials. People began to demand a

virtually all sectors of society. Government curb on royal authority and the establishment of

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Qajar Rule In Iran :In the Qajar Government Events….. the rule of law as their concern over foreign, Revolution would inaugurate a new era of and especially Russian, influence grew. The independence from the great powers ended shah's failure to respond to protests by the when, under the Anglo-Russian Agreement of religious establishment, the merchants, and 1907, Britain and Russia agreed to divide Iran other classes led the merchants and clerical into spheres of influence. The Russians were to leaders in January 1906 to take sanctuary from enjoy exclusive right to pursue their interests in probable arrest in mosques in Tehran and the northern sphere, the British in the south and outside the capital. When the shah reneged on a east; both powers would be free to compete for promise to permit the establishment of a "house economic and political advantage in a neutral of justice", or consultative assembly, 10,000 sphere in the center. Matters came to a head people, led by the merchants, took sanctuary in when June in the compound of the British legation in Tehran. Morgan Shuster, a United States administrator hired as treasurer general by the Persian In August the shah was forced to issue a decree government to reform its finances, sought to promising a constitution. In October an elected collect taxes from powerful officials who were assembly convened and drew up a constitution Russian protégés and to send members of the that provided for strict limitations on royal treasury gendarmerie, a tax department police power, an elected parliament, or Majles, with force, into the Russian zone. When in wide powers to represent the people, and a December 1911 the Majles unanimously government with a cabinet subject to refused a Russian ultimatum demanding confirmation by the Majles. The shah signed the Shuster's dismissal, Russian troops, already in constitution on December 30, 1906. He died the country, moved to occupy the capital. To five days later. The Supplementary prevent this, on December 20 Bakhtiari chiefs Fundamental Laws approved in 1907 provided, and their troops surrounded the Majles building, within limits, for freedom of press, speech, and forced acceptance of the Russian ultimatum, association, and for security of life and and shut down the assembly, once again property. The Constitutional Revolution marked suspending the constitution. There followed a the end of the medieval period in Iran. The period of government by Bakhtiari chiefs and hopes for constitutional rule were not realized, other powerful notables.Ahmad Shah, was born however. Mozaffar o-Din's son Mohammad Ali 21 January 1898 in Tabriz, who succeeded to Shah (reigned 1907-09), with the aid of Russia, the throne at age 11, proved to be pleasure attempted to rescind the constitution and loving, effete, and incompetent and was unable abolish parliamentary government. to preserve the integrity of Iran or the fate of his dynasty. After several disputes with the members of the The occupation of Iran during World War I Majlis, in June 1908 he used his Russian- (1914-18) by Russian, British, and Ottoman officered Persian Cossacks Brigade to bomb the troops was a blow from which Ahmad Shah Majlis building, arrest many of the deputies, never effectively recovered. With a coup and close down the assembly. Resistance to the d'état in February 1921, Reza Khan (ruled as shah, however, coalesced in Tabriz, Esfahan, Reza Shah Pahlavi, 1925-41) became the Rasht, and elsewhere. In July 1909, preeminent political personality in Iran; Ahmad constitutional forces marched from Rasht and Shah was formally deposed by the Majles Esfahan to Tehran, deposed the shah, and re- (national consultative assembly) in October established the constitution. The ex-shah went 1925 while he was absent in Europe, and that into exile in Russia. Although the constitutional assembly declared the rule of the Qajar dynasty forces had triumphed, they faced serious to be terminated. Ahamd Shah died later on 21 difficulties. The upheavals of the Constitutional February 1930 in Neuilly-sur-Seine, France. Revolution and civil war had undermined stability and trade. In addition, the ex-shah, Golestan and Turkmanchy Treaties with Russian support, attempted to regain his throne, landing troops in July 1910. Most "Imperial Russia had just sworn in a new tsar,

serious of all, the hope that the Constitutional Alexander I, in 1801 and the empire was very

