History of Anthropology Newsletter

Volume 25 Issue 2 December 1998 Article 1

January 1998

Volume 25, Issue 2

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XXV:2 1998 Hi tory f Ant p lo y Newsletter

VOLUME XXV, NUMBER 2 December 1998

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CLIO'S FANCY: DOCUMENTS TO PIQUE THE IDSTORICAL IMAGINATION

The Past in the Present: What is Civilization? ...... 3

RESEARCH m PR.OGRE.SS • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 9

BffiLIOGRAPHICA ARCANA

I. History of Anthropology in the Netherlands •••••••••••••••• o • o • 10

ll. Recent Dissertations • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 15

m. Work by Subscribers ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 16

IV". Suggested by Our Readers • • •••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 16

GLEANINGS FROM ACADEMIC GATHERINGS •••••••••••••••••••• 22

A.NN"OlJN'CE]_\,ffi.NTS • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 22

1 The Editorial Committee

Robert Bieder Regna Darnell Indiana University University of Western Ontario

Curtis Hinsley Dell Hymes Northern Arizona University University of Virginia

George W. Stocking William Sturtevant University of Chicago Smithsonian Institution

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2 HAN ON THE WEB UPDATE: Unfortunately, the website announced in our last number is not yet up and running, and the address given then is no longer current. But work continues, and we hope useful material will soon be accessible at http://anthro.spc.uchicago.edu/-gwsjr/hanl

CLIO'S FANCY: DOCUMENTS TO PIQUE THE HISTORICAL IMAGINATION

The Past in the Present: What is Civilization? Michael A. Morse University of Chicago

Alexander Henry Rhind, a fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, died in 1863, leaving his entire estate, valued at £7,000, to the creation of a lectureship to be administered by the Society. Rhind had been a leading figure in the movement to reform Treasure Trove laws in order to promote government protection of antiquities. Having embraced the "three-age system" advanced by Scandinavian antiquaries and ethnologists, Rhind hoped that legal protection of antiquities would aid in the building of national collections in Edinburgh, Dublin, and London, allowing British and Irish archaeologists to flesh out the three ages of their domestic prehistory. Though he died at the age of 30, Rhind did much to reach these goals in his short life, but more significantly, in the legacy of his bequest. Under the terms of his will, each holder of the lectureship "shall be bound to deliver annually a course of not less than six lectures on some branch of archaeology, ethnology, ethnography, or allied topic" Soc. Antig. Scot. 14 Dec. 1874). Among the most notable of the early holders of the lectureship (which continues to this day) were J. Romilly Allen, Robert Munro, John Rhys, John Beddoe, Arthur Evans, and later, V. Gordon Childe.

The very first holder of the lectureship is not, however, so well known. After John Stuart declined the post, the Society offered it to Sir Arthur Mitchell, then Secretary of the Society, as well as Commissioner in Lunacy for Scotland and Professor of Ancient History to the Royal Scottish Academy. Mitchell delivered ten Rhind Lectures in all, six in 1876 under the title of "The Past in the Present," and four in 1878 under the title of'What is Civilization?" While later lectures in the series looked primarily at the objects and monuments of antiquity, Mitchell's approached the topic through an ethnographic narrative.

While travelling through Scotland Mitchell had observed present day uses of objects that could also be found in the archaeological record, and the lectures of the first series were dedicated to particular objects or object categories: the spindle and whorl, food-manufacturing items, houses, farm tools, stone implements, and associated superstitions. In part, Rhind was looking for insight into how these objects and traditions might have been used in antiquity. But he was also interested in how the knowledge behind the objects seemed to go through a process of degeneration, until the objects would take on a totally new meaning. Thus whorls were still in use in yarn manufacture in remote areas, but closer to roads and urban centers were instead venerated as charms.

In contrast to better-remembered figures ofhis day, Mitchell arrived at conclusions that challenged prevailing notions of progress. He delivered his lectures within two years of Augustus Lane-Fox Pitt- Rivers' two seminal papers, "Principles of Classification," and "On the Evolution of Culture," which laid the foundation for Pitt-Rivers' evolutionist approach to material culture (Pitt-Rivers 1875a; 1875b). Mitchell's theory that forms of technology often degrade before they become obsolete not only challenged

3 Pitt-Rivers' belief in gradual evolutionary progress, but sounded a note of caution often still not heeded by archaeologists who assign an age to objects on the basis of typological expectations.

Finally, while Mitchell used evolutionary phrases such as "level of civilization," and did not use the term "culture" in a relativist sense, his overall message implied a certain relativism. At the very end of the second set of lectures, which were of a more abstract nature, in contrast to the series of case-studies of the first, he argued that "different patterns" are "not necessarily synonymous with different stages of progress" (Mitchell 1881: 246-7). Discussing the very nature of civilization, he defined it as "a complicated outcome of a war waged with Nature by man in Society to prevent her from putting into execution in his case her law of Natural Selection." His relativist interpretation of this definition follows from measuring the success of a civilization, not by its technological achievements, but by its success in this war with natural selection, in other words, in its ability to survive (Mitchell 1881: 188-9). Instead of attributing differences to race, Mitchell proposed a form of geographical determinism, tempered by a belief that the ideologies, or religions, of different societies make for a powerful "modifying influence" (Mitchell 1881: 248). Mitchell's incipient relativism, however, was tempered by his view that civilizations with the Christian religion were best suited to survive and grow, because of the Christian concept of an all-embracing, universal God.

[From The Past in the Present: Lecture 1 (18 April, 1876) "The Spindle and the Whorl" (Mitchell1881: 19-42)

In the summer of 1864 I had occasion to visit Fetlar, one of the Shetland group of islands. As I walked from the landing-place to the nearest township I overtook a little boy, and, while I was asking him some questions about the people and places, I observed that he was giving shape with his pocket-knife to a piece of stone. At first I thought his occupation was the analogue of the purposeless whittle of the Yankee; but on looking more attentively at the results and progress of his cutting, I saw that he had some definite object in view, and I asked him what he intended to make out of the stone. "A whorl for my mother," was the ready reply. With equal readiness he gave me the half manufactured whorl, which I regarded as an important find. It is made of coarse steatite or soapstone, which is called Kleberstone in Shetland, and which is soft and easily cut.

As we walked on, I asked the boy if I should find a finished whorl in his mother's house. He answered me in the affirmative, just as we were close to her door, and I went in and told her what he had said. She immediately produced two spindles, each with a soapstone whorl on it, and I carried them both away ....

During that day's sojourn in Fetlar, I had occasion to visit many houses, and in most of them I found the spindle and the whorl in actual use.

Perhaps, before I go farther, I should briefly explain what a whorl is, and how it happens to be an object of interest to antiquaries.

As it usually presents itself, a whorl is a perforated disk of stone, from an inch to two inches in diameter, and from a quarter to half an inch in thickness. It is placed on the spindle, in order to act by its weight as a fly-wheel- in other words, to make the spindle rotate easily, while still unloaded with yam.

4 Stone is the material of which whorls are commonly made, and their usual form is that of a perforated disk; but they are also made of other materials, such as bone or burnt clay, and they have other forms, such as the sphere or cone. When I say this much in way of description, I have perhaps said enough for my present object. All I desire is, that their general construction and purpose be understood. I am not giving an account of whorls. I propose merely to tell some things about them which appear to me to teach lessons of caution to the student of antiquities.

I have still, however, to explain the interest which is taken by antiquaries in these objects. That such an interest exists is sufficiently shown by the fact that whorls appear in almost every museum of old things, whether in Europe or out of it and they generally appear in considerable numbers. Nor is this otherwise than it should be, since whorls are found associated with the builders and occupants of our brochs and eirde-houses; in Anglo-Saxon and Carlovingian graves; among the relics of the Swiss lake- dwellers; in the debris of that city which, according to Schliemann, had perished and was forgotten before the Troy of Homer had its foundations laid; among the vestiges of the Egyptians of the Pyramid times and the mound-builders of North America; associated, in short, with the "man without a story," not in special localities, but almost everywhere. An object of this kind has a proper place in collections of antiquities, since it may be almost, if not quite as old as anything there. It is at least as old as the art of spinning, which is the oldest industrial art of which we have knowledge, and which, moreover, is an art practiced at this present day by some of the least cultured people on the earth.

