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A Case Study on Human Trafficking in Costa Rica Timothy Adam Golob University of South Florida, [email protected]

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A Case Study on Human Trafficking in Costa Rica Timothy Adam Golob University of South Florida, Golob@Mail.Usf.Edu University of South Florida Scholar Commons Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate School November 2017 Hidden: A Case Study on Human Trafficking in Costa Rica Timothy Adam Golob University of South Florida, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd Part of the Political Science Commons Scholar Commons Citation Golob, Timothy Adam, "Hidden: A Case Study on Human Trafficking in Costa Rica" (2017). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/7028 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Hidden: A Case Study on Human Trafficking in Costa Rica by Timothy Adam Golob A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy with a concentration in Government School of Interdisciplinary Global Studies College of Arts and Sciences University of South Florida Co-Major Professor: Harry E. Vanden, Ph.D. Co-Major Professor: Bernd Reiter, Ph.D. M. Scott Solomon, Ph.D. E. Christian Wells, Ph.D. Date of Approval: October 27, 2017 Keywords: modern-day slavery, Central America, tourism, exceptionalism, politics, prostitution Copyright © 2017, Timothy Adam Golob Dedication I dedicate this work to the countless number of individuals who dedicate their lives to the fight for human rights; to those who seek to end the suffering of modern-day slaves around the globe; and to the hundreds of thousands of men, women, and children who suffer and die daily as human trafficking victims. Acknowledgement Looking back on this most recent accomplishment, I am astounded with the progress, with the learning, and with the experiences that I have been able to enjoy. As with all my other life goals and achievements, this one was only possible through the amazing support of a large group of exceptional individuals. Beginning any acknowledgement always starts with my forever “number-one-fan,” my mother, Rhonda. Her guidance and sacrifices can never be forgotten or repaid. She has remained my teacher, leader, guidance counselor, and best friend for all these years. Beyond her, my amazing inner circle of supporters is unmatched—my siblings—Dakota, Rose, Zachary, and Gabriel. They made every day of this process an unforgettable journey. Their support and unswerving devotion were the fuel that kept me going. I wish to extend my gratitude to the professors who have provided invaluable assistance to me over the years in my department. Specifically I wish to thank Doctor Vanden, for his time, dedication, mentoring, and for allowing me to be his one and only PhD graduate. Doctors Reiter, Solomon, and Wells are the best and most caring committee members. I also must extend a warm thank you to all the faculty, staff, and fellow grad students in the SIGS department. They have been like a second family to me. My amazing friends and students cannot be forgotten either, as they have put up with my meticulous updates when asked, “How is your research going?” As I reach the finish line of this step of my life, their support made this possible. I must also give thanks to my Creator, the one who provided me with a sound mind and body. He placed me in this country of opportunity and gave me the support structure that I needed to reach my potential. I can never say how much I appreciate everyone. Thank you all. Table of Contents List of Tables ................................................................................................................................. iv List of Figures ..................................................................................................................................v Abstract .......................................................................................................................................... vi Chapter 1—Introduction ..................................................................................................................1 Research Problem ................................................................................................................1 Purpose Statement ................................................................................................................6 Research Questions and Hypotheses ...................................................................................7 Country Report.....................................................................................................................9 Significance of the Study ..................................................................................................18 Conceptual Framework .....................................................................................................21 Delimitations .....................................................................................................................24 Assumptions ......................................................................................................................25 Definition of Terms ...........................................................................................................25 Organization of Remaining Chapters ................................................................................26 Summary ...........................................................................................................................27 Chapter 2—Review of the Literature ............................................................................................28 Political Economy of Tourism ..........................................................................................35 Dimensions of Tourism .....................................................................................................39 Effects of Sex Tourism .....................................................................................................46 Impact of Image ................................................................................................................52 Country Image ..................................................................................................................55 NGOs as Global Governance ............................................................................................59 Transition to NGO ............................................................................................................64 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................68 Chapter 3—Costa Rican Historical Development .........................................................................69 History................................................................................................................................76 Estranged Colony ..................................................................................................77 Independence “by Mail” .......................................................................................80 Coffee/Banana Republic .......................................................................................82 Revolution .............................................................................................................85 Post-Revolutionary Politics ..................................................................................91 Costa Rica Today ..............................................................................................................99 Tourism as Development .................................................................................................115 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................122 Chronology .....................................................................................................................124 i Chapter 4—Methodology ...........................................................................................................127 Introduction .....................................................................................................................127 Assumptions ....................................................................................................................127 Type of Design ................................................................................................................128 Researcher’s Role ...........................................................................................................130 Site and Sample Selections .............................................................................................131 Data Collection Techniques ............................................................................................132 Managing and Recording Data .......................................................................................135 Data Analysis Procedures and Trustworthiness ..............................................................137 Chapter 5—Results/Outcomes—Documentation and Surveys ..................................................138 Documentation .................................................................................................................138 Human Trafficking Law ......................................................................................139
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