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International Journal of Asian Social Science, 2(6), pp.841-849 eager to control neighboring territories as the unassisted. The Battle of Aslanduz on 31 tsar was determined to expand. October 1812 was the turning point in the war, A few years previously in Persia, Fath Ali Shah which led to the complete destruction of the Qajar also became the new shah after the Persian army, thus leaving Fath Ali Shah with assassination of his uncle, Mohammad Khan no other option but to sign the Treaty of Qajar in 1797. Mohammad had, during his Gulistan" [5]. reign, killed off all of his enemies in the regions of present-day Georgia and Azerbaijan and According to Cambridge History of Iran: Even claimed the areas to rightfully belong to Persia. when rulers on the plateau lacked the means to Simultaneously, effect suzerainty beyond the Aras, the neighboring Khanates were still regarded as Russia had formally annexed the region of Iranian dependencies. Naturally, it was those Georgia, allowing unrestricted travel and trade Khanates located closest to the province of between the regions and Russia, furthering its Azarbaijan which most frequently experienced public claim on the land" [1]. "Persia was trying attempts to re-impose Iranian suzerainty: the to align with France in 1801 to better position Khanates of Erivan, Nakhchivan and Qarabagh itself in case of war with Russia, yet those across the Aras, and the cis-Aras Khanate of attempts fell through. Ironically, Fath Ali Shah , with its administrative headquarters instead brokered a deal with Britain that located at and therefore very provided Persia with military support from vulnerable to pressure, either from the direction Indian-British troops in exchange for of Tabriz or Rasht. Beyond the Khanate of preventing any European country from entering Qarabagh, the Khan of Ganja and the Vali of India"[2]."With the alliance, Persia entered into Gurjistan (ruler of the - kingdom the first Russo-Persian War against a militarily of south-east Georgia), although less accessible pre-occupied Russia, which was heavily for purposes of coercion, were also regarded as invested in the .Although the Shah's vassals, as were the Khans of Shakki Persia entered the war mainly for the goal of and , north of the Kura river. The recapturing the majority of the Caucasus, contacts between Iran and the Khanates of Azerbaijan, and Georgia, Fath Ali Shah had and Qubba, however, were more tenuous and heard about the atrocities being committed by consisted mainly of maritime commercial links Russian Commanders in Georgia, the with Anzali and Rasht. The effectiveness of commanders ruling through massive extortion these somewhat haphazard assertions of and maladministration"[3]. suzerainty depended on the ability of a particular Shah to make his will felt, and the Numerically, Persian forces had a considerable determination of the local khans to evade advantage during the war: a ratio of 5 to 1 over obligations they regarded as onerous. their Russian adversaries. However, the Persian forces were technologically backwards and The wars in 1803A.D. yielded no result. In fact, poorly trained - a problem that the Persian both parties put their forces to the test by these government did not recognize until a far later primary wars. These wars finished during 4 juncture. "Despite these crippling months of winter, but they opened fire again by disadvantages, fighting continued in northern Russia attack to the influential place in Iran. It Persia, Azerbaijan and in regions of Georgia. lasted 10 or even more years. Both parties were Persia was so enraged at Russia as to declare a so tired, and especially Iran which was faced jihad upon them, demanding that its people with the lack of forces, was looking for an unite to fight the war against them" [4]. excuse to finish the war. Finally, after these "Persia was actually losing the war and asked useless wars from 1803 to 1813 A.D. which for military and financial aid from France’s lasted more than 10 years, Tehran resorted to Napoleon (with which they had a France- Britain .England interfered and a treaty known Persian Alliance), yet France's relations with as Golestan was signed between Iran and Russia were more important to them after the Russia." Golestan treaty was signed in Garbage two countries signed the Treaty of Tilsit in suburbs in 11 chapters and one introduction on

1807, resulting in France leaving Persia October 12th, 1813 A.D. by intercession of