I have just said that I had seen this possibly ancient thing in process of being made, as well as largely in actual use, in the corner of a country which is in the very front rank of progress. The most primitive of all known methods of spinning is thus found holding its place among a people who have for generations been spinning by the aid of the most complex machinery - an art in its rudest state, side by side with the same art in its greatest perfection, both practised by the same people, the same in race, the same in capacity, the same in civilization, and, from many points of view, the same in culture. Can any one say that some of the inventions which congregate and culminate in our wonderful spinning machinery may not actually be due to a Fetlar man whose mother knitted stockings for him, when a child, of yarn which she had made with the spindle and the whorl? Such a thing is beyond question possible, for Fetlar yields men as good as any in the kingdom - as capable of doing that, or any other sort of intellectual work. Yet, if the woman I speak of were suddenly entombed, spindle in hand, and if, centuries after, she were exhumed, when nothing remained of her but her bones and her whorl, some zealous antiquary might show one reason at least for relegating her to prehistoric times.

As yet, only the island ofFetlar has been spoken of as the part of Scotland in which the spindle and whorl are to be found in actual use. But that island is by no means the only part. Women may be seen using them here and there all over Scotland, though chiefly, of course, in outlying regions, remote from highways or thoroughfares; that is, either actually remote or remote by some accident of position. . ..

In some districts, where it has fully and completely died out, a point of much interest presents itself. In certain parts of the main-land of Shetland, for instance, quite within hail of Fetlar, there remains no knowledge either of the existence or use of such things as the spindle and whorl among the people; yet, a century back and less, they were common objects there. So is it also with some parts of the outer Hebrides, where the sudden disappearance of the spindle and whorl, and the complete oblivion into which all about them has fallen, made a deep impression on my mind. It did so because it happens that in these same districts whorls are still to be frequently seen. Being of stone, they do not rot away like spindles, and they

5 are often turned up in diggings about deserted townships. By those who so find them they are treated with a superstitious respect and care, being regarded as charms, and known under the name Adder Stone . ...

Out of some districts all knowledge of spindle and whorl alike may disappear. Both may be equally forgotten. But in other places the whorl may die out before the spindle, and this may happen in two ways. The form of the spindle may be so changed as to make it no longer necessary to weight it with a whorl. Instead of being a rod of wood, slender from end to end, it may be left thick at the lower end, where the mass of wood will then serve, like the whorl, the purposes of a fly-wheel. This is a late modification, and the reverse of an improvement, for it does not do all that is wanted so well as a spindle armed with a moveable whorl. It is one of those changes so often seen in the decline of a supplanted art, which are in the direction of a lower and not of a higher quality. It is a movement of deterioration indicative of coming death. The second way in which a whorl may disappear while the spindle remains in use is perhaps more interesting. It has twice come under my notice; once in the island oflslay, and once in the parish ofDaviot, within fourteen miles of the city of Inverness. In a remote comer of the last parish I had occasion to visit a crofter's cottage in the autumn of 1866; and sitting at the door, on a knockin' stane, there was an old woman busily manufacturing yarn with a spindle. At the end of the spindle, instead of a whorl, there was a potato ...

I happened to have a stone whorl in my pocket when I saw this woman, and I showed it to her, but she had no knowledge of any such object - had never seen such a thing on the end of a spindle - and had used a potato, in the way I found her using it, for more than a quarter of a century. She thought, however, that she had once heard her mother speak of something which did away with the need of the potato. On being asked how she managed in the summer months, when potatoes were scarce, she answered that her spinning was done in the short and idle days of winter.

This woman had lived within a couple of hours' drive of a spinning mill and tweed factory, in which the best machinery was employed, yet she continued to use the spindle, with a potato for its fly- wheel! Though much closer to the centres of progress than the Fetlar woman, the art of spinning, as she practised it, was in a still ruder state ....

I have spoken, and it is customary to speak, of the manufacture of yam by the spindle and whorl as a rude practice, such as we might fittingly encounter among a barbarous and uncultured people. What it is desired now to show is that we are wrong as well as right in this. That which has superseded hand-spinning is certainly a thing vastly superior to it, and is assuredly the outcome of a higher culture; yet for all that, there went brains into the invention of the spindle and whorl; and it is beyond question that it can accomplish certain feats which no other machine ever invented can equal. It is a fact, though it may surprise some to learn it, that the hand-spinning women of India produce a yam which is finer and has fewer filaments in it than any yam otherwise or elsewhere manufactured. Repeated and serious efforts have been made by European spinners to produce the gossamer thread out of which are woven those marvelous muslins of Dacca to which have been given the poetic names of The Evening Dew, The Running Water, and The Woven Air. ...

. . . Progress in India has certainly not taken the directions which it has taken among us, or among the nations of Europe generally; but there may be great progress on lines which diverge very considerably from those on which we travel. All civilizations, whether in times far apart or in the same times, are not of one pattern. The differences, indeed, may be wide and deep. They are so, in point of fact, between us and

6 the races of India. These races, however, have shown a distinct and decided culture and civilization of their own. They possess a literature of no mean order; they have worked successfully in the fields of scientific research; they have acquired accomplishments in the application of the fine arts to manufactures which, at this very day, all the nations of Europe are trying to understand and copy; they co-operate, and there is a division of labor among them; they have laws, and armies for defence and aggression; and they have religious beliefs, which we regard as utterly and deplorably wrong, but which, nevertheless, are far from destitute of lofty conceptions, while the sincerity of those beliefs is attested in conduct with at least as much self-sacrifice and conscientiousness as Christian nations show in testimony of the reality of the convictions which they avow ....

There is sometimes, it appears to me, an unwillingness to look at all sides of objects classed as ancient, lest something should be discovered which might reduce their age, and render them possibly modem and commonplace. To some, no doubt, it does make such a thing as a whorl a less interesting and curious object to know that it may be either of very great age, or, in the most literal sense, a thing of yesterday; but the study of antiquities has ceased to be the study of the merely curious, and takes rank now with the study of history. The love of the wonderful, however, still holds sway to no small extent, and often shows itself in the manner alluded to, that is, in a certain unwillingness to see what may overthrow accepted and cherished opinions. The very matter of spinning furnishes apt illustrations of this. For instance, the discovery of cloth in the mounds of Ohio was regarded as a fact so novel in itself, and so much at variance with the prevailing ideas as to the degree of civilization and knowledge of the arts among the mound- builders, that it was considered necessary to hesitate about making it public. It is easy to understand this feeling. It was probably thought that further research might modify the significance of the discovery. Yet why should there be hesitation about the publishing of what is believed to be a fact? Prevailing ideas are not things to be protected. If they rest on error or imperfect information, why should they not fall? The whole material from which archaeologists draw their conclusions is as yet scanty; and most of their conclusions can only be safely stated as probably correct in view of the information we possess, and as liable to change with a fuller knowledge ....

The chief inferences which appear to flow from what has been said are the following:

1. A mode of meeting one of the requirements of man's existence in all cold or temperate regions, which is so simple as to be commonly spoken of as rude and primitive, may nevertheless continue to be practised among a people who have the foremost place in the march of progress, who have even acquired a special distinction for their success in contriving other modes of meeting that particular requirement, and who send the products ofthese contrivances to all the markets of the world. In other words, an old art may long refuse to disappear wholly, even in the midst of conditions which seem to be necessarily fatal to its continued existence.

