Oxidations of Organic Compounds Leading to Specific Oxidation Products
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Modulation of Allergic Inflammation in the Nasal Mucosa of Allergic Rhinitis Sufferers with Topical Pharmaceutical Agents
Modulation of Allergic Inflammation in the Nasal Mucosa of Allergic Rhinitis Sufferers With Topical Pharmaceutical Agents Author Watts, Annabelle M, Cripps, Allan W, West, Nicholas P, Cox, Amanda J Published 2019 Journal Title FRONTIERS IN PHARMACOLOGY Version Version of Record (VoR) DOI https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2019.00294 Copyright Statement © Frontiers in Pharmacology 2019. The attached file is reproduced here in accordance with the copyright policy of the publisher. Please refer to the journal's website for access to the definitive, published version. Downloaded from http://hdl.handle.net/10072/386246 Griffith Research Online https://research-repository.griffith.edu.au fphar-10-00294 March 27, 2019 Time: 17:52 # 1 REVIEW published: 29 March 2019 doi: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00294 Modulation of Allergic Inflammation in the Nasal Mucosa of Allergic Rhinitis Sufferers With Topical Pharmaceutical Agents Annabelle M. Watts1*, Allan W. Cripps2, Nicholas P. West1 and Amanda J. Cox1 1 Menzies Health Institute Queensland, School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia, 2 Menzies Health Institute Queensland, School of Medicine, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a chronic upper respiratory disease estimated to affect between 10 and 40% of the worldwide population. The mechanisms underlying AR are highly complex and involve multiple immune cells, mediators, and cytokines. As such, the development of a single drug to treat allergic inflammation and/or symptoms is confounded by the complexity of the disease pathophysiology. Complete avoidance of allergens that trigger AR symptoms is not possible and without a cure, the available therapeutic options are typically focused on achieving symptomatic relief. -
Interstellar Ices and Radiation-Induced Oxidations of Alcohols
The Astrophysical Journal, 857:89 (8pp), 2018 April 20 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aab708 © 2018. The American Astronomical Society. All rights reserved. Interstellar Ices and Radiation-induced Oxidations of Alcohols R. L. Hudson and M. H. Moore Astrochemistry Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, 20771, USA; [email protected] Received 2017 May 2; revised 2018 March 8; accepted 2018 March 9; published 2018 April 18 Abstract Infrared spectra of ices containing alcohols that are known or potential interstellar molecules are examined before and after irradiation with 1 MeV protons at ∼20 K. The low-temperature oxidation (hydrogen loss) of six alcohols is followed, and conclusions are drawn based on the results. The formation of reaction products is discussed in terms of the literature on the radiation chemistry of alcohols and a systematic variation in their structures. The results from these new laboratory measurements are then applied to a recent study of propargyl alcohol. Connections are drawn between known interstellar molecules, and several new reaction products in interstellar ices are predicted. Key words: astrochemistry – infrared: ISM – ISM: molecules – molecular data – molecular processes 1. Introduction 668 cm−1 was produced in solid propargyl alcohol’sIR spectrum after the compound was irradiated with 2 keV Interstellar ices are now recognized as an important comp- electrons (Sivaraman et al. 2015, hereafter SMSB from the onent of the interstellar medium (ISM). The results of multiple coauthors final initials). That IR peak was assigned to benzene infrared (IR) surveys have led to over a dozen assignments of (C H ), which was said “to be the major product from spectral features to molecular ices, with the more abundant 6 6 propargyl alcohol irradiation.” However, a full mid-IR interstellar ices being H O, CO, and CO (Boogert et al. -
Naturally Occurring Aurones and Chromones- a Potential Organic Therapeutic Agents Improvisingnutritional Security +Rajesh Kumar Dubey1,Priyanka Dixit2, Sunita Arya3
