The Origin of the Proto-Indo-European Comparative Suffix (With Turkic and Uralic Parallels)
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Indo-European Linguistics: an Introduction Indo-European Linguistics an Introduction
This page intentionally left blank Indo-European Linguistics The Indo-European language family comprises several hun- dred languages and dialects, including most of those spoken in Europe, and south, south-west and central Asia. Spoken by an estimated 3 billion people, it has the largest number of native speakers in the world today. This textbook provides an accessible introduction to the study of the Indo-European proto-language. It clearly sets out the methods for relating the languages to one another, presents an engaging discussion of the current debates and controversies concerning their clas- sification, and offers sample problems and suggestions for how to solve them. Complete with a comprehensive glossary, almost 100 tables in which language data and examples are clearly laid out, suggestions for further reading, discussion points and a range of exercises, this text will be an essential toolkit for all those studying historical linguistics, language typology and the Indo-European proto-language for the first time. james clackson is Senior Lecturer in the Faculty of Classics, University of Cambridge, and is Fellow and Direc- tor of Studies, Jesus College, University of Cambridge. His previous books include The Linguistic Relationship between Armenian and Greek (1994) and Indo-European Word For- mation (co-edited with Birgit Anette Olson, 2004). CAMBRIDGE TEXTBOOKS IN LINGUISTICS General editors: p. austin, j. bresnan, b. comrie, s. crain, w. dressler, c. ewen, r. lass, d. lightfoot, k. rice, i. roberts, s. romaine, n. v. smith Indo-European Linguistics An Introduction In this series: j. allwood, l.-g. anderson and o.¨ dahl Logic in Linguistics d. -
Suppletion Replication in Grammaticalization and Its Triggering Factors
Language Dynamics and Change 5 (2015) 52–91 brill.com/ldc Suppletion Replication in Grammaticalization and Its Triggering Factors Eugen Hill University of Erfurt [email protected] Abstract The paper tries to account for several instances of emerging suppletion by estab- lishing a cross-linguistic tendency of suppletion replication in grammaticalization. It can be shown that words which acquire new grammatical functions and therefore enter a different class of lexemes tend to copy suppletion patterns already present in other members of this class. This development can be triggered by factors of differ- ent nature, either internal to the language in question or rooted in contact between different languages or dialects of the same language. The suppletion replication ten- dency is demonstrated on several cases of grammaticalization of demonstrative or relative pronouns into 3rd person pronouns. This typologically common development is known to have led to the creation of new suppletion in several languages of Europe. In the present paper, three particularly telling cases from Slavonic, dialects of Lithua- nian and early West Germanic dialects spoken on the continent are discussed in detail. Keywords inflectional morphology – suppletion – pronouns – Slavonic – Baltic – Germanic 1 Introduction In recent years, suppletion in inflectional paradigms has often been the sub- ject of linguistic studies. Many instances of inflectional suppletion, both known and newly discovered, have received high-quality detailed descrip- © koninklijke brill nv, leiden, 2015 | doi: 10.1163/22105832-00501003 suppletion replication in grammaticalization 53 tions.1 On this empirical basis, substantial advances in the synchronic under- standing of suppletion and its place in the inflection of natural languages have been made.2 The time seems ripe for an attempt to gain deeper insight into the diachronic dimension of suppletion in inflectional paradigms, i.e. -
(Sigmatic Verbal Formations in Anatolian and Indo-European)+