2. On the other hand, the complete extinction of such an art in certain countries, or parts of countries, may come suddenly, from causes which we may not be able to assign; and all knowledge and recollection of it may disappear with a like suddenness. In a few generations, all about it may be so entirely forgotten that, when the people tum up the implements used in the art which have proved too hard for the teeth of time, they clothe them with mysteries and superstitions, and treat them with veneration.

That this may happen is proved by what has been said about the conversion of the whorl into an Adder Stone or Charm. In like manner the stone axe or celt becomes a Thunder-bolt, and supernatural

7 qualities are assigned to it. The lapse of ages is not necessary for this, as we naturally think and are accustomed to be told. A single century can do more in such matters than we commonly acknowledge. The dress of superstition, which clothes objects of which the use is forgotten, is far from being a thing rarely seen, though it presents itself in different aspects, and with varying degrees of completeness. It is interesting, however, to remember that it is the handiwork of the rude or so-called stone-age man which becomes an object of veneration in countries with a high civilization. The reverse would be much more easily understood. That a minie-rifle should be worshipped by a Bushman seems a not unnatural thing. It is more difficult to see why, to nearly all the cultured nations of Western Europe, a stone celt becomes a Thunder-bolt, a whorl an Adder Bead, and a flint arrow-head an Elf Dart, and why these relics of a complete or comparative barbarism should be venerated in the midst of civilized and cultured people. The man who ought to know that these objects are merely the tools or weapons of his barbaric forefathers is the very man who worships them; and it seems to me that if we wish to study correctly the history of the human race as a whole, we can neither ignore nor omit the study of these curious wanderings from conditions of high culture and civilization.

3. When an old art dies out, in consequence of being supplanted or superseded by a new art, which does the same thing in a practically better way, the dying-out may be and perhaps always is, by a process of debasement or degradation. It is not easy to over-estimate the value of this inference, since it means that the rude forms of an implement may follow as well as precede the more finished forms - that it would be unsafe to say of two specimens of the same implement that the ruder was necessarily the older - and that, of any particular kind of implement, the rudest forms of all may be the very latest, or those fashioned when the implement had all but passed out of use.

4. We sometimes, without good reason, speak contemptuously of an implement or contrivance as rude and primitive. Looking at the thing itself, rather than at its purpose and the way it fulfils it, we think of it as an outcome of a poor and feeble state of mind. But on careful examination, we may find it suitable for its work, capable of doing it well, and indicating more ingenuity in contrivance and more skill in construction than we were ready to suppose from a superficial examination.

If we desire only to find the evidences of a want of intellectuality in the works either of the early or of the existing savage, we shall certainly find them, and probably little else. But if, on the other hand, we look also for signs of intellectuality and of a capacity for culture, we shall as certainly find more of these than we have been prepared to expect.

5. A very simple and a rude method of doing work, such, for instance, as hand-spinning, may be the only way of doing that work which is practised even among races whom we cannot call barbarous, and who are widely separated from each other both in time and space, as, for example, among the peoples of ancient Egypt and present India.

Still further, the very same rude and simple method of doing the work in question may be the only way of doing that work among races whom we unhesitatingly call barbarous, and who are also widely separated from each other both in time and space, as, for example, among the prehistoric lake-dwellers of Switzerland and the existing savages of South Central Africa.

6. In all scientific inquiries, but more, perhaps, in archaeological investigations than in any other, conclusions formed on merely negative evidence are to be distrusted.

8 7. We may fall into error if we fix the intellectual capacity of a nation, a community, or an individuaL as low, because we find that they practise, or he practises something which we call, and perhaps correctly call, rude and primitive. Such a thing furnishes no proof of want of capacity; frequently, indeed, it does not even furnish proof of want of culture. The mental powers of those Scotchwomen who still use the spindle and whorl is not a whit inferior to that of those who do not use it, nor is their culture in any degree or respect below that of their countrywomen generally in a similar social position.

So much for the inferences which appear to me to flow from what has been said about whorls. It may be thought that I carry those inferences too far, seeing that they are all drawn from the story of one object. It seems to me, however, that they are fairly drawn, and I think it an advantage at once to reveal the general character of the lessons which are to be taught by the stories of many other objects in the lectures which follow ....

References Cited

Mitchell, Arthur, 1881. The Past in the Present: What is Civilization? New York: Harper and Brothers.

Pitt-Rivers, A.Lane-Fox. 1875a. On the Evolution of Culture. Procs.ofthe Royal Institution 7: 496-520 ___. 1875b. Principles of Classification. Journal of the Anthropological Institute 4: 293-308.

Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland 11, 187 6.

RESEARCH IN PROGRESS:

David Hom (Comparative Studies, Ohio State University) is cenducting research for a book on the body as a source of evidence in criminal anthropology and forensic medicine, including a chapter dealing with the criminal anthropologist Lombroso and other Italian criminologists who carried on electric shock experiments on pain thresholds as an index of civilization.

Sergei Kan (Anthropology, Dartmouth College) is carrying on a research project on "Lev Shtemberg (1861-1927), the founder ofmodem Russian/Soviet anthropology."

Robert A LeVine (Education, Harvard) is undertaking a monograph on the history of culture and personality studies in the United States, 1920-60, from its emergence in the post-WWI period to its "replacement" by "psychological anthropology."

Elizabeth Stassinos (Anthropology, University of Virginia) is working on a dissertation entitled "Ruthlessly: Ruth Benedict's pseudonyms and the art of science writ large."

Joseph Marlin (Field Museum, Chicago) is assisting John Terrell in research on the metaphors used by anthropologists to describe cultures.

William Willard (Comparative American Cultures, Washington State University) is doing research on Archie Phinney, an enrolled Nez Perce tribal member and student of Franz Boas, who published a volume ofNez Perce texts in 1934, and spent the years 1932-37 at the Leningrad Institute of Ethnography.

9 Walter Zenner (Anthropology, SUNY-Albany) is undertaking an historical study of the development in American anthropology of concepts dealing with inter-ethnic and inter-cultural relations, such as acculturation, ethnicity, diaspora, hybridization

BIBLIOGRAPHICA ARCANA

I. The History of Anthropology in the Netherlands Since the 1970s Han F. Vermeulen University ofLeiden

In the first part of this review (HAN XXV: 1) some of the older Dutch contributions to the history of anthropology were listed. In this concluding part, we shall see how the subdiscipline evolved since the 1970s at the hands ofthe students ofthese initiators. Apart from the volumes by Claessen and Kloos (1975, 1981) already mentioned, standard sources are the volume Toen en Thans edited by Bovenkelk et al. (1978); a volume on non- western sociology edited by Hiisken et al. (1984) and a booklet by van den Muijzenberg and Wolters (1988); a special issue of the journal Antropologische Velkenningen edited by Hovens and Triebels (1988); and the recent history of 'organised' anthropology by Jan de Wolf (1998). In addition, a dozen doctoral dissertations were submitted at the universities ofNijmegen, Utrecht, Amsterdam, and Leiden.

Historiography of anthropology (part 2)

The first dissertations on the history of anthropology were defended at the relatively new university of Nijmegen, where Leo Triebels included the subject in his introductory courses (1969-70), and in 1976 Anton Blok, who had studied at Amsterdam, introduced a course in 'history and theory of anthropology'. A year later Ton Lemaire, a critical anthropologist and philosopher, gave a course on Marxist anthropology, followed by Albert Trouwborst who gave lectures on British social anthropology and on comparative traditions of research in Southeast-Asia and Eastern Africa (frouwborst & Kommers 1988). The first dissertation was by Dirk Lettens, a Belgian philologist, on the etlmographic wmk: ofGriaule (1971). Lettens was followed by Jean Kommers (1979), on early sources of ethnographic knowledge about the Dutch East Indies in the period 1800-1830, emphasizing writings of colonial civil servants as a pre-scientific form of etlmography before its academic institutionalization as an academic discipline-a position advocated also in later publications (e.g. 1982, 1996a). Other students who gained their doctorates at Nijmegen were Gerlof Verwey (1980, in philosophy), Raymond Corbey (1988, in philosophy), Pieter Hovens (1989), and Sjoerd Jaarsma (1990); there is also a dissertation currently in progress (cf Willemsen 1998). Hovens was co-editor, with Triebels, ofthe special issue of Antropologische Verkenningen (1988). More recently, Peter Mewkens has published a history of anthropology at Nijmegen (1998).