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British ambassador, Sir Gaur Ouzli, Russia the Transcaucasus territories delivered their agent ,Yermlouph as the commander of Georgia population from constant Iranian and Ottoman forces and Iran agent, Abolhasan Khan Shirazi invasions, and the Christian nations of the "[6] .the basis of this treaty was the amendment Caucasus were liberated from Muslim of Statukouo international law. It meant that repression, ushering in the years of peace and those parts occupied by Iran and Russia relative economic stability.Very vital to the belonged to themselves. signing of the treaty was the agreement made Other contents are: by Fath Ali Shah with Britain. With their defeat  " Georgia states and cities, , in the Russo-Persian War, the Shah understood Baku, Darband, Shervan, Garbage, that another attack by the Russians was close to Shaky, Gandzha, Meghan, and a great inevitable. Britain saw the war as unwinnable part of Tallish were transferred to for the Persians and used this to strengthen their Russia . foreign affairs. Using their new-found  Iran had no right to navigate in diplomatic connections with the British, Persia and thus many facilities established the Treaty of Defensive Alliance in were provided for Russian traders. 1812. This promised that Britain would “offer a  Russia was charged to help each Fat defensive alliance against further Russian Ali Shah's child who was appointed as encroachments”. "It essentially had terms successor".[7] stating that Persia would provide defense against any European army from entering India Golestan treaty resulted in finishing the war in (which stationed a majority of British troops) Caucasia. Caucasians had no fanaticism and and in return, Britain would provide military partisanism and were willy-nilly satisfied with and financial aid in case of another Russian one of two governments. As a result, this treaty attack" [9]. was a great promise for Caucasians and it made all pleased. But it did not determine the borders The treaty did not answer vital questions such of two countries truly. Therefore, restarting the as whether the Persian army would be disarmed fire was possible because of disagreement or be able to regroup. It was known to both among agents, and it caused Caucasians to go in sides that Persia would strike again because fear. Consequently, the only interest of they considered the regions rightfully theirs and Golestan treaty was a temporary unstable peace were furious towards Russia’s treatment of the between Iran and Russia for13 years, namely land and people. " The war was becoming till 1896 A.D. costly in terms of troops and finance, so the Treaty of Gulistan led to over a decade of Even until today, Iran officially sees this and nominal peace (1813-1826) between Russia and the succeeding Treaty of Turkmenchay as one Persia, mainly for the clause regarding trade: of its most humiliating treaties ever signed. The both governments saw much potential with it treaty is also regarded by Iranians as the main and used it to their advantage. reason why Fath Ali Shah is seen as one of Iran's most incompetent rulers in memory. "The Permanent diplomatic missions were set up in scholars in Azerbaijan point out that the Persia as well as Russia in order to keep trade khanate, where the treaty was signed, open as long as possible"[10]. It was a period of had pursued independent foreign policy as early tense stability, though, as both countries as 1795, when Ibrahim Khalil Khan, the wali of understood that the treaty was written very Qarabagh, fearing for his independence, warned vaguely and that nothing was written about Sultan Selim III of Agha Muhammad Khan provisions to the military mainly to prevent Qajar's ambitions to subdue Azerbaijan and Persia from trying to regain the regions of later Qarabagh, Erivan and Georgia. In the Georgia or the Caucasus, thus greatly leaving same year Muhammad Khan, the hakim of open the possibility of another future Erivan, also wrote the Sultan alerting him to war.According to Prof. Svante Cornell:In 1812 Agha Muhammad's "aggression" and seeking Russia ended a war with and went on Ottoman protection" [8]. Russian imperial the offensive against Iran. This led to the treaty

historians maintain that Russia's absorption of of Gulistan in 1813, which gave Russia control

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International Journal of Asian Social Science, 2(6), pp.841-849

