DOCSLIB.ORG

Lives. with an English Translation by Bernadotte

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Lives. with an English Translation by Bernadotte THE LOEB CLASSICAL LIBRARY FOUNDED BY JAMES LOEB, LL.D. EDITED BY tT. E. PAGE, C.H., LITT.D. tE. CAPPS, PH.D., LL.D. tW. H. D. ROUSE, litt.d. L, A. POST, L.H.D. E. H. WARMINGTON, m.a., f.r.hist.soc. PLUTARCH'S LIVES X Digitized by tine Internet Arciiive in 2010 witii funding from . University of Toronto Iittp://www.arcliive.org/details/liveswitlienglish10plut PLUTAECH'S LIVES WITH AN ENGLISH TRANSLATION BY BERNADOTTE PERRIN IN ELEVEN VOLUMES X AGIS AND CLEOMENES, TIBERIUS AND CAIUS GRACCHUS PHILOPOEMEN AND FLAMININUS CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS LONDON WILLIAM HEINEMANN LTD MCMLIX First Printed 1921 Reprinted 1950, 1959 A JAN 28 1969 \ 9 J if V. 10 Con, Printed in Great Britain I PREFATORY NOTE As in the preceding volumes of this series^ agree- ment between the Sintenis (Teubner^ 1873-1875) and Bekker (Tauclmitz, 1855-1857) editions of the Parallel Lives has been taken as a basis for the text. Any preference of one to the other^ and any im- portant deviation from both, have been indicated. An abridged account of the manuscripts of Plutarch may be found in the Introduction to the first volume. No attempt has been made to furnish either a diplomatic text or a full critical apparatus. For these, the reader must be referred to the major edition of Sintenis (Leipzig, 1839-1846) or to the new text of the Lives by Lindskog and Ziegler (Teubner). In the present edition, the reading whicli follows the colon in the brief critical notes is that of the Teubner Sintenis, and also, unless stated in the note, that of the Tauchnitz Bekker. In May, 1920, Professor Perrin put the finishing touches upon the eleventh and last volume of this series of the Lives of Plutarch for the " Loeb Clas- sical Library," a task which he had undertaken nine years before. On August 31, 1920, he died after a brief illness, having nearly completed his seventy- third year. During the nine years, of which he PREFATORY NOTE devoted the leisure hours to the translation of his favourite author, the very magnitude of the task^ and the inspiration of the hope that he might leave behind him a version of the Lives that would make the famous men of ancient Greece and Rome, so wonderfully depicted by the great biographer, as familiar to the next generation as they were to the youth in his own boyhood, seemed to sustain and strengthen his powers. The wide and discriminating experience with modern men of action which the translator possessed, combined with the classical historian's special knowledge of the times which he was called upon to interpret after Plutarch, an author whom he had studied with sympathetic in- terest for many year'^, gave Professor Perrin peculiar qualifications for the task ; and the English-speaking world already knows with what eminent success he achieved it. The American Editor, who had been called in constant consultation by Professor Perrin during the progress of the work, has by the wish of his family undertaken to see the present and final volume through the press. Volume XI, which will contain an extensive General Index, will, it is hoped, be published in 1922. THE EDITORS. VI CONTENTS PACK PREFATORY NOTE V ORDER OF THE PARALLEL LIVES IN THIS EDITION ... viii TRADITIONAL ORDER OF THE PARALLEL LIVES ix AGIS AND CLEOMKNES 1 TIBERIUS AND CAIUS CRACCIIIS 143 COMPARISON OF AOIS AND CLEOMENES AND THE GRACCHI 241 PHILOrOEMEN 255 TITCS FLAMININUS 321 COMPARISON OF PHILOPOEMEN AND TITUS 387 DICTIONARY OF PROPER NAMES 395 VU ORDER OF THE PARALLEL LIVES IN THIS EDITION IN THE CHRONOLOGICAL SEQUENCE OF THE GREEK LIVES. Volume I. Volume Vl. (22) Dion and Brutus. (1) Theseas and Romulus. Comparison. Comparison. Timoleon and Aemilius (2) Lycurgus and Numa. (7) Comparison. Paulas. Comparison. (3) Solon and Publicola. Comparison. Volume VII. (20) Demosthenes and Cicero. Volume II. Comparison. (4) Tliemistocles and (17) Alexander and Julius Camillus. Caesar. (9) Aristides and Cato the Volume VIII. Elder. Sertorius and Eumenes. Comparison. (15) Comparison. Cimon and Lucullus. (13) Phocion and Cato the Comparison. (18) Younger. Volume III. Volume IX. (5) Pericles and Fabius Max- (21) Demetrius and Antony. im us. Comparison. Comparison. (11) PyrrhusandCaiusMarius. (14) Nicias and Crassus. Comparison. Volume X. Volume IV. (19) Agis and Cleomcnes, and Tiberius and Caius (6) Alcibiades and Coriola- Gracclnis. nus. Comparison. Comparison. (10) Philopoemen and Flam- (12) Ly Sander and Svdla. Comparison. iniims. Comparison. Volume V. Volume XI. (16) Agesilaiis and Pompey. (24) Aratus. Comparison. (23) Artaxerxcs. (8) Polopidas and Marcellus. (25) Galba. Comparison. (26) Otho. Vlll THE TRADITIONAL ORDER OF THE PARALLEL LIVES. (1) Theseus and Romulus. (2) Lycurgua and Numa. (3) Solon and Publicola. (4) Themistocles and Camillus. (5) Pericles and Fabius Maximus. (6) Alcibiades and Coriolanus. (7) Timoleon and Aemilius Paulus. (8) Pelopidas and Marcellus. (9) Aristides and Cato the Elder. (10) Philopoemen and Flamininus. (11) Pyrrhus and Caius Marius. (12) Lysander and Sulla. (l.S) Cimon and Lucullus. (14) Nicias and Crassus. (15) Sertorius and Eumenes. (16) Agesilaiis and Pompey. (17) Alexander and Julius Caesar. (18) Phocion and Cato the Younger. (19) Agis and Cleomenes, and Tiberius and Caius Gracchus. (20) Demosthenes and Cicero. (21) Demetrius and Antony. (22) Dion and Brutus. (23) Artaxerxes. (24) Aratua. (25) Galba. (26) Otho. ix 1 AGIS AND CLEOMENES Ari2 KAI KAE0MENH2 APIS I. OvK aroTTO)? TLve^ ovhe (bav\(o<; (TvyK€ta6at „^^^^^ I ' Edition, 77^09 TOU? (pLXoS6^0V<; VTTOVOOVaL TOV ilTL TO) l^LOVl ^' 1^24, p. fjivOov, ft)? Bt) Xa^ovTi Tr}vv€cj)€Xt]v avrl Ti]<i''iipa<i Koi TMv Kevravpcov outo)? yevofievcov. kul yap OVTOL T/}? dp€T7]<; MaTTsp elBcoXm rcvl rfj Bo^y GVv6vT€<;, ovSev el\LKpLve<; ovS^ w/jLoXoyrj/ievov, aWa v66a kol puKTa iroWa Trpdrrovacv, dWore aWa? (popd^; (pepo/zevoi,, l^i]\ot,<; kol TrdOeaiv eira- Kokov6ovvT6<;, oirep ol Xo(j)o/c\€OV<i ^OTrjpe^ eVl Twz^ TTOi/JLVicov Xeyovoriv rovTOi<; yap ovre^ Beairorai BovXevofiev, Kal TOivh^ dvayKT] koi g-icottcovtcov kXv€LV, 2 oirep dX7]dco<; ol 7rpo(; i7rL0u/iiLa<; o^Xcop koI op/jua^ 7toXit€v6/jL€vol 7rda)(ovcn, BovX€vovTe<i /cal dfco- XovOovvre^ 'iva Brjixaywyol Kal dpxovT€<i ovofid- ^(ovrai. Kaddnep yap ol 7rpcop6i<i ra hfJurpoaOev irpoopco/jievoi, rcov Kv^epvrjrwv d^opwai 7rpo<; eKel- vov(; Kal TO TrpoaTaaaofJievov vir* eKeivcov iroLovaiv, ovT(o<; ol 7roXiT€v6p.