At Utrecht, the first theoretical dissertations were submitted by Hans Tennekes (1970) on cultural relativism in American anthropology (Engl. edn. 1971) and by Arie de Ruijter on Levi-Strauss' structuralism (1977). In the late 1980s Diederick Raven joined the staH: primarily to work on the anthropological study of science (1988, 1992). In 1990, Peter Mason received a doctorate for a dissertation on textual and visual representations ofthe Other, concentrating on Europeans ideas about American tribes and races since the fifteenth century. That same year Sjoerd Jaarsma and Jan de Wolf attempted unsuccesfully to establish at Utrecht an archival and documentation center for the history of anthropology in the Netherlands (ADCHAN). In 1995, Raven, de Wolf and Karin Geuijen edited an important volume on Post-Modernism and Anthropology (1995).

10 ------

At Amsterdam, as in Leiden, teaching was divided between non-western sociology and cultural anthropology. Wim Wertheim, Andre Kobben, Jeremy Boissevain, and Bob Scholte, later Johannes Fabian, stimulated students into critically evaluating past research with the intent to carry out modem fieldwork studies. Wertheim wrote on the counter-insurgency tactics of C. Snouck Hurgronje during the colonial war in Aceh (1972--on Hurgronje see also van Koningsveld 1988, Kommers 1996b and Trouwborst 1993). With Scholte, Wertheim was a formidable factor in internationalizing Amsterdam anthropology into a critically reflexive discipline. Two ofhis students, Otto van den Muijzenberg and Willem Wolters, wrote a synopsis of non-western sociology, which they dubbed 'historical sociology' (1988; see also Wertheim 1995). Efforts at Amsterdam to combine historiographical analysis with fieldwork were undertaken by Peter Pels, whose dissertation (1993) studied the interaction between Dutch missionaries and anthropologists in colonial Tanganyika from 1930 to 1961, and by Oscar Salemink, whose master's thesis on the relationship between ethnography and colonialism in Vietnam between 1850 and 1954 (1987) was summarized in a lengthy article in Stocking's volume Colonial Situations (1991). Pels and Salemink organized an international seminar on 'colonial ethnographies' held at Amsterdam in June 1993, which resulted in a special four-issue volume of HistOiy and Anthrq><>logy (1994). Earlier, Pels had published in The Ambiguity of Rapprochem!'!!!t, a volume resulting from a conference on 1he interaction between missionaries and anthropologists held at Nijmegen (Bonsen et al. 1990). At Amsterdam, Rob van Ginkel is focussing on 'endo-ethn.ography' of Europe (1995, 1997). A historian of Enlightenment anthropology is Remco Ensel, who works on morals and ethnology in 1he work ofMartinus Stuart (1994, 1997). A 1hesis on early collectors for1he Tropical Museum at Amsterdam was written by Susan Legene (1998).

At Leiden, introductory courses on 1he 'development of ethnological1heories' were given in the 1970s, while advanced students could follow courses on 'anthropological centers' by P.E. de Josselin de Jong and on 'historical understanding' by G.W. Locher. By 1975 Henri Claessen and Peter Kloos had started their publishing efforts to make Dutch anthropology better known abroad, but neither of them gave a special course on history of anthropology. The dominant paradigms held at the time (structuralism, evolutionism) allowed for historical reflection, but led few to specialize in the history of anthropology itself The general outlook was presentist, to the extent that the department would have missed the centennial of its first chair (instituted in 1877), if the occasion had not been pointed out by Adam Kuper, recently appointed to the Africa chair. The anniversary lecture was held by Locher (1978c). Kuper had already taking an interest in the new subdiscipline and continued to publish on the subject while working in Leiden (1976-85). Apart from the university's historian Willem Otterspeer (1992) and the historian Paul van der Velde, who specialized in Jacob Haafuer and P.J. Veth (1992-8), five anthropologists at Leiden are now working on the subject: Han Vermeulen, specializing in the history of anthropology in the Netherlands (1989, 1997) and the formation of ethnography in Germany and Eastern Europe during the eighteenth century (1988, 1995, 1996, 1999); Ger van Wengen, now completing a book on the history of the National Ethnological Museum at Leiden (founded in 1837); F .R Effert, working for a doctorate on the early history of the same museum, after writing about the early career of J.P.B. de Josselin de Jong (1992); "Guita working on a doctoral dissertation on early ethnography in Japan (1999);"and Jan van Bremen, originally from Amsterdam, who is concentrating on (colonial) anthropology in Japan (1999).

In addition, scholars from abroad specializing in Indonesia or having an interest in structuralism have been studying aspects of the history ofLeiden anthropology, among them de Ruijter (1979, 1981), Moyer (1989, 1981), Chlenov (1979, 1989), Prager (1994, 1996, 1999), Gray (1995) and Beaufils (1997). Urton (1996) has written on Zuidema as an Andeanist offshoot of Leiden. The best of this series is the dissertation of Michael Prager at Heidelberg (1996), who analysed Leiden structuralism in terms ofT.S. Kuhn's paradigms.

11 These are only some of the available sources for study. Anthropology in the Netherlands has a strong regional focus, but surveys of work done in Asia, Africa, Latin America, and Oceania cannot be mentioned here for lack of space. However, a few words must be said about the history of ethnographical museums in the Netherlands. There are now nine such museums, which, apart from a rapprochement in the 1950s and 1960s, developed in relative isolation of academic anthropology at the six (now five) university departments. The history of these museums has been scantily discussed and the primary source is still Duparc (1975). Case histories are mostly presented in expensive volumes on 'masterpieces' (van Dongen et al. 1987; Faber et al. 1987; Greub 1988; van Duuren 1992; van Brakel et al. 1998), with some exceptions (Ave 1980; van Leur 1987; van Duuren 1990; van Dijk 1992; Corbey 1993). Recently, a trend to study collectors has become apparent (Arnoldus-Schrooer 1998; van Brakel et al. 1996; Legene 1998; Schefold & Vermeulen forthcoming).

While financial and institutional conditions for research are not favourable in the Netherlands (none of the people mentioned holds a position in the subject as such, and there are no specialized research institutes) interest in the history of anthropology is considerable. At the recent conference held at Amsterdam to celebrated the centenary of the Netherlands Anthropological Association, 32 of 94 papers (in three panels) dealt with the history of anthropology in the Low Countries. There was also a festival ofhistoric ethnographic films, a special exhibition on 'one hundred years of studying culture' at the Tropical Museum, and a book published on a centuiy of associational activities (de Wolf 1998).

References Cited

[Because of space limitations, it has not been possible to include entries for all of the sources mentioned. When our website is operational at htq?//anthro.spc.uchicago.edu/:-gwsjr/han/, we plan to include a full bibliography, including the entries from the first installment ofthis essay,. which appeared in HAN XXV: 1]

Bonsen, Roland, Hans Marks and Jelle Miedema (eds.) 1990 The Ambiguity of Rapprochement. Reflections of Anthropologists on their Controversial Relationship with Missionaries. Special issue ofFocaal (Nijmegen). Bovenkerk, Frank 1978 with H.J.M. Claessen, B. van Heerikhuizen, A.J.F. Kobben, N. Wtlterdink (eds.), Toen en Thans. De sociale wetenschappen in de jaren dertig en nu. Baarn: Ambo. Bremen, Jan van 1999 and A. Shimizu (eds.), Anthropology and Colonialism in Asia and Oceania. Richmond: Curzon .Press. Corbey, Raymond 1988 De mens een dier? Scheler, Plessner en de crisis van het traditionele mensbeeld. Dissertation Nijmegen. 1993 Ethnographic Showcases, 1870-1930. Cultural Anthropology, 8(3): 338-369. Duparc, F .J. 1975 Een eeuw strijd voor Nederlands cultureel erfgoed (1875-1975). 's-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij. Eifert, F .R. 1992 J.P.B. de Josselin de Jong: Curator and Archaeologist. A Study of His Early Career (1910-1935). Leiden: Centre ofNon-Western Studies. Remco 1997 Schedellezen. Een verlicht beschavingsdebat over de belichaamde natuur van de mens. Amsterdams Sociologisch Tijdscb!ill, 24(3-4): 438-463.

