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Screening Different Crested Wheatgrass (Agropyron Cristatum (L

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Screening Different Crested Wheatgrass (Agropyron Cristatum (L ARCHIVES OF AGRONOMY AND SOIL SCIENCE, 2016 VOL. 62, NO. 6, 769–780 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03650340.2015.1094182 Screening different crested wheatgrass (Agropyron cristatum (L.) Gaertner.) accessions for drought stress tolerance Hassan Bayata, Hossein Nematia, Ali Tehranifara and Ali Gazanchianb aDepartment of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran; bDepartment of Genetic and Physiology, Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center of Khorassan Razavi, Mashhad, Iran ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY A pot experiment was conducted in a greenhouse to evaluate the effect Received 10 May 2015 of drought stress on growth and turf quality of 24 accessions of crested Accepted 10 September wheatgrass (Agropyron cristatum (L.) Gaertner.) and ‘Rembrandt’ tall 2015 fescue, and to find the most drought-tolerant accession(s) of crested KEYWORDS wheatgrass. The grasses were treated in well-watered or exposed to Cluster analysis; correlation; drought stress by withholding water for 20 days. Visual turf quality of growth; low-maintenance; drought-stressed plants had no significant differences with well- turf quality; wheatgrass watered plants until day 8 of drought and 1727 P10 had the highest turf quality at day 20 of drought. Cluster analysis classified the acces- sions and Rembrandt into five clusters comprised of drought tolerant (I), intermediate (II, IV and V) and susceptible (III) in response to soil drying. Turf quality, green tissue, relative water content and electrolyte leakage of cluster I (1727 M, 208 M, 4056, 2854 and 1727 P1) were 1.8-, 2.0-, 1.6- and 0.6-fold of cluster III (Rembrandt) under drought stress conditions, respectively. Genetic diversity of cluster I could be used for plant breeding programmes and introduction of the drought-tolerant accessions to turfgrass breeders for drought tolerance varietal devel- opment programme. Introduction Water is becoming more and more rare resource in arid and semi-arid regions of Iran that is characterized by little rainfall, high solar radiation and high temperatures in the summer (Madani Downloaded by [Dokuz Eylul University ] at 21:15 06 May 2016 2014). In recent years, the normal seasonal droughts that have occurred in most regions of Iran have caused local and state government to enact water conservation ordinances. Urbanization and increases in population, however, are seriously threatening sustainable natural resources. At pre- sent, non-renewable groundwater resources are being depleted to an alarming extent. On the other hand, turf grass has been extensively planted in urban green spaces in recent years and demand for water for the irrigation of turfgrass will also increase substantially. Under severe drought conditions, water restrictions may be imposed on turfgrass areas. One strategy to mitigate irrigation demands for turfgrass is to identify and develop species and cultivars that maintain better quality with less water (Hanks et al. 2005; Robins & Waldron 2007). Extensive landscape areas that have been planted to high-maintenance turf could be replaced with low-maintenance turf species or cultivars (Wu & Hari-vandi 1988; Watkins et al. 2011). Low-maintenance turf is a relative term describing areas that receive reduced or no inputs of irrigation, fertilizer, herbicides andmowing,andcanwithstandweedinvasion(Meyer CONTACT Hossein Nemati [email protected] © 2015 Taylor & Francis 770 H.BAYATETAL. 1989; Dernoeden et al. 1994) and thus help conserve natural resources and reduce pollutants. Conservation of water is a primary goal for low-maintenance turfgrass development and management in arid and semi-arid areas (Hanks et al. 2005). Moreover, maintenance costs of turfgrass in many areas could be reduced by planting low-maintenance turfgrasses that need limited irrigation and mowing (Feldhake et al. 1983;Watkinsetal.2011). One of the main limitations to the use of low-input turf is the availability of appropriate plant material. Common cool season turfgrasses cultivars are genetically improved for turf quality, resistance to plant pests and diseases and perform well in areas with sufficient water. However, many regions of Iran are in arid and semi-arid areas with less water where these species may have a lot of problems. Crested wheatgrass (Agropyron cristatum (L.) Gaertner.) is a potential source of turf germ- plasm for arid and semi-arid regions. The genus originated from central Asia, including parts of Iran, Turkey, Afghanistan, Russia and China (Dewey & Asay 1975) and includes 150 species, of which more than 20 species are distributed in different areas in Iran (Mozaffarian 1996). Crested wheatgrass is a persistent, long-lived perennial and characteristics include excellent seed production, seedling vigour, drought and cold resistance. It withstands weed