€voL Kal TTpo? So^av opo)vre<i vTrTjpirat p,ev twv iroXXSyv elaip, ovajJia Be dp')(pV' T(ov exovaiv. — AGIS AND CLEOMENES AGIS I. Not without rhyme or reason is the supposition of some writers that the tale about Ixion—how it was the cloud that he embraced instead of Hera and begat from thence the Centaurs—has an appli- cation to lovers of glory. For such men, consorting with glory, which we may call an image of virtue, produce nothing that is genuine and of true lineage, but much that is bastard and monstrous, being swept now along one course and now along another in their attempts to satisfy desire and passion. The herdsmen of Sophocles say,^ in speaking of their flocks: " Of these, indeed, though masters, we are yet the slaves, And to them "we must listen even though they're dumb." And this, in truth, is the experience of public men who act in conformity with the desires and impulses of multitudes, making themselves attendants and slaves in order that they may be called popular leaders and rulers. For just as a ship's lookout, who sees what lies ahead before the ship's captain does, nevertheless turns to him for orders and does what he ordains, so the public man whose eyes are fixed on glory is a servant of the multitude, although he has the name of ruler. ^ Probably in the lost "Poimenes," or Shepherds (Nauck, Trag. Graec. Frag.\ p. 249). 3 PLUTARCH'S LIVES II. 'O /lev yap a7r7]Kp(l3o)/ji€VO<; kol reXeto)? ayauo^ ovo av oX(o<; oo^7]<; oeoiro, iT\r)v oarj irdpohov iirl ra? irpd^ei's ^la rod mareveaOaL ^ hlScoar vew he en ovn koI ^LkoTifxw Soreov diro Twv Kokoiv epycov kol Bo^tj ti KaWcoTTiaacrOai Kol KOfJLirdcraL. cpvo/LLevac yap iv rot? TTfkLKovroL^ at dperal Kal ^dXaarvovaai to re Karopdov/jLevovy w? (f)7)ai Se6(f>pa(TT0^, iK/Se/Saiovvrai tol<; eiraivoLfi, Kal TO XoiTTOv av^ovrai jJLera (bpovijfiaro^; erraL- 2 pofievai. to he ayav Travray^ov /lev i7ria(paXe<;, iv Be Tat? TToXiTiKalfi (f>LXoTi/jLLaL<; oXeOpiov ifc(f)e- pei yap eh jiaviav kol irapacfypoavvtiv viratOpov e^ovaia^ fxeydXri<; e7nXa^ojiievov<;, orav /ny to KaXov evho^ov elvai OeXwatv, dXX dyaOov r]yo)VTai TO evBo^ov eivat. oirep ^ ovv ^(oklcov tt/jo? *Ai^Tt- Trarpov d^iovvrd re Trap avrov rcov fxr] KaXoiV " Ov BvvaaaLy^ CLirev, " a/jua Kai (^tXw ^coklcovl XP^o-^cii Kal KoXaKi/^ tovto XeKreov r) ojholov ti 3 T0UT6) 7r/309 TOV<; TToXXov?* " Ov BvvaaOe rbv avTOv €')(^eLV Kal ap^ovja Kal aKoXovOovy eirel avp^^aivei ye Kal oi/tco? to toO BpaKovrof;, ov (f)rj(Tiv 6 /JLvOo<; TTjv ovpav rrj Ke^aXfj araacdaao-av d^tovv riyelaOai irapd pikpo'^ Kal /jurj Bia iravTo^ 796 aKoXovdelv eKeivy, XajSovaav Be rrjv rjyejJioviav avTrjv re KaK(t)<; diraXXdrTeiv dvoia TTopevo/nevrjv Kal TTjv Ke4>aXrjV Kara^aiveiv, TV(pXoL<; Kal KO)(f)o2<; fjLepeatv dvayKa^ofievqv irapd c^vcnv eireaOai, 4 TOVTO TToXXoij^; Twz/ 7rpo<; X^P^^ diravTa TrerroXtTev- fievcov opcofjiev TreirovdoTa^;' e^apTijaavTef; yap ^ dia rov T., Coraes, Bekker, and Ziegler, after Bryan : kuI Zih rov IT. " JJirep Blass and Ziegler (with S« p.m.) : S>avep.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Who Freed Athens? J