ISSN: 2319-8753 International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology (An ISO 3297: 2007 Certified Organization) Vol. 3, Issue 1, January 2014 Naturally Occurring Aurones and Chromones- a Potential Organic Therapeutic Agents ImprovisingNutritional Security +Rajesh Kumar Dubey1,Priyanka Dixit2, Sunita Arya3 Director General, PERI, M-2/196, Sector-H, Aashiana, Lucknow-226012,UP, India1 Department of Biotechnology, SVU Gajraula, Amroha UP, India1 Assistant Professor, MGIP, Lucknow, UP, India2 Assistant Professor, DGPG College, Kanpur,UP, India3 Abstract: Until recently, pharmaceuticals used for the treatment of diseases have been based largely on the production of relatively small organic molecules synthesized by microbes or by organic chemistry. These include most antibiotics, analgesics, hormones, and other pharmaceuticals. Increasingly, attention has focused on larger and more complex protein molecules as therapeutic agents. This publication describes the types of biologics produced in plants and the plant based organic therapeutic agent's production systems in use. KeyWords: Antecedent, Antibiotics; Anticancer;Antiparasitic; Antileishmanial;Antifungal Analgesics; Flavonoids; Hormones; Pharmaceuticals. I. INTRODUCTION Naturally occurring pharmaceutical and chemical significance of these compounds offer interesting possibilities in exploring their more pharmacological and biocidal potentials. One of the main objectives of organic and medicinal chemistry is the design, synthesis and production of molecules having value as human therapeutic agents [1]. Flavonoids comprise a widespread group of more than 400 higher plant secondary metabolites. Flavonoids are structurally derived from parent substance flavone. Many flavonoids are easily recognized as water soluble flower pigments in most flowering plants. According to their color, Flavonoids pigments have been classified into two groups:(a) The red-blue anthocyanin's and the yellow anthoxanthins,(b)Aurones are a class of flavonoids called anthochlor pigments[2]. -
Aldehydes and Ketones
12 Aldehydes and Ketones Ethanol from alcoholic beverages is first metabolized to acetaldehyde before being broken down further in the body. The reactivity of the carbonyl group of acetaldehyde allows it to bind to proteins in the body, the products of which lead to tissue damage and organ disease. Inset: A model of acetaldehyde. (Novastock/ Stock Connection/Glow Images) KEY QUESTIONS 12.1 What Are Aldehydes and Ketones? 12.8 What Is Keto–Enol Tautomerism? 12.2 How Are Aldehydes and Ketones Named? 12.9 How Are Aldehydes and Ketones Oxidized? 12.3 What Are the Physical Properties of Aldehydes 12.10 How Are Aldehydes and Ketones Reduced? and Ketones? 12.4 What Is the Most Common Reaction Theme of HOW TO Aldehydes and Ketones? 12.1 How to Predict the Product of a Grignard Reaction 12.5 What Are Grignard Reagents, and How Do They 12.2 How to Determine the Reactants Used to React with Aldehydes and Ketones? Synthesize a Hemiacetal or Acetal 12.6 What Are Hemiacetals and Acetals? 12.7 How Do Aldehydes and Ketones React with CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS Ammonia and Amines? 12A A Green Synthesis of Adipic Acid IN THIS AND several of the following chapters, we study the physical and chemical properties of compounds containing the carbonyl group, C O. Because this group is the functional group of aldehydes, ketones, and carboxylic acids and their derivatives, it is one of the most important functional groups in organic chemistry and in the chemistry of biological systems. The chemical properties of the carbonyl group are straightforward, and an understanding of its characteristic reaction themes leads very quickly to an understanding of a wide variety of organic reactions. -
Accurate Enthalpies of Formation of Astromolecules: Energy, Stability and Abundance
Accurate Enthalpies of Formation of Astromolecules: Energy, Stability and Abundance Emmanuel E. Etim and Elangannan Arunan* Inorganic and Physical Chemistry Department, Indian Institute of Science Bangalore, India-560012 *email: [email protected] ABSTRACT: Accurate enthalpies of formation are reported for known and potential astromolecules using high level ab initio quantum chemical calculations. A total of 130 molecules comprising of 31 isomeric groups and 24 cyanide/isocyanide pairs with atoms ranging from 3 to 12 have been considered. The results show an interesting, surprisingly not well explored, relationship between energy, stability and abundance (ESA) existing among these molecules. Among the isomeric species, isomers with lower enthalpies of formation are more easily observed in the interstellar medium compared to their counterparts with higher enthalpies of formation. Available data in literature confirm the high abundance of the most stable isomer over other isomers in the different groups considered. Potential for interstellar hydrogen bonding accounts for the few exceptions observed. Thus, in general, it suffices to say that the interstellar abundances of related species are directly proportional to their stabilities. The immediate consequences of this relationship in addressing some of the whys and wherefores among astromolecules and in predicting some possible candidates for future astronomical observations are discussed. Our comprehensive results on 130 molecules indicate that the available experimental enthalpy -