12 Rob van 1997 Ethnologia Neerlandica. In: van Ginkel, Notities over Nederlanders. Antropologische reflecties. Meppel/Amsterdam: Boom, pp. 199-123. Husken, Frans 1984 with Dirk Kruijt & Philip Quarles van Ufford (eds.), Trends en tradities in de ontwikkelingssociologi.e. Muiderberg: Dick Coutinho. Hovens, Pieter T.F. 1988 with L.F. Triebels (eds.), Historische ontwikkelingen in de Nederlandse antropologie. Special issue of Antropologische 7(1/2). 1989 Herman F.C. Ten Kate Jr. (1858-1931) en de antropologie der Noord-Amerikaanse Indianen. Dissertation Nijmegen. Meppel: Krips Repro. 1991 Biographies of H.F.C. ten Kate, J.H.F. Kohlbrugge, L. Serrurier, Ph.F. von Siebold, C.C. Uhlenbeck and P .J. Veth. In: C. Winters (ed. ), International Dictionary of Anthropologists. New Y oik: Garland. Jaarsma, Sjoerd R. 1990 Waarneming en internretatie. Vergaring en gebruik van etnografische infonnatie in Nederlands Nieuw- GWnea (1950-1962). Dissertation Nijmegen. Utrecht: ISOR. 1991 with Jan J. de Wolt: Biographies of J. van Baal, J.J. Fahrenfort, H.Th. Fischer, G.J. Held, J.P.B. de Josselin de Jong, F.C. Kamma, A.C. Kruyt, W.H. Rassers, S.R. Steinmetz, B.A.G. Vroklage S.V.D., G.A. Wilken. In: C. Winters (ed.), International Dictionary of Anthropologists. New Yoik: Garland 1993 'More Pastoral than Academic ... 'Practice and Purpose of Missionary Ethnographic Research (West New Guinea, 1950-1962). Anthropos, 88: 109-133. Kommers, Jean H.M. 1979 Besturen in een onbekende wereld. Het Europese binnenlands bestuur in Nederlands-Indie: 1800-1830. Een antropologische studie. Dissertation Nijmegen. Meppel: Krips Repro. 1982 Antropologie avant-la-lettre: enige gedachten over de geschiedenis van de etnografie. Nijmegen: Sociaal Antropologische Cahiers 7. 1996a Koloniale etnografie en antropologie. Tydskcrifvir Nederlands en Afrikaans, 3(2): 196-218. 1996b SnouckHurgronje als koloniaal etnograaf: De Atjehers (1893-1894). Sharqiyym, 8(2): 87-115. Koningsveld, P. Sjoerd van 1988 Snouck Hurgronje en de Islam. Acht artikelen over Ieven en weik van een orientalist uit het koloniale tijdpeik. Leiden: Documentatiebureau Islam-Christendom. Legene, Susan 1998 De bagage van Blomhoff en Van Breugel. Japan, Java. Tripoli en Suriname in de negentiende-eeuwse Nederlandse cultuur van het imperialisme. Dissertation Rotterdam. Amsterdam: KIT Uitgeverij. Lemaire, Ton 1976 Over de waarde van kulturen. Een inleiding in de kultuurfilosofie: tussen europacentrisme en relativisme. Baarn: Ambo. Lettens, Dirk A. 1971 Mystagogie et mystification. Evaluation de !'oeuvre de Marcel Griaule. Dissertation Nijmegen. Bujumbura (Burundi): Presses Lavigerie. Mason, Peter G. 1990 Deconstructing America. Representations ofthe Other. London:Routledge (dissertation Utrecht 1990). 1994 From Presentation to Representation: Americana in Europe. Journ. History of Collections, 6(1 ): 1-20. Meurkens, Peter C.G. 1998 Vragen omtrent de mensheid. Culturele antropo1ogie in Nijmegen (1948-1998). Aalten: Fagus.

13 Muijzenberg, Otto D. van den 1988 with Willem Wolters, Congmtualizing Development: The Historical-Sociological Tradition in Dutch Non-Western Sociology. Dordrecht: Foris Publications for Centre for Asian Studies Amsterdam. Otterspeer, Willem 1992 De wiekslag van hun geest: de Leidse universiteit in de negentiende eeuw. Dissertation Leiden. Den Haag: Stichting Hollandse Historische Reeks. Prager, Michael 1996 Strukturale Anthropologie in Leiden, 1917-1956. Ursprung und Entwicklung eines wissenschaftlichen Forschungsprogramms. Dissertation Heidelberg. 1999 Crossing Borders, Healing Wounds: Leiden Anthropology and the Colonial Encounter (1917-1949). In: J. van Bremen & A Shimizu (eds.), pp. 326-361. Pels, Peter 1994 with Oscar Salemink, Five Theses on Ethnography as Colonial Practice. In: P. Pels and 0. Salemink (eds.), Colonial Ethnographies. Special Issue ofHistory and Anthropology, 8(1-4): 1-34. 1997 The Anthropology of Colonialism: Culture, History, and the Emergence of Western Govemmentality. Annual Review of Anthropology, 26: 163-183. 1998 A Politics of Presence. Contacts between Missionaries and Waluguru in Late Colonial Tanganyika. Chur/New York: Harwood (orig. dissertation Amsterdam 1993). Raven, Diederick W. 1988 On the Edge of Reality. Dissertation Utrecht. 1995 with K. Geuijen and J. de Wolf (eds.), Post-Modernism and Anthropology: Theory and Practice. Assen: VanGorcum. Ruijter, Arie de 1977 Claude Levi-Strauss. Een systeemanalyse van ziin antropologisch werk. Dissertation Utrecht. Utrecht: ICAUMededelingen 11. 1979 Een speurtocht naar het denken. Een inleiding tot het structuralisme van Claude Levi-Strauss. Assen: VanGorcum. Salemink, Oscar 1991 Mois and Maqyis: The Invention and Appropriation of Vietnam's Montagnards from Sabatier to the CIA. In: G.W. Stocking, (ed.), Colonial Situations. Madison, WI: U. ofWisconsin Press, pp. 243-284. Schefold, Reimar & Han F. Vermeulen (eds.) n.d.. Treasure Hunting. Collectors and Collections of Indonesian artefacts (forthcoming). Tennekes, Johannes 1971 Anthropology: Relativism and Method. An Inquiry into the Methodological Principles of a Science of Culture. Assen: Van Gorcum (orig. dissertation Utrecht 1970). Trouwborst, Albert A 1993 De Atjehers van Snouck Hurgronje. Arnhem: Stichting Vrienden van Bronbeek. 1998 Van Arctic tot Pacific. Herinneringen aan 25 jaar culturele antropologie in Nijmegen (1964-1989). Nijmegen: Culturele en Sociale Antropologie. Urton, Gary 1996 R. Tom Zuidema, Dutch Structuralism, and the Application of 'The Leiden Orientation' to Andean Studies. In: G. Urton (ed.), Journal ofthe Steward Anthropological Society, 24(1-2). Velde, Paul G.E.I.J. van der 1992- with J.A de Moor (eds.), De werken van Jacob Haafner. Zutphen: Walburg Pers (Werken van de Linschoten Vereeniging 91-). Thus far 3 vols. have appeared.

