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River Murray and Lower Lakes Catchment Risk Assessment for Water Quality: Results and Management Options

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River Murray and Lower Lakes Catchment Risk Assessment for Water Quality: Results and Management Options River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options 4 Riverland West LAP area assessment 4.1 Description of the area The Riverland West Local Action Planning (RW LAP) area extends from Lock 1 near Blanchetown to Lock 3 near Overland Corner (Figure 4.1). It spans 184 km of the River Murray and encompasses a total of 13,370 ha of adjacent floodplains. The area contains 11,700 ha of irrigated horticultural land, mainly vines (37%) and citrus (20%) (RW LAP 1999). Away from the river are extensive areas of dryland farming, cattle grazing and pristine mallee country. The main townships in this area are Waikerie, Cadell and Morgan. Land and groundwater salinisation is a major problem in the area, largely the legacy of historical vegetation clearance in the regional catchment. The problem has been exacerbated in some locations by irrigation creating a ‘groundwater mound’ and increasing saline groundwater flows. It is also anticipated that large quantities of salt currently trapped in floodplain sediment would enter the river with future flooding (CSIRO 2003). Salt interception schemes at Woolpunda and Waikerie currently prevent about 350 tonnes of salt per day from entering the River Murray. Further schemes are planned to address increasing salinity problems in the area caused by irrigation drainage (SA Water 2004). The RW LAP group’s environmental improvement projects (RW LAP 1999) include: • 10 wetland rehabilitation projects, eg Sinclair and Murbko lagoons, Morgan lagoons, Brenda Park- Scotts Creek wetlands, Akuna Station, Maize Island • helping growers reduce drainage and salt problems, and improve irrigation practices, within a land and water management planning framework • revegetation projects totalling 100 ha, including the successful Taylorville North–Lock 2 Rehabilitation Project • stormwater and effluent treatment projects in conjunction with local councils. Water quality within the Riverland West area is generally fair compared to the rest of the River Murray (EPA 2001a). SA Water monitoring stations at Lock 3, Waikerie, Woolpunda and Morgan measure a variety of water quality parameters, and DWLBC’s ‘run of the river’ studies provide high-resolution data on salt inputs. Salinity levels increase from Lock 3 to Morgan (EPA 2001a) where, nevertheless, salinity is about 25% less than it would be if the salt interception schemes were not in operation (SA Water 2004). In this project’s framework, saline groundwater inputs were quite difficult to define as a precise hazard location, as they diffuse into the river to varying degrees along its whole length. Specific salinity risks that could be attributed to defined source location (eg large horticultural areas, saline creek/drainage discharges) are included in this report. Nutrient levels do not change significantly within this area (EPA 2001a) but blue-green algae (Anabaena circinalis) levels are often elevated (SA Water unpublished data) in the region. No trends in heavy metal levels between the monitoring stations are obvious within the area and pesticide levels were generally at or below detection levels. Turbidity levels, which are high from where the river enters South Australia to the mouth, are significantly influenced by contributions from the Darling River (which has a high clay colloid level) and flood events (MDBC 1988). 84 River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options Map of the Riverland West LAP area Map of the Riverland West Figure 4.1 85 River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options 4.2 Environmental value zones Spatial zones assigned for each environmental value allowed hazards to be identified and assessed for risk in manageable amounts. Aquatic ecosystem zones Risks to aquatic ecosystem health were assessed in arbitrary three kilometre zones for the length of the river, a total of 50 zones in the RW LAP area. Raw water supply zones Six raw water supply zones (from 500 m downstream to three kilometres upstream of each potable water off-take) were identified in the RW LAP area: RWRAW001 Woolpunda (unfiltered) RWRAW002 Waikerie township RWRAW003 Cadell (unfiltered) RWRAW004 Cadell Training Centre (unfiltered) RWRAW005 Morgan (township and Morgan–Whyalla pipeline) RWRAW006 Blanchetown (unfiltered). Recreation zones Ten recreation zones were identified in the RW LAP area: RWREC001 Waikerie and surrounds (10.6 km long) RWREC002 upstream of Ramco lagoon (2.2 km long) RWREC003 Ramco Point (1.3 km long) RWREC004 Lock 2 to ‘Old Riversleigh’ (3.6 km long) RWREC005 Hogwash Bend to Wilson’s Sandbar (5.2 km long) RWREC006 Cadell and surrounds (5.0 km long) RWREC007 Morgan to Brenda Park wetland (11.7 km long) RWREC008 Scotts Creek to Murbko Flat (8.3 km long) RWREC009 McBeans Pound shack area to Roonka (3.4 km long) RWREC010 Blanchetown (4.4 km long). 