Exhaustive Product Analysis of Three Benzene Discharges by Microwave Spectroscopy Michael C
pubs.acs.org/JPCA Article Exhaustive Product Analysis of Three Benzene Discharges by Microwave Spectroscopy Michael C. McCarthy,* Kin Long Kelvin Lee, P. Brandon Carroll, Jessica P. Porterfield, P. Bryan Changala, James H. Thorpe, and John F. Stanton Cite This: J. Phys. Chem. A 2020, 124, 5170−5181 Read Online ACCESS Metrics & More Article Recommendations *sı Supporting Information ABSTRACT: Using chirped and cavity microwave spectroscopies, automated double resonance, new high-speed fitting and deep learning algorithms, and large databases of computed structures, the discharge products of benzene alone, or in combination with molecular oxygen or nitrogen, have been exhaustively characterized between 6.5 and 26 GHz. In total, more than 3300 spectral features were observed; 89% of these, accounting for 97% of the total intensity, have now been assigned to 152 distinct chemical species and 60 of their variants (i.e., isotopic species and vibrationally excited states). Roughly 50 of the products are entirely new or poorly characterized at high resolution, including many heavier by mass than the precursor benzene. These findings provide direct evidence for a rich architecture of two- and three-dimensional carbon and indicate that benzene growth, particularly the formation of ring−chain molecules, occurs facilely under our experimental conditions. The present analysis also illustrates the utility of microwave spectroscopy as a precision tool for complex mixture analysis, irrespective of whether the rotational spectrum of a product species is known a priori or not. From this large quantity of data, for example, it is possible to determine with confidence the relative abundances of different product masses, but more importantly the relative abundances of different isomers with the same mass. -
One-Step Synthesis of Pyridines and Dihydro- Pyridines in a Continuous Flow Microwave Reactor
One-step synthesis of pyridines and dihydro- pyridines in a continuous flow microwave reactor Mark C. Bagley*1, Vincenzo Fusillo2, Robert L. Jenkins2, M. Caterina Lubinu2 and Christopher Mason3 Full Research Paper Open Access Address: Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 1957–1968. 1Department of Chemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.232 Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, East Sussex, BN1 9QJ, UK, 2School of Chemistry, Main Building, Cardiff University, Park Place, Cardiff, Received: 05 July 2013 CF10 3AT, UK and 3CEM Microwave Technology Ltd, 2 Middle Slade, Accepted: 11 September 2013 Buckingham, MK18 1WA, UK Published: 30 September 2013 Email: This article is part of the Thematic Series "Chemistry in flow systems III". Mark C. Bagley* - [email protected] Guest Editor: A. Kirschning * Corresponding author © 2013 Bagley et al; licensee Beilstein-Institut. Keywords: License and terms: see end of document. Bohlmann–Rahtz; continuous flow processing; ethynyl ketones; flow chemistry; Hantzsch dihydropyridine synthesis; heterocycles; microwave synthesis; multicomponent reactions; pyridine synthesis Abstract The Bohlmann–Rahtz pyridine synthesis and the Hantzsch dihydropyridine synthesis can be carried out in a microwave flow reactor or using a conductive heating flow platform for the continuous processing of material. In the Bohlmann–Rahtz reaction, the use of a Brønsted acid catalyst allows Michael addition and cyclodehydration to be carried out in a single step without isolation of intermediates to give the corresponding trisubstituted pyridine as a single regioisomer in good yield. Furthermore, 3-substituted propargyl aldehydes undergo Hantzsch dihydropyridine synthesis in preference to Bohlmann–Rahtz reaction in a very high yielding process that is readily transferred to continuous flow processing. -
Redalyc.Degradation of Citronellol, Citronellal and Citronellyl Acetate By