    Ancient Greek Democracy: Readings and Sources Edited by Eric W. Robinson Copyright © 2004 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd The Beginnings of the Athenian Democracv: Who Freed Athens? J Introduction Though the very earliest democracies lildy took shape elsewhere in Greece, Athens embraced it relatively early and would ultimately become the most famous and powerful democracy the ancient world ever hew. Democracy is usually thought to have taken hold among the Athenians with the constitutional reforms of Cleisthenes, ca. 508/7 BC. The tyrant Peisistratus and later his sons had ruled Athens for decades before they were overthrown; Cleisthenes, rallying the people to his cause, made sweeping changes. These included the creation of a representative council (bode)chosen from among the citizens, new public organizations that more closely tied citizens throughout Attica to the Athenian state, and the populist ostracism law that enabled citizens to exile danger- ous or undesirable politicians by vote. Beginning with these measures, and for the next two centuries or so with only the briefest of interruptions, democracy held sway at Athens. Such is the most common interpretation. But there is, in fact, much room for disagree- ment about when and how democracy came to Athens. Ancient authors sometimes refer to Solon, a lawgiver and mediator of the early sixth century, as the founder of the Athenian constitution. It was also a popular belief among the Athenians that two famous “tyrant-slayers,” Harmodius and Aristogeiton, inaugurated Athenian freedom by assas- sinating one of the sons of Peisistratus a few years before Cleisthenes’ reforms - though ancient writers take pains to point out that only the military intervention of Sparta truly ended the tyranny.
    [Show full text]
  • Ancient History Sourcebook: 11Th Brittanica: Sparta SPARTA an Ancient City in Greece, the Capital of Laconia and the Most Powerful State of the Peloponnese
    Ancient History Sourcebook: 11th Brittanica: Sparta SPARTA AN ancient city in Greece, the capital of Laconia and the most powerful state of the Peloponnese. The city lay at the northern end of the central Laconian plain, on the right bank of the river Eurotas, a little south of the point where it is joined by its largest tributary, the Oenus (mount Kelefina). The site is admirably fitted by nature to guard the only routes by which an army can penetrate Laconia from the land side, the Oenus and Eurotas valleys leading from Arcadia, its northern neighbour, and the Langada Pass over Mt Taygetus connecting Laconia and Messenia. At the same time its distance from the sea-Sparta is 27 m. from its seaport, Gythium, made it invulnerable to a maritime attack. I.-HISTORY Prehistoric Period.-Tradition relates that Sparta was founded by Lacedaemon, son of Zeus and Taygete, who called the city after the name of his wife, the daughter of Eurotas. But Amyclae and Therapne (Therapnae) seem to have been in early times of greater importance than Sparta, the former a Minyan foundation a few miles to the south of Sparta, the latter probably the Achaean capital of Laconia and the seat of Menelaus, Agamemnon's younger brother. Eighty years after the Trojan War, according to the traditional chronology, the Dorian migration took place. A band of Dorians united with a body of Aetolians to cross the Corinthian Gulf and invade the Peloponnese from the northwest. The Aetolians settled in Elis, the Dorians pushed up to the headwaters of the Alpheus, where they divided into two forces, one of which under Cresphontes invaded and later subdued Messenia, while the other, led by Aristodemus or, according to another version, by his twin sons Eurysthenes and Procles, made its way down the Eurotas were new settlements were formed and gained Sparta, which became the Dorian capital of Laconia.