Sigmatic Verbal Formations in Anatolian and Indo-European A Cladistic Study Søborg, Tobias Publication date: 2021 Document version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Document license: CC BY-NC-ND Citation for published version (APA): Søborg, T. (2021). Sigmatic Verbal Formations in Anatolian and Indo-European: A Cladistic Study. Det Humanistiske Fakultet, Københavns Universitet. Download date: 27. sep.. 2021 SIGMATIC VERBAL FORMATIONS IN ANATOLIAN AND INDO-EUROPEAN A CLADISTIC STUDY Tobias Mosbæk Søborg PhD dissertation University of Copenhagen 2020 � ii PhD dissertation Sigmatic verbal formations in Anatolian and Indo-European: A cladistic study Tobias Mosbæk Søborg Supervisors: Birgit Anette Rasmussen (Olsen) and Thomas Olander Submitted to the Faculty of Humanities, University of Copenhagen, 2020 Title-page image: Join of the Hittite fragments KBo 22.178 and KUB 48.109 (CTH 457.7.2 “The travel of the soul in the Netherworld”), holding the only plene- writings of gane/išš‑zi. Colouring by Rune Eliasen. Original photos from: http://hethport.uni-wuerzburg.de/hetkonk/hetkonk_abfrageF.php?ori= iii � TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................... vii List of figures ...................................................................................................................... ix Abbreviations and symbols ............................................................................................. xi 1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................... -
Morphology in Language Processing DAY 2: VISUAL WORD RECOGNITION and SEMITIC MORPHOLOGY
Morphology in Language Processing DAY 2: VISUAL WORD RECOGNITION AND SEMITIC MORPHOLOGY ACTL 2017, June 2017 1 Roadmap •More on Semitic morphology •Review of the literature investigating Semitic visual word recognition 2 But first… 3 Happy 4-week birthday, Aldo! 4 Concatenative morphology •Concatenative morphology involves linear affixation; i.e., adding affixes to the beginning or the end of a root or stem. •Agglutinative languages have the most concatenative type of morphology, in which each morphological piece is contiguous and predictable. •A good example of such a language is Turkish, in which inflectional paradigms for nouns show very regular concatenative morphology: ip ‘string’ ip-ler ‘strings’ ip-ler-i ‘strings, acc.’ ip-ler-im ‘my string’ ip-ler-imiz ‘our strings’ ip-ler-imiz-den ‘from our strings 5 Concatenative morphology in Semitic •Important: not all morphology in Semitic is different from this. For instance, Hebrew – and all other Semitic languages – have concatenative morphology. •An example is regular plural formation in Hebrew, in which the plural suffixes –im (masc.) or –ot (fem.) are added to nouns: Singular Plural Gloss xatul xatulim cat/cats et etim pen/pens mafteax maftexot key/keys 6 Nonconcatenative morphology •In nonconcatenative morphology, related words are not as transparently form- relatable; that is, affixation does not have as straightforward a phonological exponence as “add something to the beginning or the end of the root or stem.” •There are many, many types of nonconcatenative morphology. 7 Nonconcatenative morphology •Any time the phonological exponence of a particular morphological category is not linearly appended to the edge of a root or a stem, then we’re dealing with some variety of nonconcatenative morphology. -
The Caland System in Tocharian
The Caland System in Tocharian Gašper Beguš Harvard University [email protected] 226th Annual Meeting of the American Oriental Society March 18 – 21, 2016, Boston, MA 1 Introduction 1.1. Caland system: a set of morphological rules or a derivational paradigm of Proto-Indo-European First described in Caland (1892, 267) and subsequently among others in Wackernagel (1897), Watkins (1971), Risch (1974), Nuss- baum (1976), Jasanoff (1978), and Rau (2009) 1.2. Changes in suffixal morphology: • adjectives • comparatives and superlatives • adjective abstracts • first and second members of compounds • verbal morphology 1.3. Some prominent categories and suffixes that enter the system (Rau 2009): adjective adj. abstract comp. & superl. 1st mem. 2nd mem. -ro- -o/es- -i̯ os-/-is- -i- -es- -u- root nouns -o- -u- -o/ent- -i- -i- -s- -mo- -men- d -no- -ih2- -to- -r/n- -lo- 1.4. An example from Greek and Latin adjective adj. abstract comp. & superl. first member second member pr̥ thú- práthas- práthīyas- pr̥ thuśravas- sáprathas- k¯υδρός tὸ κῦδος k¯udÐwn k¯υδιάνειρα ἐρικ¯υδής 1 Gašper Beguš The Caland System in Tocharian 1.5. The verbal part of the Caland was very productive in Latin and it shows a regular pattern (Rau 2009): adjective adj. abstract stative inchoative factitive ruber rubor, -ōris rubeō, -ēre rubēscō, -ere rubefaciō, -ere tumidus tumor, -ōris tumeō, -ēre tumēscō, -ere tumefaciō, -ere calidus calor, -ōris caleō, -ēre calēscō, -ere calefaciō, -ere Same is true for Hittite. Note that the formation of stative and inchoative here is formally different (112): adjective adj. abstract stative inchoative factitive parkui- parkui̯ ātar parkuē-zi parkuēšš-zi parkunu-zi daššu- daššuu̯ atar daššau̯ ēšš-zi daš(ša)nu-zi 1.6. -
