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Global Climate and the Evolution of Large Mammalian Carnivores During the Later Cenozoic in North America Robert Hunt Jr

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Global Climate and the Evolution of Large Mammalian Carnivores During the Later Cenozoic in North America Robert Hunt Jr View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Mammalogy Papers: University of Nebraska State Museum, University of Nebraska State Museum 2004 Global Climate and the Evolution of Large Mammalian Carnivores during the Later Cenozoic in North America Robert Hunt Jr. University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/museummammalogy Hunt, Robert Jr., "Global Climate and the Evolution of Large Mammalian Carnivores during the Later Cenozoic in North America" (2004). Mammalogy Papers: University of Nebraska State Museum. 286. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/museummammalogy/286 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Museum, University of Nebraska State at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Mammalogy Papers: University of Nebraska State Museum by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Chapter 11 Global Climate and the Evolution of Large Mammalian Carnivores during the Later Cenozoic in North America ROBERT M. HUNT, JR. ABSTRACT Taxon ranges of larger mammalian carnivores can be grouped into seven temporal intervals during the later Cenozoic. These intervals are of varied duration and seem to correspond to periodic faunal reorganizations that accompanied the progressive climatic deterioration occur- ring from the late Eocene to the Pleistocene. Recent oxygen isotope records from deep-sea cores serve as proxy for the pattern of global climate during the Cenozoic and compare reasonably well with the large carnivore intervals. Intervals A, B, and the early part of C characterize a time of cooler global climate (d18O: 11.3 to 13.0½) following the early Eocene climatic optimum. The later part of Interval C, following the mid-Miocene climatic optimum, and Intervals D through F record a gradual climatic deterioration (d18O: 12.0 to 13.8½) from the mid-Miocene to early Pliocene. Interval G (d18O: 13.8 to 15.0½) corresponds to the extreme global cooling of the later Pliocene and Pleistocene. Glacioeustatic decline in sea level during these intervals probably made possible the entrance of migrant Eurasian carni- vores and other mammals into the New World via the Bering route. The periodic emergence of this land bridge and the effect of the climatic oscillations of the later Cenozoic on the mammalian fauna appear responsible for the faunal shifts. INTRODUCTION logical pyramid, in¯uence the dynamic of prey populations (e.g., Schaller, 1972; Sin- An improved record of Neogene and Qua- clair and Norton-Grif®ths, 1979). The nature ternary fossil mammals has afforded a new of social organization of a species, its body perspective on faunal succession in North size, territorial extent, style of predation, and America during the last 40 million years. mode of locomotion, among other such fac- Well-constrained taxonomic ranges have re- tors, determine its interaction with various sulted from (1) new discoveries of Neogene prey species. Thus, the identi®cation of in- mammals from more re®ned lithostratigraph- tervals characterized by stable, well-de®ned ic contexts, and (2) continuing study of his- carnivore assemblages contributes to an im- toric collections, most notably that of Childs proved understanding of mammalian faunal Frick at the American Museum of Natural dynamics overall. Here I provide a summary History. Taking advantage of these condi- of taxon ranges for North American large tions, this study focuses on the evolutionary carnivores, calibrated against the Magnetic history of North American carnivorans. In Polarity Time Scale (MPTS; Berggren et al., this case, range diagrams for large carnivores 1995). These taxa are arranged in faunal in- demonstrate distinct, episodic transforma- tervals from ;40 Ma to the Holocene (®g. tions at guild level: such reorganizations 11.1, table 11.1). Seven intervals are recog- seem to have occurred at much greater fre- nized, each with its characterizing carnivore quency during the late Cenozoic, seemingly taxa, and de®ned by ®rst appearances (FADs) in step with climatic deterioration as charted and last occurrences (LADs). The implica- by oxygen isotope curves. tions of these intervals and their temporal Large carnivores, at the apex of the eco- spacing are discussed below. The usage fol- 139 140 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 285 Fig. 11.1. Taxon range diagram of larger late Eocene to Pleistocene carnivores (carnivorans and creodonts) in relation to the North American Land Mammal ``Ages'' (NALMAs) and Lyellian epochs, calibrated against the Magnetic Polarity Time Scale of Berggren et al. (1995). North American Larger Carnivore Turnover Events (NALCTE) are indicated at ;37±36, 33.7, 23.8, 18.8, 17.5, 9.0, 6.0, 4.5, and 3.0 Ma (see text for discussion). Temporal intervals between the turnover events are designated Intervals A through G. Amphicyonine Group