    [Show full text]
  • Ancient Greek Society by Mark Cartwright Published on 15 May 2018
    Ancient Greek Society by Mark Cartwright published on 15 May 2018 Although ancient Greek Society was dominated by the male citizen, with his full legal status, right to vote, hold public oce, and own property, the social groups which made up the population of a typical Greek city-state or polis were remarkably diverse. Women, children, immigrants (both Greek and foreign), labourers, and slaves all had dened roles, but there was interaction (oen illicit) between the classes and there was also some movement between social groups, particularly for second-generation ospring and during times of stress such as wars. The society of ancient Greece was largely composed of the following groups: male citizens - three groups: landed aristocrats (aristoi), poorer farmers (periokoi) and the middle class (artisans and traders). semi-free labourers (e.g the helots of Sparta). women - belonging to all of the above male groups but without citizen rights. children - categorised as below 18 years generally. slaves - the douloi who had civil or military duties. foreigners - non-residents (xenoi) or foreign residents (metoikoi) who were below male citizens in status. Classes Although the male citizen had by far the best position in Greek society, there were dierent classes within this group. Top of the social tree were the ‘best people’, the aristoi. Possessing more money than everyone else, this class could provide themselves with armour, weapons, and a horse when on military campaign. The aristocrats were oen split into powerful family factions or clans who controlled all of the important political positions in the polis. Their wealth came from having property and even more importantly, the best land, i.e.: the most fertile and the closest to the protection oered by the city walls.
    [Show full text]
  • Copyrighted Material
    9781405129992_6_ind.qxd 16/06/2009 12:11 Page 203 Index Acanthus, 130 Aetolian League, 162, 163, 166, Acarnanians, 137 178, 179 Achaea/Achaean(s), 31–2, 79, 123, Agamemnon, 51 160, 177 Agasicles (king of Sparta), 95 Achaean League: Agis IV and, agathoergoi, 174 166; as ally of Rome, 178–9; Age grades: see names of individual Cleomenes III and, 175; invasion grades of Laconia by, 177; Nabis and, Agesilaus (ephor), 166 178; as protector of perioecic Agesilaus II (king of Sparta), cities, 179; Sparta’s membership 135–47; at battle of Mantinea in, 15, 111, 179, 181–2 (362 B.C.E.), 146; campaign of, in Achaean War, 182 Asia Minor, 132–3, 136; capture acropolis, 130, 187–8, 192, 193, of Phlius by, 138; citizen training 194; see also Athena Chalcioecus, system and, 135; conspiracies sanctuary of after battle of Leuctra and, 144–5, Acrotatus (king of Sparta), 163, 158; conspiracy of Cinadon 164 and, 135–6; death of, 147; Acrotatus, 161 Epaminondas and, 142–3; Actium, battle of, 184 execution of women by, 168; Aegaleus, Mount, 65 foreign policy of, 132, 139–40, Aegiae (Laconian), 91 146–7; gift of, 101; helots and, Aegimius, 22 84; in Boeotia, 141; in Thessaly, Aegina (island)/Aeginetans: Delian 136; influence of, at Sparta, 142; League and,COPYRIGHTED 117; Lysander and, lameness MATERIAL of, 135; lance of, 189; 127, 129; pro-Persian party on, Life of, by Plutarch, 17; Lysander 59, 60; refugees from, 89 and, 12, 132–3; as mercenary, Aegospotami, battle of, 128, 130 146, 147; Phoebidas affair and, Aeimnestos, 69 102, 139; Spartan politics and, Aeolians,
    [Show full text]
  • University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan LINDA JANE PIPER 1967
    This dissertation has been microfilmed exactly as received 66-15,122 PIPER, Linda Jane, 1935- A HISTORY OF SPARTA: 323-146 B.C. The Ohio State University, Ph.D., 1966 History, ancient University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan LINDA JANE PIPER 1967 All Rights Reserved A HISTORY OF SPARTA: 323-1^6 B.C. DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Linda Jane Piper, A.B., M.A. The Ohio State University 1966 Approved by Adviser Department of History PREFACE The history of Sparta from the death of Alexander in 323 B.C; to the destruction of Corinth in 1^6 B.C. is the history of social revolution and Sparta's second rise to military promi­ nence in the Peloponnesus; the history of kings and tyrants; the history of Sparta's struggle to remain autonomous in a period of amalgamation. It is also a period in Sparta's history too often neglected by historians both past and present. There is no monograph directly concerned with Hellenistic Sparta. For the most part, this period is briefly and only inci­ dentally covered in works dealing either with the whole history of ancient Sparta, or simply as a part of Hellenic or Hellenistic 1 2 history in toto. Both Pierre Roussel and Eug&ne Cavaignac, in their respective surveys of Spartan history, have written clear and concise chapters on the Hellenistic period. Because of the scope of their subject, however, they were forced to limit them­ selves to only the most important events and people of this time, and great gaps are left in between.