14 1993 The Indologist P.J. Veth (1814-1895) as Empire-Builder. In: R Kirsner (ed.), The Low Countries and Beyond. Los Angeles: University Press of America, pp. 55-67. 1995 The Royal Dutch Geographical Society and the Netherlands Indies. From Colonial Lobby to Colonial Hobby. In: M.Bell, RButlin & MHeffeman, eds., Geography and .l:mperialism. Manchester U. Press. Vermeulen, Han F. 1995 Origins and Institutionalization of Ethnography and Ethnology in Europe and the USA, 1771-1845. In: H.F. Vermeulen and A Alvarez Roldan (eds.), Fieldwork and Footnotes. Studies in the History of European Anthropology. London: Routledge, pp. 39-59. 1996 Taal-. land- en volkenkunde in de achttiende eeuw. Leiden: Oosters Genootschap in Nederland 23. 1997 Van Instituut voor CA en SNWV tot Vakgroep CA/SNWS (1955-1997). Professionalisering van de antropo-sociologie in Leiden. In: H.J.M. Claessen & H.F. Venneulen (eds.), Veertig jaren onderweg. Leiden: DSWO Press, pp. 13-52. Verwey, Gerlof 1985 Psychiatry in an Anthropological and Biomedical Context. Philosophical Presuppositions and Implications of German Psychiatry. 1820-1870. Dordrecht: Reidel (orig. dissertation Nijmegen 1980). Wertheim, Wun F. 1972 Counter-Insurgency Research at the Tum of the Century: Snouck Hurgronje and the Aceh War. Sociologische Gids, 1995 The Contribution of Weberian Sociology to studies of Southeast Asia. Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, 26(1): 17-29. Willemsen, Marie-Antoinette 1998 In Memoriam Jilis AJ. Vemeijen SVD (26 March 1908-25 April1997): A Collector's Life. Bijdragen totdeTaal-. Land-enYolkenkunde, 154(1): 1-19. Winkel, Margarita 1999 Academic Traditions, Urban Dynamics and Colonial Threat: The Rise of Ethnography in Early Modem Japan. In: J. van Bremen & A Shimizu (eds.), 40-64. Wolf, Jan J. de 1998 Eigenheid en samenwerking. Honderd iaar antropologisch verenigingsleven in Nederland. Leiden: KITL V ll. Recent Dissertations (Ph.D. except where otherwise indicated)

Richard Delisle (University ofWitwatersrand,l998), "The field ofhuman evolution within evolutionary biology and anthropology: Historical and epistemological analyses since inception" -consisting of nine papers published or in press.

Sarah Froning [Deleporte] ([email protected]) completed a masters' thesis entitled "The exhibition of Native North Americana in France, 1492-1992, from the royal Cabinet de Singularitez to 'A Ia recontre des Ameriques at the Musee de l'Homme in Paris"' (Sorbonne, 1995) lll. Recent Work by Subscribers

[Except in the case of new subscribers, for whom we will include one or two orienting items, "recent" is taken to mean within the last two years. Please note that we do not list "forthcoming" items. To be certain of dates and page numbers, please wait until your works have actually appeared before sending offprints (preferably) or citations in the style used in History of Anthropology and most anthropological journals]

15 Bieder, Robert. 1998. A brief historical survey of the expropriation of American Indian remains. In Jo Carrillo, ed., Readings in American Indian law, 164-71. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.

Darnell, Regna. 1998. Camelot at Yale: The construction and dismantling of the Sapirian synthesis, 1931-39. AmericanAnthropologist 100:361-72. ___1998. And along came Boas: Continuity and revolution in Americanist anthrppology. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.

Kehoe, Alice Beck. 1997. The history ofWisconsin archaeology. The Wisconsin Archaeologist 78(1/2): 11-20. ___1998. The land ofprehistorv: A critical histozy of American archaeology. New York: Routledge.

Krotz, Esteban, ed. 1996. El estudio de Ia cultura politica en Mexico: perspectivas disciplinarias y actores politicos. Tlalpan, Mexico: CIESAS.

Liss, Julia. 1998. Diasporic identities: The science and politics of race in the work of Franz Boas and W.E.B.Dubois, 1894-1919. Cultural Anthropology 13:127-66.

MacClancy, Jeremy & Chris McDonaugh, eds .. 1996. Popularizing anthropology. London: Routledge.

Meltzer, David. 1998. Introduction to reprint edition ofE.G. Squier & E. H. Davis, Ancient monuments of the Mississippi valley. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press.

Parks, Douglas, ed. 1997. Mary R Haas: A memorial issue. Anthro,pological Linguistics 39 (#4) [includes essays by Regna Darnell, Raymond Fogelson, Victor Golla, Eric Hamp, William Sturtevant-as well as an interview with Haas by Stephen Murray].

Sabloff: Paula. 1998. Converations with Lew Binford: Drafting the new archaeology. U. of Oklahoma Press.

Schuyler, Robert. 1998. History of historical archeology. Bulletin ofthe Histozy of Archaeology [with a useful bibliography]

Young, Michael. 1999. Malinowski's Kiriwina: Fieldwork photography 1915-1918. University of Chicago Press.

IV. Suggested by our Readers

[Although the subtitle does not indicate it, the assumption here is the same as in the preceding section: we list "re- cent" work-i.e., items appearing in the last several years. Entries without initials were contributed by G.W.S. Occasionally, readers call our attention to errors in the entries, usually of a minor typographical character. Typing the entries is a burdensome task (undertaken nonnally by G.W.S.), and under the pressure of getting HAN out, some proofreading errors occasionally slip by. For these we offer a blanket apology, but will not nonnally attempt corrections. Once again, we call attention to the listings in the Bulletin of the Histozy of Archaeology, the entries in the annual bibliographies of Isis, and those in the Bulletin d'infonnation de la SFHSH [Societe francaise pour l'histoire des sciences de l'homme]-each of which takes information :from HAN, as we do from them-although selectively]

16 Alter, Stephen. 1998. Darwinism and the linguistic image: Language. race and natural theology in the nineteenth

Anonymous, eel 1998. Le centenaire de l'Annee sociologigye. L'Annee sociologique 48(1). [Nine papers on the history ofthe journal-WCS]

Arcella, Luciano. 1996. Oswald Spengler: L'eridi:ta di Frobenius fra razza e cultura. Studi e Materiali di Storia delle ReligiQID, n.s. 20(112): 11-22. Rome [WCS]

Arnoldus-SchrOder, Victorine, ed. 1998. The Collection Van Baaren. Groningen: Volkenkundig Museum Gerardus van der Leeuw' [HV]

Baker, Lee. 1998. From savage to Negro: Anthropology and the deconstruction of race.

Barker, F., P. et al., eds. 1998. Cannibalism and the colonial world. Cambridge University Press.

Bartro. 1997. The artificial savage: Modem myths ofthe wild man. Ann Arbor: University ofMichigan [RB]

Battaglia, Deborah. 1997. Ambiguating agency: The case ofMalinowski's ghost. Am. Anthro. 99:505-10.

Beidelman, T.O. 1998. Marking time: Becoming an anthropologist. Ethnos 63(2):273-96. [Autobiography, very frank-WCS]

Belier, Wouter. 1997. The long-sought sacrament: Frazer and fieldwork on Australian totemism. Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenk.unde 153:127-66 [WCS]

Bennett, John. 1998. Classic anthropology: Critical essays. 1944-1996. New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers [contains reminiscent historical reflections]

Benson, Arlene. 1997. The noontide sun: The field ioumals of the Reverend Stephen Bowers. pioneer California archaeologist. Menlo Park, CA Ballena Press Anthropological Papers, 44.