over large territories that hitherto had been at lasted two years and Persia lost 35,000 troops to least nominally Iranian, and moreover a say in Russia’s8,000. Iranian succession politics. The whole of Daghestan and Georgia, including Performing poorly in the war, Persia lost, and , were formally ceded to Russia, leading to the signing of the Treaty of as well as eight Azeri Khanates (Karabakh, Turkmenchay. Russia was so pleased with Ganja, Sheki, Kuba, Shirvan, Talysh, Baku, and Golestan treaty during 10 years wars, but the ). However as we have seen, the king of Iran who lost a great part of Caucasia, Persians soon challenged Russia’s rule in the could never stand the contents of this treaty. area, resulting in a military disaster. Iran lost Therefore, he sent Haj Mirza Abolhasan Khan control over the whole of Azerbaijan, and with Shirazi to Russia in 1817 A.D. Russian Tsar the Turkemenchai settlement of 1828 Russia listened to Iran's claims about left parts in threatened to establish its control over Caucasia and in the reply said, our agents did Azerbaijan unless Iran paid a war indemnity. not get the occupied parts by force, but the local governors have accepted Russia government " The British helped the Iranians with the with excellence of desire and because matter, but the fact remained that Russian Georgians are Christian, so their allegiance to troops had marched as far as south of Tabriz. Russia as compared with Iran is superior. In Although certain areas (including Tabriz) were tracing, Russian Tsar sent General Yermlouph returned to Iran, Russia was in fact at the peak as the commander to Iran. In the late of 1817 of its territorial expansion"[11] " As another A.D. Russian ambassador attended before the result of Persia's losses to Russia, the two king of Iran and presented Tsar's suggestions. treaties of Gulistan and Turkemenchai also Making a permanent consular in the north of divided Azerbaijani and Talysh people from Iran for Russia and determining borders their brethren in Iran and the wider Iranian between Iran and Russia exactly were among cultural world.The Treaty of Gulistan was the suggestions.But these negotiations had no leaving conflict open between the two result. While discussions were not finished , countries, thus being weak from the start"[12]. Russia attacks Iran military garrisons in the "Russia’s main priority before the war was to northwest by the order of General Alexi focus on the wars being fought with Napoleon, Petrovich Yermlouph began in 1826 A. D. and which explains the significantly small amounts in this way they start to fire once more after 13 of troops he dedicated for the Russo-Persian years. War" [13].The treaty of Gulistan was mainly a way for both countries to “gain a breath” so that During the second war, Iran agents were the Russo-Persian War could end and they repeatedly sent to negotiate with the General could focus on other issues. Commander of Russian forces in Caucasia and Russian Court. But none of them could attend After the Treaty of Gulistan was signed, Persia in the capital of Russia. The second war was not started to rapidly build up its army once more, long.It finished sooner because Iran equipments as Fath Ali Shah was fully devoted to regaining were not enough to defend against so much the territories lost in the war. It was surprising Russian forces. Their weakness for continued to no one when Fath Ali Shah ordered his civil and external wars aggravated the situation, military commander, to start too. On the other hand, Russia did not obtain so training troops in 1823, three years in advance much position from the wars. All the factors of the second Russo-Persian War, which was caused to sign Turkmanchy treaty"[14]. In three times as much military preparation than tracing a meeting was hold in Turkmanchy he spent for the first Russo-Persian War. The village where was the resting place for Russian clergy in Persia also publicly announced that soldiers .Abbas Mirza, Mirza Abolghasem the jihad against Russia was not over. In 1826, Ghaem Magham, Asef Aldolleh, and Haji Persia attacked once again on the territories lost Mirza Abolhasan Khan Shirazi behalf Fath Ali to Russia (with the British supporting the Shah and Evan Paskouvich as the commander Persian more). The second Russo-Persian War of Russian forces for Russian Tsar wrote a

treaty with 16 chapters and one annexed

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Qajar Rule In Iran :In the Qajar Government Events….. commercial treaty in 9 chapters. It was signed pages of Iran's history in the Qajar dynasty. by Iran and Russia agents on February 10t, Losing the rich and populous territories such as 0828 A.D.Russia showed his intentions southern Caucasia, Georgia, and Armenia that evidently in this treaty and advantages accruing is irreparable economically and militarily took to this government in which they could never Iran a great knock. By signing Turkmanchy obtain in any European wars. Russia had political influence in Iran. The Qajar kings did not have a political understanding  " According to this treaty, Armenia even as a usual governor, and could not take up and Azerbaijan were transferred to a suitable position against other countries' rulers Russia. by clear analyses of international events and  Araxes river channel was determined colonial competitions. From the beginning of as the border of two countries. the Qajar, Iran was as an instrument in the  Russian citizens in Iran were exempted political complications without a correct from subjecting to Iran criminal law. understanding of itself in this world. Iran's  Navigation in Caspian Sea was political and military retardation as well as the restricted to Russia. lack of social sensation made the work more  Iran cannons, guns, munitions and difficult. Changes resulted from the late of castles in Caucasia were transferred to Nazarence as the fourth king of Qajar, were not Russia . deep and did not have enough effect to  Complete independence of Russia to compensate. Qajar is counted among dissipated establish a business agency and years in the history of Iran whereas this period consulate in Iran was recognized. needed civilization, industry, and great changes in governing. What Qajar kings put first was  Russia supported Abas Mirza's coronation guarding, pleasure and enjoying successor and agreed to recognize his from the poor labor. monarchy after accession" [15] .