    [Show full text]
  • Ancient Greece from Homer to Alexander: the Evidence / Joseph Roisman
    Roisman Historical Sources in Translation Ancient Greece from Homer to Alexander Ancient Greece from Homer to Alexander to Homer from Greece Ancient “Students of ancient Greece will respond to this book as John Sheffield (1709) did to Homer: ‘you will hardly need another book.’ The new compilation of evidence merits the same praise for its range, aids, and the quality of its illustrations and commentaries.” Carol Thomas, University of Washington “This wide-ranging collection of passages from the ancient sources, judiciously selected and edited by Joseph Roisman, and freshly translated by John Yardley, provides students of Greek history with an essential corpus of evidence for the period from Homer to the Macedonian conquest of the East. Roisman and Yardley are richly deserving of our praise and gratitude.” Waldemar Heckel, University of Calgary “If you want a thorough and expert introduction to the evidence of ancient Greek history – in other words, to the building blocks of western civilization – read this book.” Barry Strauss, Cornell University Incorporating fresh, new translations of original Greek and Roman texts and drawing on a range of sources, including artistic evidence, this sourcebook provides an inclusive and integrated view of Greek history, from Homer to Alexander the Great. Linking the political, military, and social history of the Greeks to their intellectual accomplishments, Ancient Greece from Homer to Alexander offers a full and integrated perspective on the period. Rather than Historical Sources in Translation compartmentalizing Greek history and civilization into a number of thematic studies, the book focuses on important developments, placing them within their political, economic, cultural, and intellectual contexts, and examining both their influences and their effects.
    [Show full text]
  • STRATEGIES of UNITY WITHIN the ACHAEAN LEAGUE By
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by The University of Utah: J. Willard Marriott Digital Library STRATEGIES OF UNITY WITHIN THE ACHAEAN LEAGUE by Andrew James Hillen A thesis submitted to the faculty of The University of Utah in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Department of History The University of Utah December 2012 Copyright © Andrew James Hillen 2012 All Rights Reserved The University of Utah Graduate School STATEMENT OF THESIS APPROVAL The thesis of Andrew James Hillen has been approved by the following supervisory committee members: W. Lindsay Adams , Chair June 26, 2012 Date Approved Ronald Smelser , Member June 26, 2012 Date Approved Alexis Christensen , Member June 26, 2012 Date Approved and by Isabel Moreira , Chair of the Department of History and by Charles A. Wight, Dean of The Graduate School. ABSTRACT The Achaean League successfully extended its membership to poleis who did not traditionally share any affinity with the Achaean ethnos. This occurred, against the current of traditional Greek political development, due to a fundamental restructuring of political power within the poleis of the Peloponnesus. Due to Hellenistic, and particularly Macedonian intervention, most Peloponnesian poleis were directed by tyrants who could make decisions based on their sole judgments. The Achaean League positioned itself to directly influence those tyrants. The League offered to maintain the tyrants within their poleis so long as they joined the League, or these tyrants faced relentless Achaean attacks and assassination attempts. Through the consent of this small tyrannical elite, the Achaean League grew to encompass most of the Peloponnesus.