Benson, R A 1998. Enlightenment or empire: Colonial discourse in German culture. U. ofNebraska Press.

Bibeau, Giles. 1998. La fascination de Ia marge. Elements de l'itineraire intellectuel de Guy Dubreuil. Histoire et anthropologie. Actes du Colloque du Departement d'Anthropologie de l'Univ, de Montreal, No.4, 63-76

Boon, James. 1998. Accenting hybridity: Post-colonialism, cultural studies, a Boasian anthropologist, and I. In J.C.Rowe, ed. Culture and the problem ofthe disciplines, 141-69. New York: Columbia U. Press.

Bullard, Alice. 1997. Self-representation in the arms of defeat: Fatal nostalgia and surviving comrades in French New Caledonia, 1871-1880. Cultural Anthropology 12(2):179-212. __ 1998. Becoming savage? The first step toward civilization and the practices of intransigence in New Caledonia. History and Anthropology 10 (#4):319-74. __. 1998. The affective subject and French colonial policy in New Caledonia. . History and Anthropology 10 (#4):375-405 ..

17 Bracken, Christopher. 1998. The Potlatch papers: A colonial case histozy. University of Chicago Press.

Deleporte, Sarah. 1996. 'A 1a rencontre des Ameriques' at the Musee de l'Homme in Paris: Artifacts or societies on display in the French ethnographic Museum? Native American Studies 10 (#1):25-34.

Dikotter, F. , ed. 1998. The construction of racial identities in China and Japan: Historical and critical perspectives. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.

Dubreuil, Guy. 1998. Genese du department d'anthropologie de l'Universite de Montreal. Chronique d'un itineraire. Histoire et anthropologie. Actes du Colloque du Depart.ement d'Anthropologie de l'Universite de Montreal, No.4, 77-105.

Fabian, Johannes. 1998. Curios and curiosity: Notes on reading Torday and Frobenius. In: E. Schildkrout and Curtis Keirn (eds.), The Scramble for Art in Central Africa.: Cambridge Univ. Press, pp. 79-108 [HV]

Fagette, Paul H., Jr. 1998. The California Archaeological Survey of 1948-1949:An Institutional History of its Founding. Kroeber Anthropological Society Publications No. 83:22-32. [WCS]

Fardon, Richard. 1998. Mary Douglas: An intellectual biography. London: Routledge.

Frigole, Joan. 1998. James Fernandez: working towards better times. EASA Newsletter 22 (April):31-36.

Fischer, Fritz. 1998. Making them like us: Peace Corns volunteers in the 1960s. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press.

Gibson, Mary. 1998. Biology or enviromnent? Race and southern 'deviancy' in the writings of Italian criminologists. 1880-1920. In Jane Sclmeider, ed._ Italy's

Gilberg, R & H. C. Gulkw, eds. 1997. Fifty years ofArctic research: Anthropological studies from Greenland to Siberia. Publications ofthe National Museum, Ethnographical Series, Vol. 18. Copenhagen. [35 articles, many reminiscences, important for history of research-WCS]

Guha, Ramachandra. 1998. Between anthropology and literature: The ethnography ofVerrier Elwin. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 4 (#2): 325-43.

Gulik, Willem R van. 1998. Nederlanders in Nagasaki: Japanse prenten uit de 19de eeuw I The Dutch in Nagasaki: 19th-century Japanese prints. Amsterdam: Terra Incognita. 160 pp. +ca. 100 ills. I_HV]

Gumperz, J.J. & S.C. Levinson, eds. 1996. Rethinking linguistic relativity. Cambridge University Press.

Harrison, Ira, & Faye Harrison, eds. 1999. African-American pioneers in anthropology. Urbana: University of Illinois Press [essays on Caroline Bond Day, Montague Cobb, Allison Davis, Irene Diggs, St. Clair Drake, Katherine Dunham, Arthur Fauset, Laurence Foster, Zora Neale Hurston, Louis King, Hubert Ross, Elliot Skinner, and William Willis-with an introductory essay by the editors].

18 Henaff, Marcel. 1998. Claude Levi-Strauss and the making of structural anthropology. Trans. Mary Baker. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota.

Howe, Stephen. 1998. Afrocentrism: Mythical pasts and imagined homes. London: Verson.

Howell, Carol, ed .. 1998. Cannibalism is an acquired taste and other notes from conversations with anthropologist Orner C. Stewart. University of Colorado Press [WCS]

Jahoda, Gustav. 1999. Images of savages: Ancient roots of modem prejudice in Western culture. Routledge.

Johnson, Tim, ed. 1998. Spirit capture: Photographs from the National Museum of the American Indian. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press [200 images, with essays from Native American historians, anthropologists and curntors]

[Jones, B. Calvin] 1998. Special issue in memory of B. Calvin Jones.] The Florida Anthropologist 51(32) [JFSP]

Kroeber, A. L. & D. Collier. 1998. The archaeology and pottery of Nazca, Peru: Alfred L. Kroeber's 1926 expedition, ed. Patrick H. Carmichael. Walnut Creek, CA: A1tamira Press [includes K's narrative of the expedition, and an "Afterword: Nasca research since 1926" by Katharina Schreiber.

Junker, Klaus. 1998. Research under dictatorship: The German Archaeological Institute, 1929-1945. Antigyity 72:282-92.

Lang, Hans. 1995. Die Bedeutung der Reisen des Prinzen Maximilian zu Wied fur die Ethnologic. Fauna und Flora in Rheinland-Pfulz. Zeitschrift fUr Natursch!!tb Beiheft 17:121-45. Landau [4 pp. on history of ethnology before the 19th c., followed by evaluation of Maximilian's travels-WCS] di Leonardo, Micaela. 1998. Exotics at home: Anthropologies, others, American modernity. U. Chicago Press.

Legene, Susan. 1998a. From Brooms to Obeah and Back.. Fetish conversion and border crossings in nineteenth- century Surinam. In: Patricia Spyer (ed.), Border fetishisms: Material objects in unstable places. New York and London: Routledge, pp. 35-59 [HV] __1998b De bagage van Blomhoff en Van Breugel. Japan, Java, Tripoli en Suriname in de negentiende- eeuwse Nederlandse cultuur van het imperialisme.[The Luggage of Jan Cock Blomhoff and the three brothers van Breugel-Doctoral diss. Erasmus University Rotterdam.] Amsterdam: KIT Uitgeverij. [HV] __1998c Nobody's objects. Early-19th century ethnographic collections and the formation of imperialist attitudes and feelings. In: Collecting, special issue ofEtnofoor.Antropologisch Tijdschrift 11: 21-39[HV]

Livingstone, Rosanne. 1998. The history and development of foreign ethnology collections in the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa.Tuhinga 10:1-29. Wellington, N.Z., Museum ofNew Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa [Summary history of anthropology in this national museum, and in Otago Mus., Canterbury Mus., and Auckland Mus. -WCS]

Lovisek, Joan, T.E. Holzkamm & L.G. Wasberg. 1996. 'Cultural leprosy': The 'aboriginal ethnology' of Ruth Landes. In D. H. Pentland, ed. , Papers of the twenty-seventh Algonquian conference, 164-79. Winnipeg: University of Manitoba [RDF]

19 Lyman, R Lee, M. J. O'Brien, & R C. Dunnell. 1997. The rise and full of culture history. N.Y. and London: Plenum Press [A history of 20th century Americanist archaeology-WCS]

Lindberg, Christer. 1996. Erland Nordenskiold: ett indinlif Stockholm: Natur och Kultur [cf. 1995. Erland Nordenskiold, en antropologisk biografi. Lund Studies in Social Anthropology 5, Lund -WCS]

Malone, C. & S. Stoddart, eds.1998. Special section: David Claike's 'Archaeology: the loss of innocence' (1973) 25 years after. Antiquizy 72(277):676-702. [6 papers on the recent history of archaeology-WCS]

McGimsey, C. R, m. 1998. Headwaters: How the post-war boom boosted archeology. Common Ground 3(2/3):16-21. Washington, D.C. ["Alookatthe origins of public archeology."-WCS]

Moffitt, J.E. & S. Sebastian, 1996. 0 brave new peqple: The European invention of the American Indian. Albuquerque: University ofNew Mexico Press.