I, Ysengrinia, Cynelos; II, Amphicyon, Cynelos, Pliocyon; III, Pseudocyon, Ischyrocyon. Hemicyonine I, Cephalogale; II, Phoberocyon; III, Plithocyon; IV, new Clarendonian genus. lowed here employs the term ``carnivoran'' nivore fauna in the Chadronian North Amer- for members of the Order Carnivora and ican Land Mammal Age (NALMA) (Hunt, ``creodont'' for members of the Hyaenodon- 1996: ®g. 2). Duchesnean and earlier asso- tidae and Oxyaenidae that currently comprise ciations of carnivores included only archaic the Order Creodonta. The term ``carnivore'' early Tertiary groups placed in the miacoid refers to any ¯esh-consuming mammal. Carnivora and the hyaenodont and oxyaenid Creodonta. Viverravid and miacid species FAUNAL ASSOCIATIONS OF LARGER comprise the miacoids (Matthew, 1909; NORTH AMERICAN CARNIVORES Flynn, 1998), none larger than a modern coy- ote (Canis latrans). The largest of the mia- INTERVALS A TO G(LATE EOCENE coids was the viverravid Didymictis vanclev- TO PLEISTOCENE) ei from the early Eocene of the Huerfano ba- Large (.10±20 kg) carnivorans take the sin, Colorado, with a basilar length of skull stage with the advent of the White River car- of ;15±16 cm; the very small viverravid 2004 HUNT: CENOZOIC CARNIVORES AND GLOBAL CLIMATE 141 Fig. 11.1. Continued. Viverravus minutus from the Bridger Basin, 40 million years in North America (Hunt Wyoming, had a basilar length of ;4 cm, and Tedford, 1993). Here I amplify our ini- and most miacids measured ,12 cm. tial designations, extending and re®ning the With the arrival of the Chadronian car- de®nition of these associations, and describ- nivoran-creodont fauna at ;37 Ma, there is ing their characterizing taxa in greater de- an evident increase in the average body size tail. of carnivores. The largest carnivorans in North America were nimravid cats and coy- HYAENODONT-NIMRAVID ASSOCIATION (Inter- ote-sized daphoenine beardogs (Daphoenus val A: ;37±23.7 Ma) vetus), accompanied by particularly large hyaenodont creodonts (Hyaenodon megalo- The hyaenodont-nimravine nimravid-da- ides, H. horridus, Hemipsalodon grandis; phoenine amphicyonid association is typical Mellett, 1969, 1977). Hyaenodon attained of Chadronian, Orellan, Whitneyan, and ear- its maximum species diversity in the Chad- ly Arikareean faunas of North America. Of ronian (Mellett, 1977). This hyaenodont- the intervals recognized here, its 13.3 million nimravid association was previously recog- year extent is by far the longest. Hyaenodont nized as the ®rst of four sequential mid- to and nimravine nimravid diversity during this late Cenozoic associations of large carniv- interval is remarkable, with nine species of orous mammals that characterized the last hyaenodonts and ten of nimravids currently 142 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 285 TABLE 11.1 Late Eocene to Recent Faunal Associations of Large Carnivores in North America recognized (Mellett, 1977; Bryant, 1991, in the Whitneyan and early Arikareean. Skull 1996). If size alone is considered, the dom- lengths of the larger nimravine genera range inant carnivores of this association are the from ;13 to ;26 cm (Bryant, 1996; personal large creodonts, Hemipsalodon grandis (bas- observations): Dinictis, ;13 to 18 cm; Po- ilar length, ;41 cm), Hyaenodon megaloides gonodon, ;20 cm; Nimravus, ;15 to 23 cm; (skull length, ;40 cm), and H. horridus Hoplophoneus, ;15 to 26 cm. (skull lengths, 25±35 cm). The largest nim- Daphoenine amphicyonids commonly ac- ravids occur toward the end of the interval company these groups and are represented by 2004 HUNT: CENOZOIC CARNIVORES AND GLOBAL CLIMATE 143 four genera (Daphoenus, Daphoenictis, Bra- Clarendonian, the dominant large carnivor- chyrhynchocyon, Paradaphoenus) and at ans are large amphicyonines and hemicyon- least six species (Hunt, 1996). The largest is ines, joined in the later part of the period by Daphoenus vetus, with males attaining basi- a few borophagine canids. However, this era lar skull lengths of ;20 cm in the Orellan can be subdivided into two intervals. The when the species is particularly well-repre- ®rst interval (Interval B), from ;23.7 to sented in the White River Group of the Great ;17.5 Ma (late Arikareean through early Plains. Daphoenus achieves a maximum bas- Hemingfordian), is characterized by temno- ilar length of ;23 cm by the time of its last cyonine and daphoenine amphicyonids that occurrence in the early Arikareean. seem to be primarily if not entirely North Hyaenodonts, nimravine nimravids, and American endemics, diluted by the arrival of Daphoenus became extinct within the early the earliest species of amphicyonines and Arikareean interval. The last records of hemicyonines. The second interval (Interval hyaenodonts and Daphoenus in late Oligo- C), from ;17.5 to 9 Ma (medial Hemingfor- cene rocks of the lower Arikaree Group in dian through Clarendonian), sees the extinc- the Great Plains are dated at ;28.0 Ma and tion of all temnocyonines and daphoenines; ;28.6 Ma, respectively; Daphoenus sur- the larger carnivorans are amphicyonine, vived to ;27 Ma in the Paci®c Northwest in hemicyonine, and felid immigrants, and the the John Day beds of Oregon.
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