    [Show full text]
  • ATLAS of CLASSICAL HISTORY
    ATLAS of CLASSICAL HISTORY EDITED BY RICHARD J.A.TALBERT London and New York First published 1985 by Croom Helm Ltd Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2003. © 1985 Richard J.A.Talbert and contributors All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Atlas of classical history. 1. History, Ancient—Maps I. Talbert, Richard J.A. 911.3 G3201.S2 ISBN 0-203-40535-8 Master e-book ISBN ISBN 0-203-71359-1 (Adobe eReader Format) ISBN 0-415-03463-9 (pbk) Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data Also available CONTENTS Preface v Northern Greece, Macedonia and Thrace 32 Contributors vi The Eastern Aegean and the Asia Minor Equivalent Measurements vi Hinterland 33 Attica 34–5, 181 Maps: map and text page reference placed first, Classical Athens 35–6, 181 further reading reference second Roman Athens 35–6, 181 Halicarnassus 36, 181 The Mediterranean World: Physical 1 Miletus 37, 181 The Aegean in the Bronze Age 2–5, 179 Priene 37, 181 Troy 3, 179 Greek Sicily 38–9, 181 Knossos 3, 179 Syracuse 39, 181 Minoan Crete 4–5, 179 Akragas 40, 181 Mycenae 5, 179 Cyrene 40, 182 Mycenaean Greece 4–6, 179 Olympia 41, 182 Mainland Greece in the Homeric Poems 7–8, Greek Dialects c.
    [Show full text]
  • How Stoic Was the Spartan King?
    ANAIS DE FILOSOFIA CLÁSSICA, vol. 7 nº14, 2013 ISSN 1982-5323 Konstantakos, Leonidas On Cleomenes and Sphaerus: How Stoic was the Spartan King? ON CLEOMENES AND SPHAERUS: HOW STOIC WAS THE SPARTAN KING? Leonidas Konstantakos Florida International University ABSTRACT: The Lycurgan reforms of Hellenistic Sparta by King Cleomenes III and the Stoic philosopher Sphaerus of Borysthenes have been seen as either propaganda for a ruthless, upstart king by an opportunistic intellectual or as a return to the archaic and classical Spartan warrior code influenced by the principles of early Stoicism. I begin with a brief history of Cleomenes and Sphaerus and the relevant events of 3rd BCE century Sparta. Next, Stoic themes in Plutarch’s account are discussed. I then give a summary of some main points on both sides and various reasons in support of these arguments. An evaluation follows, with an argument supporting the latter view. KEYWORDS: Sphaerus, Stoicism, Sparta, Cleomenes. RESUMO: As reformas licurguianas da Esparta helenística pelo rei Cleomenes III e pelo filósofo estoico Esfero de Borístenes foram vistas como propaganda para um cruel e arrogante rei por um intelectual oportunista ou como um retorno ao arcaico e clássico código guerreiro espartano influenciado pelos princípios do estoicismo primevo. Começo com uma breve história de Cleomenes e Esfero e os acontecimentos relevantes do século III a.C. em Esparta. Em seguida, são discutidos temas estoicos presentes no relato de Plutarco. Então, ofereço um resumo de alguns dos principais pontos de ambos os lados e vários motivos de apoio a esses argumentos. A avaliação segue, com um argumento a favor da última visão.
    [Show full text]
  • One of So Very Few Herodotus Names Very Few Hellenic Women in His
    2020-3890-AJHA 1 Gorgo: Sparta’s Woman of Autonomy, Authority, and Agency 2 [Hdt. 3.148–3.149, 5.42, 5.46, 5.48–5.51, 5.70, 6.65–6.67, 6.137–6.140, and Hdt. 7.238– 3 7.239] 4 5 Claims that Herodotus reveals himself as a proto-biographer, let alone as a proto- 6 feminist, are not yet widely accepted. To advance these claims, I have selected one 7 remarkable woman from one side of the Greco-Persian Wars whose activities are 8 recounted in his Histories. Critically it is to a near contemporary, Heraclitus, to 9 whom we attribute the maxim êthos anthropôi daimôn (ἦθος ἀνθρώπῳ δαίμων) — 10 character is human destiny. It is the truth of this maxim—which implies effective 11 human agency—that makes Herodotus’ creation of historical narrative even 12 possible. Herodotus is often read for his vignettes, which, without advancing the 13 narrative, color-in the character of the individuals he depicts in his Histories. No 14 matter, if these fall short of the cradle to grave accounts given by Plutarch, by hop- 15 scotching through the nine books, we can assemble a partially continuous narrative, 16 and thus through their exploits, gauge their character, permitting us to attribute both 17 credit and moral responsibility. Arguably this implied causation demonstrates that 18 Herodotus’ writings include much that amounts to proto-biography and in several 19 instances—one of which is given here—proto-feminism. 20 21 22 One of So Very Few 23 24 Herodotus names very few Hellenic women in his Histories, let alone 25 assigning many of them significant roles during the Greco-Persian Wars, but his 26 readers must readily note that in terms of political judgment he has nothing but 27 praise for one royal Spartan woman—Gorgo—who is born somewhat later than 28 Atossa of Persia but about the same time as Artemisia of Halicarnassus and is 29 therefore her contemporary 1 Women are mentioned 375 times by Herodotus 30 (Dewald 94, and 125).