4.3 Hazard identification process A community consultation workshop was held with representatives from the Riverland West LAP office; Loxton Waikerie and Mid Murray local councils; local irrigators and landholders from Cadell, Morgan and Waikerie; and Golden Leisure Houseboats. The workshop identified the nature and location of potential water quality hazards and recreation zones, and provided useful information for the subsequent risk evaluation process. 4.4 Risks to water quality in the Riverland West area Frequency of hazard types A total of 140 hazards to water quality were identified. Those with the highest frequencies were toilets/septic tank systems, wetlands/lagoons, horticulture, vessel launching/ boat ramps, vessel moorings and informal camping areas (Figure 4.2). 86 recorded. risks wereratedaslow(234)ormoderate(254)level, butasignificantnumber(16)ofhighriskswere Mostofthese pesticides,hydrocarbonsand salinity. followedbyturbidity, nutrients andorganicmatter, 4.1.Thehighestfrequencyofriskswasfor risks forwaterqualityparametersaresummarisedin Table organic material,heavymetalsandhydrocarbons).Thefrequenciesofidentified nutrients, turbidity, Each hazardwasassessedfordifferentwaterquality riskparameters(egstormwatermaybeassessedfor The attachedCDhasindividualmapsnumberedaccordingtothekeymap. LAParea. Figure 4.3isthekeymapforriskstoaquaticecosystemenvironmentalvalueinRW Risks toaquaticecosystemhealth strategy development. risk. Thecumulativeimpactsoflow-riskactivitieswillbeconsideredandassessedaspartmitigation Frequency (occurrence)doesnotnecessarilyindicaterisk—ahazardmayhaveahighfrequencybutlow River MurrayandLowerLakescatchmentriskassessmentforwaterquality:Resultsmanagementoptions Number of hazards 10 15 20 25 0 5 Figure 4.2 LAParea RW Frequency ofhazardstowaterquality, Chemical Store Landfill Quarry Refuelling Facilities Stormwater Infrastructure Animal Husbandry Fuel Store Industry Marina Transport Infrastructure Vessel Waste Disposal Area Drainage Disposal Site Ferry Vessel Waste Disposal Station Grazing Petrol Station Creek/River Wastewater Infrastructure Informal Camping Vessel Mooring(S) Vessel Launching/Boat Ramp Horticulture Wetland/Lagoon Toilets/Septic Tanks 87 88 River MurrayandLowerLakescatchmentriskassessmentforwaterquality:Resultsmanagementoptions Note: shaded areas are included on the attached DVD; not all maps have hazards associated with them Figure 4.3 Key map for aquatic ecosystem zones, RW LAP area River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options Figure 4.4 Example of hazard in the RW LAP area: wastewater lagoons on the floodplain Table 4.1 Frequency of risks to aquatic ecosystem health, RW LAP area Stressor Risk NU TU OR HM PE HY SA Total Low 32 65 36 6 44 49 2 234 Mod 89 7 85 19 10 3 41 254 High 4 0 4 0 0 0 8 16 V.high 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total 125 72 125 25 54 52 51 504 NU—nutrients; TU—turbidity; OR—organic matter; HM—heavy metals; PE—pesticides; HY—hydrocarbons; SA—salinity The aquatic ecosystem risks identified in this LAP area are listed in Table 4.2 and discussed in more detail below for each stressor. Salinity Several large horticulture areas (eg irrigation areas near Cadell and Waikerie, Qualco/Sunlands irrigation area) received a high salinity risk ranking. Horticultural drainage was also a large contributor (along with regional groundwater discharges) to the high risk ranking for some lagoon (Ramco and Hart lagoons, 89 River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options saline and connected to the river) and creek (Big and Little Toolunka creeks) discharges. Run of the river and other salinity modelling studies have noted significant saline groundwater inputs in the RW LAP region between Waikerie and Morgan supporting this general level of risk. Horticultural land use in these areas is predominantly citrus and grapes that employ drip and/or canopy irrigation (Croucher 2005). Large irrigated areas have increased saline groundwater flows to the river and floodplain by creating an ‘irrigation mound’ (elevated water head under irrigation areas). Irrigation displaces approximately 950 tonnes of salt per day within the RW LAP area: 210 tonnes enters the river and the rest is stored on the floodplain (RW LAP 1999). There is some uncertainty about the ecological impact of salinity from saline discharges to the river, as salinity levels have historically been variable (MDBC 1988). Several management schemes are in place or planned to manage salt in the region, including from the high risks identified above. SA Water
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