The Origin of the Caland System and Thetypology of Adjectives
Indo-European Linguistics 4 (2016) 15–52 brill.com/ieul The Origin of the Caland System and the Typology of Adjectives Chiara Bozzone* University of California, Los Angeles [email protected] Abstract This paper argues that the Caland system rests on a Pre-pie verb-like adjective class, which formed root aorists. The Caland system as we know it came to be when pie shifted to having a noun-like adjective class, and the Caland roots had to be adapted to the new system via derivation (while the old root aorists were gradually lost). Evidence for root aorists to Caland roots in Vedic is reviewed, and a typologically informed scenario for the shift is proposed. Finally, the paper argues that this sce- nario clarifies the origin of the *-eh1- stative in Indo-European (following Jasanoff (2002–2003)’s account), which would have arisen as pie shifted from verb-like adjec- tives to nominal adjectives, and came to have a switch adjective system based on aspect. Keywords adjectives – typology – stative – Caland – participle – instrumental – Vedic – property concepts * I would like to thank the participants of the Kyōto-ucla workshop on Indo-European, the participants of the East Coast Indo-European Conference xxxiii, as well as Brent Vine and Stephanie Jamison, for their feedback on various versions of this paper. In particular, I am grateful to Toru Minamimoto for his help with the Japanese material, and to Ryan Sandell. Every infelicity is, of course, entirely my responsibility. © chiara bozzone, 2016 | doi: 10.1163/22125892-00401003 This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International Public License (cc-by-nc 4.0). -
Computational Approaches to Mapping Historical Irish Cognate Verb Forms
Past, present and future: Computational approaches to mapping historical Irish cognate verb forms Theodorus Leman Franciscus Fransen Thesis submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Centre for Language & Communication Studies School of Linguistic, Speech and Communication Sciences Trinity College Dublin The University of Dublin 2019 Declaration I declare that this thesis has not been submitted as an exercise for a degree at this or any other university and it is entirely my own work. I agree to deposit this thesis in the University’s open access institutional repository or allow the Library to do so on my behalf, subject to Irish Copyright Legislation and Trinity College Library conditions of use and acknowledgement. Summary This thesis investigates how computational methods can be used to enhance our understanding of the significant historical developments in the verbal system between Old Irish (c. 8th–9th centuries A.D.) and Modern Irish (13th century onwards). Out of all grammatical subsystems, the verbal system is subject to the most severe morphological changes between Old and Modern Irish, i.e., during the Middle Irish period (c. 10th–12th centuries). The main contribution of this thesis is the creation of a morphological Finite-State Transducer (FST) for Old Irish, focusing on verbs, successfully implemented in the finite-state tool foma (Hulden 2009). The FST is an important advancement in Natural Language Processing for Old Irish and will assist research in various linguistic subdisciplines as well as in medieval Irish philology. Chapter 1 demonstrates that a hiatus exists in digital linguistic support for historical Irish language periods. This hiatus in coverage and continuity is particularly true for Early Modern Irish (c. -
The Indo-European Languages the Indo-European Linguistic Family