    [Show full text]
  • Kings and Helots
    2005 ÈÑÑÅÄÎÍ Òîì III ΙΣΣΗ∆ΩΝ KINGS AND HELOTS B. Jordan (Santa Barbara, California, USA) The numerous valuable studies that have appeared in the last two or three decades have contributed much to our knowledge of the Spartan kings and helots. These studies have generally treated both groups as distinct members of Spartan society, in separate discussions1. There is, however, a moderate amount of evidence that links the kings and the helots in a special manner. A close examination of this evidence, such as it is, may allow certain conclusions which cast some new light on the relationship of both groups with one another. Given the nature of our information about all things Spartan, some of these conclusions will have to remain more or less hypothetical. We may begin with a brief survey of what is known about the origin and ethnic affiliation of the helots. The helots were the native inhabitants of the land called Laconia. The thesis that the majority of all helots were Messenians cannot be upheld; for Thucydides the helots were the Laconian helots2. With regard to race or ethnicity the helots were Greeks: in explaining 1 E.g.: CARTLEDGE P. Spartan Reflections. Berkeley and Los Angeles, 2001; IDEM. Sparta and Lakonia.2 L., N.Y., 2002; CARTLEDGE P. and SPAWFORTH A. Hellenistic and Roman Sparta.2 L., N.Y., 2002; CLAUS M. Sparta. München, 1983; DUCAT J. Les Hilotes. Paris, 1990; HODKINSON S. Property and Wealth in Classical Sparta. Classical Press of Wales, 2000; The Shadow of Sparta. Ed. by Powell A. and Hodkinson S.
    [Show full text]
  • The Commoner in Spartan History from the Lycurgan Reforms to the Death of Alexander: 776-322 B
    THE COMMONER IN SPARTAN HISTORY FROM THE LYCURGAN REFORMS TO THE DEATH OF ALEXANDER: 776-323 B. C. By SHASTA HUTTON ABUALTIN fl Bachelor of Arts in Arts and Science Oklahoma State University Stillwater, Oklahoma 1983 Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate College of the Oklahoma State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS May, 1986 THE COMMONER I N SPARTAN HI STORY FROM THE LYCURGAN REFORMS TO THE DEATH OF ALEXANDER : 776- 323 B. C. Thesis Approv e d : Dean of t h e Graduate Colleg e 125"1196 ii PREFACE The ancient Greeks, their accomplishments, and their history have always facinated me. Further studies into Greek history developed an interest in the Spartans and their activities. So many of the ancient authors are if not openly, at least covertly, hostile to the Spartans. Many of the modern works are concerned only with the early or late history or are general surveys of the total history of Sparta while few works consider Sparta separate from the other Greek city-states in the classical period. My intention is to examine the role of the commoner in ancient Sparta. It must be emphasized that the use of "commoner" in this text refers to the Spartan citizens who were not kings. The Spartan slaves and other non-citizen groups are not included in the classification of commoners. This examination considers the lifestyle of the commoner, his various roles in the government, the better-known commoners, and the various conflicts which arose between the kings and the commoners.
    [Show full text]