They fell Iran into decadence by their wrong Russia agents inserted some contents into this policies on terms that Europe was developing treaty and the complement to make Russia day by day and prepared the way for visible and protectorate and hold special ceremonies for the invisible long-lasting foreigners´ influence on entrance of their ambassadors to Iran. Iran. These kings not only did not have any According to the supplement contents, Iranian governors and agents should make Russian understanding of colonial policies nature, but sometimes they accompanied them and took a political agents welcome everywhere in the main step to provide their interests. The best beginning of their entrance to Iran borders and examples are Golestan and Turkmanchy treaties Iranian ministers should go to meet them while that are so dishonoring for Iranians. According getting the capital and then they came to the to theses treaties, losing each part of Iran during king. Turkmanchy treaty was signed between Iran and Russia in 9 chapters in French. Now the unwanted wars was as the most important irreparable event in the history of Iran. And one Russian volume is available. After the now this period of history is gazed with imposing the treaty on Iran and so many desirously eyes. advantages accruing to Russia, they chose apparently a friendly approach to Iran and expanded their political and military power References little by little throughout Caucasia and then Sicker, M .(2000) “The Islamic World in started to invade regions between Aral and Decline: From the Treaty of Karlowitz to the Caspian Sea and a great area of Axus ,namely Disintegration of the Ottoman Empire”, Praeger Kharazm and Northern Khorasan. Publishers ,pp. 98-110.

Keddie, N. R.( 2006) “Modern Iran: Roots and Conclusion Results of Revolution, Updated Edition, New

Haven, Yale University Press”,pp. 32-39. The wars between Iran and Russia as well as

Golestan and Turkmanchy treaties are abject

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David, M.(1948) Lang “Griboedov's Last Years in Persia”, American Slavic and East European Review,pp. 317-324. Sicker, M. (2000) “The Islamic World in Decline: From the Treaty of Karlowitz to the Disintegration of the Ottoman Empire”, Praeger Publishers, pp. 106-109. Polk, W. R. (2009) “Understanding Iran: Everything You Need to Know, From Persia to the Islamic Republic,” From Cyrus to Ahmadinijad, New York, Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 75-77. Publishing House of Documents. (1993) “Documents of Iran Relations with Caucasia”, publications of Foreign Ministry, Tehran, pp.104-114. Nassiri, M. R. (1987) “Historical correspondence of Iran,” Key Han publications, Tehran, pp. 202-232. Kazemzadeh, F.( 1991) “Iranian relations with Russia and the , to 1921 From Nadir Shah to the Islamic Republic”. Cambridge University Press, pp. 330-338. Shamim, A. A. (2000) “Iran in the Qajar Dynasty, Modaber publications”, Tehran, pp. 59-78. Lambton, A. K. S. (1970)”The Breakdown of Society." The Central Islamic Lands from Pre- Islamic Times to the First World War,” Cambridge University Press, pp. 435-452. Icker, M. (2000)” The Islamic World in Decline: From the Treaty of Karlowitz to the Disintegration of the Ottoman Empire,” Praeger Publishers, pp. 114-122. Shamim, A. A. (2000) “Iran in the Qajar Dynasty”, Modaber publications, Tehran, pp. 174- 179. Publication Unit of documents. (1990) “Guidance and Characteristics of bilateral treaties between Iran and other countries”, Publications of Foreign ministry, Tehran, pp. 421-431. Ghuzanlou, J. (1983) “The 10-year war between Iran and Russia”, Tehran Publications, Tehran, pp.165-172. Publication Unit of documents. (1990) “Guidance and Characteristics of bilateral treaties between Iran and other countries”, Publications of Foreign ministry, Tehran, pp .465-471.

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