This article was downloaded by: 10.3.98.104 On: 27 Sep 2021 Access details: subscription number Publisher: Routledge Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: 5 Howick Place, London SW1P 1WG, UK The Indo-European Languages Anna Giacalone Ramat, Paolo Ramat The Indo-European Linguistic Family: Genetic and Typological Perspectives Publication details https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/doi/10.4324/9780203880647.ch3 Bernard Comrie Published online on: 20 Nov 1997 How to cite :- Bernard Comrie. 20 Nov 1997, The Indo-European Linguistic Family: Genetic and Typological Perspectives from: The Indo-European Languages Routledge Accessed on: 27 Sep 2021 https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/doi/10.4324/9780203880647.ch3 PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR DOCUMENT Full terms and conditions of use: https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/legal-notices/terms This Document PDF may be used for research, teaching and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproductions, re-distribution, re-selling, loan or sub-licensing, systematic supply or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date. The publisher shall not be liable for an loss, actions, claims, proceedings, demand or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material. 3 The Indo-European Linguistic Family: Genetic and Typological Perspectives Bernard Comrie Introduction: Genetic and Areal Affiliations The other chapters in this book are essentially inward-looking in terms of their Indo-European perspective, examining reasons for positing the genetic unity of the Indo-European languages and ways of accounting for their differ entiation from a single ancestor language. -
To Beor Not To
To be or not to be? The Verbum Substantivum from Synchronic, Diachronic and Typological Perspectives To be or not to be? The Verbum Substantivum from Synchronic, Diachronic and Typological Perspectives Edited by Michail L. Kotin in collaboration with Richard J. Whitt To be or not to be? The Verbum Substantivum from Synchronic, Diachronic and Typological Perspectives Edited by Michail L. Kotin in collaboration with Richard J. Whitt This book first published 2015 Cambridge Scholars Publishing Lady Stephenson Library, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE6 2PA, UK British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Copyright © 2015 by Michail L. Kotin, Richard J. Whitt and contributors All rights for this book reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. ISBN (10): 1-4438-8070-1 ISBN (13): 978-1-4438-8070-1 TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Contributors .................................................................................. viii Preface ........................................................................................................ xi Introduction ................................................................................................. 1 Michail L. Kotin Part I: Basics Das Verbum substantivum aus synchroner, diachroner und typologischer Sicht .......................................................................................................... -
American Oriental Society
American Oriental Society FOUNDED 1842 Constituent of the American Council of Learned Societies And the International Union of Orientalists ABSTRACTS OF COMMUNICATIONS PRESENTED AT THE TWO HUNDRED AND TWENTY-SIXTH MEETING Boston, Massachusetts March 18–21, 2016 c American Oriental Society 2016 New Haven CT and Ann Arbor MI A. Ancient Near East I: Special Joint Session: Ancient Near East/South & Southeast Asia. (Organized by Craig Melchert and Anthony Yates, University of California, Los Angeles) Craig Melchert and Anthony Yates, University of California, Los Angeles, Chairs (1:00 p.m.–5:00 p.m.) Alcott Room ∗ 1. Gaˇsper Beguˇs, Harvard University Caland System in Tocharian The Proto-Indo-European derivational paradigm or “Caland System” has been thoroughly studied in Greek, Latin, and Indo-Iranian, but has received little atten- tion in other branches of the family. The purpose of this paper is to fill this gap: building on previous work by Nussbaum (1976) and Fellner (ms.), I investigate the Caland System in Tocharian and put forth an analysis of nine lexical items that I argue belonged to the Caland paradigm. I show that interpreting these Tocharian lexical items in this way offer new insight into the system on both a morphological and semantic level. The newly identified Tocharian Caland vocabulary includes six adjectives and three nouns: (i) TB l¯are ‘dear’; (ii) TB pr¯ake ‘firm, hard’; (iii) TB aikare, ‘empty’, TA ekro ‘poor’; (iv) TB ´sr¯ay (pl.) ‘old’; (v) TB m¯aka, TA m¯ak ‘many, much’; (vi) TB moko, TA mok ‘old, elder’; (vii) TB taupe ‘mine’; (viii) kare ‘worth, rank, dignity’; (ix) TB kr¯am¨ar ‘weight, heaviness’. -