competition, tolerates insect depredation, is easily established and is adapted to a wide variety of soils. Although crested is normally bunch-type growth habit, accessions with varying degrees of rhizome development have been identified from Iran and Turkey (Asay & Jensen 1996;Asay et al. 1999). Plant response to drought stress involves changes in various morphological and physiological factors (Nilsen & Orcutt 1996; Shinozaki & Yamaguchi-Shinozaki 1997; Sanchez-Blanco et al. 2009). Water stress reduced dry matter production of grasses by reduction of leaf area, height of plant and tillering (Gazanchian et al. 2007; Pessarakli & Kopec 2008). Drought stress increased electrolyte leakage (EL) of cool season grass and resistant cultivars exhibited better membrane stability than susceptible ones (Jiang & Huang 2001; Jinrong et al. 2008). Drought stress has also adverse effects on grass quality and persistence, particularly for cool season turfgrasses that require a relatively large amount of water for maintaining growth (Bian & Jiang 2009; Sanchez-Blanco et al. 2009). Genetic differences among cultivars in drought tolerance traits could be used by turf breeders as selection in breeding programmes for improving drought tolerance. The objectives of this study were to find the most drought-tolerant accession(s) of crested wheatgrass for optimum growth and turf quality under drought stress, and introduction of the tolerant accession(s) to turfgrass breeder for broad cultural practices. Downloaded by [Dokuz Eylul University ] at 21:15 06 May 2016 Materials and methods Plant materials and growth conditions Seeds of 24 accessions of crested wheatgrass (A. cristatum (L.) Gaertner.) native to Iran were collected from different geographical regions by the Rangelands and Forestry Research Institute (Table 1) and planted in the greenhouse of Department of Horticultural Science in Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran, in 2014. ‘Rembrandt’ tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) was used as a control turf cultivar to compare with the accessions. The grass seeds were sown in plastic pots (18 cm diameter and 21 cm length) filled with sandy loam soil (50% fine-loamy soil and 50% sand) with pH = 7.0. The soil had 18.2 g water per 100 g dry soil at field capacity. Prior to the drought treatments, plants were watered three times per week to maintain soil moisture at field capacity and grasses were cut every two weeks with scissors and maintained at 9 cm height. The greenhouse environmental conditions were 22/18°C (day/night), relative humidity of 50–60%, 14 h photoperiod and a photosynthetically active radiation of 900 µmol m −2 s−1. ARCHIVES OF AGRONOMY AND SOIL SCIENCE 771 Table 1. Collection site and turf quality (1–9 visual scale, 9 indicating the best turf quality) of 24 crested wheatgrass accessions native to Iran and ‘Rembrandt’ tall fescue under well-watered (C) and drought stress conditions (D). Day 0 Day 4 Day 8 Day 12 Day 16 Day 20 Accession Collection site C D C D C D C D C D C D 3029 Bojnord 6.33 6.66 6.00 6.66 6.33 6.66 6.33 4.66 6.33 2.33 6.66 1.66 1727 P10 Golestan 6.66 6.66 7.00 6.66 6.66 6.66 6.66 5.00 6.33 4.00 6.66 3.00 1727 M Golestan 4.66 4.33 4.66 4.33 5.00 4.33 4.33 4.46 4.66 4.10 5.00 2.66 208 M Esfahan 6.03 6.43 6.20 6.43 6.16 6.43 6.50 5.30 6.20 3.00 6.16 2.66 4056 Chadegan 6.00 6.66 6.33 6.66 6.66 6.66 6.50 5.00 6.33 2.66 6.00 2.00 2854 Arak 6.33 6.65 6.33 6.65 6.33 6.65 6.33 5.20 6.33 3.00 6.33 1.33 1727 P12 Golestan 4.76 4.43 4.76 4.46 5.06 4.43 4.76 4.20 4.76 2.33 4.76 1.66 1550 Bojnord 5.10 4.56 5.10 4.56 5.10 4.56 5.10 4.10 5.10 1.66 5.03 1.00 619 S Esfahan 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 2.33 5.00 2.00 208 P2 Esfahan 5.33 4.86 5.33 4.86 5.33 4.86 5.33 5.13 5.33 2.66 5.33 2.33 4049 Kerman 6.33 6.16 6.33 6.10 6.33 6.16 6.33 5.33 6.33 1.00 6.33 1.00 208 P13 Esfahan 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.33 5.10 6.00 2.00 6.00 1.00 619 M Esfahan 6.33 6.43 6.00 6.43 6.33 6.43 6.33 5.06 6.33 2.00 6.33 1.00 4056 M Chadegan 6.26 6.00 6.26 6.00 6.26 6.00 6.50 5.10 6.26 1.50 6.26 1.00 210 M Hamand 4.90 5.03 4.90 5.03 5.06 5.03 5.06 4.00 4.90 2.33 5.06 2.33 619 Esfahan 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 5.16 6.00 1.00 6.00 1.00 619 P13 Esfahan 5.96 6.10 6.13 6.10 5.96 6.10 5.96 5.06 5.96 1.00 5.83 1.00 208 MH Hamedan 4.83 5.03 4.83 5.03 4.83 5.03 4.83 4.23 4.83 1.33 4.83 1.00 1727 P1 Golestan 5.10 5.10 5.10 5.10 5.10 5.10 5.10 5.00 5.10 3.00 5.10 3.00 1727 Golestan 5.40 5.20 5.40 5.20 5.40 5.20 5.40 4.16 5.40 2.00 5.40 1.00 209 M Esfahan 5.23 5.10 5.23 5.10 5.23 5.10 5.23 4.03 5.23 1.00 5.23 1.00 4050 Lorestan 6.10 6.10 6.10 6.10 6.10 6.10 6.00 5.33 6.00 1.00 6.10 1.00 4049 M Kerman 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.33 6.00 6.00 5.40 6.00 1.00 6.00 1.00 1551 Bojnord 4.33 4.40 4.76 4.40 4.33 4.40 4.33 4.00 4.66 1.00 4.33 1.00 Rembrandt 7.00 6.66 7.00 6.65 7.00 4.33 7.00 1.20 7.00 1.00 7.00 1.00 LSD (0.05) 0.71 0.69 0.71 0.55 0.92 0.79 LSD, least significant difference.
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