Electronic Journal of Biotechnology E-ISSN: 0717-3458 [email protected] Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Chile Tozoni, Daniela; Zacaria, Jucimar; Vanderlinde, Regina; Longaray Delamare, Ana Paula; Echeverrigaray, Sergio Degradation of citronellol, citronellal and citronellyl acetate by Pseudomonas mendocina IBPse 105 Electronic Journal of Biotechnology, vol. 13, núm. 2, marzo, 2010, pp. 1-7 Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Valparaíso, Chile Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=173313806002 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative Electronic Journal of Biotechnology ISSN: 0717-3458 Vol.13 No.2, Issue of March 15, 2010 © 2010 by Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso -- Chile Received April 24, 2009 / Accepted November 6, 2009 DOI: 10.2225/vol13-issue2-fulltext-8 RESEARCH ARTICLE Degradation of citronellol, citronellal and citronellyl acetate by Pseudomonas mendocina IBPse 105 Daniela Tozoni Instituto de Biotecnologia Universidade de Caxias do Sul R. Francisco G. Vargas 1130 Caxias do Sul, RS, Brazil Jucimar Zacaria Instituto de Biotecnologia Universidade de Caxias do Sul R. Francisco G. Vargas 1130 Caxias do Sul, RS, Brazil Regina Vanderlinde Instituto de Biotecnologia Universidade de Caxias do Sul R. Francisco G. Vargas 1130 Caxias do Sul, RS, Brazil Ana Paula Longaray Delamare Universidade de Caxias do Sul R. Francisco G. Vargas 1130 Caxias do Sul, RS, Brazil Sergio Echeverrigaray* Universidade de Caxias do Sul R. Francisco G. Vargas 1130 Caxias do Sul, RS, Brazil E-mail: [email protected] Financial support: COREDES/FAPERGS, and D. -
ISOLATION of GERANIOL from RHODINOL by USING PDC REAGENT Nahso3 and Nabh4
The 2nd International Conference on Chemical Sciences Proceeding ISSN NO. 1410-8313 Yogyakarta, October 14-16th, 2010 ISOLATION OF GERANIOL FROM RHODINOL BY USING PDC REAGENT NaHSO3 AND NaBH4 Zaina Mukhia Bintan, Priatmoko1,*), and Hardono Sastrohamidjojo*) 1 Department of Chemistry, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia * Corresponding author, tel/fax : +62274545188 ABSTRACT Isolation geraniol from the rhodinol have been coducted by using PDC (pyridinium dichromate) reagent, NaHSO3 and NaBH4. The prosses consits of four steps : first step was rhodinol to get the high grade (it are compare between citronella oil from sample A, sample B and sample C, second step was the oxidation of rhodinol by using PDC, third step was separation of citral from citronellol by using sodium bisulfit, and the last step was reduction of citral to geraiol by using NaBH4 in etanol. The higher grade rhodinol was isolated from citronella oil of sample with purity 29.03%. The rhodinol wich used in this research was product of the third fraction redistillation of distillate the second fraction citronella oil, with grade of rhodinol was 90.55%. The oxidation of rhodinol by using PDC, could selectively oxidize geraniol become citral, whereas nothing change with citronellol. The product of oxidation was mixture of citral and citronellol, yellow liquid with fragnance odor, weight : 0.8 g. The geraniol can be obtained from reduction geraniol by using NaBH4 in ethanol. Product of reduction was colourless liquid, with fragnance odor, weight : 0.4 g. The product was analyzed by using GC and infrared spectrometer. Keywords: geraniol, citral, pyridinium dichromate INTRODUCTION Schmidts (1979 have also made the reagent to oxidase alcohol (primary, secondary and so he essential oil is a natural product that on) become the carbonyl compound. -
Cheminformatics Tools for Enabling Metabolomics by Yannick Djoumbou Feunang
Cheminformatics Tools for Enabling Metabolomics by Yannick Djoumbou Feunang A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Microbiology and Biotechnology Department of Biological Sciences University of Alberta ©Yannick Djoumbou Feunang, 2017 ii Abstract Metabolites are small molecules (<1500 Da) that are used in or produced during chemical reactions in cells, tissues, or organs. Upon absorption or biosynthesis in humans (or other organisms), they can either be excreted back into the environment in their original form, or as a pool of degradation products. The outcome and effects of such interactions is function of many variables, including the structure of the starting metabolite, and the genetic disposition of the host organism. For this reasons, it is usually very difficult to identify the transformation products as well as their long-term effect in humans and the environment. This can be