Reconstructing the Medio-Passive Participle Ofproto-Indo-European
Reconstructing the medio-passive participle ofProto-Indo-European Jesse Storbeck Advisor: Jay Fisher Contents Acknowledgments iii I. Introduction tothe PIE Medio-Passive Participle 1 II. The Laryngeal Hypothesis 9 III. *-mn-/*-men-f*-mon- Alternation 19 IV. The Indo-Iranian Athematic Participle in -iina- 26 V. Balto-Slavic "<mo-, *-men- in the Bigger Picture, and Conclusions on the 33 Medio-Passive Participle References 41 ii Acknowledgments Although this essay bears my name officially, such an effort would have been altogether impossible without the help of a number of talented people, to whom I owe an immense gratitude. I would like to thank Claire Bowern and Larry Horn, as well as my fellow linguistics majors from the class of 2011, who provided me with useful feedback over the course of this past academic year. Additionally, I am grateful to Stanley Insler, who originally suggested this topic to me, and whose expert knowledge and critique I am fortunate to have received. Most of all, my advisor Jay Fisher deserves credit for any scholarly contribution this essay may make. His guidance and support have been crucial throughout every step of the thesis process, and although this essay could be the last academic writing I ever do, the enthusiasm, dedication, and effortwhich Jay brought to the project were beyond the requirements of an undergraduate advisor. He is responsible for the majority of what I know about Indo-European linguistics and is one of the teachers who have truly shaped my education. Finally, I would like to thank all those who ever instructed me in Latin, Greek, Sanskrit, or linguistics. -
The Uniquely Suppletive Inflection of the Indo-European Demonstrative Pronoun *To-/*So- 'That', and How Pertinacious Deficits of Neuters Help to Explain It
The uniquely suppletive inflection of the Indo-European demonstrative pronoun *to-/*so- 'that', and how pertinacious deficits of neuters help to explain it Frans Plank Universität Konstanz – Somerville College, Oxford BERKELEY GERMANIC LINGUISTICS ROUNDTABLE University of California Berkeley 1–2 April 2016 - 1 - 1. The word in question The lexeme at issue: *to-/*so- 'that' • the unmarked demonstrative pronoun ("der-Deixis" in the sense of Brugmann 1904), used for ana/cataphoric coreference; source of the definite article in West Germanic, Greek, certain Slavonic languages (Bulgarian, Macedonian, Sorbian, Czech); • inflects for number (SG, PL, DU), case (NOM, ACC, INS, DAT, ABL, GEN, LOC), gender (MASC, FEM, NEUT) There are many big and small questions about this demonstrative; mine is how to account for the distribution of the suppletive stems, *to- and *so-, over their paradigm. The question may seem innocent, but parts of the answer will make you shudder. - 2 - 2. The fate of *to-/*so- suppletion: Not unexpected 2.1. A unique pattern The original pattern of suppletion: very unequal partners! (1) PIE (Ringe 2006: 54–55, or whichever reconstruction you prefer – Brugmann 1904b: 399–406, Szemerényi 1970: 187–188, Beekes 1995: 201–205, ...) SG PL DU MASC NEUT FEM MASC NEUT FEM MASC NEUT FEM NOM só tód séh2 tóy téh2 téh2es tóh1 tóy ? ACC tóm tód téh2m tóns téh2 téh2ns tóh1 tóy ? GEN tósyo tósyo tósyeh2s tóysoHom tóysoHom téh2soHom ... ... ... etc. - 3 - This pattern of suppletion is peculiar, in fact unique; quite a few early languages instantiate it unchanged: (2a) Sanskrit (Indo-Aryan, Indo-Iranian) SG PL DU MASC NEUT FEM MASC NEUT FEM MASC NEUT FEM NOM sa tad sā tē tā(ni) tās tā(u) tē tē ACC tam tad tām tān tā(ni) tās tā(u) tē tē GEN tásya tásya tásyās tḗṣām tḗṣām tā́sām táyōs táyōs táyōs etc.