Moore, Jerry. 1997. Visions of culture: An introduction to anthrgpological theories and theorists. Walnut Creek, CA.: Altamira Press [RDF]

Meurkens, Peter C.G. 1998. Vragen omtrent de mensheid. Culturele antropologie in Nijmegen 0948-1998). [Questions about humanity: Cultural anthropology at the Univ. ofNijmegen, 1948-1998]. Aalten: Fagus.

Mulvaney, J., H. Morphy, & A. Petch, eds. "My Dear Spencer": The letters ofF.J. Gillen to Baldwin Spencer. South Melbourne, VIC: Hyland House [WCS]

Natter, Annick, ed. 1997. La decouverte du paradis: Oceanie, curieux, navigateurs et savants. Paris: Somoguy Editions d'art. [Section "Histoire des collections", 18 chs. by many different authors, pp.11-136, includes pieces on museum history, biographical sketches of collectors, etc.-WCS]

Nowry, Laurence. 1998. Man of Mana: Marius Barbeau. A biography. Seattle: University ofWashington Press.

Olmedo Vera, Bertina. 1998. Henry B. Nicholson: Presencia en la arqueologia y la etnohistoria de Mesoamerica. Arqueologia Mexicana Vl(31):60-65. [Interview, summarizing HBN's career as a Mexicanist-WCS]

Paine, Robert. 1998. By chance, by choice: a personal memoir. Ethnos 63:133-54 [one of series on "Key informants" in the history ofanthropology-WCS]

Pa.Isson, Gisli. 1998. The intimate Arctic: An early anthropologist's diary in the strict sense of the term. Ethnos 63:412-440 [V. Stefunsson's 1906-1918 fieldwork (and Native family) in the AmericanArctic-WCS]

Parks, Douglas, ed. 1997. Mary R. Haas: A memorial issue. Anthropological Linguistics 39(#4) [contains Haas bibliography, and essays by 24 contributors, including biographical & background material, MH contribution to specific areas, her teaching, comparison to other linguists, and a 1978 interview with Stephen 0. Murray-RDF]

Peer, Shanny. 1998. France on display: Peasants, provincials, and folldore in the 1937 Paris world's fair. SUNY Press.

20 Richards, Peter. 1998. Gone digging. Cambridge Alumni Magazine Easter Tenn:l6-18 [on Dorothy Garrod, archeologist and first woman pro:fussor at Cambridge-RTS]

Rivale, P. 1996. Un Siecle d' Archeologie Fran@is au Perou 1821-1914). Paris: L'Har:mattan. __.. 1998. L'archoologie Peruvienne et ses modeles au XIX Siecle. In A Lemperiere, et al., !'Amerique Latine et les Modeles Eurq¢ens. Ernprunts. adaptations, Refus (XIX-XX Siecles). Paris" L'Hamattan.

Robb, Peter. 1997. The concept of race in South Asia. Delhi: Oxford University Press.

Schindlbeck, Markus. 1997. Die Si.idsee-Ausstellungen in Berlin. Baessler-Archiv, N.F. 45:565-88 [history, 1794-present-WCS]

Shapiro, Warren. Ideology, 'history of religions,' and hunter-gatherer studies. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 4:489-510.

Srebenik, HR. 1998. The radical 'second life' of Vilhjamur Stefansson. Arctic 51:58-60 [on the project of establising a Jewish socialist republic in the fur east ofthe USSR-JN]

Sutton, Constance, ed. 1998. From Labrador to Samoa: The theory and practice of Eleanor Burke Leacock Washingnton, D. C.: American Anthropological Association.

Taylor, Colin, ed. 1996. Catlin's 0-kee-pa: Mandan culture and ceremonial. The George Catlin 0-kee-pa manuscript in the British Museum. Wrth a foreward by Raymond Wood and a parallel German text translated by W. Neuhaus. Wyk aufFoehr, Germany: Verlag fiir Amerikanistik [RDF]

Thomas, Nicholas, H. Guest, & M. Dettlebach, eds. 1996. Observations made during a voyage round the world. [by] Johann Reinhold Forster. Honolulu: U. Hawai'i Press [74pp.historical introduction -WCS]

Thurman, M.D. 1998. Conversation with Lewis R. Binford on historical archaeology. Historical Archaeology 32 (#2):28-55 [JFSP]

Tobias, Phillip. 1998. Ape-like Australopithicus after seventy years: Was it a hominid? Journal of the Royal AnthrQPological Insitute 4 (#2):283-308.

Tresch, John. 1998. Heredity is an open system: Gregory Bateson as descendant and ancestor. Anthropology Today 14(#6):3-6.

Van Reybrouck, David. 1998. Imagining and imaging the Neanderthal: The role of technical drawings in archaeology. Antiquity 72:56-64.

Welsch, Robert L., ed. 1998. An American anthropologist in Melanesia: A.B. Lewis and the Jose.ph N. Field South Pacific Expedition. 1909-1913.2 vols. Honolulu: Univ. ofHawaii Press [WCS]

Weston, Kath. 1998. Lond slow bum: Sexuality and social science. N.Y.: Routledge.

21 Whiteley, Peter. 1998. Rethinking HQpi ethnography. Washington: Smithsonian Institution [includes material on the history of Hopi ethnography]

Wolpoff, M. & R. Caspari. 1997. Race and human evolution: A fatal attraction. New Yotk Simon & Schuster.

HV=Han Vermeulen RB=Robert Bieder RTS= Raymond Smith JFSP= John Phinney RDF= Raymond Fogelson WCS=William Sturtevant

GLEANINGS FROM ACADEMIC GATHERINGS

History of Science Society-The annual meeting in Kansas City, Oct. 22-25, included several sessions and a number of other papers relevant to the history of anthropology. The session on "Cold War Anthropology" included papers by David Madden (U.Chicago) ''From experts to social scientists: The American anthropologists, 1925-63"; by Willow Powers (U. New Mexico) 'The Harvard study of values: Mirror for post-war anthropology"; and by Matti Bunzl (U. lllinois, Urbana) "From positivism to interpretivism: Historicizing the crisis in anthropology." A session on "Race and U.S. Science" included papers by Brad Hume (Indiana U.) ''Words, blood, and property: Lewis Henry Morgan's kinship system and the doctrine of indigenous republicanism"; and by John Jackson (Forida State U.) "Science for segregation: Wesley C. George, Carleton Putnam and the biology of the race problem." Papers at other sessions included Scott Kirsch (UCLA) "Place and progress: John Wesley Powell in Washington and the West"; H. Glenn Penny ill (U. lllinois, Urbana) "learning to see? German ethnographic museums, 1900-1914"; Barbara Naddeo (U. Chicago) ''The science of man as the science of men: Anthropology in the Kingdom of Naples, 1760-1800"; Tracy Teslow (U. Chicago) "Gendered strategies, gendered knowledge: Exhibiting the anthropology of race"; Melody Herr (Johns Hopkins U.) "Private meanings and public images: Archaeologists as historians"; and Michael Morse (U.Chicago) "Celts, early romantics and the peopling of Britain."

ANNOUNCEMENTS-Walter Zenner (Anthropology, U of Albany) is organizing a panel for the Chicago meetings of the A.A.A. tentatively entitled "Culture areas, tribes and ethnic groups: Unit construction in ethnology, 1930-90." He is also exploring the possibility of forming an interest group in the history of anthropology within the American Anthropological Association, and hopes to hold an organizing meeting at the Chicago meetings in November. Those interested may reach him at [email protected].

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