explained by many factors: (1) the relevant knowledge and data are for the most part unavailable in a publicly available electronic format; (2) when available, they are often represented using formats, vocabularies, or schemes that vary from one source (or repository) to another. Assuming these issues were solved, detecting patterns that link the metabolome to a specific phenotype (e.g. a disease state), would still require that the metabolites from a biological sample be identified and quantified, using metabolomic approaches. Unfortunately, the amount of compounds with publicly available experimental data (~20,000) is still very small, compared to the total number of expected compounds (up to a few million compounds). For all these reasons, the development of cheminformatics tools for data organization and mapping, as well as for the prediction of biotransformation and spectra, is more crucial than ever. -
Survey, Emission and Evaluation of Volatile Organic Chemic…
Survey of chemical compounds in consumer products Survey no. 36 – 2003 Survey, emission and evaluation of volatile organic chemicals in printed matter Ole Christian Hansen and Torben Eggert Danish Technological Institute 2 Contents PREFACE 5 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 7 ABBREVIATIONS 11 1 INTRODUCTION 13 2 PRINTED MATTER 15 2.1 CONSUMPTION 15 2.2 NUMBER OF ENTERPRISES 16 2.3 PRINTING 16 2.3.1 Printing techniques 16 2.4 PAPER 17 2.5 PRINTING INKS 17 2.5.1 Solvents 18 2.5.2 Binders 19 2.5.3 Wetting agent 19 2.5.4 UV-curing inks 19 2.6 EMISSIONS DURING PRINTING 20 2.7 PRINTED MATTER IN THE HOUSEHOLD 20 2.8 DISPOSAL 21 2.9 RECYCLING 22 3 EXPOSURE 23 3.1 EMISSION MEASURING METHODS 23 3.1.1 Sampling and analyses 23 3.1.2 Screening of volatiles 23 3.1.3 Quantitative measurements 24 3.1.4 Results 25 4 EXPOSURE AND HEALTH EVALUATION 33 4.1 EXPOSURE SCENARIOS 34 4.1.1 Method 34 4.1.2 Scenarios 34 4.2 ASSESSMENT METHOD 35 4.2.1 Assessment method 35 4.2.2 Procedure for assessments 37 5 EVALUATION OF INDIVIDUAL COMPOUNDS 39 5.1 ALDEHYDES 39 5.1.1 Propanal 39 5.1.2 Pentanal 41 5.1.3 Hexanal 42 5.1.4 Heptanal 43 5.2 ALCOHOLS 44 5.2.1 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol 45 5.3 KETONES 46 5.3.1 Heptanone 46 3 5.4 ESTERS 48 5.4.1 Propanoic acid, butylester 48 5.5 FURAN 49 5.5.1 2-Pentylfuran 49 5.6 AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS 50 5.6.1 Toluene 50 5.6.2 Xylenes 53 5.6.3 Ethylbenzene 56 5.7 TERPENES 58 5.7.1 alpha-Pinene 58 5.7.2 Camphene 60 5.7.3 Limonene 61 5.7.4 Tetramethyl methenoazulene 63 5.8 ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBONS 64 6 EVALUATION OF PRINTED MATTER 68 6.1 HEALTH ASSESSMENT OF SELECTED PRINTED MATTER 68 6.1.1 Printed matter no. -
Alcohol Oxidation
Alcohol oxidation Alcohol oxidation is an important organic reaction. Primary alcohols (R-CH2-OH) can be oxidized either Mechanism of oxidation of primary alcohols to carboxylic acids via aldehydes and The indirect oxidation of aldehyde hydrates primary alcohols to carboxylic acids normally proceeds via the corresponding aldehyde, which is transformed via an aldehyde hydrate (R- CH(OH)2) by reaction with water. The oxidation of a primary alcohol at the aldehyde level is possible by performing the reaction in absence of water, so that no aldehyde hydrate can be formed. Contents Oxidation to aldehydes Oxidation to ketones Oxidation to carboxylic acids Diol oxidation References Oxidation to aldehydes Oxidation of alcohols to aldehydes is partial oxidation; aldehydes are further oxidized to carboxylic acids. Conditions required for making aldehydes are heat and distillation. In aldehyde formation, the temperature of the reaction should be kept above the boiling point of the aldehyde and below the boiling point of the alcohol. Reagents useful for the transformation of primary alcohols to aldehydes are normally also suitable for the oxidation of secondary alcohols to ketones. These include: Oxidation of alcohols to aldehydes and ketones Chromium-based reagents, such as Collins reagent (CrO3·Py2), PDC or PCC. Sulfonium species known as "activated DMSO" which can result from reaction of DMSO with electrophiles, such as oxalyl chloride (Swern oxidation), a carbodiimide (Pfitzner-Moffatt oxidation) or the complex SO3·Py (Parikh-Doering oxidation). Hypervalent iodine compounds, such as Dess-Martin periodinane or 2-Iodoxybenzoic acid. Catalytic TPAP in presence of excess of NMO (Ley oxidation). Catalytic TEMPO in presence of excess bleach (NaOCl) (Oxoammonium-catalyzed oxidation).